remote, scarcely decurrent, obliquely elliptic-ovate, opaque, the cells
round and strongly chlorophyllose; dioecious; the antheridial spike
lateral below the keel of a leaf, long, linear, somewhat obtuse. (R.
pallens, _Sulliv._; not _Gottsche._)--On rotten trunks, in the Catskill
Mts., and southward, especially in the mountains.
5. PORELLA, Dill. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves large, incubous, complicate-bilobed; lower lobe ligulate,
suberect; underleaves similar, decurrent at base, the apex entire.
Dioecious. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves usually 4,
2-lobed, the margin ciliate or denticulate; perianth somewhat oval,
compressed, bilabiate, incised or entire. Calyptra globose, persistent.
Capsule globose, reddish, short-stalked. Elaters very numerous,
2--3-spiral, free. Spores large, rough. Antheridia solitary in the
saccate bases of leaves, crowded in short spikes. (Name a diminutive of
_porus_, an opening.)
[*] _Leaves more or less remote; stems bipinnate._
1. P. pinnata, L. Stems irregularly pinnate, fastigiate at the ends;
leaves scarcely incubous, ovate-oblong, the rounded apex sometimes
slightly decurved; lower lobe minute, flat, oblong, obtuse, as long but
not half as wide as the flat, entire, ovate-rectangular, scarcely
decurrent underleaves. (Madotheca Porella, _Nees._)--On rocks and trees
subject to inundation; common. (Eu.)
[*][*] _Leaves mostly closely imbricate; stems mostly simply pinnate (or
bipinnate in n. 2)._
2. P. platyphylla, Lindb. (Pl. 24.) Yellowish or fuscous-green; stems
irregularly pinnate, often fastigiate at the ends; leaves obliquely
ovate, more or less concave at base and the rounded upper margin curved
upward and undulate, mostly entire; lower lobe obliquely ovate, the
margin strongly recurved, with an acute tooth at base; underleaves
semicircular, with strongly reflexed margins. (Madotheca platyphylla,
_Dumort._)--On rocks and trees; common eastward. (Eu.)
3. P. Thuja, Lindb. Fuscous-green or blackish, somewhat regularly
pinnate; leaves convex, closely appressed, obliquely round-ovate, the
rounded apex decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe oblong,
obtuse, with an acute tooth at base, longer but narrower than the
quadrate underleaves, both with strongly recurved sparsely denticulate
margins. (Madotheca Thuja, _Dumort._)--On rocks and trees; more common
westward. (Eu.)
4. P. dentata, Lindb. Mostly fuscous-green, irregularly pinnate or
subdichotomous; leaves more remote on the branches, obliquely
round-ovate, the rounded summit slightly decurved, more or less
denticulate; lower lobe decurrent, twisted, obliquely ovate, acute, with
recurved undulate denticulate margin and a large acute tooth at base;
underleaves twice as wide as the lower lobes, quadrate-oval, the
undulate reflexed margin dentate, especially near the base. (Madotheca
rivularis, _Nees._)--Shaded rocks, Yellow Springs, Ohio (_Sullivant_).
(Eu.)
5. P. Sullivantii, Underw. Stems strongly decurved at the ends in
drying; leaves suberect, the straight ventral margin strongly involute
toward the apex; cells large, punctate-stelliform; perianth broadly
keeled beneath, the keel 2-angled. (Madotheca Sullivantii,
_Aust._)--Alleghany Mts. (_Sullivant_); rare.
6. PTILIDIUM, Nees. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, each lobe divided and lacerately
ciliate; underleaves 4--5-lobed, ciliate. Dioecious. Fruit terminating
short branches. Involucral leaves 2--4, 4-cleft; perianth terete,
obovate, the mouth connivent, plicate, denticulate. Calyptra pyriform,
coriaceous. Capsule ovate. Spores globose. Antheridia in the base of
closely imbricated leaves. (Name a diminutive of [Greek: pti/lon], _a
feather_, from the fringed foliage.)
