Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.04% hydro: 99.85%
other: 0.11% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 1.95 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 47.392 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat,
tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables; beef, pork, eggs,
milk; timber
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: electricity, soybeans, feed, cotton, meat,
edible oils
Exports - partners: Brazil 39%, Uruguay 14%, Argentina 11% (2000)
Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum
products, electrical machinery
Imports - partners: Argentina 25.4%, Brazil 24.5%, Uruguay 3.8% (2000)
Debt - external: $2.9 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $NA
Currency: guarani (PYG)
Currency code: PYG
Exchange rates: guarani per US dollar - 4,783.0 (January 2002), 4,107.7
(2001), 3,486.4 (2000), 3,119.1 (1999), 2,726.5 (1998), 2,177.9 (1997);
note - since early 1998, the exchange rate has operated as a managed
float; prior to that, the exchange rate was determined freely in the
market
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Paraguay
Telephones - main lines in use: 290,475 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 510,000 (2001)
Telephone system: general assessment: meager telephone service; principal
switching center
fair microwave radio relay network international:
Radio broadcast stations: AM 46, FM 27, shortwave 6 (three inactive)
(1998)
Radios: 925,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 4 (2001)
Televisions: 990,000 (2001)
Internet country code: .py
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 4 (2000)
Internet users: 20,000 (2000)
Transportation Paraguay
Railways: total: 971 km standard gauge: 441 km 1.435-m gauge note:
there are 470 km of various gauges that are privately owned narrow gauge:
60 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways: total: 25,901 km paved: 3,067 km unpaved: 22,834 km (2001)
Waterways: 3,100 km
Ports and harbors: Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion
Merchant marine: total: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 34,623
GRT/36,821 DWT ships by type: cargo 14, chemical tanker 1, petroleum
tanker 3, roll on/roll off 3 note: includes some foreign-owned ships
registered here as a flag of convenience: Argentina 2, Japan 1 (2002 est.)
Airports: 899 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437
m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 888 1,524 to 2,437 m: 28 914
to 1,523 m: 332 under 914 m: 528 (2001)
Military Paraguay
Military branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air and Marines), Air Force
Military manpower - military age: 17 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,427,160 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,028,935
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 58,359
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $125 million (FY98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.4% (FY98)
Transnational Issues Paraguay
Disputes - international: none
Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which
is consumed in South America; transshipment country for Andean cocaine
headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, Europe, and US
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Pitcairn Islands
Introduction
Pitcairn Islands
Background: Pitcairn Island was discovered in 1767 by the British
and settled in 1790 by the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian
companions. Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British
colony (in 1838) and today remains the last vestige of that empire in
the South Pacific. Outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned
the population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to less than 50 today.
Geography Pitcairn Islands
Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about midway
between Peru and New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 25 04 S, 130 06 W
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 47 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 47 sq km
Area - comparative: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 51 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 3 NM
Climate: tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds;
rainy season (November to March)
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point:
Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m
Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish note:
manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered
offshore
Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: typhoons (especially November to March)
Environment - current issues: deforestation (only a small portion of the
original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)
Geography - note: Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger
island of Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural harbor;
supplies must be transported by rowed longboat from larger ships
stationed offshore
People Pitcairn Islands
Population: 47 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA% 15-64 years: NA% 65 years and over: NA%
Population growth rate: -1.32% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio: NA
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years
female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Pitcairn Islander(s) adjective: Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic groups: descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian
wives
Religions: Seventh-Day Adventist 100%
Languages: English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century
English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)
Literacy: NA
Government Pitcairn Islands
Country name: conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie,
and Oeno Islands conventional short form: Pitcairn Islands
Dependency status: overseas territory of the UK
Government type: NA
Capital: Adamstown
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK)
National holiday: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June
(1926)
Constitution: 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940;
further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Legal system: local island by-laws
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal with three years residency
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor
(nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Martin WILLIAMS (since NA May
1998); Commissioner (nonresident) Leon SALT (since NA); serves as liaison
between the governor and the Island Council election results: elected
mayor; percent of vote - NA% elections: the monarchy is hereditary;
high commissioner and commissioner appointed by the monarch; island
magistrate elected by popular vote for a three-year term; election
last held NA December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2002) head of
government: Mayor and Chairman of the Island Council Steve CHRISTIAN
(since NA) cabinet: NA
Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council (10 seats - 6 elected
by popular vote, 1 appointed by the 6 elected members, 2 appointed
by the governor, and 1 seat for the Island Secretary; members serve
one-year terms) elections: results: percent of vote - NA%; seats -
all independents
Judicial branch: Island Court (island magistrate presides over the
court and is elected every three years)
Political parties and leaders: none
Political pressure groups and leaders: none
International organization participation: SPC
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (overseas territory of
the UK)
Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with
a shield featuring a yellow anchor
Economy Pitcairn Islands
Economy - overview: The inhabitants of this tiny economy exist on
fishing, subsistence farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps. The
fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and
vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams,
and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major
sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the
sale of handicrafts to passing ships.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $NA
GDP - real growth rate: NA%
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $NA
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 12 able-bodied men (1997)
Labor force - by occupation: no business community in the usual sense;
some public works; subsistence farming and fishing
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $729,884 expenditures: $878,119, including capital
expenditures of $NA (FY94/95 est.)
Industries: postage stamps, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by
a small diesel-powered generator
Electricity - consumption: NA kWh
Agriculture - products: wide variety of fruits and vegetables, goats,
chickens
Exports: $NA
Exports - commodities: fruits, vegetables, curios, stamps
Exports - partners: NA
Imports: $NA
Imports - commodities: fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour,
sugar, other foodstuffs
Imports - partners: NA
Debt - external: $NA
Economic aid - recipient: $NA
Currency: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Currency code: NZD
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.3535 (January
2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083
(1997)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Communications Pitcairn Islands
Telephones - main lines in use: 1 (there are 17 telephones on one party
line) (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: only party line telephone service
is available for this small, closely related community domestic: party
line service only international: radiotelephone
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 0 (1997)
Televisions: NA
Internet country code: .pn
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA
Internet users: NA
Transportation Pitcairn Islands
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 6.4 km paved: 0 km unpaved: 6.4 km
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)
Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
Airports: none (2001)
Military Pitcairn Islands
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues Pitcairn Islands
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Peru
Introduction
Peru
Background: Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean
civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by
the Spanish conquistadores in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared
in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen
years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in
1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent
insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in
a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant
progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's
increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the
late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI
won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international
pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November
of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring
of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government.
Geography Peru
Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean,
between Chile and Ecuador
Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 76 00 W
Map references: South America
Area: total: 1,285,220 sq km water: 5,220 sq km land: 1.28 million sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries: total: 5,536 km border countries: Bolivia 900 km,
Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline: 2,414 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 NM territorial sea: 200 NM
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point:
Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish,
iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% other: 97% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 11,950 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild
volcanic activity
Environment - current issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal
logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading
to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of
rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest
navigable lake, with Bolivia; remote Lake McIntyre is the ultimate source
of the Amazon River
People Peru
Population: 27,949,639 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 34% (male 4,820,892; female 4,671,205) 15-64
years: 61.1% (male 8,598,328; female 8,492,830) 65 years and over: 4.9%
(male 627,601; female 738,783) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.66% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 23.36 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.85 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 38.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 73.12 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 2.89 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.35% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 48,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,100 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic groups: Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white)
37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%
Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 88.3% male: 94.5% female: 83% (1995 est.)
Government Peru
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Peru conventional short
form: Peru local long form: Republica del Peru local short form: Peru
Government type: constitutional republic
Capital: Lima
Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos, singular -
departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional);
Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco,
Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto,
Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes,
Ucayali note: the 1979 constitution mandated the creation of regions
(regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous
economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been
constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres
Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa),
Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre
de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari
(from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna,
Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas),
San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another
region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province
of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate
funding from the central government and organizational and political
difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities;
the 1993 constitution retains the regions but limits their authority;
the 1993 constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and
municipal governments
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Constitution: 31 December 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique
(since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided
for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since
28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July
2001) head of government: the president is both the chief of state
and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided
for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since
28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July
2001) note: Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not
exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001,
with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006
election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president
in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%,
Alan GARCIA 46.9% cabinet: Legislative branch: unicameral Congress of
the Republic of Peru or Congresso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) election
results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%,
Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru
Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17 elections:
last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia
(judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
or APRA [Alan GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando
OLIVERA Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES
Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [Luis SOLARI]; Popular Action or AP [Javier
DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP
[Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]
Political pressure groups and leaders: leftist guerrilla groups include
Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO
(top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA
[Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
International organization participation: ABEDA, APEC, CAN, CCC, ECLAC,
FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA,
RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Allan
WAGNER chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles,
Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC)
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
John R. HAMILTON embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima
33 mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima),
APO AA 34031-5000 telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000 FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037
Flag description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side),
white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the
source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins,
all framed by a green wreath
Economy Peru
Economy - overview: Thanks to strong foreign investment and the
cooperation between the government and the IMF and World Bank, growth
was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998,
El Nino's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and
instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another
lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Nino and the Asian financial
crisis working its way through the economy. Political instability
resulting from the presidential election and FUJIMORI's subsequent
departure from office limited growth in 2000. The downturn in the global
economy further depressed growth in 2001. President TOLEDO, who assumed
the presidency in July 2001, is working to reinvigorate the economy and
reduce unemployment. Economic growth in 2002 is projected to be 3 to 3.5%.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $132 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -0.3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $4,800 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10% industry: 35% services:
55% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 50% (2000 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 35.4% (1996)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 46.2 (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 7.5 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture, mining and quarrying,
manufacturing, construction, transport, services
Unemployment rate: 9%; widespread underemployment (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $10.4 billion expenditures: $10.4 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)
Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing,
food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal
fabrication
Industrial production growth rate: 1.5% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 19.679 billion kWh (2000)