serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; _rays 8--12, much longer
than the broader campanulate involucre_; flowers white.--Mass., Mich.,
etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from
Eu.)
68. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.
Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the
involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at
least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3--5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a
membranaceous crown or border, or none.--Smooth and branching herbs
(ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or
corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed
medicinal virtues.)
M. INODORA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform
lobes; _heads large_, naked-peduncled, and _with many long rays_;
achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.--(Wild far
northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, _Prof. Verrill_. Aug. (Adv. from
Eu.)
M. DISCOIDEA, DC. Low (6--9' high); leaves 2--3-pinnately parted into
short linear lobes; _heads rayless_, short-peduncled; scales oval, with
broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete;
pappus obsolete.--Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An
immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near
railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July--Sept.
69. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.
Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and
flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and
ray similar, striate, without pappus.--Perennial herbs, with toothed,
pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white;
disk yellow. (Old Greek name, [Greek: chrysa/nthemon], i.e. golden
flower.)
C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect,
nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves
spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or
pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins.
(Leucanthemum vulgare, _Lam._)--Fields and meadows; abundant eastward.
June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs
with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. PARTHENIUM, Pers. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves
twice-pinnately divided, the _divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed_,
rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, _Godron_.)--Escaped from gardens
in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)
70. TANACETUM, L. TANSY.
Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal
chiefly pistillate and 3--5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry.
Receptacle convex, naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat
top; pappus a short crown.--Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours
perennial), with 1--3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads.
Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)
T. VULGARE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem (2--4 deg. high) smooth; leaflets and
the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers
terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.--Var. CRISPUM has
the leaves more cut and crisped.--Escaped from gardens to roadsides;
Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
1. T. Huronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1--3 deg. high);
lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (1/2--{2/3}' wide) and
usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3--5-cleft; pappus
toothed.--St. John's River, Maine (_G. L. Goodale_), shores of the upper
Great Lakes, and westward.
71. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.
Heads discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal
ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre
imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked.
Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus.--Herbs or shrubby
plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in
panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or
purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of _Artemisia_, wife
of Mausolus.)
Sec. 1. _Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile;
disk-flowers perfect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root
perennial, except in n. 1._
[*] _Leaves dissected._
1. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2--5 deg. high); upper leaves pinnately, the
lower 2--3-pinnately divided; _the divisions thread-form_, diverging;
_heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle_; root
biennial.--Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and
southward.
2. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1--2 deg. high);
lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3--7-divided, _the
divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled
racemes_.--Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward.
(Eu.)
[*][*] _Leaves entire or some 3-cleft._
3. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Tall (2--5 deg.), somewhat woody at base,
slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower
3-cleft; heads small and numerous, panicled.--Sandy banks of streams,
Minn. to Ill., Mo., and westward.
4. A. glauca, Pall. Strict, 1--2 deg. high, somewhat woody at base, minutely
silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads
as in the last.--Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)
5. A. filifolia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1--3 deg. high;
leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and
numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle.--Central Kan. to Neb., and
southwestward.
Sec. 2. _Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the
others perfect._
Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided
leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous,
viz., A. ABROTINUM, L. (the SOUTHERNWOOD), of strict habit, with leaves
1--2-pinnatifid and pubescent heads, and A. PROCERA, L., with more
spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads
glabrous.
[*] _Tall (1--5 deg.) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and
close-pressed wool; heads small, in leafy panicles._
6. A. serrata, Nutt. Very leafy, 6--9 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or the
upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads
greenish, oblong, 2'' long or less.--Ill. to Dak.
7. A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2--5 deg. high; leaves linear or
linear-lanceolate, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong,
canescent, 2--3'' long--Minn. to Neb., and westward.
8. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUGWORT.) _Whitened woolly_
throughout; _leaves lanceolate_, the upper _mostly entire_, the lower
usually cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes
glabrate and green; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow
panicles.--Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very
variable.
A. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) _Leaves mostly glabrous and green
above_, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the
divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open
panicles.--Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)
[*][*] _Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large,
racemose-glomerate._
9. A. Stelleriana, Bess. Stout, 1--2 deg. high, from a creeping base; leaves
obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.--Sandy sea-beaches,
E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?
[*][*][*] _Less branched (1--3 deg.), biennial or annual, glabrous._
10. A. biennis, Willd. Strict, 1--3 deg. high; lower leaves twice-pinnately
parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves
cut-toothed; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a
narrow and glomerate leafy panicle.--Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo.,
and northwestward; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo,
Philadelphia, etc.
