equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete,
several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly
projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of
copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white.--Herbs of
the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow
flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.)
C. JUNCEA, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1--3 deg. high);
root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads
scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6--8'' long.--Fields and
roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
97. LACTUCA, Tourn. LETTUCE.
Heads several--many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical;
scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat
(obcompressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak,
which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious
very soft and white capillary pappus, its bristles falling
separately.--Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; flowers of
variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the
Lettuce, _L. sativa_; from _lac_, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)
Sec. 1. SCARIOLA. _Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each
face, with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves
sagittate-clasping._
L. SCARIOLA, L. (PRICKLY LETTUCE.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly,
as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate
spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small,
6--12-flowered; achenes striate.--Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic
States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.)
1. L. Canadensis, L. (WILD LETTUCE.) Mostly tall (4--9 deg. high), very
leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6--12' long, pale beneath,
mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all
but the lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3--6'' long,
numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow;
achene oval, rather longer than the beak.--Rich damp soil, borders of
fields or thickets; common.
2. L. integrifolia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3--4 deg. high, loosely branched
above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L.
Canadensis, var. integrifolia, _Torr. & Gray_.)--N. Eng. to Ill., and
southward.
3. L. hirsuta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2--3 deg. high, commonly hirsute at
base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly
runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes
oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely
whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, _Torr. & Gray_.)--E. Mass. to
Minn., and southward.
4. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2--5 deg. high; leaves oblong,
sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open
panicle; involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.--Minn., Iowa, and
southwestward.
Sec. 2. LACTUCASTRUM. _Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short
slender beak; perennial; flowers blue._
5. L. pulchella, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1--2 deg. high; leaves
sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower
runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on
scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks.
(Mulgedium, _Nutt._)--Upper Mich. to Minn.; common on the plains
westward.
Sec. 3. MULGEDIUM. _Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick
beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue._
6. L. acuminata, Gray. Tall biennial (3--7 deg. high), with many small heads
in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate,
sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole,
the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline
sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; pappus white. (Mulgedium,
_DC._)--Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. and Fla.
7. L. Floridana, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often
with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly
beaked; otherwise as n. 7.--Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward.
8. L. leucophaea, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3--12 deg. high),
very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely
toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping;
heads in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to
cream-color; achene short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, _DC._)--Low
grounds; rather common.--Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Gray. Leaves undivided, or
the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. Ohio to Ill.
98. SONCHUS, L. SOW-THISTLE.
Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less
imbricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling
together.--Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with
corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Greek name.)
[*] _Annual (1--5 deg. high); flowers pale yellow._
S. OLERACEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by
a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young;
achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely.--Waste places in manured
soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)
S. ASPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED S.) Stem leaves less divided and more
spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes
margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.--With and like the last. (Nat.
from Eu.)
[*][*] _Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in
large heads._
S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed,
clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly;
achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs.--Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and
N. Y.; becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)
ORDER 56. LOBELIACEAE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)
_Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers,
an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the
corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always
by their anthers._--Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1;
stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in
copious albumen.--Nearly passing into the following order.
1. LOBELIA, L.
Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split
down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of
2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the
anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the top.--Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in
summer and early autumn. (Dedicated to _Matthias De l'Obel_, an early
Flemish herbalist.)
[*] _Flowers deep red, large; stem simple._
1. L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2--4 deg. high), smoothish;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather
1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts.--Low
grounds, common.--Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy
intensely red flowers, varying rarely to rose-color or even white.
Hybrids with the next species also occur.
[*][*] _Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white._
[+] _Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5--6'' long), spicate-racemose;
stems leafy, 1--3 deg. high; perennial._
[++] _Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous._
2. L. syphilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) _Somewhat hairy; leaves thin,
acute at both ends_ (2--6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly
1' long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the
_sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles_, the short _tube
hemispherical_.--Low grounds, common.--Flowers light blue, rarely white.
3. L. puberula, Michx. _Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse_
(1--2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts
ovate; _sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often
inconspicuous auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped_.--Moist sandy
grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla.--Corolla bright
blue, 1/2' long.
4. L. amoena, Michx. _Glabrous_ or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves
narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate;
calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube
glabrous.--S. Atlantic States, in swamps.--Var. GLANDULIFERA, Gray; a
slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse
gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender
gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.
[++][++] _Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent
at base._
5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves,
bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed;
calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses
not auriculate.--Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla.
[+][+] _Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2--3'' long)._
[++] _Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate
spike-like raceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or
repand._
6. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts;
calyx-lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 _reflexed awl-shaped
appendages as long as the hemispherical tube_.--Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill.
and Mo.; also Va. to Ga.
7. L. spicata, Lam. Stem slender, _strict_ (1--4 deg. high) from a biennial
(?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent;
lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear
or club-shaped bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost
hemispherical, _sinuses not appendaged_.--Moist or dry, mostly gravelly
or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through
summer.--Var. PARVIFLORA, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly
subulate, and pale corolla but 3'' long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn.
(_Porter_); beginning to flower in June.--Var. HIRTELLA, Gray; with
somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and
calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.
[++][++] _Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely
racemose; sinuses of calyx not appendaged; annual or biennial._
[=] _Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated._
8. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1--2 deg. high), minutely angled; _pedicels
shorter than the bracts and flowers_, minutely roughened under a lens;
_bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the
length of the lobes_ (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely
glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole
pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5'' long), more or less _bearded in the
throat_.--Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.
9. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4--18' high), minutely angled;
_pedicels filiform, not exceeding_ the linear or setaceous _bracts but
as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the
middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid_, fully half the length of the
lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod, corolla
light blue, 4--5'' long.--Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to
L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.
