green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side; sporangium
mostly oblong, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores
(0.19--0.24'' wide) covered all over with a coarse honeycomb-like
network; microspores (0.012--0.014'' long) mostly smooth.--Shallow ponds
and ditches, from Mass. (near Boston, _W. Boott, H. Mann_) and Meriden,
Conn. (_F. W. Hall_), to Penn. and Del. and (probably through the Middle
States) to Mo.--By far the largest of our species, often mature in July.
Var. gracilis, Engelm. Leaves few (8--12 only, 9--12' long) and very
slender; both kinds of spores nearly as in the type.--Southern New Eng.
(Westville, Conn., _Setchell_) and N. J. (_Ennis_); entirely submersed!
Var. valida, Engelm. Trunk large and stout (often 1--2' wide); leaves
(50--100, even 200, 18--25' long) with an elevated ridge on the upper
side; sporangium oblong or linear-oblong (4--9'' long), {1/3}--1/2 or more
covered by the velum; spores very small; macrospores 0.16--0.22'' wide;
microspores 0.011--0.013'' long, spinulose.--Del. (_Canby_) and Penn.
(_Porter_). Sept.
7. I. melanopoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15--50, 6--10' long) very slender,
keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or
black shining bases; sporangium mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum,
brown or spotted; macrospores very small (0.14--0.18'' wide), smoothish,
or with faint tubercles or ridges; microspores (0.010--0.012'' long)
spinulose.--Shallow ponds, and wet prairies and fields, central and
northern Ill. (_E. Hall, Vasey_), and westward. June, and sometimes
again in Nov.--Trunk more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both
kinds of spores smaller than in any other of our species; leaves
disappearing during the summer heat. Closely approaching the completely
terrestrial species of the Mediterranean region.
ORDER 135. MARSILIACEAE.
Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and
either filiform or 4-parted long-petioled leaves; the somewhat
crustaceous several-celled sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from
the rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with
the latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores.
1. MARSILIA, L. (Pl. 25.)
Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks,
sending up elongated petioles, which bear at the apex a whorl of four
nervose-veined leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the
rootstock, one or more ovoid sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit
usually have two teeth near the base, and are 2-celled vertically, with
many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 valves at
maturity. The sporocarps have a ring along the edges of the valves,
which at length swells up and bears the sausage-shaped compartments from
their places. The compartments contain macrosporangia and microsporangia
intermixed. (Named for _Aloysius Marsili_, an early Italian naturalist.)
1. M. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous;
sporocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the
petioles, pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth small,
obtuse, or the upper one acute.--In water, the leaflets commonly
floating on the surface; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Conn., and now
introduced in many places. (Eu.)
2. M. vestita, Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy,
entire (2--7'' long and broad); petioles 1--4' long; peduncles free from
the petiole; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled (about 2'' long), very
hairy when young; upper basal tooth of sporocarp longest, acute,
straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded.
(M. mucronata, _Braun_.)--In swamps which become dry in summer; Iowa and
southwestward.
ORDER 136. SALVINIACEAE.
Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and
sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves;
sporocarps or conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a
common stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle
which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or
microsporangia with numerous microspores.
1. AZOLLA, Lam. (Pl. 21.)
Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with
minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under
side. Conceptacles in pairs beneath the stem; the smaller ones
acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrospore with a few
corpuscles of unknown character above it; the larger ones globose, and
having a basal placenta which bears many pedicellate microsporangia
which contain masses of microspores.
1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (4--12''
broad), much branched; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish,
the upper one green with a reddish border; macrospores with three
attendant corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate; masses of
microspores glochidiate.--Floating on quiet waters, from Lake Ontario
westward and southward,--appearing like a reddish hepatic moss.
* * * * *
SALVINIA NATANS, L., was said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface
of small lakes in Western New York, and has more recently been said to
occur in Missouri. It has oblong-oval floating leaves 4--6'' long,
closely pinnately-veined, which bear conceptacles and branching plumose
fibres on their under surface.