1. P. ciliare, Nees. Stems crowded, subpinnate; fringes of the foliage
long-setaceous. (Blepharozia ciliaris, _Dumort._)--On rotten logs and
stumps; common. (Eu.)
7. TRICHOCOLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves succubous, 4--5-divided, and with the underleaves setaceously
fringed. Dioecious. Fruit terminal, or axillary from the growth of
innovations. Involucral leaves coalescent into an oblong truncate hairy
tube, blended in our species with the calyptra; perianth none. Capsule
oblong, its pedicel bulbous at base. Elaters free. Antheridia large, in
the axils of leaves on terminal branches. (Name from [Greek: thri/x],
_hair_, and [Greek: koleo/s], _a sheath_, from the hairy involucre.)
1. T. tomentella, Dumort. Stems pinnately decompound, densely tufted,
glaucous, 2--6' long; leaves nearly uniform; underleaves subquadrate, as
wide as the stem.--Among mosses in swamps; common. (Eu.)
T. BIDDLECOMIAE, Aust., very imperfectly described from specimens
collected in Urbana, Ohio, is said to be simply and rather distantly
pinnate.
8. HERBERTA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves large, incubous or nearly transverse, narrow, 3-ranked, the
underleaves being scarcely smaller, cleft to or below the middle, the
lobes acute. Dioecious. Fruit terminal on a long branch. Involucral
leaves numerous, equitant; perianth ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform,
3-angled, deeply 6--8-lobed. Calyptra small, obovate, deeply trifid.
Capsule large, globose. Elaters free. Spores large, muriculate.
Antheridia in the bases of leaves of a short terminal spike. (Named for
_William Herbert_, an English botanist.)
1. H. adunca, S. F. Gray. Stems long and slender, erect, brownish,
nearly simple; leaves and underleaves almost alike, curved and
one-sided, the lobes lanceolate. (Sendtnera juniperina, _Sulliv._; not
_Nees._)--On rocks, Greenwood Mts., N. J., Catskill Mts., N. Y., and
probably northward. (Eu.)
9. BAZZANIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves incubous, oblique, decurved, mostly truncate-tridentate;
underleaves wider than the stem, mostly 3--4-toothed or crenate.
Dioecious. Fruit on a short branch from the axil of an underleaf.
Involucral leaves much imbricate, concave, orbicular or ovate, incised
at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled.
Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Capsule oblong. Antheridial
spikes from the axils of underleaves. (Named for _M. Bazzani_, an
Italian Professor of Anatomy.)
1. B. trilobata, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, dichotomous,
proliferous; leaves ovate, the broad apex acutely 3-toothed; underleaves
roundish-quadrangular, spreading, 4--6-toothed above; perianth curved,
cylindric, plicate at the narrow apex and 3-toothed. (Mastigobryum
trilobatum, _Nees._ M. tridenticulatum, _Lindenb._)--Ravines, wet woods
and swamps; common and variable. (Eu.)
2. B. deflexa, Underw. Stems forked or alternately branched; leaves
strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or ovate-oblong, falcate, the upper
margin arcuate, the narrow apex 2--3-toothed or entire; underleaves
roundish-quadrate, the upper margin bifid, crenate, or entire; perianth
cylindric, arcuate, plicate above and denticulate. (Mastigobryum
deflexum, _Nees._)--On rocks in the higher mountains eastward. (Eu.)
10. LEPIDOZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves small, incubous, palmately 2--4-cleft or -parted; underleaves
similar, often smaller. Dioecious or rarely monoecious. Fruit terminal
on short branches from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves
small, appressed, concave, 2--4-cleft; perianth elongated,
ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, obtusely triangular above, entire
or denticulate. Calyptra included, pyriform or oblong. Capsule
oblong-cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Antheridia large,
pedicelled, solitary in the axils of 2-cleft spicate leaves. (Name from
[Greek: lepi/s], _a scale_, and [Greek: o)/zos], _a shoot_, for the
scale-like foliage.)
1. L. reptans, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, pinnately compound, the
branches often flagellate; leaves decurved, subquadrate, 3--4-cleft;
involucral leaves ovate, truncate, unequally 4-toothed; perianth
incurved, dentate.--On the ground and rotten wood, N. J., and common
northward. (Eu.)
2. L. setacea, Mitt. Leaves deeply 2--3-cleft or -parted, incurved, the
lobes subulate, formed of a somewhat double series of cells; underleaves
similar; perianth ciliate. (Jungermannia setacea, _Web._)--On the ground
and rotten wood; common. Resembling the next in its leaves, but smaller
and brownish. (Eu.)
11. BLEPHAROSTOMA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)
Leaves transverse or slightly incubous, 3--4-parted, the divisions
capillary; underleaves smaller, mostly 2--3-parted. Dioecious or
monoecious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves numerous, verticillate,
deeply 4-cleft; perianth exserted, pyriform-cylindric, laciniate.
Calyptra short, oblong, bilabiate. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Elaters
large, very obtuse. Spores large, smooth. Antheridia solitary in the
axils of leaf-like bracts. (Name from [Greek: ble/pharon], _an eyelid_,
and [Greek: sto/ma], _mouth_, in allusion to the fringed orifice of the
perianth.)
1. B. trichophyllum, Dumort. Flaccid, branched, creeping; leaf-divisions
straight, spreading, each composed of a single row of cells; perianth
ovate-cylindric. (Jungermannia trichophylla, _L._)--On the ground and
rotten wood. Minute, light green. (Eu.)
12. CEPHALOZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)
Leaves mostly succubous, chiefly 2-lobed, the margins uniformly plane or
subincurved; underleaves smaller, often wanting except on fruiting
branches. Branches from the under side of the stem. Monoecious or
dioecious. Involucral leaves numerous, capitate, 3-ranked, usually
2-lobed; perianth long, triangular-prismatic, the constricted mouth
variously dentate. Calyptra small. Capsule somewhat oblong. Elaters
free. Spores minute. Antheridia in the base of inflated spicate leaves.
(Name from [Greek: kephale/], _head_, and [Greek: o)/zos], _bud_, for
the capitate involucre.)
Sec. 1. CEPHALOZIA proper. _Perianth more or less 3-angled or 3-carinate;
leaf-cells large (mostly 25--50 mu broad); plants mostly medium-sized._
[*] _Underleaves rarely present except on fruiting branches._
1. C. Virginiana, Spruce. Without runners, usually pale; leaves small,
obliquely round-ovate, acutely 2-lobed nearly to the middle; cells
quadrate-hexagonal, opaque; dioecious, rarely monoecious; involucral
leaves round-quadrate, with slender acuminate lobes; perianth large,
widest above the middle, unequally ciliolate; capsule large,
long-exserted; antheridial spike long. (C. catenulata of authors; not
_Huebn._)--On rotten wood or swampy ground, N. Eng. to Va., and
southward.
2. C. multiflora, Spruce. (Pl. 23.) Often subpinnate, without runners,
pale green; leaves small, round-rhombic, decurrent, bifid {1/3} their
length; cells quadrate-hexagonal, pellucid; dioecious; inner involucral
leaves 3--4 times as long as the outer; perianth linear-fusiform,
3-plaited when young, triangular only above when mature, ciliate or
toothed, fleshy; calyptra fleshy, oval-globose; capsule rather
short-pedicelled; spores cinnamon-color.--On the ground and rotten wood;
common. (Eu.)
3. C. pleniceps, Underw. Stems very short, branching, densely cespitose,
pale green or whitish; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave,
subclasping but not decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length, the acute lobes
incurved and strongly connivent; involucral leaves oblong, palmately
2--4-cleft, the ventral like the underleaves; perianth large,
oblong-cylindric, obtusely angled, the plicate mouth denticulate.
(Jungermannia pleniceps, _Aust._)--Among Sphagnum in the White Mts.
(_Oakes_).
4. C. bicuspidata, Dumort. Prostrate or assurgent, cespitose, usually
greenish or reddish, with runners; lower leaves small and distant, the
upper larger, round-ovate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes
ovate-lanceolate and acute, the lower lobe narrower and acuminate; cells
large, pellucid; monoecious; involucral leaves about 3 pairs, the
innermost nearly three times as long as the outer, cleft 1/2 their length;
perianth four times as long as the leaves, linear-prismatic or fusiform,
thin, denticulate or ciliate; capsule cylindric-oblong; spores purple.
(Jungermannia bicuspidata, _L._)--On the ground, mountains of N. Eng.,
N. Y., and N. J. (Eu.)
5. C. curvifolia, Dumort. Slender, rarely forked, without runners,
greenish, reddish, or often purple; leaves imbricate, ascending,
obovate, concave, semicordate at base, lunately bifid below the middle,
the lobes incurved or hooked; cells small, quadrate; monoecious or
dioecious; involucral leaves complicate, the lobes subovate,
spinulose-denticulate; perianth large, rose-purple, triquetrous, the
wide mouth ciliate; calyptra thin; capsule oblong-globose.
(Jungermannia curvifolia, _Dicks._)--On rotten logs in swamps, etc.;
common. (Eu.)
[*][*] _Underleaves usually present; leaves rarely subimbricate._
6. C. fluitans, Spruce. Stems 2--3' long, loosely creeping, with short
thick runners; leaves large, ovate-oblong, lobed to near the middle, the
lower lobe larger, lanceolate, obtuse; cells large, mostly hexagonal;
underleaves linear, appressed; dioecious; involucral leaves cleft to the
middle; perianth oval-cylindric, nearly entire; calyptra short,
pyriform; capsule oblong; spores small, minutely tuberculate; antheridia
globose, pedicelled, solitary in the axils.--In bogs, on mosses or
partly floating; rare. (Eu.)
Sec. 2. CEPHALOZIELLA. _Perianth 3--6-angled; leaf-cells small (14--20 mu
broad); plants small, often minute; underleaves present in n. 9._
7. C. divaricata, Dumort. Sparingly branched, without runners; leaves
very small, cuneate or round-quadrate, the ovate-triangular lobes acute;
cells pellucid or subopaque; involucral leaves larger, the lobes acute,
denticulate; perianth linear or narrowly fusiform, prismatic,
denticulate or subentire; capsule oblong-globose, long-exserted.
(Jungermannia divaricata, _Smith._)--Dry rocks and sand, pine barrens of
N. J., and northward. (Eu.)
8. C. Macounii, Aust. Slender, much branched, dark green; leaves
scarcely broader than the stem, wide-spreading, bifid with a broad or
lunate sinus, the broad-subulate lobes mostly acute; cells subquadrate,
somewhat pellucid; dioecious; involucral leaves appressed, 2--3-lobed,
irregularly spinulose; perianth small, whitish, obovate or
ovate-fusiform, obtusely 3-angled, setulose or ciliate.--Rotten logs,
mountains of N. Eng., and northward (_Austin_, _Macoun_).
9. C. Sullivantii, Aust. Stems 3--6'' long, fleshy, rootlets numerous;
fertile branches suberect, clavate; leaves imbricate, often narrower
than the stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less serrate, the sinus and
lobes subacute; dioecious; involucral leaves 3, erect, free; perianth
broadly oval or subobovate, obtusely and sparingly angled, the apex
slightly plicate, the mouth connivent, dentate, sometimes narrowly
scarious; capsule oval.--On rotten wood, N. J., Ohio, and Ill.; rare.
Our smallest species.
