2--4' long, acute or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or
cordate at base), serrate; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts
at base, 1' long or more, the fertile leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2' long
or more; capsules tapering, pointed._
[++] _Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled; style medium._
14. S. cordata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED W.) _Leaves oblong-lanceolate or
narrower_, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply
serrate, finely denticulate or subentire, _green both sides or scarcely
paler beneath_, the young often silky or downy, especially on the
midrib, not turning black in drying; stipules reniform or ovate,
serrate, usually large and conspicuous; _aments rather slender_;
capsules greenish or refuscent, 2--3'' long. (S. rigida, _Muhl._)--Var.
ANGUSTATA, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, finely
serrate.--In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely
distributed and variable species.--S. MYRICOIDES, Muhl. (S. cordata,
var. myricoides, _Darl_., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this
species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even those of the most
vigorous shoots, tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or
glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy; stipules small, ovate,
pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, becoming glabrate,
shortly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S.
incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated parent) is
found at Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_).
15. S. glaucophylla, Bebb. _Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly
rounded base to oblong-lanceolate_ and equally pointed at both ends
(3--4' long, nearly 2' wide), glandular-serrate, _subcoriaceous,
glabrous throughout, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath_,
the young drying black; stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate; _aments
thick, oblong-cylindrical_, in size and silkiness resembling n. 6;
capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3--5' long, greenish, drying brown.--Var.
ANGUSTIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3' long, 3/4' wide), pointed at both
ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.)--Var. BREVIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves
obovate, about 1' long, strongly veined.--Common on the sand dunes of
Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake shore in N.
Ill. and Wisc.
16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. _Leaves broadly rounded and usually
subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid_ and of a rich
reddish color, _at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and
prominently reticulate-veined beneath_, slightly glandular-serrulate;
petioles long and slender; _stipules obsolete; fertile aments becoming
very lax in fruit_, the long slender pedicels 6--8 times the length of
the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, _Anders._)--In open swamps along
our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White Mountains of
N. H. (_Little_, 1823; rediscovered by _Pringle_, and _C. E._ and _E.
Faxon_). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs
shining-chestnut on the sunny side.
[++][++] _Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky
tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile;
style elongated._
17. S. adenophylla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate,
cuspidate-acuminate (1--2' long), dull green both sides, very closely
serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous,
ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles,
which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments
leafy-peduncled, the fertile not rarely becoming 4' long, densely
flowered.--Shores of the Great Lakes, rooting extensively in the
sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout tomentose twigs and
crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata.
[+][+] _Low erect shrub, 1--3 deg. high; leaves small, entire; capsules
oblong-cylindric; stigmas sessile or nearly so._
18. S. myrtilloides, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1' long, obtuse
or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous
when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, fertile
aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles;
capsules reddish green; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly
smooth greenish yellow scale.--Var. PEDICELLARIS, Anders.; leaves
oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1--21/2' long.--Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and
N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.)
[+][+][+] _Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs._
19. S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY W.) _Leaves elliptical_ and pointed,
or obovate and obtuse, less than 1' long, 3--4'' wide, tapering at base,
slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and
rather glaucous beneath; _aments borne on slender lateral leafy
peduncles, oblong-cylindric_, 6--9'' long, the fertile lengthening to 2'
and narrowly cylindric, _densely flowered_ above, often loose below;
_scales_ obovate, rose-red at the tip, _covered with long silky hairs_;
stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel
scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri,
_Tuckerm._)--Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and
N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an
area 1--2 deg. in diameter.
20. S. herbacea, L. _Leaves roundish oval_, heart-shaped, obtuse or
retuse, less than 1' long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately
veined; _aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4--10
flowered; scales_ concave, obovate, obtuse, _glabrous_ or slightly
pubescent; capsule subsessile.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains,
and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground
stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom
rising above 1--2' from the ground. (Eu.)
2. POPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.
Bracts (_scales_) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex.
Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front.
Stamens 8--30, or more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2--4, elongated.
Capsules 2--4-valved.--Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped
or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered
with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the
leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.)
Sec. 1. _Styles 2, with 2--3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin,
oblong-conical, 2-valved; seeds very small; leaves ovate._
[*] _Petioles laterally flattened; bracts silky; stamens 6--20; capsules
numerous, small, on very short pedicels._
P. ALBA, L. (WHITE POPLAR. ABELE.) The younger branches and the under
surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves
white-tomentose; scales crenate, fringed.--Frequently cultivated for
shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv.
from Eu.)
