DIMITROV chancery: Suite 302, 1101
New York FAX:
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Larry BUTLER embassy: Bul. Ilinden bb, 91000 Skopje mailing address:
American Embassy Skopje, Department of State,
[389] (02) 116-180 FAX:
Flag description: a rising yellow sun with eight rays extending to the
edges of the red field
Economy Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Economy - overview: At independence in November 1991, Macedonia was the
least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the
total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of Yugoslavia
ended transfer payments from the center and eliminated advantages from
inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN
sanctions on Yugoslavia, one of its largest markets, and a Greek economic
embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag
hindered economic growth until 1996. GDP subsequently rose each year
through 2000. However, the leadership's commitment to economic reform,
free trade, and regional integration was undermined by the ethnic Albanian
insurgency of 2001. The economy shrank about 4% because of decreased
trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on
security needs, and investor uncertainty. The international community
hopes to restart growth with a donors' conference in 2002.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $9 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -4% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $4,400 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10% industry: 32% services:
58% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 24% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.3% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 1.1 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: 39% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $850 million expenditures: $950 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Industries: coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles,
wood products, tobacco, food processing, buses
Industrial production growth rate: -8% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 6.395 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 82.25% hydro: 17.75%
other: 0% (1999) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 5.992 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports: 30 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports: 75 million kWh (1999)
Agriculture - products: rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, millet, cotton,
sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables; beef, pork, poultry, mutton
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous
manufactures, iron and steel
Exports - partners: Yugoslavia 25%, Germany 19%, US 13%, Italy 7%,
Greece 6% (2000)
Imports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels;
food products
Imports - partners: Germany 12%, Ukraine 10%, Greece 10%, Russia 9%,
Yugoslavia 9% (2000)
Debt - external: $1.3 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $150 million (2001 est.)
Currency: Macedonian denar (MKD)
Currency code: MKD
Exchange rates: Macedonian denars per US dollar - 64.757 (January 2001),
65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462 (1998), 50.004 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Telephones - main lines in use: 408,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 12,362 (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 20, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: 410,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 31 (plus 166 repeaters) (1995)
Televisions: 510,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .mk
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 6 (2000)
Internet users: 100,000 (2001)
Transportation Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Railways: total: 699 km standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km
electrified) note: a 56-km extension of the Kumanovo-Beljakovce line to
the Bulgarian border at Gyueshevo is under construction (2001)
Highways: 5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways) unpaved: Waterways:
note: lake transport only, on the Greek and Albanian borders
Pipelines: 10 km
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: 17 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 under 914 m:
8 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m:
4 (2001)
Military Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Military branches: Army (ARM), Air and Air Defense Forces, Police Force
Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 551,523 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 444,575
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 17,905
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 6% (FY01/02 est.)
Transnational Issues Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Disputes - international: dispute with Greece over country's name
persists; 2001 FYROM-Yugoslavia boundary delimitation agreement, which
adjusts former republic boundaries, was signed and ratified and awaits
demarcation; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo dispute legitimacy of the
agreement, which cedes small tracts of Kosovo lands to FYROM
Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined
for Europe
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Mali
Introduction
Mali
Background: The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of
France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a
few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship
was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992
when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. Since his
reelection in 1997, President KONARE continued to push through political
and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In 1999 he indicated he
would not run for a third term, in keeping with the Malian constitution's
two-term limit.
Geography Mali
Location: Western Africa, southwest of Algeria
Geographic coordinates: 17 00 N, 4 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 1.24 million sq km water: 20,000 sq km land: 1.22 million
sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km,
Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania
2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,
humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand;
savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point:
Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
Natural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium,
hydropower note: not exploited
Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0% other: 96% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 1,380 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry
seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding
Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion;
desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
Geography - note: landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the
southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the
northern, arid Saharan
People Mali
Population: 11,340,480 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 47.2% (male 2,687,998; female 2,658,605)
15-64 years: 49.8% (male 2,698,789; female 2,950,276) 65 years and over:
3% (male 160,604; female 184,208) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.97% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 48.37 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 18.32 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.87 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 119.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 48.64 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 6.73 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 1.7% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 140,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 9,900 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian
Ethnic groups: Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic
12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Religions: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%
Languages: French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 38% male: 45% female: 31% (1998 est.)