SUBCLASS II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, OR BRYOPHYTES.
Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia or archegonia, or
both, formed upon the stem or branches of the plant itself, which is
developed from the germinating spore usually with the intervention of a
filiform or conferva-like prothallus.--Divided into the _Musci_, or
Mosses, and the _Hepaticae_.
DIVISION I. HEPATICAE.[1] (LIVERWORTS.)
[Footnote 1: Elaborated for this edition by Prof. L. M. UNDERWOOD, of
Syracuse, N. Y.]
Plants usually procumbent, consisting of a simple thallus, a thalloid
stem, or a leafy axis; leaves when present 2-ranked, with uniform
leaf-cells and no midvein; thalloid forms with or without a midvein,
smooth or scurfy or scaly beneath and usually with numerous rootlets.
Sexual reproduction by antheridia and archegonia, which are immersed in
the thallus, or sessile or pedicelled upon it, or borne on a peduncled
receptacle. The fertilized archegonium develops into a capsule
(_sporogonium_) closely invested by a calyptra, which ruptures above as
the ripened capsule (containing numerous spores and usually elaters)
pushes upward. It is also commonly surrounded by a usually double
involucre, the inner (often called _perianth_) more or less tubular, the
outer tubular or more often foliaceous, sometimes wholly wanting.
Propagation is also effected by offshoots (_innovations_), runners
(_flagella_), or by _gemmae_, which appear at the margin of the leaves or
on the surface of the thallus, often in special receptacles.
ORDER 137. JUNGERMANNIACEAE. SCALE-MOSSES.
Plant-body a leafy axis or rarely thallose. Capsule borne on a slender
often elongated pedicel, splitting at maturity into 4 valves. Elaters
mixed with the spores, mostly bispiral (unispiral in n. 1--3, 32, and
33, 1--3-spiral in n. 5 and 28). Antheridia and archegonia dioecious or
monoecious, in the latter case either mingled in the same inflorescence,
or separated upon the same branch, with the antheridia naked in the
axils of the lower leaves, or on separate parts of the same plant.
Leaves 2-ranked, incubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying on the base
of the next above), or succubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying under
the base of the next above), or sometimes transverse, with frequently a
third row of rudimentary leaves beneath the stem.
Artificial Key to the Genera.
Sec. 1. Plant-body a leafy axis.
[*] Leaves complicate-bilobed (i.e. folded together) or with a small
basal lobe.
[+] Lower lobe smaller than the upper.
[++] Root-hairs borne on the stems or underleaves.
1. Frullania. Lower lobe mostly saccate, more or less remote from the
stem. Branches intra-axillary, the leaves on either side free.
2. Jubula. Lower lobe saccate; branches lateral, a basal leaf borne
partly on the stem, partly on the branch.
3. Lejeunea. Lower lobe incurved, more or less inflated.
5. Porella. Lower lobe ligulate. Perianth triangular, the third or odd
angle ventral.
[++][++] Root-hairs rising from the lower lobes.
4. Radula. Perianth compressed. Underleaves none.
[+][+] Upper lobe smaller than the lower, or the two somewhat equal.
[++] Leaves succubous as to their lower lobes.
15. Scapania. Involucral leaves 2; perianth dorsally compressed, the
mouth truncate, bilabiate, decurved.
16. Diplophyllum. Involucral leaves few; perianth erect, round, the
mouth denticulate.
[++][++] Leaves transverse.
25. Marsupella. Perianth tubular or somewhat compressed. (Compare also
Jungermannia Sec. Sphenolobus.)
[*][*] Leaves palmately 3--4- (or many-) cleft.
[+] Divisions numerous, capillary. Plants large, usually in conspicuous
mats.
6. Ptilidium. Leaves palmatifid with ciliate margins.
7. Trichocolea. Leaves setaceously multifid.
[+][+] Leaves 3--4-cleft or parted; plants small, mostly inconspicuous.
