underneath; heads large; scales scarcely prickly-pointed._
6. C. muticus, Pursh. (SWAMP THISTLE.) _Stem tall_ (3--8 deg. high), angled,
smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing
single or few rather large _heads; leaves_ somewhat hairy above,
whitened _with loose webby hairs beneath_ when young, _deeply
pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate_, acute, cut-lobed,
prickly-pointed; _scales of the webby and glutinous_ (sometimes
glabrate) _involucre_ closely appressed, _pointless_ or barely
mucronate; flowers purple. (Cirsium, _Michx._)--Swamps and low woods;
common.
7. C. pumilus, Torr. (PASTURE THISTLE.) _Stem low_ and stout (1--2 deg.
high), hairy, bearing 1--3 very large _heads_ (11/2' broad), which are
often _leafy-bracted_ at the base; _leaves green_, lanceolate-oblong,
partly clasping, _somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very
prickly-margined lobes; outer scales prickly-pointed_, the inner very
slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (Cirsium,
_Spreng._)--Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast.
[*][*][*][*] _Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely
prickly-pointed; heads imperfectly dioecious, small and numerous._
C. ARVENSIS, Hoffm. (CANADA THISTLE.) Perennial, slender, 1--2 deg. high,
the roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or
slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers
rose-purple. (Cirsium, _Scop._)--Cultivated fields, pastures, and
roadsides, common; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to
eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)
80. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE.
Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.)
C. NUTANS, L. (MUSK THISTLE.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate,
spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.--Fields near
Harrisburg, Pa., _Prof. Porter_. (Adv. from Eu.)
81. ONOPORDON, Vaill. COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE.
Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Otherwise
as Cnicus.--Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems
winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly
leaves. Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the
plant.)
O. ACANTHIUM, L. Stem (2--4 deg. high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales
linear-awl-shaped.--Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States;
rather rare. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
82. CENTAUREA, L. STAR-THISTLE.
Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger
(as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or
globose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid
or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or
partly chaffy or none.--Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads.
(Named from the _Centaur_, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.)
[*] _Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short
inner ones._
C. BENEDICTA, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid
cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow.
(Cnicus benedictus, _L._)--Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic
States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
[*][*] _Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none._
C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre
fringe-margined; _false rays large_; pappus very short; _leaves linear,
entire_, or toothed at the base; root annual.--Roadsides, escaped from
gardens. July.--Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from
Eu.)
C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged,
and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; _rays wanting_; pappus very
short; _leaves lanceolate_, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough;
root perennial.--Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.--Flowers purple. (Adv.
from Eu.)
C. CALCITRAPA, L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched; _leaves
pinnately lobed_ or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle _scales
of the ovoid involucre spiny_; pappus none; flowers purple; root
annual.--Seaports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)
C. JACEA, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish
scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.--Charlotte, Vt.
(_Pringle_); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)
83. LAMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.
Heads 8--12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in
one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.--Slender
branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled
small heads; flowers yellow. (The [Greek: lampsa/ne] of Dioscorides was
evidently a wild Mustard.)
L. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth, 1--2 deg. high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes
lyre-shaped.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)
84. KRIGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.
Heads several--many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2
rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete
or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the
inner of delicate bristles.--Small herbs, branched from the base; the
leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating
the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after _D. Krieg_,
an early German botanical collector in this country.)
Sec. 1. KRIGIA proper. _Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5--7 short
roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual._
1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1--10' high), becoming
branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others
narrower and often pinnatifid.--New Eng. to Minn., and southward.
April--Aug.
Sec. 2. CYNTHIA. _Achenes more slender; pappus of 10--15 small oblong chaff
and 15--20 bristles. Perennial._
2. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; _scapes leafless_,
6--18' high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate,
entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, _DC._)--Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and
southward. March--July.
3. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. _Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1--3_, oblong or
oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged
petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2--5. (Cynthia
Virginica, _Don._)--Moist banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward.
June.--Stem 1--2 deg. high.
85. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CHICORY.
Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8--10
scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of
numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.--Branching
perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary
and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy.
(Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)
C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches
minute.--Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July--Oct. (Nat. from
Eu.)