10. L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1--2 deg. high),
terete; _pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the
flower_, usually with very minute bractlets near the base; _calyx-tube
very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit_, the globular pod half
free; corolla pale blue, barely 3'' long.--Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn.
to Ga.
[=][=] _Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly
inferior._
11. L. inflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Stems paniculately much branched
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1--2 deg. high); leaves
gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower
short-pedicelled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.--Dry open fields.--Corolla
only 11/2--2'' long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.
[++][++][++] _Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy;
fibrous-rooted perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue
or whitish flowers._
12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1--4 deg. high); _leaves
flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate_ or oblong-linear,
glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of
corolla bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the
short lobes, hemispherical in fruit.--In water (but foliage emerged),
Del. to Fla. and La.
13. L. Dortmanna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; _scape thickish_
(5--12' high), _few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear,
terete, hollow_, with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla
slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much
longer.--Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn.,
L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)
ORDER 57. CAMPANULACEAE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)
_Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx
adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate
in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and
distinct._--Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas
2 or more. Capsule 2--several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small,
anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally
blue and showy.
1. SPECULARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.
Calyx 5- (or 3--4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
separate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers.
Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by
3 small lateral valves.--Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish
flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being
cleistogamous. (Name from _Speculum Veneris_, the early name of the
common European species.)
1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3--20' high); _leaves roundish
or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base_, toothed; flowers sessile,
solitary or 2--3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones
having a conspicuous and expanding corolla; _capsule oblong, short,
straight, opening rather below the middle_; seeds lenticular.--Sterile
open ground; common. May--Aug.
2. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6--12'
high); _leaves lanceolate_, with flowers closely sessile in their axils;
calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3; _capsule nearly cylindrical (6--9''
long, 1'' thick), inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted
valves near the summit_; seeds oblong.--W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and
W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6--9'' wide.
2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
separate; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and
cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the
sides by as many valves or holes.--Herbs, with terminal or axillary
flowers; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian _campana_, a bell, from
the shape of the corolla.)
[*] _Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle._
[+] _Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly
naturalized; perennial._
C. RAPUNCULOIDES, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped;
flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla
oblong, 1' long.--Roadsides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.
C. GLOMERATA, L. (CLUSTERED B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1 deg.
high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers
sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla
open-bell-shaped, 1' long.--Roadsides, E. Mass.
[+][+] _Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on
slender peduncles._
1. C. rotundifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5--12' high),
1--10-flowered; _root-leaves round-heart-shaped_ or ovate, mostly
toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; _stem-leaves_
numerous, _linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes
awl-shaped_, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla
(which is 6--9'' long); _capsule nodding_.--Rocky shaded banks,
throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the
mountains.--A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate
name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)
Var. arctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves
spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed;
corolla {2/3}--1' long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, _of
Man_.)--Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)
Var. velutina, DC., has the whole herbage canescently
pubescent.--Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (_E. J. Hill_).
2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) _Stem simple and slender,
weak_ (8--20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, _rough backward on
the angles, as are the_ slightly toothed _edges and midrib of the
linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging_, slender; _lobes of the
calyx triangular_, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white
corolla; _capsule erect_.--Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range.
With somewhat the habit of a Galium.
3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1--3 deg.
high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate_, pointed at both ends, _coarsely and
sharply toothed; flowers numerous_ on the branches of the large compound
panicle; _calyx-lobes awl-shaped_, about half the length of the
pale-blue small corolla (3'' long); style exserted.--Dry woods and
rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward.
[*][*] _Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate
corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence
spicate._
4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3--6 deg.
high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (21/2--6' long); spike 1--2 deg.
long; corolla light blue, 1' broad.--Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to
Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.
ORDER 58. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
_Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens
as many or twice as many as the 4--5-lobed or 4--5-petalled corolla,
free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged,
or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse_ (except in Suborder
3); _style 1; ovary 3--10-celled_. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains
(except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or
sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.--A large family, very various in
many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as
follows:--
SUBORDER I. Vaccinieae. (WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.) Calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the
short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.--Shrubs or somewhat
woody plants, with scaly buds.
1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit
a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets.
2. Vaccinium. Berry 4--5-celled (or imperfectly 8--10-celled by false
partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.
3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells
not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing
evergreen.
SUBORDER II. Ericineae. (HEATH FAMILY proper.) Calyx free from the ovary.
Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.--Shrubs or small
trees.
Tribe I. ARBUTEAE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla
deciduous.
4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5--10-seeded.
Tribe II. ANDROMEDEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6).
Corolla deciduous.
[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.
5. Epigaea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed
sepals.
[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.
[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.
6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers
4-awned at top.
[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.
[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.
7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule
globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta.
8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal.
Seeds all ascending. A small tree.
9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate.
Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.
10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate.
Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and
inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.
[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4--5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with
acerose imbricated leaves.
11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid,
4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.
Tribe III. ERICEAE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule
septicidal.
12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite,
imbricate.
Tribe IV. RHODODENDREAE. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.
[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.
[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.
13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and
heath-like.
14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches
receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.
[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts
caducous.
15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8.
Leaves deciduous.
16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or
funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous
or evergreen.
17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5--10.
Leaves evergreen.
[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales
firm and persistent.
18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.
19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.
SUBORDER III. Pyroleae. (PYROLA FAMILY.) Calyx free from the ovary.
Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at
the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent
cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.
Tribe I. CLETHREAE. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours).
Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.
20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.
Tribe II. PYROLEAE. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage.
Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.
21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely
spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule
smooth on the edges.
22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight,
exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.
23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely
spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule
cobwebby on the edges.