10. Lepidozia. Leaf-divisions two cells wide or more.
11. Blepharostoma. Leaf-divisions only one cell wide.
[*][*][*] Leaves entire, emarginate, or 2--3-toothed or -lobed.
[+] Leaves closely imbricate on short julaceous stems.
27. Gymnomitrium. Involucre double, the inner shorter.
[+][+] Leaves deeply bilobed.
8. Herberta. Underleaves large. Perianth fusiform on an elongated
branch.
12. Cephalozia. Underleaves mostly wanting; perianth mostly triangular
on a short branch.
[+][+][+] Leaves incubous, mostly plane or depressed.
9. Bazzania. Leaves mostly 2--3-toothed. Perianth fusiform on a short
branch.
14. Kantia. Leaves mostly entire. Perianth fleshy, pendulous,
subterranean.
[+][+][+][+] Leaves succubous or transverse.
[++] Underleaves entire or nearly so.
13. Odontoschisma. Involucral leaves numerous, small, incised, those of
the stem rounded or retuse.
21. Mylia. Involucral leaves 2, connate at base. Large.
22. Harpanthus. Involucral leaves few, smaller than the semi-vertical
emarginate stem-leaves. Small.
24. Jungermannia. Involucral leaves few, mostly larger than the entire
or bidentate stem-leaves. Medium-sized or large.
[++][++] Underleaves 2--4-cleft, -parted, or -divided.
17. Geocalyx. Involucre fleshy, saccate, pendent. Leaves bidentate;
underleaves 2-cleft.
18. Lophocolea. Fruit terminal on the main stem or a primary branch.
Involucral leaves distinct.
19. Chiloscyphus. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves
distinct. (See also Jungermannia.)
[++][++][++] Underleaves mostly wanting.
[a.] Leaves entire or barely retuse.
23. Liochlaena. Involucral leaves distinct, like those of the stem;
perianth truncate-depressed at the apex.
26. Nardia. Involucral leaves connate at base and adnate to the
perianth.
[b.] Leaves bidentate or bilobed, rarely 3-lobed.
12. Cephalozia. Branches all from beneath. Perianth on a short branch,
mostly trigonal with the odd angle beneath.
24. Jungermannia. Simple or branching laterally. Perianth terminal,
mostly laterally compressed.
[c.] Leaves mostly spinulose or dentate.
20. Plagiochila. Involucral leaves large; perianth laterally compressed.
Sec. 2. Plant-body pseudo-foliaceous with succubous leaf-like lobes.
28. Fossombronia. Perianth large, campanulate.
Sec. 3. Plant-body a thallus.
[*] Thallus with a distinct costa.
29. Pallavicinia. Thallus 3--6'' wide, mostly simple, the margins
sinuate or undulate. Perianth tubular, at length dorsal.
30. Blasia. Thallus 3--6'' wide, lobed, dichotomous, or radiate, the
margins pinnatifid-sinuate.
32. Metzgeria. Thallus narrow (1--2''), ciliate at the margins or on one
or both sides.
[*][*] Thallus with an inconspicuous costa or none.
33. Aneura. Thallus rather narrow, mostly palmately or pinnately lobed.
Sporogonium rising from the under side near the margin.
31. Pellia. Thallus wider, mostly simple or forked. Sporogonium rising
from the upper surface.
1. FRULLANIA, Raddi. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, the lower lobe usually inflated,
helmet- or club-shaped; underleaves bifid, rarely entire, with basal
rootlets. Dioecious or monoecious. Fruit terminal on the branches.
Involucral leaves 2 or 4, larger than the stem-leaves; perianth
3--4-angled, mucronate. Calyptra pyriform, fleshy. Capsule globose, the
lower third solid. Elaters truncate at each end, unispiral, adherent to
the valves. Spores large, reddish, minutely muricate. Antheridia most
often on a short branch, globose-oblong or cylindric. Archegonia 2--4,
long-styled. (Named for _Leonardo Frullani_, an Italian Minister of
State.)
Sec. 1. TRACHYCOLEA. _Perianth triangular in section, rough with tubercles
or scales, or villous; lower leaf-lobe helmet-shaped, truncate at base._
[*] _Lower leaf-lobe about three fourths the size of the upper._
1. F. Oakesiana, Aust. Stems widely branching; fertile branches short;
leaves obliquely orbicular, loosely imbricate, the lower lobe rotund,
contiguous to the stem; underleaves ovate-rotund or subobovate, little
wider than the stem, bifid; involucral leaves more or less connate,
equally bilobed, the lobes entire, obtuse; perianth small,
subobovate-pyriform, smooth or 1--7-nerved or alate both sides.--White
Mts., on stunted spruce and birch trees.
[*][*] _Lower leaf-lobe much smaller than the upper._
[+] _Underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, ovate, bifid, the
divisions entire, acute; perianth 1-carinate or smooth, except in n. 2;
stems creeping._
2. F. Virginica, Lehm. Stems short, irregularly branching; leaves
crowded, ovate, entire, somewhat concave, the lower lobes sometimes
expanded into a lanceolate lamina; underleaves round-ovate, bifid, twice
the width of the stem; perianth compressed-pyriform, tuberculate,
2--4-carinate dorsally, 4-carinate ventrally.--On bark of trees, rarely
on rocks; common.
3. F. Eboracensis, Lehm. Branches clustered; leaves loose, imbricate on
the branches, round-ovate, entire; perianth pyriform, slightly
compressed and repand, smooth, obscurely carinate beneath and gibbous
toward the apex. (F. saxatilis, _Lindenb._)--On trees and rocks; common
northward.
4. F. Pennsylvanica, Steph. Stems dichotomous; leaves imbricate, flat,
ovate, mucronate or rarely obtuse, entire; lower lobe marginal, large,
round-cucullate; underleaves broadly ovate, deeply parted, the divisions
long-acuminate; dioecious; antheridial spikes on short lateral branches,
elongated; lobes of the involucral leaves acuminate, much narrowed at
base, and the large underleaves carinate-concave, deeply parted, their
apiculate divisions entire or toothed.--Shaded rocks, Stony Creek,
Carbon Co., Penn. (_Rau_). Known only from the original description.
5. F. saxicola, Aust. Stems numerous, widely branching; leaves
orbicular, scarcely oblique, flat; lower lobe near the stem, small, or
rarely larger and round-galeate; underleaves scarcely wider than the
stem, subovate, bifid; perianth broadly oblong, bowl-shaped with very
short mouth, papillose, abruptly broad-carinate beneath, 1--many-nerved
each side of the keel, 2-angled.--Sloping dry trap rocks, Closter, N. J.
(_Austin_).
[+][+] _Underleaves 2--3 times wider than the stem, round or
subquadrate, bifid, the divisions blunt or truncate._
[++] _Leaves lax, rather distant; lower lobe mostly expanded,
ovate-lanceolate._
6. F. aeolotis, Nees. Procumbent, irregularly branched or subpinnate;
leaves semi-vertical, subsquarrose, obliquely cordate, the lower lobe
expanded; underleaves ovate, acutely bifid, the upper margin
angular-dentate or entire; sporogonium unknown.--On trees and rocks,
chiefly in mountain regions.
[++][++] _Leaves close-imbricate; lower lobe galeate, seldom expanded
except on terminal leaves._
7. F. squarrosa, Nees. Decumbent, pinnately branching, the short fertile
branch lateral; leaves subvertical, suborbicular, obtuse, entire; lower
lobe obovate-cucullate or galeate, subappressed; underleaves cordate or
rounded, sinuate-subdentate, slightly bifid; perianth oblong,
triquetrous, convex dorsally, strongly keeled ventrally.--On rocks and
trees, N. Y. to Ohio, and southward; rather common.