86. TRAGOPOGON, L. GOAT'S-BEARD.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate
attenuate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5--10-ribbed,
long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.--Stout glabrous
biennials or perennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and
large solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. (Name from [Greek:
tra/gos], _goat_, and [Greek: po/gon], _beard_.)
T. PORRIFOLIUS, L. (SALSIFY. OYSTER-PLANT.) Stem 2--3 deg. high; peduncle
thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and
pappus 3' long.--Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)
T. PRATENSIS, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader
at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.--Fields, etc.,
N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)
87. LEONTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several
bractlets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike;
pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and
flattened toward the base.--Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or
pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads.
(Name from [Greek: le/on], _a lion_, and [Greek: o)dou/s], _a tooth_, in
allusion to the toothed leaves.)--The following belongs to the subgenus
OPORINIA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.
L. AUTUMNALIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or
pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5--15' high; peduncles
thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.--Meadows and roadsides;
N. Eng. to Penn. June--Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)
88. PICRIS, L.
Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or
spreading. Achenes terete, with 5--10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2
rows of plumose bristles.--Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials,
with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from
[Greek: pikro/s], _bitter_.)
P. HIERACIOIDES, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles
somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping,
irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.--Sparingly
introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)
89. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.
Heads 12--many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of
tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.--Hispid or hirsute and often
glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or
panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name
from [Greek: i(e/rax], _a hawk_.)
Sec. 1. _Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong;
pappus not copious._
H. AURANTIACUM, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the
involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle;
heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.--Roadsides and
fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)
H. PRAEALTUM, Vill. Glaucous, 2 deg. high, only the base and lanceolate
leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.--N. New York
(_Ward_). (Nat. from Eu.)
Sec. 2. _Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar;
pappus copious, unequal._
H. MURORUM, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse,
toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.--Open
woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)
1. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit
(1--3 deg. high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute,
remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost
slightly clasping.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.
Sec. 3. _Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated._
[*] _Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not
virgate._
2. H. paniculatum, L. _Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched_, hairy
only below (1--3 deg. high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly
toothed, smooth; _heads_ (very small) _in a loose panicle_, on slender
and diverging pedicels, _12--20-flowered; achenes short_.--Open woods;
rather common.
3. H. venosum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or _scape_ (1--2 deg. high)
_naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a
spreading loose corymb_; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or
oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and
glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with
purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12--35-flowered; _achenes
linear_.--Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn.
and Iowa.
4. H. Marianum, Willd. _Somewhat leafy_, 2--3 deg. high, hairy below; leaves
obovate-oblong, narrowed below, _the radical petiolate, rarely
purplish-veiny_; heads 20--40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle,
_the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly
glandular-hispid_.--Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y.,
and southward.--Var. SPATHULATUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all
or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.
5. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1--3 deg. high), leafy,
_rough-hairy_, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather
corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40--50-flowered involucre
densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval,
nearly entire, hairy.--Dry open woods; common.
[*][*] _Achenes tapering upward; heads 15--30-flowered in a narrow or
virgate panicle._
6. H. Gronovii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1--3 deg.
high), _leafy and very hairy below, naked above_ and forming a long and
narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender
peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; _achenes with a
very taper summit_.--Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.
7. H. longipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout
(2--3 deg. high), _very leafy toward the base, naked above_, and bearing a
small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the
oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly _clothed with very
long and upright bristles_ (often 1' long); peduncles and involucre
glandular-bristly; _achenes narrowed at the apex_.--Prairies, Mich. to
Minn., and southwestward.
90. CREPIS, L.
Involucre few--many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales,
often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft.
Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek
name of some plant, from [Greek: krepi/s], _a sandal_.)
C. BIENNIS, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2 deg. high, leafy; leaves
runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong,
glabrous.--Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. TECTORUM, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1 deg. high; leaves
narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform,
the ribs scabrous.--In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat.
from Eu.)
91. PRENANTHES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.
Heads 5--30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in
a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short,
linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of
copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles.--Perennial
herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely
bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly
nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with
purple; late summer and autumn. Our species belong to the subgenus
_Nabalus_. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name
from [Greek: prene/s], _drooping_, and [Greek: a)/nthe], _blossom_.)
