linear, flat, as long as the culm_, and like it rough-edged; involucral
bract a bristle-tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong
chestnut-colored spikelet, the green midrib of the _scales extended into
sharp points; bristles upwardly hairy_, as long as the pointless
achene.--Dry or moist ground, N. Eng. to Del., west to western N. Y. and
Penn.; W. Mo. (_B. F. Bush._).
[+][+] _One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the
culm._
4. S. subterminalis, Torr. Aquatic; culms (1--3 deg. long,
thickish-filiform) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly
submersed, cellular; the filiform green bract 6--12'' long, much
surpassing the oblong spikelet; scales somewhat pointed; bristles 6,
bearded downward, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed achene.--Slow
streams and ponds, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Mich. and N. Ind.--Var.
TERRESTRIS, Paine; less tall, with firmer stem and leaves, and fruiting
spike more turgid. Growing chiefly emersed; Herkimer Co., N. Y.
[*][*] _Spikelets clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral, the
one-leaved involucre resembling and seeming to be a continuation of the
naked culm._
[+] _Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks;
spikelets many-flowered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster;
sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing._
5. S. pungens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; _culm sharply
3-angled_ throughout (1--4 deg. high) with concave sides; _leaves 1--3,
elongated_ (4--10' long), keeled and channelled; spikelets 1--6,
capitate, ovoid, usually long, overtopped by the pointed involucral
leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and
awn-pointed from between the acute lobes; _anthers tipped with an
awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage; style 2-cleft_ (rarely 3-cleft);
bristles 2--6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate
smooth achene.--Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams, throughout
N. Am. (Eu., S. Am.)
6. S. Torreyi, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is
readily pulled up from the mud); _culm 3-angled_, with concave sides,
rather slender (2--4 deg. high), _leafy at base; leaves 2 or 3, more than
half the length of the culm_, triangular-channelled, slender; _spikelets
1--4, oblong or spindle-shaped, acute, distinct_, pale chestnut-color,
long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate,
smooth, entire, barely mucronate; _style 3-cleft; bristles longer than
the unequally triangular-obovate very smooth long-pointed
achene_.--Borders of ponds, brackish and fresh, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich.,
and Minn.
7. S. Olneyi, Gray. _Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides_,
stout (2--7 deg. high), the _upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or
none_; spikelets 6--12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by
the short involucral leaf; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous
mucronate point shorter than the scarious apex; _anthers with a very
short and blunt minutely bearded tip; style 2-cleft_; bristles 6,
scarcely equalling the narrowly obovate plano-convex and mucronate
achene.--Salt marshes, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific.
S. MUCRONATUS, L. Resembling the last, 1--3 deg. high; spikelets numerous in
a dense cluster, oblong-ovate, 6--8'' long or less; scales ovate,
mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scarious; _style 3-cleft_; achene
smaller, broadly obovate.--In a single locality in Delaware Co., Penn.;
probably introduced from S. Europe.
[+][+] _Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running
rootstocks; spikelets many-flowered, loosely umbellate or corymbed,
involucellate-bracted._
8. S. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3--5 deg. high) 3-angled, usually sharply so
above, obtusely below, the sheath at base extended into a long slender
triangular and channelled leaf (2--4 deg. long); involucral leaf similar
(4--8' long), continuing the culm; spikelets oblong (4--6'' long),
single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 together, nodding on the apex
of the 5--9 long filiform and flattened peduncles or rays of the
dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile; scales
loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scarious, with a
greenish nerved back; bristles 6, firm, furnished above with spreading
hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak of the
obovate-triangular shining achene (11/2'' long).--In a pond near
Salisbury, Md.
[+][+][+] _Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running
rootstock, leafless or very nearly so; spikelets numerous, clustered in
a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle longer than the involucral leaf;
involucellate bracts small, scale-like and rusty-scarious; scales of the
spikelets rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, the midrib extended into a
mucronate point._
9. S. lacustris, L. (GREAT BULRUSH.) Culm 3--9 deg. high, 1/2--1' thick at
base; spikelets ovate-oblong (3--4'' long); scales mostly a little downy
on the back and ciliate; style 2-cleft; achene pale and dull, obovate
with a narrowed base, plano-convex, mucronate-pointed, usually
overtopped by the 4--6 slender downwardly barbed bristles. (S. validus,
_Vahl._)--Common everywhere in still fresh water. (Eu., Asia, etc.)