8. F. plana, Sulliv. Procumbent, widely branching or subpinnate; leaves
orbicular, subimbricate; lower lobe very small, as broad as long, close
to the stem; underleaves rather large, flat, rounded, slightly bifid;
monoecious; perianth oblong-oval or subobovate, triquetrous, dorsally
sulcate, acutely keeled ventrally; antheridial spikes globose.--Shaded
rocks, N. Y. and N. J. to E. Tenn.
9. F. dilatata, Nees. Loosely and widely pinnate; leaves round, entire,
opaque; lower lobe subrounded, cucullate, close to the stem; underleaves
subquadrate, toothed at the anterior angles; involucral leaves with 2 or
3 entire lobes; perianth tuberculate, retuse.--Rocks and trunks of
trees; rather common. (Eu.)
Sec. 2. THYOPSIELLA. _Perianth smooth; leaves semicordate at base (marked
by a central moniliform row of cells, or sometimes in n. 12 by a few
scattered large cells); lower lobe near the stem (except in n. 11),
cylindric-saccate, mostly erect; underleaves round-oval, the margin
entire, recurved; dioecious._
[*] _Leaves orbicular._
10. F. Asagrayana, Mont. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, simply pinnate; leaves
concave, obtuse, decurved; lower lobe oblong-clavate, emarginate at
base; underleaves oblong, flat, 2-cleft, the sinus obtuse; involucral
leaves unequally 2-cleft, the dorsal segment oblong, pointed, nearly
entire, the ventral subulate; perianth pyriform, 3-sided, obtusely
keeled beneath. (F. Grayana of authors.)--Rocks and bark of coniferous
trees; frequent.
11. F. Tamarisci, Nees. Bipinnately branching, somewhat rigid; leaves
obtuse, mucronately acute or subacuminate, decurved, entire; lower lobe
distant from the stem, oval or oblong; underleaves quadrate-ovate or
obovate, emarginate, the margin revolute; involucral leaves bifid,
serrulate; perianth oblong, sulcate dorsally, obtusely keeled
ventrally.--N. Eng. and southward; rare. (Eu.)
[*][*] _Leaves oblong from a narrowed base._
12. F. fragilifolia, Tayl. Procumbent, subpinnate, the alternate
flattened branches subremote; leaves subimbricate, ascending, recurved,
entire; lower lobe oblong-galeate; underleaves round-obovate, flat,
appressed, bifid, the margins entire or angled; perianth
obovate-cordate, concave dorsally, keeled ventrally; involucral leaves
subequally lobed, obtusely few-toothed. (F. polysticta, _Mont._ F.
Sullivantiae, _Aust._)--On trees in a cedar swamp, Urbana, Ohio
(_Sullivant_). (Eu.)
2. JUBULA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)
Characters nearly as in Frullania. Leaves large and flat, an axillary
one at the base of each branch without a lower lobe. Calyptra
turnip-shaped, abruptly globose above. Monoecious, with 2 antheridia in
each leaf of a spike-like branch, and the archegonia mostly solitary.
(Name from _juba_, a mane, alluding to the persistent elaters.)
1. J. Hutchinsiae, Dumort., var. Sullivantii, Spruce. Subdichotomously
branching; leaves dark olive-green, subimbricate, obliquely ovate,
acute, entire or subrepand; lower lobe saccate, rather remote from the
stem, not spurred as in the European form; underleaves roundish,
serrate or entire; involucral leaves bifid, serrate; perianth
triangular-obpyriform. (Frullania Hutchinsiae, _Nees_, in part.)--Wet
rocks, N. Eng. to S. C.; more common in the mountains.
3. LEJEUNEA, Libert. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves decurrent at the folds, the lower lobe incurved and ventricose;
underleaves usually present, entire or bifid. Archegonium with a slender
persistent style, solitary on a usually very short branch; the perianth
free from the involucral leaves, oval or oblong, terete or angular,
variously carinate, cristate, or ciliate. Capsule globose, 4-cleft to
the middle, the valves recurved. Spores large (40--50 mu broad), globose
or oblong, tuberculate. Antheridia at the base of ordinary leaves or in
the axils of the leaves of a spike-like branch.--Otherwise as Frullania.
