Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins
(except in Fagus).
Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. JUGLANDACEAE, 467
Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1--3 in an involucre or cup.
CUPULIFERAE, 470
[2.] _Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._
Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in HAMAMELIDEAE, 180
Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft
at one end. SALICACEAE, 480
Ovary 1--2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. LORANTHACEAE, 449
Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.
Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit.
URTICACEAE, 461
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads.
PLATANACEAE, 466
Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin.
CUPULIFERAE, 470
Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked,
waxy-coated or drupe like. MYRICACEAE, 469
SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing
naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely
wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. CONIFERAE, 489
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.)
[A.] SPADICEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy
axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting
some_ Araceae _and_ Naiadaceae, _where, however, they are on a spadix),
and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted
veins._
Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage.
LEMNACEAE, 551
Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. NAIADACEAE, 557
Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved
leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.
Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes.
TYPHACEAE, 547
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6.
Acorus, in ARACEAE, 550
Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct
netted-veined blade, petioled. ARACEAE, 548
[B.] PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers not collected on a spadix,
furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both
calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly
glumaceous in_ Juncaceae).
[1.] _Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary._
Flowers dioecious (or rarely perfect), regular.
Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous.
HYDROCHARIDACEAE, 495
Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell.
DIOSCOREACEAE, 517
Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous.
Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous.
ORCHIDACEAE, 497
Stamens three.
Anthers introrse, opening transversely. BURMANNIACEAE, 496
Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise.
HAEMODORACEAE, 512
Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. IRIDACEAE, 513
Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 515
[2.] _Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary._
Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant.
HAEMODORACEAE, 512
Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like.
Stenanthium, etc., in LILIACEAE, 517
[3.] _Perianth wholly free from the ovary._
Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. ALISMACEAE, 553
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3).
Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads.
Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.
Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. BROMELIACEAE, 511
Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from
the axis; seed without albumen. Juncagineae, in NAIADACEAE, 557
Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.
Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored.
LILIACEAE, 517
Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored
withering-persistent petals. Trillium in LILIACEAE, 517
Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral
deliquescent petals. COMMELINACEAE, 538
Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.
Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal.
COMMELINACEAE, 538
Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. PONTEDERIACEAE, 535
Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. MAYACEAE, 537
Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. JUNCACEAE, 539
Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense
heads. Rush-like or aquatic.
Flowers perfect; inner perianth of three yellow petals; perfect
stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3; pod 1-celled,
many-seeded on 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACEAE, 536
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded; stamens 4 or 3;
pod 2--3-celled, 2--3-seeded. ERIOCAULEAE, 566
[C.] GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except
sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or
glumes._
Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil.
CYPERACEAE, 567
Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. GRAMINEAE, 623
CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.)
SUBCLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTES: with woody fibres and vessels.
Spores of only one kind; spore-cases
Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked,
sheathed at the nodes. EQUISETACEAE, 675
On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation.
FILICES, 678
Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles; fronds erect in
vernation, from short erect rootstocks. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 693
Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2--3-valved; low long-stemmed
moss-like evergreens; leaves small, in 4--16 ranks.
LYCOPODIACEAE, 695
Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases
Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of
linear radical leaves. SELAGINELLACEAE, 697
Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate.
MARSILIACEAE, 700
Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately
branched, with minute imbricate leaves. SALVINIACEAE, 701
SUBCLASS II. BRYOPHYTES: with cellular tissue only. [Capsules not
operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the following
Orders.]
Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose.
JUNGERMANNIACEAE, 702
Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose.
Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella,
short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus. ANTHOCEROTACEAE, 726
Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. MARCHANTIACEAE, 727
Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent.
RICCIACEAE, 730
ABBREVIATIONS
OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.
_Adans._--Adanson, Michel.
_Ait._--Aiton, William.
_Ait. f._--Aiton, William Townsend.
_All._--Allioni, Carlo.
_Anders._--Andersson, Nils Johan.
_Arn._--Arnott, George A. Walker.
_Aust._--Austin, Coe Finch.
_Baldw._--Baldwin, William.
_Bart._--Barton, William P. C.
_Beauv._--Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J.
_Benth._--Bentham, George.
_Benth. & Hook._--G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker.
_Bernh._--Bernhardi, Johann Jacob.
_Bess._--Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von.
_Bieb._--Bieberstein, F. A. M. von.