[+][+][+][+] _Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or
obtusely triangular, naked; the sheaths rarely bearing a short leaf;
spikelets few or several in a sessile cluster, sometimes solitary, much
overtopped by the involucral leaf; bristles often few or wanting._
10. S. debilis, Pursh. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--5.) _Culms obtusely triangular_,
with somewhat hollowed sides, 1--2 deg. high, yellowish-green, shining;
spikelets 3--12, capitate, ovate-oblong, obtuse (3--4'' long),
chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at maturity; scales
roundish; stamens 3; style 2--3-cleft; _bristles 6, stout_, downwardly
barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate _turgidly plano-convex_
(or bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed _smoothish_
achene.--Swamps, Mass. to S. C., Minn. and Neb. Aug., Sept.
11. S. Smithii, Gray. _Culms terete_, slender, 3--12' high, often
leaf-bearing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1--3
oblong-ovate acute spikelets; involucral leaf always erect; scales
oblong-oval; style 2-cleft; _bristles 1 or 2 minute rudiments or none_;
achene _somewhat lenticular, smooth_, deciduous with the scales.--Wet
shores, Delaware Bay to L. Ontario, Mich., N. Ind., and Ill. July.
12. S. supinus, L., var. Hallii, Gray. _Culms filiform_, 5--12' high;
upper sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing; spikelets 1--7 in a sessile
or sometimes geminately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong
becoming cylindrical, greenish; scales ovate, strongly keeled,
mucronate-pointed; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft; _bristles none; achene
obovate-orbicular_, mucronate, plano-convex, _strongly wrinkled
transversely_.--Wet shores, Ill. to Tex.; also found in E. Mass.
(_Hitchings_). (Eu.)
[*][*][*] _Spikelets in simple or mostly compound umbellate or
cymose-panicled clusters, many-flowered, terete; involucre of mostly
several flat leaves; culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks,
triangular, leafy, sedge-like; leaves rough on the margin; style mostly
3-cleft._
[+] _Spikelets large (6--15'' long); midrib of the scales extended
beyond the mostly lacerate or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn._
13. S. maritimus, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long as
the stout culm (1--3 deg. high), those of the involucre 1--4, very unequal;
spikelets few--several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1--4
unequal rays bearing 1--7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown)
spikelets; awns of the scales soon recurved; _achene obovate-orbicular,
compressed, flat on one side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other,
minutely pointed, shining, shorter than the_ 1--6 unequal and deciduous
(sometimes obsolete) _bristles_.--Saline localities, on the coast from
N. Scotia to Fla., and in the interior across the continent.
(Eu.)--Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx.; larger, with very thick
oblong-cylindrical heads (1--1{1/2}' long), and longer involucral leaf
(often 1 deg. long).
14. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (RIVER C.) Culm very stout, 3--5 deg. high; leaves
flat, broadly linear (1/2' wide or more), tapering gradually to a point,
the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the
_compound umbel; rays 5--9, elongated, recurved-spreading_, each bearing
1--5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute paler heads; scales less lacerate
and awns less recurved; _achene obovate, sharply and exactly triangular,
conspicuously pointed, opaque_, scarcely equalling the 6 rigid
bristles.--Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vt. to Conn. and
Penn., west to Minn. and Iowa.
[+][+] _Spikelets very numerous, small (1--3'' long); scales
mucronate-pointed or blunt; umbel-like cymose panicle irregular,
compound or decompound; culm 2--5 deg. high, unusually leafy; leaves broadly
linear, green and rather soft; bristles very slender, often more or less
tortuous and naked below._
15. S. sylvaticus, L. _Spikelets lead-colored, clustered 3--10 together
at the end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions_ of the open
decompound panicle, ovoid or lance-ovate, 2'' long; scales bluntish;
bristles 6, downwardly barbed throughout, rather exceeding the
triangular short-pointed achene; style 3-cleft.--Along brooks, E. Mass.
to N. Y.; rare.