Government Mali
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional
short form: Mali local short form: Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese
Republic local long form: Republique de Mali
Government type: republic
Capital: Bamako
Administrative divisions: 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao,
Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou
Independence: 22 September 1960 (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 September (1960)
Constitution: adopted 12 January 1992
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which
was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE
(since 8 June 2002) head of government: Prime Minister Modibo KEITA
(since 18 March 2002)
Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: election
last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime
minister appointed by the president election results: Amadou Toumani
TOURE elected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%,
Soumaila CISSE 35.6%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
(147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 20 July and 3 August 1997 (next to be held NA July
2002); note - much of the opposition boycotted the election election
results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADEMA 95,
RPM 35, PARENA 8, CDS 4, UDD 3, PDP 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA
[Diounconda Traore KEITA, party chairman]; Block of Alternative for the
Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention
or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence,
Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE,
Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID
[Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me
Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE,
chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and
Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP
[Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Bonbasor KEITA,
chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou
Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress
or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and
Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]
Political pressure groups and leaders: Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda
Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIPONUH, NAM,
OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional),
WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Cheick
Oumar DIARRAH FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249,
939-8950 chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Michael E. RANNEBERGER embassy: Rue Rochester
B. P. 34, Bamako telephone:
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side),
yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy Mali
Economy - overview: Mali is among the poorest countries in the world,
with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is
largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About
10% of the population is nomadic and some 70% of the labor force is
engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated
on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign
aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main
export. In 1997, the government continued its successful implementation
of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping
the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's
adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the African
franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5%
average in 1996-2000. In 2001, GDP decreased by 1.2% mainly due to a 50%
drop in cotton production in 2000-01.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $9.2 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -1.2% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $840 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 45% industry: 17% services:
38% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 64% average; 30% of the total population
living in urban areas; 76% of the total population living in rural areas)
(2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 50.5 (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 3.93 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and fishing 80% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate: 14.6% urban areas; 5.3% rural areas (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $764 million expenditures: $828 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)
Industries: food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining
Industrial production growth rate: NA
Electricity - production: 462 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 43.29% hydro: 56.71%
other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 429.66 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts;
cattle, sheep, goats
Exports: $575 million (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: cotton 43%, gold 40%, livestock (2001 est.)
Exports - partners: Brazil 10.6%, South Korea 9.9%, Italy 7.3%, Canada 7%
(2000)
Imports: $600 million (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, construction materials,
petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners: Cote d'Ivoire 21%, France 12.4%, Senegal 4%,
Germany 4%, Benelux (2000)
Debt - external: $3.3 billion (2000)
Economic aid - recipient: $596.4 million (2001)
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Currency code: XOF
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 742.79 (January 2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70
(1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997); note - from 1 January 1999, the
XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Mali
Telephones - main lines in use: 45,000 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 40,000 (2001)
Telephone system: general assessment: domestic system unreliable but
improving; provides only minimal service domestic: network consists
of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications
stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 28, shortwave 1 note: the shortwave
station in Bamako has seven frequencies and five transmitters and relays
broadcasts for China Radio International (2001)
Radios: 570,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (plus repeaters) (2001)
Televisions: 45,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .ml
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 13 (2001)
Internet users: 10,000 (2000)
Transportation Mali
Railways: total: 729 km narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge note: linked
to Senegal's rail system through Kayes (2001)
Highways: total: 15,100 km paved: 1,827 km unpaved: 13,273 km (1996)
Waterways: 1,815 km
Ports and harbors: Koulikoro
Airports: 27 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to
2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to
1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 9 (2001)
Military Mali
Military branches: Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard,
National Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,369,578 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,358,646
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $50 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Mali
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Monaco
Introduction
Monaco
Background: Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century
with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then,
the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities
have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.
Geography Monaco
Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern
coast of France, near the border with Italy
Geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 24 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 1.95 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 1.95 sq km
Area - comparative: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC
Land boundaries: total: 4.4 km border countries: France 4.4 km
Coastline: 4.1 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point:
Mont Agel 140 m
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area)
(1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: NA
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: second smallest independent state in the world (after
Holy See); almost entirely urban
People Monaco
Population: 31,987 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.5% (male 2,545; female 2,418) 15-64 years:
62.1% (male 9,762; female 10,093) 65 years and over: 22.4% (male 2,922;
female 4,247) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.45% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 9.6 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 7.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 5.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 83.25 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.76 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s) adjective: Monegasque
or Monacan
Ethnic groups: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%
Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy: definition: NA total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%
Government Monaco
Country name: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Government
type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Administrative divisions: none; there are no first-order administrative
divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters
(quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville,
Monte-Carlo
Independence: 1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)
National holiday: National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November
Constitution: 17 December 1962
Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949);
Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch
(born 14 March 1958) elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary;
minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French
national candidates presented by the French Government cabinet: Council
of Government is under the authority of the monarch head of government:
Minister of State Patrick LECLERCQ (since 5 January 2000)
Legislative branch: unicameral National Council or Conseil National
(18 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
election results: last held 1 and 8 February 1998 (next to be held NA
January 2003)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed
by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)
Political parties and leaders: Campora List [Anne-Maria CAMPORA];
Medecin List [Jean-Louis MEDECIN]; National and Democratic Union or UND
[Jean-Louis CAMPORA]; National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM
[leader NA]; Rally for the Monegasque Family or RFM [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ACCT, ECE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO,
ICC, ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US: Monaco does not have an embassy
in the US consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy
in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited
to Monaco
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland
which is white (top) and red
Economy Monaco