the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their
margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales,
as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes.
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff.
Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect
perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile
bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers,
on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of [Greek: tetra/gonos],
_four-angled_, and [Greek: the/ke], _a case_, from the shape of the
involucre.)
1. T. helianthoides, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2 deg. high, simple;
leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral
scales and rays about 1' long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.
46. ECLIPTA, L.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect,
4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like,
ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff.
Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened
on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure
denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and
opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown.
(Name from [Greek: e)klei/po], _to be deficient_, alluding to the
absence of pappus.)
1. E. alba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or
ascending and 1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each
end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E.
procumbens, _Michx._)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward.
Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)
47. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral
scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat
spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff
linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a
mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled,
terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers
yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek:
o)/psis], _appearance_, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)
1. H. laevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales
(as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus
none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and
southward. Aug.
2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed
to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly
oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2
or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. laevis, var. scabra, _Torr. &
Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.
48. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate
but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading.
Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer
than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small
toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems
naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly
alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk
purplish. (Name formed from [Greek: e)chi~nos], _the hedgehog_, or
_sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)
1. E. purpurea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest
_ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_;
involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form
rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn.
and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays
15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2' long or more. Root thick,
black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the
name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with
2. E. angustifolia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem,
_bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base,
3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller;
rays 12--15 (2' long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc.,
southwestward. June--Aug.
49. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar;
the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species),
smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute
crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and
showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at
base. (Named in honor of the _Professors Rudbeck_, father and son,
predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)
[*] _Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and
cut._
1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2--7 deg. high); leaves smooth
or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5--7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets;
upper leaves irregularly 3--5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first
globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays
oblanceolate (1--2' long), drooping.--Low thickets; common.
July--Sept.--Var. HUMILIS, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical
leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (1/2' high) and
ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.
[*][*] _Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or
brown._
[+] _Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted._
2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2--5 deg. high), the
branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly
toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate
(those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or
oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth,
awned.--Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.--Heads small,
but numerous and showy.
3. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3--4 deg. high), downy, as
well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath;
heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle
sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.--Prairies, Wisc., Ill.,
Mo., and southward.
[+][+] _Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed._
4. R. hirta, L. _Biennial_, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout;
stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1--2 deg. high), naked above,
bearing single large heads; _leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or
lanceolate, sessile_; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays
(about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; _chaff of the dull
brown disk hairy at the tip_, acutish.--Dry soil, western N. Y. to
Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows,
introduced with clover-seed from the West. June--Aug.
5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing
single heads; _leaves spatulate-oblong_ or lanceolate, _partly clasping,
triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse_; rays about 12,
equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; _chaff of the dark purple
disk nearly smooth_ and blunt.--Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo.,
and southward.--Variable, 1--3 deg. high; the rays orange-yellow.
6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 8'--3 deg.
high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate,
sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads
long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and
broader.--Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.
7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1--2 deg. high), branched; the
branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large
heads; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends,
petioled, 3--5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised_;
involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1--11/2') rays; chaff
of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.--Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich.,
Mo., and southward. July.
50. LEPACHYS, Raf.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales
few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff
truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the
flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.--Perennial
herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or
branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or
party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from [Greek: lepi/s], _a
scale_, and [Greek: pachy/s], _thick_, from the thickened tips of the
chaff.)
1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender
(4 deg. high), branching; leaflets 3--7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong,
much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2'
long).--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.--The
receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes
slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.
2. L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1--2 deg. high;
leaflets 5--9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2--3-cleft; disk
columnar, often 1' long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var.
PULCHERRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.--Minn. to
Tex.
51. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and
persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3--4-angled; pappus a
short 4-toothed crown.--Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or
fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled
terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for _Olof
Borrich_, a Danish botanist.)
1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'--3 deg.
high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed
near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.--Va. and southward.
52. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the
persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth
achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous,
of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more
small intermediate scales.--Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or
corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from
[Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.)
Sec. 1. _Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk
brownish._
1. H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed,
ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to
oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1' broad or more.--Minn. to
Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste
grounds.
2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. More slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1--3' long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk 1/2' broad or more.--Minn. to
Tex., and westward.
Sec. 2. _Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower
leaves usually opposite._
[*] _Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate,
pointed (1/2' long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear,
1-nerved._
3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly
alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and
serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.--Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south
and westward.
4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2--6 deg. high), usually scabrous;
leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads
loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.--Low pine
barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.
[*][*] _Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and
not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and
3-nerved._
[+] _Disk dark._
5. H. atrorubens, L. _Rough-hairy; stem slender_ (2--4 deg. high), smooth
and naked and forking above; _leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to
oblong-lanceolate_, or the lowest heart-shaped (3--6' long), serrate,
abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed;
scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10--16; pappus of 2
fringed scales.--Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.
6. H. rigidus, Desf. _Stem stout_ (2--6 deg. high or more), simple or
sparingly branched, rough; _leaves very thick and rigid, rough both
sides, oblong-lanceolate_, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile,
entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large;
scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed;
rays 20--25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.--Dry
prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.
[+][+] _Disk yellow._
7. H. laetiflorus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather
thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows),
narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.--Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc.
and Minn., and southward.--Rays showy, 1--2' long.
8. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem _slender, simple,
naked above_ (1--3 deg. high, sending out runners from the base), bearing
1--5 small heads on long peduncles; _lowest leaves oval or
lanceolate-ovate_, entire or obscurely serrate, _roughish-pubescent
beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small
and remote_; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes
ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.
[*][*][*] _Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or
foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark)._
[+] _Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft._
9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3 deg. high); leaves
ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales
lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and
southward.
[+][+] _Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath,
scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and
corolla-lobes hirsute._
10. H. tomentosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8 deg. high); leaves
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely
serrate, large (5--12' long), somewhat petioled; disk 1' broad; rays
12--16, about 1' long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along
the mountains.
[+][+][+] _Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both
sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate._
11. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. _Stem smooth and glaucous_, 6--10 deg.
high; _leaves elongated-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base,
_petioled_, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales
lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and
southwestward.--Probably runs into the next.
12. H. giganteus, L. _Stem hairy or rough_ (3--10 deg. high), branched
above; _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire,
green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but _nearly sessile_;
scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly
ciliate.--Var. AMBIGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and
closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low
thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow
rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like.
13. H. Maximiliani, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple,
1--10 deg. high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or
sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled,
terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more
rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex.
[+][+][+][+] _Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in
n. 15)._
[++] _Heads very small (about 4'' broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short,
irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed
tips; stems smooth._
14. H. parviflorus, Bernh. Stem 3--6 deg. high, with numerous slender
branches above; _leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, somewhat
serrate, petioled, _rough above_, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles
slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H.
microcephalus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.
15. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1--6 deg. high), simple or
sparingly branched, glaucous, _glabrous throughout_, as well as the
slightly serrate _lanceolate leaves_ which are usually narrow and
attenuate to the base.--Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.
[++][++] _Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root
stocks._
[=] _Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or
entire._
16. H. doronicoides, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3--7 deg. high;
leaves _sessile_, ovate-oblong, acute, _triply-nerved above, the broadly
cuneate base, serrulate_; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6--8'' long,
hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry ground,
Ohio to Mo.
17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top
(1--4 deg. high), _smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate,
ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base_,
tapering gradually to a sharp point (3--6' long), serrate, _thickish,
rough both sides_; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate,
equalling the disk; rays 8--12.--Thickets and barrens; common.--Disk 6''
wide; rays 1' long.
18. H. hirsutus, Raf. _Stem_ simple or forked above, stout (1--4 deg. high),
_bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate_,
gradually pointed, _slightly serrate_, rounded or obtuse at the base,
_very rough_ above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.--Dry
plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.
19. H. strumosus, L. Stem (3--6 deg. high) very smooth below, often
glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point_, or
the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined
petioles, rough above, _whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath_;
scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the
disk; rays 9--15.--Var. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy
underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more
attenuate.--River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward.
20. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly
equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled;
scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much
elongated.--Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.
[=][=] _Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate,
commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate._
21. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2--5 deg. high), smooth below; leaves
smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined
petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading,
sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about
10.--Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward,
common.
22. H. tuberosus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hirsute, 5--10 deg.
high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales
lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12--20. (H.
doronicoides, former ed.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward; often
cultivated.--Var. SUBCANESCENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of
the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn. to Mo.
53. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD.
Heads several--many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral
and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2
or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff
concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless,
2-awned.--Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the
stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")
[*] _Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate,
usually fertile; involucre erect._
1. V. occidentalis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; _leaves opposite_, ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends,
often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs;
receptacle flattish; _flowers yellow_; rays 1--5, lanceolate; achenes
wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, _Michx._)--Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and
southward. July.
2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged,
_downy-pubescent, like the lower surface of the_ ovate-lanceolate
feather-veined _alternate leaves_; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle
convex; _flowers white_; rays 3--4, oval; achenes winged.--Dry soil,
Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.
[*][*] _Heads broader, solitary or few._
3. V. helianthoides, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1--3 deg. high), widely
winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves,
which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays
8--15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped
with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, _Nutt._)--Prairies and
copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July.
4. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1--2 deg. high,
cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the
petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear,
equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.--Kan. to Tex., and
westward.
54. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.
Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few,
herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk.
Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at
maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent
awns.--Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves,
tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed;
flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from [Greek: a)kti/s], _a ray_, and
[Greek: meri/s], _a part_; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)
1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4--8 deg.
high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2--8, irregular.--Rich
soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.
55. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.