13. ODONTOSCHISMA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves succubous, ovate or roundish, entire or retuse, rarely bidentate;
underleaves minute, sometimes obscure or wanting. Dioecious or sometimes
monoecious. Fruit terminal on a short branch from the lower side of the
stem. Involucral leaves few, 3-ranked, bifid or rarely 3--4-cleft;
perianth large, triangular-fusiform, ciliate or dentate. Calyptra
membranous. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Antheridia in small whitish spikes
on the under side of the stem. (Name from [Greek: o)doy/s], _a tooth_,
and [Greek: schi/sma], _a cleft_, alluding to the perianth.)
1. O. Sphagni, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Leaves spreading or ascending, ovate,
rounded or oblong, entire or retuse, subconcave; underleaves mostly
wanting; perianth 3--6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform,
laciniate or ciliate. (Sphagnoecetis communis, _Nees_.)--Among mosses,
N. J. to Ill., and southward. (Eu.)
2. O. denudata, Lindb. Stems densely rooting, somewhat leafless at base,
flagellate, branching above; leaves spreading, broadly ovate, entire;
underleaves broadly oval, entire or subdenticulate; perianth
close-connivent above, at length bursting irregularly.--On rotten wood,
Canada to Ohio, and south along the mountains. (Eu.)
14. KANTIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves
small, roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Dioecious or
monoecious. Involucre pendulous, subterranean, clavate or subcylindric,
fleshy, hairy, attached to the stem by one side of its mouth. Calyptra
membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule cylindric, the
valves spirally twisted. Spores minute, roughish. Antheridia solitary in
the reduced leaves of short lateral branches. (Name from _J. Kant_, a
physician at The Hague.)
1. K. Trichomanis, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, without ventral
runners; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, roundish-ovate,
obtuse. (Calypogeia Trichomanis, _Corda_.)--On the ground and rotten
logs; very common. (Eu.)--Var. RIVULARIS, Aust. Leaves dusky green or
blackish, more scattered, flaccid; cells large. N. J. (_Austin_.)--Var.
TENUIS, Aust. Very slender, innovate-branching; leaves smaller,
especially above, dimidiate-ovate or subfalcate, subdecurrent. Southern
N. J. (_Austin_).
2. K. Sullivantii, Underw. Prostrate, with ventral runners; leaves flat,
subcontiguous or imbricate, obliquely round-ovate, minutely 2-toothed
with a lunulate sinus, abruptly decurrent; cells large, uniform;
underleaves minute, the upper orbicular, bifid, the lower twice 2-lobed,
the primary lobes round-quadrate, divaricate, the secondary ovate or
subulate. (Calypogeia Sullivantii, _Aust._)--Delaware Water Gap, N. J.
(_Austin_).
15. SCAPANIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves complicate-bilobed, the upper lobe smaller, the lower succubous;
margins entire or dentate or ciliate; underleaves none. Dioecious. Fruit
terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline but more equally lobed;
perianth obovate, dorsally compressed, bilabiate, the mouth truncate,
entire or toothed, decurved. Capsule ovate. Elaters long, attached to
the middle of the valves. Antheridia 3--20, in the axils of small
saccate leaves, which are scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal
heads. (Name from [Greek: skapa/nion], _a shovel_, from the form of the
perianth.)
[*] _Leaf-lobes somewhat equal._
1. S. subalpina, Dumort. Leaves equidistant, imbricate, cleft nearly to
the middle, the roundish obtuse lobes denticulate on the outer margin;
perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, obovate from a narrow
base, denticulate.--Mountains of N. Eng. (_Oakes, Austin_); L. Superior
(_Gillman, Macoun_). (Eu.)
2. S. glaucocephala, Aust. Stems short, cespitose, creeping or
ascending, subsimple, with numerous offshoots; leaf-lobes broadly ovate,
entire, mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves sometimes
denticulate; perianth small, subcuneate, entire. (Jungermannia
glaucocephala, _Tayl._; S. Peckii, _Aust._)--On rotten wood, N. Eng. to
N. Y. and Canada.
[*][*] _Lower lobe about twice the size of the upper, except near the
summit._
[+] _Leaves broader than long; upper lobes rounded or blunt._
3. S. undulata, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Ascending or erect, slightly branched;
leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the lobes
round-trapezoidal, equal at the summit of the stem; perianth
oblong-incurved, nearly entire, twice as long as the outer
involucre.--In woods, damp meadows, and rills; common, especially in
mountain districts.--Var. PURPUREA, Nees; a form with long lax stems and
rose-colored or purplish leaves. (Eu.)