(Named for _A.-L.-S. Lejeune_, a French botanist.)
[*] _Underleaves entire._
1. L. clypeata, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Stems procumbent, somewhat pinnately
branched, 3/4--1' long; leaves whitish-green, round-ovate,
cellular-crenulate, deflexed; lower lobe flat, oblong-quadrate;
underleaves round-quadrate; monoecious; involucral leaves larger than
those of the stem, the perianth round-obovate, 2--3-carinate dorsally,
1-carinate ventrally, the keels rough. (L. calyculata, _Tayl._)--On
rocks and trees; common south and westward.
[*][*] _Underleaves bifid; leaves entire._
2. L. serpyllifolia, Libert, var. Americana, Lindb. Stems long, somewhat
branching, pale, pellucid and fragile; leaves rather remote, flat,
opening from a basilar sac, scarcely decurved, obliquely roundish-ovate,
obtuse, often slightly repand; underleaves about half as large,
round-oval with a broad obtuse sinus and acute lobes; monoecious; the
obovate-clavate perianth on a lateral branch. (L. cavifolia,
_Aust._)--On cedars, etc., Catskill Mts. (_Cleve_), Belleville, Ont.
(_Macoun_), and southward; rather common.
3. L. lucens, Tayl. Whitish, filiform, pinnately branched; leaves
remote, rarely subimbricate, obliquely ovate-triangular, rounded or
obtuse, semi-cordate at base; lower lobe ovoid, acute or apiculate;
underleaves 1/2 as large as the lateral, round-oval, deeply bifid, the
lobes broad-subulate; dioecious; involucral leaves rather longer, with
lanceolate lobes; perianth scarcely emersed, broadly pyriform,
5-carinate. (L. cucullata, _Sulliv._; not _Nees._)--Near Cincinnati;
moist rocks, Alleghany Mts. and southward (_Sullivant_). Minute and
flaccid.
[*][*][*] _Underleaves obsolete; leaves muriculate-denticulate._
4. L. calcarea, Libert. Very minute; stems slender, loosely branching;
leaves ovate, falcate-decurved, sinuate-complicate at base; monoecious;
involucral leaves bifid, the divisions entire; perianth on a very short
lateral branch, pyriform-clavate, acutely 5-angled, the margin
echinate-muriculate. (L. echinata, _Tayl._)--On rocks and roots of
trees; rather common. (Eu.)
4. RADULA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)
Leaves large, complicate-bilobed, incubous; lower lobe small, bearing
root-hairs; underleaves none. Dioecious, rarely monoecious. Fruit
usually terminal. Involucral leaves 2, slightly smaller than the
cauline, 2-lobed; perianth tubular, compressed or nearly terete,
truncate, entire or crenate. Calyptra pyriform, persistent. Capsule
oval-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores large, globose, minutely
tuberculate. Antheridia in the ventricose bases of spicate leaves.
(_Radula_, a scraper or spatula, in allusion to the form of the
perianth.)
[*] _Lower lobe subquadrate, barely incumbent on the stem._
1. R. complanata, Dumort. Creeping, widely subpinnately branching;
leaves imbricate, spreading, rounded, the lower lobe obtuse or acute;
monoecious; perianth obconic, compressed, the mouth entire, truncate;
antheridia in the bases of 2--3 pairs of strongly imbricate tumid
leaves.--On rocks and roots of trees; common. (Eu.)
2. R. obconica, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Smaller, indeterminately branched;
leaves somewhat remote, round-obovate, convex; monoecious; perianth
clavate-obconic, obliquely truncate; antheridia axillary on short
lateral branches rising near the terminal involucre.--On trees in cedar
swamps, N. J. to Ohio.
[*][*] _Lower lobe small, rounded, more or less transversely adnate._