highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1998)
Labor force: 4,521 (1992); note - lowered by flight of people from
volcanic activity
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: 6% (1998 est.)
Budget: revenues: $31.4 million expenditures: $31.6 million, including
capital expenditures of $8.4 million (1997 est.)
Industries: tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: 5 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0%
(2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 4.65 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions,
peppers; livestock products
Exports: $1.5 million (1998)
Exports - commodities: electronic components, plastic bags, apparel,
hot peppers, live plants, cattle
Exports - partners: US, Antigua and Barbuda (1993)
Imports: $26 million (1998)
Imports - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment,
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
Imports - partners: US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1993)
Debt - external: $8.9 million (1997)
Economic aid - recipient: Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year
program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Currency code: XCD
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed
rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Communications Montserrat
Telephones - main lines in use: 4,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 70 (1994)
Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: 7,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 3,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .ms
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 17 (2000)
Internet users: NA
Transportation Montserrat
Highways: total: 269 km paved: 203 km unpaved: 66 km (1995)
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Plymouth (abandoned), Little Bay (anchorages and
ferry landing), Carr's Bay
Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
Airports: none; the only airport was destroyed by volcanic activity;
a helicopter service to Antigua is used (2001)
Military Montserrat
Military branches: no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues Montserrat
Disputes - international: none
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Malawi
Introduction
Malawi
Background: Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland
became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of
one-party rule, the country held multiparty elections in 1994 under
a provisional constitution, which took full effect the following
year. National multiparty elections were held again in 1999.
Geography Malawi
Location: Southern Africa, east of Zambia
Geographic coordinates: 13 30 S, 34 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 118,480 sq km water: 24,400 sq km land: 94,080 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: total: 2,881 km border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km,
Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season
(May to November)
Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills,
some mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: junction of the Shire River and
international boundary with Mozambique 37 m highest point: Sapitwa
(Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m
Natural resources: limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited
deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 1% other: 79% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 280 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: deforestation; land degradation; water
pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation
of spawning grounds endangers fish populations
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Geography - note: landlocked; Lake
Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature
People Malawi
Population: 10,701,824 note: estimates for this country explicitly take
into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result
in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population
by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 44% (male 2,358,730; female 2,347,017) 15-64
years: 53.2% (male 2,810,478; female 2,884,601) 65 years and over: 2.8%
(male 120,761; female 180,237) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.39% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 37.13 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 23.2 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 119.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 37.15 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 5.04 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 15.96% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 800,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 70,000 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Malawian(s) adjective: Malawian
Ethnic groups: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European
Religions: Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous
beliefs 3%, other 2%
Languages: English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages
important regionally
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 58% male: 72.8% female: 43.4% (1999 est.)
Government Malawi
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Malawi conventional
short form: Malawi former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland
Protectorate, Nyasaland
Government type: multiparty democracy
Capital: Lilongwe
Administrative divisions: 27 districts; Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa,
Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe,
Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu,
Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima,
Thyolo, Zomba
Independence: 6 July 1964 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day (Republic Day), 6 July (1964)
Constitution: 18 May 1994
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21
May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21
May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government cabinet: by popular vote for a five-year term; election last
held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: Bakili
MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%,
Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 15
June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by
party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 96,
MCP 61, AFORD 30, others 6
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice
appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of
the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts
Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa
CHIHANA, president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA,
president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP
[Kampelo KALUA, president]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI]
- governing party
Political pressure groups and leaders: National Democratic Alliance
[Brown MPINGANJIRA]
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Paul Tony Steven KANDIERO FAX: [1] (202) 265-0976 telephone: [1] (202)
797-1007 chancery: 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Roger A. MEECE embassy: Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road mailing address:
P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi telephone: [265] 773 166 FAX: [265]
770 471
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red,
and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
Government - note: the executive exerts considerable influence over
the legislature
Economy Malawi
Economy - overview: Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least
developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural,
with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture
accounts for 40% of GDP and 88% of export revenues. The economy depends
on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World
Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was approved
for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. The
government faces strong challenges, e.g., to fully develop a market
economy, to improve educational facilities, to face up to environmental
problems, and to deal with the rapidly growing problem of HIV/AIDS.
The performance of the tobacco sector is key to short-term growth.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $7 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.7% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $660 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 40% industry: 19% services:
41% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: 54% (FY90/91 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 28.6% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 4.5 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 86% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $490 million expenditures: $523 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Industries: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods
Industrial production growth rate: 2.5% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 825 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 3.03% hydro: 96.97%
other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 767.25 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes,
cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats, groundnuts, Macadamia
nuts
Exports: $415.5 million (f.o.b., 2001)
Exports - commodities: tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts,
wood products, apparel
Exports - partners: South Africa 18%, Germany 13%, US 13%, UK 10%,
Japan 7%, Netherlands 3% (2000)
Imports: $463.6 million (f.o.b., 2001)
Imports - commodities: food, petroleum products, semimanufactures,
consumer goods, transportation equipment
Imports - partners: South Africa 40%, UK 11%, Zimbabwe 7%, Japan 5%,
Germany 2%, US 1.8%, Zambia (2000)
Debt - external: $2.8 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $427 million (1999)
Currency: Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Currency code: MWK
Exchange rates: Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 67.3111 (December 2001),
72.1973 (2001), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442
(1997)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Communications Malawi
Telephones - main lines in use: 38,000 (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 49,000 (2000)
Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: system employs
open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone
communications stations international: satellite earth stations -
2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 5 (plus 15 repeater stations),
shortwave 2 (plus a third station held in standby status) (2001)
Radios: 2.6 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (2001)
Televisions: NA
Internet country code: .mw
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 7 (2001)
Internet users: 15,000 (2000)
Transportation Malawi
Railways: total: 797 km narrow gauge: 797 km 1.067-m gauge (2001)
Highways: total: 14,594 km paved: 2,773 km unpaved: 11,821 km (2001)
Waterways: 144 km note: on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall
Ports and harbors: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba
Airports: 44 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m:
1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to
1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 23 (2001)
Military Malawi
Military branches: Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment),
Police (including paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,535,207 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,301,625
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $9.5 million (FY00/01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 0.76% (FY00/01)
Transnational Issues Malawi
Disputes - international: Malawi and Tanzania maintain a largely dormant
dispute over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and current location
of historical boundary in meandering Songwe River
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Introduction
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Background: International recognition of The Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia's (F.Y.R.O.M.) independence from Yugoslavia in 1991
was delayed by Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it
considered a Hellenic name and symbols. Greece finally lifted its
trade blockade in 1995, and the two countries agreed to normalize
relations, despite continued disagreement over F.Y.R.O.M.'s use of
"Macedonia." F.Y.R.O.M.'s large Albanian minority, an ethnic Albanian
armed insurgency in F.Y.R.O.M. in 2001, and the status of neighboring
Kosovo continue to be sources of ethnic tension.
Geography Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Location: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
Geographic coordinates: 41 50 N, 22 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 25,333 sq km water: 477 sq km land: 24,856 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Vermont
Land boundaries: total: 766 km border countries: Albania 151 km,
Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Yugoslavia 221 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall
Terrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys;
three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by
the Vardar River
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Vardar River 50 m highest point:
Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,753 m
Natural resources: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel,
low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land
Land use: arable land: 24% permanent crops: 2% other: 74% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 550 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: high seismic risks
Environment - current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western
and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
People Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Population: 2,054,800 note: a Framework Agreement ratified by Macedonia
on 16 November 2001 calls for a new census in 2002 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 22.4% (male 239,638; female 221,446) 15-64
years: 67.2% (male 694,368; female 686,450) 65 years and over: 10.4%
(male 94,214; female 118,684) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.41% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 13.35 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.08
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 76.68 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.77 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: less than 0.01% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: less than 100 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Macedonian(s) adjective: Macedonian
Ethnic groups: Macedonian 66.6%, Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%,
Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)
Religions: Macedonian Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3%
Languages: Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%,
other 3%
Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%
Government Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Country name: conventional long form: The Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia conventional short form: none local long form: Republika
Makedonija abbreviation: F.Y.R.O.M. local short form: Makedonija
Government type: emerging democracy
Capital: Skopje
Administrative divisions: 123 municipalities (opstini, singular -
opstina); Aracinovo, Bac, Belcista, Berovo, Bistrica, Bitola, Blatec,
Bogdanci, Bogomila, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Cair (Skopje), Capari,
Caska, Cegrane, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer-Sandevo,
Debar, Delcevo, Delogozdi, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dobrusevo, Dolna
Banjica, Dolneni, Dorce Petrov (Skopje), Drugovo, Dzepciste, Gazi Baba
(Skopje), Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Izvor, Jegunovce,
Kamenjane, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda
(Skopje), Klecevce, Kocani, Konce, Kondovo, Konopiste, Kosel, Kratovo,
Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kuklis, Kukurecani, Kumanovo,
Labunista, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Lukovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski
Brod, Mavrovi Anovi, Meseista, Miravci, Mogila, Murtino, Negotino,
Negotino-Polosko, Novaci, Novo Selo, Oblesevo, Ohrid, Orasac, Orizari,
Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Podares, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis,
Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Rostusa, Samokov, Saraj, Sipkovica, Sopiste,
Sopotnica, Srbinovo, Star Dojran, Staravina, Staro Nagoricane, Stip,
Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole,
Tearce, Tetovo, Topolcani, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Velesta, Veles,
Vevcani, Vinica, Vitoliste, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Vratnica, Vrutok,
Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zeleno, Zitose, Zletovo, Zrnovci note: the seven
municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses collectively constitute
"greater Skopje"
Independence: 17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday: Uprising Day, 2 August (1903)
Constitution: adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
note: the Macedonian Parliament approved November 2001 a series of new
constitutional amendments, strengthening minority rights
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative
acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since
15 December 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI
(since 30 November 1998) elections: president elected by popular vote for
a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held
NA October 2004); prime minister elected by the Assembly; election last
held NA November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: Boris
TRAJKOVSKI elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote -
Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito PETKOVSKI 46.2% cabinet: Council of Ministers
elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note -
current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE,
PDP, and DPA
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly or Sobranje (120 seats -
85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come from lists of
candidates submitted by parties based on the percentage that a party
gains from the overall vote; all serve four-year terms) election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43, SDSM 27,
PDP 14, DA 13, DPA 11, VMRO-VMRO 6, LDP 4, SP 1, Roma Party 1 elections:
last held 18 October and 1 November 1998 (next tentatively scheduled
for June 2002)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court - Parliament appoints the judges;
Constitutional Court - Parliament appoints the judges; Republican Judicial
Council - Parliament appoints the judges
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Alternative or DA
[Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party of Albanians or
DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or VMRO-VMRO
[Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto GUSTERVO];
Liberal Party [leader NA]; National Democratic Party or MPDK [Kastriot
HAXHISEXHA]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI,
president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former
Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of
Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies of
Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ACCT, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC,
EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)