4. S. irrigua, Dumort. Creeping; leaves somewhat rigid, repand, deeply
lobed; lobes rounded, submucronate, the lower appressed, the upper
convex with incurved apex; perianth ovate, denticulate. (S. compacta,
var. irrigua, _Aust._)--Wet places, N. J., Catskill Mts., mountains of
N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.)
[+][+] _Leaves longer than broad; upper lobes more or less acute._
5. S. nemorosa, Dumort. Rather stout, flexuose, creeping at base; leaves
rather distant, decurrent on both sides, ciliate-dentate, the lower lobe
obovate, obtuse, slightly convex, the upper cordate, acute, concave;
perianth densely ciliate; capsule large, roundish-ovate, reddish-brown.
(S. breviflora, _Tayl._)--On rocks, etc., in swamps and rills; common
and variable. (Eu.)
6. S. Oakesii, Aust. Leaves obovate, somewhat spreading, often deflexed,
closely complicate, convex, the lower lobe coarsely dentate, and with
deep purple spur-like teeth on the keel, the upper roundish and less
dentate; perianth usually dentate.--White Mts. (_Oakes, Austin_).
[*][*][*] _Lower lobes 3--4 times the size of the upper._
7. S. exsecta, Aust. Ascending; leaves subcomplicate, entire, the lower
lobe ovate, acute or bidentate, concave, the upper small and tooth-like;
involucral leaves 3--5-cleft; perianth oblong, obtuse, plicate.
(Jungermannia exsecta, _Schmidel._)--High mountains, far northward;
rare.--Perhaps better retained in Jungermannia. (Eu.)
8. S. umbrosa, Dumort. Stems short, decumbent, slightly branched;
leaf-lobes ovate, acute, serrate; perianth incurved, naked at the
mouth.--White Mts.; rare.--The tips of the shoots are frequently covered
with a dark mass of gemmae. (Eu.)
16. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)
Leaves rather narrow, complicate-bilobed, the lobes subequal or the
upper smaller, the lower succubous; underleaves none. Fruit terminal.
Involucral leaves few. Perianth cylindrical, scarcely or not at all
compressed, pluriplicate, denticulate. (Name from [Greek: diplo/s],
_double_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_, on account of the folded
2-lobed leaves.)
1. D. albicans, Dumort., var. taxifolium, Nees. Stems ascending, almost
rootless; leaves closely folded, subdenticulate, with a rudimentary
pellucid line near the base or none, the lobes obtuse or acutish, the
lower oblong-scymitar-shaped, the upper smaller, subovate; perianth
ovate, plicate. (Jungermannia albicans and J. obtusifolia of _Sulliv._;
not of _L._ and _Hook._)--Under rocks in mountain ravines and on the
ground. (Eu.)--The typical form occurs in N. Scotia, distinguished by a
broad pellucid median line in both lobes.
17. GEOCALYX, Nees. (Pl. 23.)
Leaves succubous, bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft, with linear divisions.
Fruit lateral, pendent. Involucre simple, fleshy, saccate, oblong,
truncate, attached to the stem by one side of the mouth. Calyptra
membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule oblong. Elaters
free. Antheridia in the axils of small leaves on spike-like lateral
branches. (Name from [Greek: ge/a], _the earth_, and [Greek: ka/lyx], _a
cup_, from the subterranean involucres.)
1. G. graveolens, Nees. Leaves ovate-quadrate, 2-toothed, light green;
underleaves oval-lanceolate, cleft to the middle.--On the ground, and
rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.)
18. LOPHOCOLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)