other: 0.73% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 18.301 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes,
corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish
Exports: $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc,
crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton
Exports - partners: US 28%, UK 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 6%, Japan,
Chile, Brazil (2000)
Imports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Imports - partners: US 27%, Chile 8%, Spain 6%, Venezuela 4%, Colombia,
Brazil, Japan (2000)
Debt - external: $33.1 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $895.1 million (1995)
Currency: nuevo sol (PEN)
Currency code: PEN
Exchange rates: nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4400 (November 2001), 3.509
(2001), 3.4900 (2000), 3.3833 (1999), 2.9300 (1998), 2.6642 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Peru
Telephones - main lines in use: 1.509 million (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 504,995 (1998)
Telephone system: general assessment: adequate for most requirements
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite
system with 12 earth stations international: satellite earth stations -
2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Radio broadcast stations: AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)
Radios: 6.65 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 3.06 million (1997)
Internet country code: .pe
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10 (2000)
Internet users: 400,000 (2000)
Transportation Peru
Railways: 1,695 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: Highways: total:
72,900 km paved: 8,700 km unpaved: 64,200 km (1999 est.)
Waterways: 8,808 km note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon
system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Ports and harbors: Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto
Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas
note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of
the Amazon and its tributaries
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,470 GRT/45,451
DWT note: United States 1 (2002 est.) ships by type: cargo 4, petroleum
tanker 1
Airports: 239 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 47 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047
m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 192 1,524 to 2,437 m: 25 914
to 1,523 m: 65 under 914 m: 102 (2001)
Military Peru
Military branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra
del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP), National Police (includes General Police,
Security Police, and Technical Police)
Military manpower - military age: 17 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 7,356,395 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 4,944,952
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 276,458
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $1 billion (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.8% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Peru
Disputes - international: dispute with Chile over the economic zone
delimited by the maritime boundary; Colombian drug activities penetrate
Peruvian border area
Illicit drugs: until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer;
emerging opium producer; Peru reduced the area of coca under cultivation
by 64% to 34,000 hectares between 1996 and the end of 2001; much of the
cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into
cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to
the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished
cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the
Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Paracel Islands
Introduction
Paracel Islands
Background: This archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds
and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed
the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance
was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied the Paracel
Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison
occupying the western islands. The islands are claimed by Vietnam
and Taiwan.
Geography Paracel Islands
Location: Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the
South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the
northern Philippines
Geographic coordinates: 16 30 N, 112 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total: NA sq km water: 0 sq km land: NA sq km
Area - comparative: NA
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 518 km
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: tropical
Terrain: mostly low and flat
Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point:
unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: typhoons
Environment - current issues: NA
Geography - note: composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided
into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group
People Paracel Islands
Population: no indigenous inhabitants note: there are scattered Chinese
garrisons (July 2002 est.)
Population growth rate: NA
Government Paracel Islands
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Paracel Islands
Economy Paracel Islands
Economy - overview: China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands
for tourism.
Transportation Paracel Islands
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and
Duncan Island being expanded
Airports: 1 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2001)
Military Paracel Islands
Military - note: occupied by China
Transnational Issues Paracel Islands
Disputes - international: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan
and Vietnam
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Spratly Islands
Introduction
Spratly Islands
Background: This archipelago - surrounded by rich fishing grounds and
potentially by gas and oil deposits - is claimed in its entirety by
China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and
the Philippines. All five parties occupy certain islands or reefs.
Geography Spratly Islands
Location: Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South
China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the
southern Philippines
Geographic coordinates: 8 38 N, 111 55 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total: less than 5 sq km note: includes 100 or so islets, coral
reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of
the central South China Sea water: 0 sq km land: less than 5 sq km
Area - comparative: NA
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 926 km
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: tropical
Terrain: flat
Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point:
unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m
Natural resources: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas
potential
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous
reefs and shoals
Environment - current issues: NA
Geography - note: strategically located near several primary shipping
lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands,
atolls, shoals, and coral reefs
People Spratly Islands
Population: no indigenous inhabitants note: there are scattered garrisons
occupied by personnel of several claimant states (July 2002 est.)
Population growth rate: NA
Government Spratly Islands
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Spratly Islands
Economy Spratly Islands
Economy - overview: Economic activity is limited to commercial
fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary
basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region
is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of potential
reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.
Transportation Spratly Islands
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports: 4 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m:
2 (2001)
Military Spratly Islands
Military - note: Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands
or reefs, of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
Transnational Issues Spratly Islands
Disputes - international: all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by
China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and
the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands, but has
not publicly claimed the island; in 2000, China joined ASEAN discussions
towards creating a South China Sea "code of conduct" - a non-legally
binding confidence building measure
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Pakistan
Introduction
Pakistan
Background: The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state
of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was
never satisfactorily resolved. A third war between these countries in 1971
resulted in East Pakistan seceding and becoming the separate nation of
Bangladesh. A dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing. In response to
Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998.