1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Small tree 20--50 deg. high,
with smooth greenish-white bark; _leaves roundish-heart-shaped_, with a
short sharp point, and _small somewhat regular teeth_, smooth on both
sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; _scales cut into
3--4 deep linear divisions_, fringed with long hairs.--Maine to the
mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward.
2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Tree 60--75 deg. high,
with smoothish gray bark; _leaves roundish-ovate, with large and
irregular sinuate teeth_, when young densely covered with white silky
wool, at length smooth both sides; _scales cut into 5--6 unequal small
divisions_, slightly fringed.--Rich woods and borders of streams,
N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn.
[*][*] _Petioles terete; bracts not silky; stamens 12--60._
3. P. heterophylla, L. (DOWNY POPLAR.) Tree 40--80 deg. high; leaves ovate
with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly
when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins
beneath; fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules 1/2' long, equalling the
pedicels.--Borders of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from
S. Ind. and Ill. to Ark. and W. La.
Sec. 2. _Styles 2--4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick,
subglobose to ovate-oblong, 2--4-valved; bracts mostly glabrous; seeds
1--2'' long._
4. P. balsamifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Tree 50--75 deg. high, the
large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; _leaves
ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed_, finely crenate,
smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete
petioles 1/2--2' long; scales dilated, slightly hairy; _stamens 20--30;
capsule ovate, 2-valved_.--Borders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to
Mich. and Minn., and far north and westward.--Var. CANDICANS, Gray.
(BALM OF GILEAD.) _Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped_;
petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultivation, but rare or unknown in a
wild state.
5. P. monilifera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Tree 75--150 deg.
high; _leaves broadly deltoid_, with numerous crenate serratures and
narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on
elongated flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy;
_stamens 60 or more; capsules_ on slender pedicels (4--5'' long) in long
catkins, _oblong-ovate, 3--4-valved_. (Incl. P. angulata,
_Ait._)--Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky
Mts.
Order 105. EMPETRACEAE. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)
_Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen
of_ Heaths, _and the drupaceous fruit of_ Arctostaphylos, but the
divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae;--probably only
an apetalous and polygamous or dioecious degenerate form of
Ericaceae,--comprising three genera, two of which occur within the limits
of this work, and the third farther south.
1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3,
somewhat petal-like.
2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.
1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.
Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves
(inconspicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat
petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6--9-rayed.
Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6--9 seed-like nutlets, each containing
an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious albumen,
with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient
name, from [Greek: e)n], _upon_, and [Greek: pe/tros], _a rock_.)
1. E. nigrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading; leaves
linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and
adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L.
Superior, and northward. (Eu.)
2. COREMA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in
the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated
bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long
filaments. Style slender, 3- (or rarely 4--5-) cleft; stigmas narrow,
often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4--5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as
in the last.--Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or
nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name [Greek:
ko/rema], _a broom_, from the bushy aspect.)
1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6'--2 deg. high, diffusely branched, nearly
smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.--Sandy pine
barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts.,
N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is
handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and
brown-purple anthers.
ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. (HORNWORT FAMILY.)
_Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute
axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but
with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple
1-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule, seed filled by a
highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval
cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and
leaves._--Consists only of the genus
1. CERATOPHYLLUM. L. HORNWORT.
Sterile flowers of 10--20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an
achene, beaked with the slender persistent style.--Herbs growing under
water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into
thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from [Greek:
ke/ras], _a horn_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_).
1. C. demersum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long
persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base
on each side.--Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger
(3'' long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin
spiny-toothed.--Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu.,
etc.)
SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE.
Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting;
the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and
fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often
more than two.
ORDER 107. CONIFERAE. (PINE FAMILY.)
_Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or
needle-shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers
in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla._ Ovules
orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its
length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous
large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.)
SUBORDER I. Pinaceae. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or
berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly
monoecious and evergreen.
Tribe I. ABIETINEAE. (PINE FAMILY proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins,
consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of
scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit
forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each
scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3--16. Anthers spirally
arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral
scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5),
linear to needle-shaped.
[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and
corky.
1. Pinus. Leaves 2--5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious
bud-scales.
[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.
[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the
scales; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.
2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal).
3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat.
[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not
prominent.