Var. digynus, Boeckl. Style 2-cleft and the achene not at all
angled on the back; stamens 2, and bristles 4. (S. microcarpus,
_Presl._)--N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., and westward.
16. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid; _spikelets dull
greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10--30 together) into close
heads_, these also usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle;
scales pointed; _bristles_ sparsely and strongly _downwardly barbed
above the middle, naked below_, nearly straight, as long as the
conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular achene.--Wet meadows
and bogs, N. Scotia and N. Eng., west to Minn., Kan., and the Pacific.
17. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy; _spikelets
yellow-brown, ovate_, becoming cylindrical, _clustered 3--8 together in
small heads on_ the short ultimate divisions of the _open decompound
umbel_; scales mucronate; _bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed
toward the summit only_, about twice the length of the achene.--Swamps
and borders of ponds, western N. Eng to N. C., west to Minn, and Ark.
9. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS. (Pl. 3.)
Bristles naked, usually very numerous, often silky and becoming greatly
elongated. Otherwise as in Scirpus.--Spikelets single or clustered or
umbellate, usually involucrate with erect scale-like bracts, upon a
leafy or naked stem; scales membranaceous, 1--3-nerved. Style very
slender and elongated, 3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name
composed of [Greek: e)/rion], _wool_ or _cotton_, and [Greek: phoro/s],
_bearing_.)
[*] _Bristles 6, rust-colored, becoming tortuous and entangled; culm
very leafy, bearing numerous spikelets in an involucrate decompound
cymose-panicled umbel._
1. E. lineatum, Benth. & Hook. Culm triangular, leafy (1--3 deg. high);
leaves linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins; umbels terminal
and sometimes axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1--3-leaved
_involucre much shorter than the long slender rays_; spikelets oblong,
becoming cylindrical (2--4'' long), on thread-like drooping pedicels;
_bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the_ ovate green-keeled
_pointed scales_; achene sharp-pointed. (Scirpus lineatus,
_Michx._)--Low grounds, western N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.
2. E. cyperinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 6--10, under Scirpus.) (WOOL-GRASS.)
Culm nearly terete (2--5 deg. high); leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid,
those of the _involucre 3--5, longer than the umbel_, the rays at length
drooping; spikelets exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the
lateral pedicelled, woolly at maturity (11/2--3'' long); the rust-colored
_bristles much longer than the pointless scales_; achene short-pointed.
(Scirpus Eriophorum, _Michx._)--Wet meadows and swamps, Newf. to Fla.,
west to Minn. and Iowa. Exceedingly variable in the character and size
of the umbel, the typical form having the spikelets mostly clustered in
small heads.--Var. LAXUM has the spikelets scattered, the lateral
long-pedicelled.
[*][*] _Bristles 6, crisped, white; spikelet single, small; involucre of
one short bract._
3. E. alpinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--6.) Culms slender, many in a row from
a running rootstock (6--10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base
awl-tipped.--Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Minn. June. (Eu.)
[*][*][*] _Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony
heads in fruit._
[+] _Culm bearing a single spikelet; involucre none._
4. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1 deg. high), leafy only at the
base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths; root-leaves long and
thread-form, triangular-channelled; scales of the ovate spikelet
long-pointed, lead-color at maturity.--Cold and high peat-bogs, N. Eng.
to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.)
[+][+] _Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads,
involucrate._
5. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2--4 deg. high); leaves very narrowly
linear, elongated, flat; _spikelets nearly sessile, crowded in a dense
cluster or head; wool rusty or copper-color_, only thrice the length of
the scale; stamen 1.--Bogs and low meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn.
and Neb. July, Aug.--Var. ALBUM, Gray, has the wool white. N. New York.
6. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1--2 deg. high), obscurely triangular;
_leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below_, triangular at the
point; _involucre 2--3-leaved_; spikelets several (4--12), on smooth
nodding peduncles, some of them elongated in fruit; achene obovate;
_wool white_, very straight (1' long or more).--Bogs, Newf. to Ga.,
Minn., and westward. June, July. (Eu.)--Var. LATIFOLIUM, Gray;
peduncles rough; leaves sometimes broader and flatter.
7. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (1--2 deg. high), rather triangular;
_leaves slender, channelled-triangular_, rough on the angles; _involucre
short and scale-like, mostly 1-leaved_; peduncles rough or
roughish-pubescent; spikelets 3--7, small, when mature the copious white
wool 6--9'' long; achene elliptical-linear.--Cold bogs, Newf. to N. J.,
west to Minn. and Mo. Scales in our plant mostly light chestnut and
about 3-nerved. June--Aug. (Eu.)
10. FUIRENA, Rottboell. UMBRELLA-GRASS. (Pl. 2.)
Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and
terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all
floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly
on claws, and usually with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens
3. Style 3-cleft. Achene triangular, pointed with the persistent base of
the style. Culms from a perennial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for
_G. Fuiren_, a Danish botanist.)
1. F. squarrosa, Michx., var. hispida, Chapm. (Pl. 2, fig. 1--7.) Stem
(1--3 deg. high) leafy; leaves and sheaths usually densely hairy; spikelets
ovoid-oblong (4--6'' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the
spreading awns of the scales; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid-ovate,
with a short thick awn or point, the interposed mostly barbed bristles
shorter than the achene.--Sandy wet places, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky.
and Tex.
Var. pumila, Torr. Usually low (1--6' high or more), with 1--6
spikelets; perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate,
long-stipitate and attenuate to a long awn; barbed bristles usually
exceeding the achene.--Mass. to N. J., Fla., and La.; Mich. The
commonest form.
11. HEMICARPHA, Nees. (Pl. 2.)
Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute
translucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis
of the spikelet. Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other
perianth none. (Name from [Greek: e(/mi], _half_, and [Greek: ka/rphos],
_straw_ or _chaff_, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.)
1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (1--5' high); involucre
1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually
with another minute leaf; spikelets 2--3 (barely 2'' long); scales
brown, tipped with a short recurved point.--Sandy borders of ponds and
rivers, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific.
12. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br. (Pl. 2.)
Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster involucrate
by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in
many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales
(bractlets) 2 to each flower, thin, one between the scale of the
spikelet and the flower, one between the latter and the axis of the
spikelet. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style
2--3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked at the tip.--Culms
leafy at base. (Name formed of [Greek: li/pos], _fat_, and [Greek:
ka/rphos], _chaff_, from the thickness of the inner scales of some
species.)
1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culm (4--8' high) much longer than the
linear concave leaves; spikelets (1--2'' long) green and dark-spotted;
inner scales delicate; stamen one; achene oblong with a contracted
base.--Springy or miry places, Va. to Fla.; near Philadelphia, probably
adventive.
13. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RUSH. (Pl. 4.)
Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or
spindle-shaped, terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or
barely concave (not boat-shaped nor keeled); the lower commonly loosely
imbricated and empty, the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers.
Perianth in the form of bristles (mostly 6). Stamens mostly 3. Achene
lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or
beak consisting of the persistent indurated base or even of the greater
part of the style.--Chiefly perennials, with more or less triangular and
leafy culms; the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters; flowering
in summer. (Name composed of [Greek: r(y/nchos], _a snout_, and [Greek:
spora/], _a seed_, from the beaked achene.)
Sec. 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. _Spikelets terete or biconvex,
few--many-flowered; style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming
the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present,
merely rough or barbed-denticulate (not plumose)._
[*] _Achene transversely wrinkled; bristles mostly 6, upwardly
denticulate._
1. R. cymosa, Nutt. _Culm triangular; leaves linear_ (1/4' wide); cymes
corymbose, the _spikelets crowded and clustered; achene round-obovate_,
twice the length of the bristles, four times the length of the
depressed-conical tubercle.--Low grounds, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west
to N. Ind. and Ill.