[*] _Heads rather broad, 25--35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle._
1. P. crepidinea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5--9 deg. high),
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6--12'
long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed,
contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, _DC._)--Rich
soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.--Flowers
cream-color.
[*][*] _Heads narrow, 8--15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid
inflorescence; stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus
straw-color._
[+] _Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect,
12--15-flowered._
2. P. racemosa, Michx. Stem 2--5 deg. high, smooth and glaucous, as well as
the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping;
heads in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, _DC._)--Plains,
N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward.--Var. PINNATIFIDA, Gray, the
leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.
3. P. aspera, Michx. Stem 2--4 deg. high, rough-pubescent, as well as the
oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not
clasping; heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus
asper, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and
southward.
[+][+] _Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8--12-flowered; thyrse
looser._
4. P. virgata, Michx. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Slightly glaucous;
stem 2--4 deg. high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme
(1{1/2}--2 deg. long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves
lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the
lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales.
(Nabalus, _DC._)--Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.
5. P. Mainensis, Gray. Stem 2 deg. high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the
radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads
persistently drooping on slender pedicels.--St. John's River, N. Maine
(_Pringle_). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.
[*][*][*] _Heads 5--18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly
pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or
truncate or hastate at base._
[+] _Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very
short, appressed._
[++] _Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish._
6. P. alba, L. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous
(2--4 deg. high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate or
triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3--5-cleft, the uppermost
oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales,
8--12-flowered. (Nabalus, _Hook_.)--Borders of rich woods; common,
especially northward.
[++][++] _Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable._
7. P. serpentaria, Pursh. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly
smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2 deg. high; leaves
mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3--7-lobed, on margined
petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile;
involucre (greenish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of
about 8 scales, 8--12-flowered; flowers purplish, greenish white, or
cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, _DC._)--Dry sandy or sterile soil,
New Eng. to Va., and southward.
Var. nana, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6--16' high, smooth and
glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most
of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, _DC._)--Mountains of northern N. Eng. and
N. Y., and northeastward.
8. P. altissima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3--7 deg. high); the
heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and
wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate,
heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or
winged petioles, or frequently 3--5-parted, with the divisions entire or
again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5--6-flowered.
(Nabalus, _Hook._)--Rich moist woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in
the mountains to Ga.
[+][+] _Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2--3,
linear, loose._
9. P. Boottii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5--6' high), pubescent at the
summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves
halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate,
nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid)
10--18-flowered, the proper scales 10--15, very obtuse; pappus
straw-color.--Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York.
92. LYGODESMIA, Don.
Heads and flowers (5--10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical
involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at
the summit; pappus whitish.--Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials,
with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost
leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of [Greek:
ly/gos], _a pliant twig_, and [Greek: de/sme], _a bundle_, from the
fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)
1. L. juncea, Don. Stems (1 deg. high) tufted, branched, striate; lower
leaves lance-linear, 1--2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute;
heads 5-flowered.--St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.
93. TROXIMON, Nutt.
Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre
ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes
smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer
than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary
bristles.--Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted
root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from [Greek: tro/go],
_to chew_, of no obvious application.)
1. T. cuspidatum, Pursh. Scape 1 deg. high, from a thickened caudex, leaves
lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the
margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene
beakless.--Prairies, Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May.
2. T. glaucum, Nutt. Scape 1--2 deg. high; leaves linear to lanceolate,
entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene
long-beaked.--Minn. to Neb. and southwestward.
94. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.
Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre
double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales,
erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4--5-ribbed,
the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing
the copious soft and white capillary pappus.--Perennials or biennials;
leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from
[Greek: tara/sso], _to disquiet_ or _disorder_, in allusion to medicinal
properties.)
T. OFFICINALE, Weber. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at first pubescent;
outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, _Desf._)--Pastures and fields
everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains.
April--Sept.--After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the
slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is
forming; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the
naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)
95. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION.
Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or
rusty-color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.--Mostly
annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below.
Heads solitary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches.
Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: pyr)r(o/s],
_flame-colored_, and [Greek: pappo/s], pappus.)
1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1--2 deg. high);
leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves
partly clasping.--Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April--July.
2. P. scaposus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves
all radical, pinnatifid.--Prairies; Kan. to Tex.
96. CHONDRILLA, Tourn.