_Bigel._--Bigelow, Jacob.
_Bisch._--Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm.
_Boeckl._--Boeckeler, Otto.
_Boiss._--Boissier, Edmond.
_Borkh._--Borkhausen, M. B.
_Br., R. Br._--Brown, Robert.
_Britt._--Britton, Nathaniel Lord.
_Carr._--Carriere, Elie Abel.
_Carring._--Carrington, Benjamin.
_Cass._--Cassini, Henri.
_Cav._--Cavanilles, Antonio Jose.
_Cerv._--Cervantes, Vicente.
_Cham._--Chamisso, Adalbert von.
_Chapm._--Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.
_Chois._--Choisy, Jacques Denis.
_Clayt._--Clayton, John.
_Cogn._--Cogniaux, Alfred.
_Coult._--Coulter, John Merle.
_Darl., Darling._--Darlington, William.
_DC._--DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus.
_A. DC._--DeCandolle, Alphonse.
_Decsne._--Decaisne, Joseph.
_Desf._--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche.
_Desv._--Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin.
_Dicks._--Dickson, James.
_Dill._--Dillenius, Johan Jacob.
_Dougl._--Douglas, David.
_Dufr._--Dufresne, Pierre.
_Dumort._--Dumortier, Barthelemy C.
_Eat._--Eaton, Amos.
_Ehrh._--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
_Ell._--Elliott, Stephen.
_Endl._--Endlicher, Stephan L.
_Engelm._--Engelmann, George.
_Esch._--Eschscholtz, J. F.
_Fisch._--Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von.
_Foug._--Fougeroux, Auguste Denis.
_Forst._--Forster, J. R. and George.
_Froel._--Froelich, Joseph Aloys.
_Gaertn._--Gaertner, Joseph.
_Gaertn. f._--Gaertner, Carl Friedrich.
_Gal._--Galeotti, Henri.
_Gaud._--Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles.
_Gey._--Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas).
_Ging._--Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J.
_Glox._--Gloxin, Benjamin Peter.
_Gmel._--Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.
_Gooden._--Goodenough, Samuel.
_Grev._--Greville, Robert Kaye.
_Griseb._--Grisebach, Heinrich R. A.
_Gronov._--Gronovius, Jan Fredrik.
_Guss._--Gussone, Giovanni.
_Hack._--Hackel, Eduard.
_Hartm._--Hartman, Carl Johann.
_Hassk._--Hasskarl, Justus Carl.
_Hausskn._--Haussknecht, Carl.
_Haw._--Haworth, Adrian Hardy.
_HBK._--Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Aime Bonpland, and C. S. Kunth.
_Hegelm._--Hegelmaier, Friedrich.
_Herb._--Herbert, William.
_Hochst._--Hochstetter, Christian F.
_Hoffm._--Hoffman, Georg Franz.
_Holl._--Hollick, Arthur.
_Hook._--Hooker, William Jackson.
_Hook. f._--Hooker, Joseph Dalton.
_Hornem._--Hornemann, Jens Wilken.
_Huds._--Hudson, William.
_Huebn._--Huebener, J. W. P.
_Jacq._--Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.
_Juss._--Jussieu, Antoine Laurent.
_A. Juss._--Jussieu, Adrien de.
_L., Linn._--Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linne.
_L. f._--Linne, Carl von (the son).
_L'Her._--L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L.
_Lag._--Lagasca, Mariano.
_Lam._--Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet.
_Ledeb._--Ledebour, Carl F. von.
_Lehm._--Lehmann, J. G. C.
_Less._--Lessing, Christian Friedrich.
_Light._--Lightfoot, John.
_Lindb._--Lindberg, Sextus Otto.
_Lindenb._--Lindenberg, Johann B. W.
_Lindl._--Lindley, John.
_Loisel._--Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A.
_Lour._--Loureiro, Juan.
_Marsh._--Marshall, Humphrey.
_Mart._--Martens, Martin.
_Maxim._--Maximowicz, Carl Johann.
_Medic._--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
_Meisn._--Meisner, Carl Friedrich.
_Mey._--Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.).
_Mich._--Micheli, Pier' Antonio.
_Michx._--Michaux, Andre.
_Michx. f._--Michaux, Francois Andre.
_Mill._--Miller, Philip.
_Mitch._--Mitchell, J.
_Mitt._--Mitten, William.
_Mont._--Montagne, (J. F.) Camille.
_Moq._--Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.
_Muell._--Mueller, Jean (of Aargau).
_Muhl._--Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst).
_Murr._--Murray, Johann Andreas.
_Neck._--Necker, Noel Joseph de.
_Nutt._--Nuttall, Thomas.
_Pall._--Pallas, Peter Simon.
_Pers._--Persoon, Christian Hendrik.
_Planch._--Planchon, Jules Emile.
_Poir._--Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.
_Poll._--Pollich, Johann Adam.
_R. & S._--Roemer, J. J., and Joseph August Schultes.
_Raf._--Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S.
_Reichenb._--Reichenbach, H. G. L.
_Richards._--Richardson, John.
_Roem._--Roemer, Johann Jacob.
_Rostk._--Rostkovius, F. W. G.
_Rottb._--Rottboell, Christen Fries.
_St. Hil._--St. Hilaire, Auguste de.
_Salisb._--Salisbury, Richard Anthony.
_Sartw._--Sartwell, Henry P.
_Sav._--Savi, Gaetano.
_Schlecht._--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
_Schleich._--Schleicher, J. C.
_Schleid._--Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.
_Schrad._--Schrader, Heinrich A.
_Schreb._--Schreber, Johann C. D.
_Schum._--Schumacher, Christian F.
_Schwein._--Schweinitz, Lewis David de.
_Scop._--Scopoli, Johann Anton.
_Scribn._--Scribner, F. Lamson.
_Shuttlw._--Shuttleworth, Robert.
_Sibth._--Sibthorp, John.
_Sieb. & Zucc._--Siebold, P. F. von, and J. G. Zuccarini.
_Spreng._--Sprengel, Kurt.
_Steph._--Stephani, F.
_Steud._--Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.
_Sulliv._--Sullivant, William Starling.
_Tayl._--Taylor, Thomas.
_Thuill._--Thuillier, Jean Louis.
_Thunb._--Thunberg, Carl Peter.
_Thurb._--Thurber, George.
_Torr._--Torrey, John.
_Tourn._--Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de.
_Tratt._--Trattenick, Leopold.
_Tuckerm._--Tuckerman, Edward.
_Turcz._--Turczaninow, Nicolaus.
_Underw._--Underwood, Lucien M.
_Vaill._--Vaillant, Sebastien.
_Vent._--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.
_Vill._--Villars, Dominique.
_Wahl._--Wahlenberg, George.
_Wahlb._--Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik.
_Walp._--Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.
_Walt._--Walter, Thomas.
_Wang._--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
_Web._--Weber, Friedrich.
_Wigg._--Wiggers, F. H.
_Willd._--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
_Wils._--Wilson, William.
_Wimm._--Wimmer, Friedrich.
_With._--Withering, William.
_Wormsk._--Wormskiold, M. von.
_Wr. (Eat. & Wr.)_--Wright, John.
_Wulf._--Wulfen, Franz Xaver.
SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.
deg., ','' . The sign of degrees ( deg.) is used for feet; of minutes ('), for
inches; of seconds (''), for lines,--the line being the twelfth part of
an inch, and very nearly equivalent to two millimetres.
mu. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the
micromillimetre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one
two-thousandth part of a line.
[male] Bearing only stamens or antheridia.
[female] Pistillate or bearing archegonia.
? A mark of doubt.
! A mark of affirmation or authentication.
Figures or words separated by a short dash (--) indicate the extremes of
variation, as "5--10'' long, few--many-flowered," i.e. varying from 5 to
10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers.
BOTANY
OF THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES.
SERIES I.
PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils,
and producing seeds, which contain an embryo.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a layer between
the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by
the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves
netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely
several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or
fours.
SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE.
Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms
the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals not
united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to
Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less
united.)
ORDER 1. RANUNCULACEAE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
_Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice,
polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla,
hypogynous; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few
(rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnected._--Flowers regular
or irregular. Sepals 3--15. Petals 3--15, or wanting. Stamens
indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes),
or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe
dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo.--Leaves often dissected,
their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like
appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.)
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe I. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud,
or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous,
tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended.--Leaves all
opposite.
1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.
Tribe II. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 3--20, often petal-like, imbricated in the
bud. Stamens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or
spike.--Herbs, never climbing; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper
sometimes opposite or whorled.
[*] Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended.
[+] All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles 1-flowered.
2. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound
or dissected. Pistils very many.
3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts,
calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several.
4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and
involucre compound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4--15, many-ribbed.
[+][+] Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious.
5. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish, Achenes few.
[*][*] Petals none. Sepals 3--5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate.
6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers
corymbose. Filaments white, clavate.
[*][*][*] Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many.
7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5--16, crimson or scarlet) flat,
unappendaged. Seed suspended.
8. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike.
Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended.
9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base.
Achenes capitate. Seed erect.
Tribe III. HELLEBOREAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent,
petal-like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or
none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single,
few--many-seeded.--Leaves alternate.
[*] Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs.
[+] Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or
slender or none. Sepals tardily deciduous.
10. Isopyrum. Petals none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves
compound.
11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped,
undivided.
12. Trollius. Petals 5--20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile.
Leaves palmately lobed.
13. Coptis. Petals 5--6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods
long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate.
14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad,
persistent and turning green. Pods sessile.
15. Eranthis. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5--8, narrow,
deciduous. Flower solitary, involucrate.
[+][+] Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5.
16. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately
compound.
[+][+][+] Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5.
17. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper
pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.
18. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small
petals.
[+][+][+][+] Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very
small, stamen-like, or none. Leaves decompound.
19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1--8,
becoming many-seeded pods.
20. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a
many-seeded berry.
[*][*] Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter.
21. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals
none. Stamens numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries.
Leaves simple, lobed.
22. Xanthorrhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5,
small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5--10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with
pinnate leaves.
1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.
Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in
the bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the
persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails.--Perennial herbs or
vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of
the leaf-stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. ([Greek:
Klemati/s], a name of Dioscorides for a climbing plant with long and
lithe branches.)
Sec. 1. FLAMMULA. _Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small, in our species
dioecious. Sepals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none.
Anthers short, blunt._
1. C. Virginiana, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3
ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped
at the base; tails of the fruit plumose.--River-banks, etc., common;
climbing over shrubs. July, August.
2. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or
quinate-ternate.--Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific.
Sec. 2. VIORNA. _Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually
nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple.
Petals none. Anthers linear._
[+] _Stems climbing; leaves pinnate; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or
puberulent._
3. C. Viorna, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length
bell-shaped; the purplish _sepals_ (1' long) _very thick and leathery,
wholly connivent_ or only the tips recurved; long tails of the _fruit
very plumose_; leaflets 3--7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly
cordate, 2--3-lobed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple.--Rich
soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May--Aug.
4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish
_sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the
fruit filiform and naked or shortly villous_; leaflets 3--9, ovate or
somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves
often simple.--S. Ind. to Kan., and Tex. June.
5. C. crispa, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the
bluish-purple _sepals_ (1--2' long) _dilated_ and widely spreading, with
_broad and wavy thin margins; tails of the fruit silky_ or glabrate;
leaflets 5--9, thin, varying from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire
or 3--5-parted. (C. cylindrica, _Sims._)--Va. near Norfolk, and
southward. May--Aug.
[+][+] _Low and erect, mostly simple; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves
sessile or nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated._
6. C. ochroleuca, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky
beneath; peduncles long; tails of the fruit very plumose.--Copses, Long
Island to Penn. and Ga.; rare. May.
7. C. Fremonti, Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed,
sparingly villous-tomentose; peduncles very short; tails villous or
glabrate, not plumose.--Mo. and Kan.
Sec. 3. ATRAGENE. _Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less
petaloid; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely
spreading._
8. C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves
trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate
or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or
lobed; flower bluish-purple, 2--3' across; tails of the fruit
plumose.--Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng.
to Va., Minn., and northwestward; rare. May.--A pair of leaves with a
peduncle between them, developed in spring from each of the opposite
buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name.
2. ANEMONE, Tourn. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.
Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n. 1 resembling
abortive stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed
suspended.--Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or
3 together, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from
the flower; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient
Greek and Latin name, from [Greek: a)nemo/o], to be shaken by the wind.)
Sec. 1. PULSATILLA. _Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles
which in fruit form feathery tails, as in_ Clematis; _flower large,
usually with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens
answering to petals._