A. ANNUA, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong
segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.--Ind.
to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)
Sec. 3. _Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones
pistillate._
A. ABSINTHIUM, L. (WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby (2--3 deg. high), silky-hoary;
leaves 2--3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical,
panicled.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)
11. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6--20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at
the base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3--5-cleft, the
divisions narrow-linear; heads globose, racemose.--Dry hills and rocks,
Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward.
72. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.
Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate,
pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile.
Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong;
pappus copious, soft and capillary.--A low perennial, with horizontal
creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring,
bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or
toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow.
(Name from _tussis_, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)
T. FARFARA, L.--Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.;
thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)
73. PETASITES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT.
Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious; in the substerile plant with a
single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile
ones in the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of
pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as
Tussilago.--Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the
rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts,
bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The
Greek name for the coltsfoot, from [Greek: pe/tasos], a broad-brimmed
hat, on account of its large leaves.)
[*] _Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish._
1. P. palmata, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and
deeply 5--7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata,
_Hook._)--Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward;
rare. April, May.--Full-grown leaves 6--10' broad.
2. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute
or obtuse, repand-dentate.--N. Minn. and westward.
[*][*] _Ligules none; flowers purplish._
P. VULGARIS, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate,
angulate-dentate and denticulate.--About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)
74. ARNICA, L.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat,
fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of
rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.--Perennial
herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions, with simple
stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves.
Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of _Ptarmica_.)
1. A. Chamissonis, Less. Soft-hairy; _stem leafy_ (1--2 deg. high), bearing
1 to 5 heads; _leaves thin, veiny_, smoothish when old, toothed; the
upper _ovate-lanceolate_, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering
to a margined petiole; scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A.
mollis, _Hook_.)--N. Maine, mountains of N. H. and northern N. Y.,
shores of L. Superior, and westward. July.
2. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1--3 deg. high); _leaves
thickish, 3--5-nerved, ovate or oblong_, all sessile, mostly entire and
near the root, the _cauline small_ and only one or two pairs; heads
several, corymbed, showy.--Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward.
April, May.
75. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL.
Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to
bell-shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales
erect-connivent. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft
and slender capillary bristles.--Herbs, in the United States, with
alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.
(Name from _senex_, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many
species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)
[*] _Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb;
herbage glabrous or soon becoming so._
[+] _Rays none or minute._
S. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate;
leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales
blackish; rays none.--Waste grounds. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
S. VISCOSUS, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves
2-pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.--Waste grounds,
coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)
[+][+] _Heads conspicuously radiate._
1. S. lobatus, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy,
_lyrate or pinnate_, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed,
variable; heads small in a naked corymb; _rays 6--12, conspicuous_.--Wet
grounds, N. Car. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April--July.
2. S. palustris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate;
stem stout, 6'--2 deg. high; _leaves_ oblong-lanceolate, _irregularly
toothed or laciniate_, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base;
_rays 20 or more_, short, pale yellow; pappus copious and becoming very
long.--Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)
[*][*] _Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb._
3. S. aureus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) _Smooth, or
floccose-woolly when young_ (1--3 deg. high); leaves thin, the radical
_simple and rounded_, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped,
crenate-toothed, _long-petioled_; _lower stem-leaves lyrate_; upper ones
lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb
umbel-like; rays 8--12.--Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly.
Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with a
cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate
tufts. (S. Elliottii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and
Ga.
Var. Balsamitae, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong,
spatulate, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper
lyrate-pinnatifid; heads rather small and numerous.--Common.
4. S. tomentosus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) _Clothed with scarcely
deciduous hoary wool_ (1--2 deg. high); _root-leaves oblong_, obtuse,
crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper
sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays
12--15.--Del. and mountains of Penn. (_Pursh._), to Fla. and Ark. May.
5. S. canus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all
glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some
cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.--N. Minn., Dak., and
westward.
6. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and
green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the
upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6''
high), with green-tipped scales.--Sask. to Minn., and westward.
7. S. lugens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or
callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped
scales.--Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from
Minn. and N. Iowa.
[*][*][*] _Root perennial; heads large and often solitary._
8. S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming
glabrous; stem stout, 6--12' high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong,
repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1--4, over an
inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.--Grand Manan Island, off Maine
(_Prof. Verrill_), to Lab., and northward.
76. CACALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.
Heads 5--many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral
scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the
base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth;
pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.--Smooth and tall perennial
herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in
flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain
meaning.)
[*] _Involucre 25--30-flowered, with several bracts at its base;
receptacle flat._
1. C. suaveolens, L. Stem grooved (3--5 deg. high); _leaves
triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped_, pointed, serrate, those of the
stem on winged petioles.--Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and
southward; rare. Sept.
[*][*] _Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none;
receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage
in the centre._
2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Not glaucous; stem
(4--9 deg. high) grooved and angled; _leaves green both sides, dilated
fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form_ (1--2 deg. broad), _repand-toothed_
and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs
large.--Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the
mountains. Aug.
3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (PALE INDIAN P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3--6 deg.
high); leaves _palmately veined and angulate-lobed_, the lower
triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or
wedge-form, _toothed_.--Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn.,
and southward. Aug.
4. C. tuberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN P.) Stem angled and grooved
(2--6 deg. high), from a thick or tuberous root; _leaves green both sides_,
thick, strongly _5--7-nerved_; the lower _lance-ovate or oval_, nearly
entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on short margined
petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex.--Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to
Wisc., Minn., and southward. June.
77. ERECHTITES, Raf. FIREWEED.
Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal
pistillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre
in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base.
Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious,
of very fine and white soft hairs.--Erect and coarse annuals, of rank
smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of
whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel,
probably called after _Erechtheus_.)
1. E. hieracifolia, Raf. (FIREWEED.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1--6 deg.
high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the
upper auricled at base.--Moist woods; common, especially northward, and
in recent clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name.
July--Sept.
78. ARCTIUM, L. BURDOCK.
Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre
globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base,
attenuate to long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly.
Achenes oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely; pappus short, of
numerous rough bristles, separate and deciduous.--Coarse biennial weeds,
with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered
heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from [Greek:
a)/rktos], _a bear_, from the rough involucre.)
A. LAPPA, L. Stout, 1--3 deg. high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly
cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat
floccose-tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa
officinalis, _All._)--The several reputed species of the genus are
scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. MINUS, has rather small
ovoid subracemose heads (about 8'' broad), on short peduncles, glabrous
or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped,
equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-toothed. By roadsides;
very common.--Var. MAJUS, with broader (1') green and glabrous
subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent.--Var.
TOMENTOSUM, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with
purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.--July--Oct. (Nat. from
Eu.)
79. CNICUS, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE.
Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely
imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre
imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle
thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish,
not ribbed; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base,
plumose to the middle, deciduous.--Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile
alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. Heads usually large,
terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowish; in summer.
(Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek [Greek: kne~kos].)
[*] _Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles._
C. LANCEOLATUS, Hoffm. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent on the stem,
forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly
with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium,
_Scop._)--Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from
Eu.)
[*][*] _Heads leafy-bracteate at base_ (see also n. 8); _proper scales
not prickly._
1. C. horridulus, Pursh. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (1--3 deg. high),
webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with
yellowish prickles; heads (1--11/2' broad) surrounded by leaf-like and
very prickly bracts, which usually equal the narrow scales; flowers pale
yellow or purple. (Cirsium, _Michx._)--Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and
southward, near the coast.
[*][*][*] _Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly._
[+] _Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales
successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles._
2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. _White-woolly throughout_, low; stem very leafy;
_leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated,
sometimes again pinnatifid divisions_, with revolute margins; flowers
cream-color. (Cirsium, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan,
Huron, and Superior.
3. C. undulatus, Gray. _White-woolly throughout_, low and stout, leafy;
_leaves lanceolate-oblong_, partly clasping, undivided,
_undulate-pinnatifid_, or rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly;
flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, _Spreng._)--Islands of L. Huron to
Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size.
4. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3--10 deg. high), _leafy
quite to the heads; leaves_ roughish-hairy above, whitened with close
wool beneath, _oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided,
sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid_, the lobes or
teeth weakly prickly; heads 11/2--2' high; flowers chiefly purple.
(Cirsium, _Spreng._)--Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn., and southward.
Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2--6 deg. high; leaves nearly all deeply
pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor,
_Spreng._)--Common; N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.
5. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched (1--3 deg. high), the _branches or long peduncles naked; leaves
lanceolate_, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with
prickly bristles, _entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed_, sometimes the
lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; heads small; outer scales scarcely
prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, _Michx._)--Woods and plains, Va.,
Ohio, and southward.