Geography Pakistan
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on
the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north
Geographic coordinates: 30 00 N, 70 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 803,940 sq km land: 778,720 sq km water: 25,220 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries: total: 6,774 km border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km,
China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km
Coastline: 1,046 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
Balochistan plateau in west
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: K2
(Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m
Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited
petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Land use: arable land: 28% permanent crops: 1% other: 71% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 180,000 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially
in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July
and August)
Environment - current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial
wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources;
a majority of the population does not have access to potable water;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified:
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban
Geography - note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional
invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent
People Pakistan
Population: 147,663,429 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 39.9% (male 30,321,217; female 28,581,334) 15-64 years:
2,984,391; female 3,129,399) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.06% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 30.4 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 9.02 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.95 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 78.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 62.73 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 4.25 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 74,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 6,500 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Pakistani(s) adjective: Pakistani
Ethnic groups: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants)
Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and
other 3%
Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%,
Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English
(official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government
ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 42.7% male: 55.3% female: 29% (1998)
Government Pakistan
Country name: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan former: West Pakistan
Government type: federal republic
Capital: Islamabad
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital
territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad
Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh note:
the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir
region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas
Independence: 14 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with
amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999
Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to
accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and reserved
parliamentary seats for non-Muslims
Executive branch: note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999,
Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee,
General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed
the additional title of Chief Executive; exercising the powers of the
head of the government, he appointed an eight-member National Security
Council to function as Pakistan's supreme governing body; on 12 May 2000,
Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and
granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years
from the coup date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself and was
sworn in as president, replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum
held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF won an overwhelming majority of votes,
extending his rule for five more years chief of state: President Pervez
MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the chief
executive head of government: Chief Executive Pervez MUSHARRAF (since
12 May 2000) elections: prior to the military takeover, Pakistan had
an elected president and prime minister; the president was elected by
Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 31 December 1997
(next election to be held NA); following legislative elections, the leader
of the majority party or majority coalition was usually elected prime
minister by the National Assembly; election last held 3 February 1997
(next to be held NA) election results: results are for the last elections
for prime minister and president prior to the military takeover - Mohammad
Nawaz SHARIF elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote -
NA%; Rafiq TARAR elected president; percent of Parliament vote - NA%
Legislative branch: note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved Parliament
following the military takeover of 12 October 1999; bicameral Parliament
or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (87 seats; members indirectly
elected by provincial assemblies to serve six-year terms; one-third of
the members up for election every two years) and the National Assembly
(217 seats - 10 represent non-Muslims; members elected by popular vote
to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 12 March 1997
(next to be held by October 2002); National Assembly - last held 3
February 1997 (next to be held by October 2002) election results:
results are for the last elections prior to the military takeover;
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/N 30, PPP
17, ANP 7, MQM/A 6, JWP 5, BNP 4, JUI/F 2, PML/J 2, BNM/H 1, PKMAP 1,
TJP 1, independents 6, vacant 5; National Assembly - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/N 137, PPP 18, MQM/A 12, ANP 10,
BNP 3, JWP 2, JUI/F 2, PPP/SB 1, NPP 1, independents 21, minorities 10;
note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dismissed Parliament 15 October 1999
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president);
Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court
Political parties and leaders: note: Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved
Parliament following the military takeover of 12 October 1999, however,
political parties have been allowed to operate within limits; Awami
National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee
Group or BNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]; Baluch National Party or BNP
[Sardar Akhtar MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI];
Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur
Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan,
Niazi faction or JUP/NI [Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI]; Millat Party [Farooq
LEGHARI]; Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrella organization which
includes Jamaat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED], Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,
Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ], Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan or
TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI], and Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction
or JUP/NO [Shah Ahmad NOORANI]; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction
or MQM/A [Altaf HUSSAIN]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha
JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik
or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or
PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction or PML/J
[Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction
or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League, Quaid-l-Azam faction
[Mian AZHAR]; Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan
People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed
Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran
KHAN] note: Political pressure groups and leaders: military remains most
important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists,
and small merchants also influential
International organization participation: AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner),
C (suspended), CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC,
OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ashraf
Jehangir QAZI FAX: [1] (202) 387-0484 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles,
New York, and Sunnyvale (California)
2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Wendy J. CHAMBERLIN (since Aug. 2001) embassy: Diplomatic Enclave,
Ramna 5, Islamabad mailing address: P. O. Box
[92] (51) 2080-0000 FAX: Peshawar
Flag description: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the
role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent
and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam
Economy Pakistan
Economy - overview: Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country,
suffers from internal political disputes, lack of foreign investment,
and a costly confrontation with neighboring India. Pakistan's economic
prospects, marred by poor human development indicators, low levels
of foreign investment, and reliance on international creditors for
hard currency inflows, were nonetheless on an upswing through most of
2001. The MUSHARRAF government made significant inroads in macroeconomic
reform - it completed an IMF short-term loan program for the first time
and improved its standing with international creditors by increasing
revenue collection and restraining the fiscal deficit in the 2001/02
budget. While Pakistan has capitalized on its international standing after
the 11 September terrorist attacks on the US by garnering substantial
assistance from abroad - including $1.3 billion in IMF Poverty Reduction
and Growth Facility aid and $12.5 billion in Paris Club debt rescheduling
- long-term prospects remain uncertain. GDP growth will continue to
hinge on crop performance; dependence on foreign oil leaves the import
bill vulnerable to fluctuating oil prices; and foreign and domestic
investors remain wary of committing to projects in Pakistan. Pakistani
trade levels - already in decline due to the global economic downturn -
worsened in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $299 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 3.3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 26% industry: 24% services:
50% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 35% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 27.7% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 31.2 (1996-97)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 40.4 million note: extensive export of labor, mostly to
the Middle East, and use of child labor (2000)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 44%, industry 17%, services 39%
(1999 est.)
Unemployment rate: 6.3% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $8.9 billion expenditures: $11.6 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials,
clothing, paper products, shrimp
Industrial production growth rate: 7% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 62.687 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 64.09% hydro: 35.31%
other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0.6%
Electricity - consumption: 58.299 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)