2. R. Torreyana, Gray. (Pl. 4, figs. 1--5.) _Culm nearly terete,
slender; leaves bristle-form_; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the
_spikelets mostly pedicelled; achene oblong-obovate_, longer than the
bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical
tubercle.--Swamps; pine-barrens of N. J. to S. C.
3. R. inexpansa, Vahl. _Culm triangular_, slender; _leaves narrowly
linear; spikelets spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping
panicles; achene oblong_, half the length of the slender bristles, twice
the length of the triangular-subulate tubercle.--Low grounds, Va. to Ga.
[*][*] _Achene smooth and even._
[+] _Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate._
4. R. fusca, Roem. & Schultes. Culm 6--12' high; _leaves bristle-form
channelled_; spikelets ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1--3 loose heads
(dark chestnut-color); _achene obovate, half the length of the
bristles_, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute tubercle, which
is rough serrulate on the margins.--Low grounds, N. Brunswick to N. J.,
west to L. Superior. (Eu.)
5. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms very slender, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves narrowly
linear_; spikelets ovoid, in 2--4 small clusters, the lateral
long-peduncled; _achene ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles_, about
the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle.--Low grounds, southern N. Y.
and N. J. to Fla.
6. R. oligantha, Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 6--12' high; spikelets
very few (1--4), ovate-oblong; bristles plumose below the middle; achene
obovate-oblong, bearing a conical tubercle {1/3} its length.--Del.
(_Canby_) to Fla.
[+][+] _Bristles none, or 1--3 and minute; spikelets pale, 1-flowered._
7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (1--2 deg. high) acutely triangular;
leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only a terminal dense
cluster, which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny; achene
obovate-lenticular, tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate
tubercle; the delicate bristles 4--5 times shorter or obsolete.--Bogs in
pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C.
[+][+][+] _Bristles long, denticulate downward, or both ways in n. 11._
[++] _Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting
only a single flower; stamens usually 2; bristles 9--12, or even 20._
8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1--2 deg. high), triangular above; leaves
narrowly linear or almost bristle-form; spikelets lanceolate, densely
crowded in a head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral
ones; achene oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than
the flattened-awl-shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles.--Bogs,
Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind., Minn., and Oregon. (Eu.)
[++][++] _Spikelets chestnut-colored or darker in_ n. _10 and 11,
few--several-flowered; stamens 3; bristles usually 6._
9. R. capillacea, Torr. Culm 6--9' high, slender; _leaves bristle-form;
spikelets 3--6 in a terminal cluster_, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote
axillary peduncle, _oblong-lanceolate_ (pale chestnut-color, 3'' long);
_achene oblong-ovoid_, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about _half
the length of the_ (6, rarely 12) _stout bristles_, and twice the length
of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle.--Bogs and rocky river-banks, N. Vt.
to Penn., west to western N. Y. and Minn.--Var. LEVISETA, Hill.
Bristles perfectly smooth. N. W. Ind.
10. R. Knieskernii, Carey. Culm 6--18 deg. high, slender; _leaves narrowly
linear_, short; _spikelets numerous, crowded in 4--6 distant clusters,
oblong-ovate_ (scarcely 1'' long); _achene obovate_, narrowed at base,
_equalling the bristles_, twice the length of the triangular flattened
tubercle.--Pine-barrens of N. J. (on bog iron ore exclusively) to Va.;
rare.
11. R. glomerata, Vahl. Culm 1--3 deg. high; _leaves linear, flat; spikelets
numerous in distant clusters or heads_ (often in pairs from the same
sheath), _ovoid-oblong_; achene obovate, margined, narrowed at base, as
long as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always
_downwardly barbed bristles_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to
Mich. and N. Ind.
12. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culm stout (2--3 deg. high); _leaves narrowly
linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more
dense globular_ heads which are distant (and often in pairs),
_oblong-lanceolate_, dark brown; achene orbicular-obovate, margined,
narrowed at base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak; _bristles_ twice
longer, stout, _barbed downward and sometimes also upward_.--Sandy
swamps, Long Island to N. J. and Fla.