4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent,
solitary, keeled beneath.
5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled,
flat, deciduous.
Tribe II. TAXODIEAE. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged
imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone.
Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear,
alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.
6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.
Tribe III. CUPRESSINEAE. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately
opposite or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe.
Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more).
Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate,
the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.
[*] Monoecious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or
less 2-ranked.
7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly
winged.
8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8--12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2,
2-winged.
[*][*] Dioecious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.
9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3--6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.
SUBORDER II. Taxaceae. (YEW FAMILY.) Flowers dioecious, axillary and
solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which becomes a
bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by the enlarged
fleshy disk (or scale).
10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like
cup.
1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE.
Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate
by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens
spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a
scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3
united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or
aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young
shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a
persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a
cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading
when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at
the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining
as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3--12, linear.--Primary leaves thin
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed
the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5,
from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of
the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled;
when more than 2 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate.
Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn.
(The classical Latin name.)
Sec. 1. _Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose,
deciduous; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the
end and without prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks._
1. P. Strobus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Tree 75--160 deg. high; leaves very slender,
glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4--5'' long), with 6--8 involucral
scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow,
cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4--6' long); seed smooth; cotyledons
8--10.--Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and
E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in
large trees nearly free from resin.
Sec. 2. _Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles;
sheath close; woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually
spiny-tipped._
[*] _Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves
rigid._
[+] _Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2)._
2. P. Taeda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) _Leaves long (6--10'), with
elongated sheaths_, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3--5' long) and
tapering; _scales tipped with a stout incurved spine_.--Wet clay or dry
sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.--A tree
50--150 deg. high; staminate flowers slender, 2' long, with usually 10--13
involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.
3. P. rigida, Mill. (PITCH PINE.) _Leaves_ (3--5' long) dark green,
_from short sheaths_; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1--31/2' long), often
in clusters; _scales with a short stout recurved prickle_.--Sandy or
barren soil, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky.--A tree
30--80 deg. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood; sterile
flowers shorter; scales 6--8.
[+][+] _Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7)._
4. P. pungens, Michx. f. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) _Leaves stout, short_
(11/4--21/2' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old
foliage); cones ovate (31/2' long), _the scales armed with a strong hooked
spine_ (1/4' long).--Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.--A rather
small tree (20--60 deg. high); cones long-persistent.
5. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ (11/2--3' long);
cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2--3' long), the _scales tipped
with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle_.--Barrens and sterile
hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to
S. Ind.--A straggling tree at the east, 15--40 deg. high, with spreading or
drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish
glaucous bloom.
6. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_
(1' long), _oblique, divergent_; cones conical, oblong, usually curved
(11/2--2' long), smooth, the _scales pointless_.--Barren sandy soil, S.
Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling
shrub or low tree.
7. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) _Leaves_ sometimes in threes, _from
long sheaths, slender_ (3--5' long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical
(barely 2' long), the _scales with a minute weak prickle_.--Usually dry
or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.--A
straight tree, 50--100 deg. high, with dark green leaves more soft and
slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and
more tuberculate and spiny cones.
[*][*] _Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes._
8. P. resinosa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves _in twos_ from long sheaths,
elongated (_5--6' long_), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth
_(about 2' long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless_; sterile
flowers oblong-linear (6--9'' long), subtended by about 6 involucral
scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.--Dry
woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward.--A tall tree,
with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.
9. P. palustris, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA PINE.) Leaves
_in threes_ from long sheaths, _very long_ (10--15'), crowded at the
summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 21/2--3' long, rose-purple;
_cones large_, cylindrical or conical-oblong _(6--10' long), the thick
scales armed with a short recurved spine_. (P. australis,
_Michx._)--Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with
thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.
(Addendum) 10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. scopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in
twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid;
staminate flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often
3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout
straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky
Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark.
2. PICEA, Link. SPRUCE.
Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the
preceding year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their
cells opening lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones
maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor
prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled
above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in
Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)
1. P. nigra, Link. (BLACK SPRUCE.) _Branchlets pubescent_; leaves short
(usually 4--8'' long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish; _cones
ovate or ovate-oblong_ (10--20'' long), _mostly recurved, persistent_,
the _rigid scales_ with a thin denticulate edge. (Abies nigra,
_Poir._)--Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central
Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. A tree
40--70 deg. high.--Var. RUBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones
larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous.