usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to
subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally
compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus
none.--Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of
uncertain signification.)
1. E. prolifera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the
base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous
clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers
woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.--Dak.
and W. Kan. to Tex.
30. FILAGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE.
Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked
at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff
resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single
pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers
capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.--Annual, low, branching woolly
herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name
from _filum_, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these
plants.)
F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of
woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a
similar head, and so on;--hence the common name applied to it by the old
botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves
above the parent.--Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
31. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. EVERLASTING.
Heads many-flowered, dioecious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas
very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated.
Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete
or flattish; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers
capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile
thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit.--Perennial
white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single)
heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile
pappus to the _antennae_ of certain insects.)
1. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by
offsets and runners, low (3--18' high); leaves silky-woolly when young,
at length green above and hoary beneath; those of the simple and
scape-like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical
obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in a small
crowded corymb; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the
sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant.--Sterile knolls
and banks; common. March--May.
32. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.
Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not
thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers
not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but
sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some
similar plant.)
1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem erect
(1--2 deg. high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves
broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above;
involucral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded,
radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, _R. Br._)--Dry hills and
woods, common northward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.)
33. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED.
Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious,
white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked.
Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of
capillary rough bristles.--Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent
leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads; fl. in summer and autumn.
Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from [Greek: gna/phalon], _a lock of
wool_, in allusion to the floccose down.)
Sec. 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. _Bristles of the pappus distinct._
1. G. polycephalum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Erect, woolly annual
(1--3 deg. high), fragrant; _leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base_, with
undulate margins, _not decurrent_, smoothish above; _heads clustered at
the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches_, ovate-conical before
expansion, then obovate; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather
obtuse; perfect flowers few.--Old fields and woods; common.
2. G. decurrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stout, erect (2 deg. high), annual or
biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the
branches, bearing numerous _heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves
linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent_; scales yellowish-white,
oval, acutish.--Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and
northward.
3. G. uliginosum, L. (LOW CUDWEED.) _Diffusely branched_,
appressed-woolly annual (3--6' high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or
linear, not decurrent; _heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate
clusters_ subtended by leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.--Low
grounds; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced.
(Eu.)
4. G. supinum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted perennial
(2' high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on
the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute,
nearly glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.--Alpine summit of Mount
Washington; very rare. (Eu.)
Sec. 2. GAMOCHAETA. _Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a
ring, so falling off all together._
5. G. purpureum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Annual, simple or branched from
the base, ascending (6--20' high), silvery-canescent with dense white
wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above;
_heads_ in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked
at the wand-like summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often
marked with purple.--Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and
southward.
34. ADENOCAULON, Hook.
Heads 5--10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas;
the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile.
Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle
flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity,
club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none.--Slender
perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green
above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose
panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from [Greek: a)de/n], _a
gland_, and [Greek: kaulo/s], _a stem_).
1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with
angular-toothed margins; petioles margined.--Moist woods, shore of Lake
Superior, and westward. Stem 1--3 deg. high.
35. INULA, L. ELECAMPANE.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile.
Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or
leaf-like. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less
4--5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles.--Coarse herbs, not
floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers.
(The ancient Latin name.)
I. HELENIUM, L. (ELECAMPANE.) Stout perennial (3--5 deg. high); leaves
large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the
others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.--Roadsides and damp
pastures. Aug.--Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)
36. POLYMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.
Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive),
pistillate; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two
rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small
and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid
achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none.--Tall
branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves
large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with
dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs.
Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse,
_Polyhymnia_, for no obvious reason.)
1. P. Canadensis, L. _Clammy-hairy_, 2--5 deg. high; lower leaves deeply
pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3--5-lobed or angled,
petioled; heads small; _rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the
involucre_, often minute or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate,
not striate.--Moist shaded ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and
southward.--Var. RADIATA, Gray; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3--6''
long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward.
2. P. Uvedalia, L. _Roughish-hairy, stout_ (4--10 deg. high); leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed,
abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very
large; _rays 10--15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of
the involucre_, yellow; achenes strongly striate.--Rich soil,
W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward.
37. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile,
their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers
apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the
broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad
and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble
the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat,
dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without
pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, the achene and
its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk sterile
and stalk-like.--Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious
resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads.
([Greek: Si/lphion], the ancient name of some resinous plant,
transferred by Linnaeus to this American genus.)
[*] _Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick)._
1. S. laciniatum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) _Rough-bristly
throughout_, stem stout (3--12 deg. high), leafy; _leaves pinnately parted_,
petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; _their divisions
lanceolate or linear_, acute, _cut-lobed or pinnatifid_, rarely entire;
heads few (1--2' broad), sessile or short-peduncled along the naked
summit; _scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points_;
achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6'' long.--Prairies, Mich. to
Dak., and southward. July.--Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12--30'
long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present
their edges north and south; hence called _Compass-Plant_.
2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) _Stem smooth, slender_
(4--10 deg. high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large
heads, leafless except toward the base; _leaves ovate_ and ovate-oblong,
somewhat heart-shaped, _serrate-toothed_, thick, rough, especially
beneath (1--2 deg. long, on slender petioles); _scales roundish, obtuse_,
smooth; achenes narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.--Var.
PINNATIFIDUM, Gray, has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies
into the ordinary form.--Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Mich. to
Minn., and southward. July--Sept.
[*][*] _Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not
large), some opposite._
3. S. trifoliatum, L. _Stem smooth, often glaucous_, rather slender
(4--7 deg. high), branched above; stem-_leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire_
or scarcely serrate, rough, _short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4_, the
uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly
winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.--Dry plains and banks, Penn.
to Ohio, and southward. Aug.
4. S. Asteriscus, L. _Stem hispid_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves opposite, or
the lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or
oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed_, rarely entire, _rough-hairy_, the
lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary (large), squarrose; achenes
obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually awn-like.--Dry sandy soil,
Va. and southward.
5. S. integrifolium, Michx. _Stem smooth or rough_, rather stout (2--4 deg.
high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; _leaves all opposite, rigid,
lanceolate-ovate_, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point
_from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base_, rough-pubescent
or nearly smooth, thick (3--5' long); heads in a close forking corymb,
short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.--Prairies,
Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.
[*][*][*] _Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6--15'
long)._
6. S. perfoliatum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched above
(4--8 deg. high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by
their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed
into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose;
scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.--Rich soil along
streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from
gardens eastward. July.
38. BERLANDIERA, DC.
With the characters of Silphium, but the 5--12 fertile ray-flowers in a
single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner
dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more
foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and
without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the
inner chaff.--Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and
southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for _J. L. Berlandier_, a
Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)
1. B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2--3 deg. high, very leafy;
leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline
oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile;
heads somewhat cymose, 1/2' broad.--S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.
39. CHRYSOGONUM, L.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile;
the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer
leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior
shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear
chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate,
obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of
the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2--3-toothed, and
wanting on the inner side.--A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite
long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow
flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots
forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of [Greek:
chryso/s], _golden_, and [Greek: go/ny], _knee_.)
1. C. Virginianum, L. Usually low (2--15' high); leaves ovate, mostly
obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with
cuneate base; rays 1/2' long.--Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla.
May--Aug.--Var. DENTATUM, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely
dentate-serrate; involucral scales more acute.--High Island at the Falls
of the Potomac.
40. ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray.
Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8--10. Involucre of
about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and
coriaceous at base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate,
concave inner ones with short abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat
receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes flat, obovate, wingless, tardily
deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; pappus a firm scarious
hispid crown, more or less lobed.--A coarse hispid perennial, with
alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed
heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the eminent
botanist, _Dr. George Engelmann_.)
1. E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1--2 deg. high; heads 1/2' broad, and
rays 1/2' long.--Central Kan. to La., and westward.
41. PARTHENIUM, L.
Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very
short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk,
pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles,
sterile. Involucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish
scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes only in the ray,
obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous margin, crowned with the
persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales.--Leaves
alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name
of some plant, from [Greek: parthe/nos], _virgin_.)
1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1--3 deg. high); leaves
oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3--6' long) cut-lobed
below the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.--Dry soil, Md.
to Ill., Minn., and southward. June--Aug.
42. IVA, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB.
Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the
staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1--5) and
marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a
funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the
involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the
flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, pappus none.--Herbaceous or
shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and
small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn.
(Name of unknown derivation.)
Sec. 1. _Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like
bracts; fertile flowers with evident corolla._
1. I. frutescens, L. _Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth_ (3--8 deg. high);
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy,
the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are
disposed, in leafy panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the
involucre 5.--Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.
2. I. ciliata, Willd. _Annual_ (2--6 deg. high), _rough and hairy; leaves_
ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, _downy beneath, on slender ciliate
petioles_; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate
rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers
3--5.--Moist ground, from Ill. southward.
Sec. 2. CYCLACHAENA. _Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate; corolla
of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none._
3. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all
opposite, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest
heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small,
crowded, in axillary and terminal panicles.--N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan.,
and westward.
43. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant;
the fertile 1--3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts,
at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile
involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7--12 scales united into a cup,
containing 5--20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff
intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit)
oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene (usually
with 4--8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a
single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated
style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none.--Coarse homely
weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and
inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn; ours annuals,
except the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as
well as of the food of the gods.)
Sec. 1. _Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre
extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy
tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled._
1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (1--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves
alternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short
lobe or tooth on each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and
a central beak.--Prairies of Ill., Mo., and southward.
Sec. 2. _Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the
involucre regular._
[*] _Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one
side._
2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem stout (3--12 deg. high),
rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval
lanceolate and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5--6-ribbed
and tubercled.--Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller
form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or
oval.--Moist river-banks; common.
[*][*] _Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid._
3. A. artemisiaefolia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BITTER-WEED.) Much
branched (1--3 deg. high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; _leaves thin,
twice-pinnatifid_, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; _fruit_
obovoid or globular, _armed with about 6 short acute teeth or
spines_.--Waste places everywhere.--Extremely variable, with finely cut
leaves, on the flowering branches often undivided; rarely the spikes
bear all fertile heads.
4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2--5 deg. high), rough and
somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; _leaves once pinnatifid,
thickish_, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised;
_fruit_ obovoid, _without tubercles or with very small ones_,
pubescent.--Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward.
Perennial, with slender running rootstocks.
44. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter
clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile
involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and
receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or
oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur,
2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender
thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute of pappus.--Coarse
and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and
alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and
autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the hair
yellow; from [Greek: xantho/s], _yellow_.)
[*] _Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base._
X. SPINOSUM, L. (SPINY CLOTBUR.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with
slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath,
often 2--3-lobed or cut; fruit ({1/3}' long) pointed with a single short
beak.--Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and
southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)
[*][*] _Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed,
long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked._
X. STRUMARIUM, L. Low (1--2 deg. high); fruit 6--8'' long, glabrous or
puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A
weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).
1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit
about 1' long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks
usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var.
ECHINATUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer,
conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the
Great Lakes.
45. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill.