long silky hairs; peduncle solitary; flower erect, developed before the
leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the
middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft
into narrowly linear and acute lobes; lobes of the sessile involucre
like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup;
sepals 5--7, purplish or whitish (1--11/2' long), spreading when in full
anthesis.--Prairies, Ill. and Mo., thence northward and westward.
March--April.--A span high. Tail of carpels 2' long. (Eu. Siberia.)
Sec. 2. ANEMONE proper. _Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none._
[*] _Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed; involucre far below the
flower._
[+] _Stem single, from a small tuber; sepals 10--20; style filiform._
2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3--6' high; root-leaves once or twice
3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions
3-cleft; sepals 10--20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit
oblong.--Ill. to Neb. and southward. May.
[+][+] _Stems several; sepals 5--8; style filiform._
3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3--12' high from a slender rootstock,
1-flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions
crenate-incised or lobed; involucre 2--3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval,
white; head of fruit globular.--Lake Superior, northward and westward.
May, June.
4. A. multifida, DC. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (6--12'
high); principal involucre 2--3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two
2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to
the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions
linear; sepals obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head
of fruit spherical or oval.--Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior,
north and westward; rare. June.
[+][+][+] _Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more
peduncles; involucral leaves long-petioled; sepals 5--8, silky or downy
beneath (4--6'' long), oval or oblong; style subulate._
5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED A.) Slender (2 deg. high),
silky-pubescent; flowers 2--6, on very long upright _naked peduncles_;
involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-divided;
their divisions _wedge-lanceolate_, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed at the apex; _sepals 5, rather obtuse_,
greenish-white; _head of fruit cylindrical_ (1' long).--Dry woods, N.
Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May.--Peduncles 7--12' long, all from
the same involucre and naked throughout, or one involucellate in the
middle.
6. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate; involucral
leaves 3, 3-parted; their _divisions ovate-lanceolate_, pointed,
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles
elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at
the middle, repeatedly proliferous; _sepals 5_, _acute_, greenish (in
one variety white and obtuse); _head of fruit oval or oblong_.--Woods
and meadows; common. June--August.--Plant 2--3 deg. high; the upright
peduncles 6--12' long.
[*][*] _Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5,
obovate; involucre sessile._
7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. Hairy, rather low; primary involucre 3-leaved,
bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with
a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn;
their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed; radical
leaves 5--7-parted or cleft; sepals white (6--9'' long); head of fruit
spherical.--W. New Eng. to Penn., Ill., and northwestward. June--Aug.
[*][*][*] _Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong; stems
slender, 1-flowered; leaves radical._
8. A. nemorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD A.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly
simple, from a filiform rootstock; _involucre of 3 long-petioled
trifoliolate_ leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed
or cut, or the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; a similar
radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock; peduncle not
longer than the involucre; sepals 4--7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or
tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15--20, oblong, with a hooked
beak.--Margin of woods. April, May.--A delicate vernal species; the
flower 1' broad. (Eu.)
9. A. nudicaulis, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves
reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate with rounded
crenate-incised or -lobed summit; involucre of a single similar
petiolate leaf or wanting; achenes glabrous, tipped with a
slender-subulate hooked style.--North shore of Lake Superior near Sand
Bay, Minn., in bogs. (_Joseph C. Jones._) Imperfectly known.
3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.
Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to
resemble a calyx; otherwise as in Anemone.--Leaves all radical,
heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter,
the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on
hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape
of the leaves.)
1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those
of the involucre also obtuse; sepals 6--12, blue, purplish, or nearly
white; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed,
hairy.--Woods; common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward,
flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.)
2. H. acutiloba, DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes
5-lobed; those of the involucre acute or acutish.--Passes into the other
and has the same range.
4. ANEMONELLA, Spach.
Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5--10,
white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4--15, ovoid, terete,
strongly 8--10-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and
depressed.--Low glabrous perennial; leaves all radical, compound.
1. A. thalictroides, Spach. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Stem and slender petiole of
radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous
roots; leaves 2--3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat
3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the
2--3-leaved 1--2-ternate involucre similar; flowers several in an umbel;
sepals oval (1/2' long, rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum
anemonoides, _Michx._)--Woods, common, flowering in early spring with
Anemone nemorosa, and considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are
3-lobed like the leaflets.
5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.
Sepals 4--5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none.
Achenes 4--15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral.
Seed suspended.--Perennials, with alternate 2--3-ternately compound
leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked; petioles dilated at
base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dioecious.
(Derivation obscure.)
[*] _Flowers dioecious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles;
filaments slender; stigmas elongated, linear or subulate; achenes
sessile or short-stipitate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and
grooved._
1. T. dioicum, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Smooth and pale or glaucous, 1--2 deg.
high; leaves (2--3) all with general petioles; leaflets drooping,
rounded and 3--7-lobed; flowers purplish and greenish, dioecious; the
yellowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary
filaments.--Rocky woods, etc.; common. April, May.
2. T. polygamum, Muhl. (TALL M.) Smooth, not glandular, 4--8 deg. high;
stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly
with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles
very compound; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens;
anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments
decidedly thickened upwards. (T. Cornuti, _Man._, not _L._)--Wet meadows
and along rivulets, N. Eng. to Ohio and southward; common. July--Sept.
3. T. purpurascens, L. (PURPLISH M.) Stem (2--4 deg. high) usually purplish;
stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets more veiny and reticulated
beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms;
panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and
purplish, dioecious; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate,
drooping on capillary filaments occasionally broadened at the
summit.--Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New Eng. to Minn., and
southward. May, June.
[*][*] _Flowers all perfect, corymbed; the filaments strongly
club-shaped or inflated under the small and short anther; stigma short;
achenes gibbous, long-stipitate._
4. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of n. 1; leaves only twice
ternate; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5--10, flat, somewhat
crescent-shaped, tapering into the slender stipe.--Mountains of Va. and
southward. June.
6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. FALSE BUGBANE.
Sepals 3--5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none.
Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and
inflated. Seed erect.--A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed
leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For _Prof. Trautvetter_, a Russian
botanist.)
1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 2--3 deg. high; root-leaves large,
5--11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.--Moist ground along streamlets,
Md. to S. Ind., and south to Ga.
7. ADONIS, Dill.
Sepals and petals (5--16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes
numerous, in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended.--Herbs with
finely dissected alternate leaves and showy flowers. ([Greek: A)/donis],
a favorite of Venus, after his death changed into a flower.)
A. AUTUMNALIS, L. A low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers,
darker in the centre.--Sparingly naturalized from Europe.
8. MYOSURUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL.
Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a
slender claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens
5--20. Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and
slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from [Greek: my~s], _a
mouse_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _a tail_), the seed suspended.--Little
annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves, and naked
1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.
1. M. minimus, L. Fruiting spike 1--2' long; achenes quadrate,
blunt.--Alluvial ground, Ill. and Ky., thence south and west. (Eu.)
9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside.
Achenes numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed
erect.--Annuals or perennials; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary
or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely
only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.)--(A
Latin name for a little frog; applied by Pliny to these plants, the
aquatic species growing where frogs abound.)
R. FICARIA, L. (representing the Sec. _Ficaria_), which has
tuberous-thickened roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles
bearing a 3-sepalous and 8--9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as
an escape from gardens about New York and Philadelphia.
Sec. 1. BATRACHIUM. _Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or
only the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transversely wrinkled; aquatic
or subaquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected
(mostly by threes) into capillary divisions; peduncles 1-flowered,
opposite the leaves._
[*] _Receptacle hairy._
1. R. circinatus, Sibth. (STIFF WATER-CROWFOOT.) _Leaves_ all under
water and _sessile_, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and
subdivisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, _rigid, not
collapsing when withdrawn from the water_. (R. divaricatus, _Man._, not
_Schrank_.)--Ponds and slow streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and
westward, much rarer than the next. June--Aug. (Eu.)
2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Gray. (COMMON WHITE
WATER-CROWFOOT.) _Leaves_ all under water and mostly _petioled_, their
capillary divisions and subdivisions _rather long and soft, usually
collapsing more or less when withdrawn from the water_; petiole rather
narrowly dilated.--Common, especially in slow-flowing waters, the
eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June--Aug. (Eu.)
Var. caespitosus, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes, the
small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions.--S. Ill.
(_Schneck_), and westward.
[*][*] _Receptacle glabrous; no submersed leaves._
R. HEDERACEUS, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform,
angulate-lobed.--Fresh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)
Sec. 2. HALODES. _Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels
thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head; scapose, spreading by runners._
3. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Glabrous; scapes 1--6'
high, 1--7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of
the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped,
crenate, rather fleshy, long-petioled; petals 5--8.--Sandy shores, from
New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Ill., Kan. and
westward; also at salt springs. June--Aug.
Sec. 3. RANUNCULUS proper. _Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow;
achenes nerveless._
[*] _Achenes smooth; mostly perennial._
[+] _Aquatic; immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in_ Sec. Batrachium.
4. R. multifidus, Pursh. (YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT.) Stems floating or
immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform
divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from
the nodes, if at all); emersed leaves with shorter and linear or
wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or
toothed; petals 5--8, deep bright yellow, 4--6'' long, much larger than
the calyx; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak.--E.
New Eng. to S. Penn., Mo., and northward. May--July.--Out of water it is
often pubescent, especially in
Var. terrestris, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the
base; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline;
flowers and fruit twice or thrice smaller.--N. Ohio to N. Ill., Minn.,
and westward.
[+][+] _Terrestrial but growinq in very wet places, glabrous or nearly
so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest
lanceolate or linear; carpels forming a globular head._ (SPEARWORT.)
5. R. ambigens, Watson. (WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.) Stems ascending
(1--2 deg. high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate or
the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3--5' long), contracted into a
margined half-clasping petiole; petals 5--7, bright yellow, oblong
(2--3'' long); _carpels flattened, large_ (1'' long), _pointed with a
long narrow-subulate beak_. (R. alismaefolius, _Man._, not _Gey._)--N.
Eng. to Ont., Minn. and southward; common, especially at the north.
June--Aug.
6. R. Flammula, L. (SMALLER SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending,
rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong
to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1--2' long), petals
5--7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow, _carpels small,
flattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point_.--Only a small
form (var. INTERMEDIUS) met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario,
and northward), a span high, with flowers 3--5'' in diameter, passing
into
Var. reptans, E. Meyer. (CREEPING S.) Small, slender, the _filiform
creeping stems rooting at all the joints_; leaves linear, spatulate, or
oblong (1/4--1' long); flowers small.--Gravelly or sandy banks; Newf. to
Penn., north and westward. June--Sept. (Eu.)
7. R. oblongifolius, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending, often
pubescent below, slender (1--2 deg. high), _diffusely branched above and
many-flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate_, lower long-petioled,
ovate or oblong (1/2--11/2' long), uppermost linear; flowers 3--5'' broad;
_petals_ 5, bright yellow, 1--3'' long; _carpels_ minute, almost
_globular_, the small style deciduous.--Wet prairies, Ill., Mo., and in
S. States. June.
8. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6--18'
long); _leaves entire_ or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate
or heart-shaped (1/2' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate
(1--11/2' long); _flowers very small; petals 1--5, yellowish_; stamens
3--10; carpels very turgid, smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a
minute sessile stigma.--Wet places, S. New York, and southward along the
coast. June--Aug.
[+][+][+] _Terrestrial, but often in wet places; leaves mostly cleft or
divided._
[++] _Root-leaves not divided to the very base; achenes marginless._
9. R. affinis, R. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous; low or slender, 1 deg.
high or less; leaves pedately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow
oblanceolate divisions; petals light yellow, 3--4'' long or smaller;
_heads oblong; achenes turgid_, with small and mostly recurved style,
pubescent or glabrous.--And var. VALIDUS, Gray, stouter and with more
fleshy leaves, the lower mostly undivided and roundish, cordate,
truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate or more or less
cleft.--Minn., Iowa, north and westward.
10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Low (3--8' high), _hairy; root-leaves
roundish or rhombic-ovate_, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate;
lowest stem-leaves similar or 3--5-lobed, the upper 3--5-parted, almost
sessile, the lobes linear; _carpels_ orbicular _with a minute beak_, in
a globose head; _petals large_, deep yellow.--Prairies, Mich. to N.
Ill., Minn., and northward. April, May.
11. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Biennial, _glabrous_,
branching, 6'--2 deg. high; primary _root-leaves round heart-shaped or
kidney-form_, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted;
those of the stem and branches 3--5-parted or divided, subsessile, the
divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed; head globose;
_carpels mucronate, with a minute curved beak; petals pale yellow,
shorter than the small reflexed calyx_.--Shady hillsides and along
brooks, common. April--June.
Var. micranthus, Gray. _Pubescent_, roots often fusiform-thickened;
root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided;
peduncles more slender and carpels fewer.--E. Mass. to Ill., Minn., and
westward.
12. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED C.) Annual, glabrous; _root-leaves
3-lobed_, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut
and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear
and nearly entire; _carpels barely mucronulate_, very numerous, _in
oblong or cylindrical heads; petals scarcely exceeding the
calyx_.--Wet ditches; appearing as if introduced. June--Aug.--Stem thick
and hollow, 1 deg. high; juice acrid and blistering; leaves thickish;
flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)
[++][++] _Leaves variously cleft or divided; achenes in globular heads
(except n. 17), compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or
pubescent._
[=] _Achenes with long recurved beak; root-leaves rarely divided._
13. R. recurvatus, Poir. (HOOKED C.) Hirsute, 1--2 deg. high; leaves of the
root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large; the
lobes broadly wedge-shaped, 2--3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex;
petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale.--Woods, common. May, June.
[=][=] _Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or
the upper part usually deciduous; early root-leaves only 3-parted, the
later 3--5-foliolate; petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx
(except n. 18)._
14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY C.) Low, ascending, 5--9' high,
pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs; _root a cluster of thickened
fleshy fibres; radical leaves appearing pinnate_, the long-stalked
terminal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself
3--5-divided or parted and 3--5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear;
petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading
calyx; _carpels scarcely margined_, tipped with a slender straight or
rather curved beak.--Dry or moist hills. April, May.
15. R. septentrionalis, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; _stems
ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming long
runners_; leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least the
terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or
parted and variously cut, never pinnately compound; petals obovate, much
larger than the spreading calyx; _carpels strongly margined_, pointed by
a stout straightish beak. (R. repens, of _Manual_, mainly.)--Moist or
shady places, etc., May--Aug.--Extremely variable in size and foliage,
commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before any long runners
are formed.
[=][=][=] _Style subulate, stigmatose along the inner margin, mostly
persistent._
16. R. repens, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last
species; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted; commencing to
flower somewhat later.--In low grounds; generally in waste grounds near
the coast and probably introduced from Europe, but indigenous westward.
17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. f. (BRISTLY C.) Stout and erect from a usually
annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the
top, 1--2 deg. high; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked
leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; flowers
inconspicuous; calyx reflexed; head of carpels oblong.--Wet places,
common. June--Aug.
18. R. hispidus, Hook. (not Michx. or DC.). Resembling the last, but the
ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not
always hirsute; petals (about 3'' long) surpassing the hardly reflexed
and soon deciduous calyx; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a
globose or oval head.--On the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north
and westward; probably in N. Minn.
R. BULBOSUS, L. (BULBOUS C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; _stem erect from a
bulb-like base_, 1 deg. high; radical leaves 3-divided; _the lateral
divisions sessile, the terminal stalked_ and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped,
cleft and toothed; peduncles furrowed; petals round, wedge shaped at
base; calyx reflexed; carpels tipped with a very short beak.--Fields;
very abundant only in E. New England; rare westward. May--July.--Leaves
appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the
corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)
R. ACRIS, L. (TALL C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect (2--3 deg. high);
leaves 3-divided; _the divisions all sessile_ and 3-cleft or parted,
their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles
not furrowed; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading
calyx.--Fields; common, especially eastward. June--Aug.--Flower nearly
as large as the last, but not so deep yellow.--The _Buttercups_ are
avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering
juice, which property, however, is dissipated in drying when these
plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)
[*][*] _Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles; annuals._
R. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reniform,
3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base;
_petals longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate_ on the
sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth
margin.--Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)