Was the acknowledged leader of the Apaches in the Indian Territory,
and at the same time friendly to the whites. He and his squaw are
now both dead.
13. PACER'S SQUAW. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.
14. PACER'S SQUAW. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA.
451. KLE-ZHEH. JICARILLA.
449. GUACHINITO. _One who Dresses in Indian Clothes._ JICARILLA.
753, 442. GUERITO. _The Man with Yellow Hair._ JICARILLA.
A young chief of the Jicarilla Apaches, and a son of old Guero,
their principal chief. This tribe is intermarried with the Utes, and
has always been on friendly terms with them. Young Guerito was sent
to Washington in 1873, joining the Ute delegation, for the purpose
of effecting some treaty whereby these Apaches might have set apart
for them a piece of land of their own to cultivate, as now they roam
on Ute land and have no home they can call their own. He is a
relative of Ouray, the great chief of the Utes, and through the
latter's influence some such arrangement was effected. Guerito is a
quiet and peaceable young man, a representative of his tribe, who
prefer farming, and shrink from all wars against either Indians or
white men.
444. SON OF GUERITO. JICARILLA.
443, 5, 6, 8. YOUNG BRAVES. JICARILLA.
447. Pah-yeh, or _Hosea Martin_. JICARILLA.
18. SON OF VICENTI. JICARILLA.
125. PEDRO SCRADILICTO. (Front.) COYOTERO.
126. PEDRO SCRADILICTO. (Side.) COYOTERO.
127. ES-CHA-PA. _The One-eyed._ (Front.) COYOTERO.
652. ES-CHA-PA. _The One-eyed._ (Side.) COYOTERO.
414. JOSE POCATI. (Front.) YUMA.
415. JOSE POCATI. (Side.) YUMA.
749. CHARLIE ARRIWAWA. (Front.) MOHAVE.
750. CHARLIE ARRIWAWA. (Side.) MOHAVE.
872-3. GROUPS comprising all the above included within the
Nos. 853-871.
2. NAVAJOS.
A very numerous band of the Apache Nation inhabiting the mountains and
plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico, between the San Juan and Little
Colorado Rivers, ever since our first knowledge of them. The Spaniards
early recognized their relation to the Apaches, although they differ
totally from them in their industrious habits, being by far the most
civilized of any tribe of Athabascan descent. They have evidently been
quick to take advantage of their contact with the semi-civilized Pueblos
and Moquis, and from them have acquired many useful arts--chiefly in
learning to spin and weave. Their blankets, woven in looms, are of great
excellence, and frequently bring from $25 to $100. They cultivate the
soil extensively, raising large quantities of corn, squashes, melons,
&c. Colonel Baker, in 1859, estimated their farms at 20,000 acres,
evidently too large an estimate, as their agent's report for 1875 places
the cultivated lands at only 6,000 acres. Their principal wealth,
however, is in horses, sheep, and goats, having acquired them at an
early day and fostered their growth, so that they now count their horses
by the thousand, and their sheep by hundreds of thousands.
Notwithstanding the excellence of their manufactures, their houses are
rude affairs, called by the Spaniards _jackals_, and by themselves
_hogans_--small conical huts of poles, covered with branches, and in
winter with earth. Like the Apaches, they have made incessant war on the
Mexicans, who have made many unsuccessful attempts to subjugate them.
The expeditions against them on the part of the United States by
Doniphan in 1846, Wilkes in 1847, Newby in 1848, and Washington in
1849, were practically failures. Colonel Sumner established Fort
Defiance in 1851, but was forced to retreat, and all other attempts to
subdue them were defeated until the winter campaign in 1863, when
Colonel Carson compelled them to remove to the Bosque Redondo, on the
Pecos River, where 7,000 were held prisoners by the Government for
several years. In 1868 a treaty was made with them under which they were
removed to Fort Wingate, and the following year back to their old home
around Fort Defiance and the canyon De Chelly, where a reservation of
5,200 square miles was assigned them. The latest count puts their number
at 11,768--3,000 of whom are said to come directly under the civilizing
influences of the agency. Schools are not well established yet, but few
of their children attending, and then very irregularly. Although they
produce largely, yet they are dependent upon the Government for
two-thirds of their subsistence. They dress well, chiefly in materials
of their own make, and covering the whole body.
_List of illustrations._
1027. MANULITO.
The great war-chief of the Navajos. Has been engaged in many
combats, and his breast shows the scars of a number of wounds
received in battle; was in command of the Indians during their siege
of Fort Defiance.
1028. JUANITA.
The favorite one of five wives of Manulito, the chief.
1029. MANULITO SEGUNDO.
Son of Manulito and Juanita.
1030. CAYATANITA.
A brother of Manulito's, and captain of a band of warriors.
1031. BARBAS HUERO. _Light Beard._
Chief councillor of the tribe, and an earnest advocate of a settled
peace policy.
1032. CABRA NEGRA.
A captain, and a sub-chief.
1033. NARBONA PRIMERO.
A sub-chief, noted as being a consistent total abstinence advocate,
and who exerts himself to save his tribe from the curse of
intemperance.
1034. CARNERO MUCHO. A captain of a band.
{ GRANADA MUCHO. A captain of a band.
1035. { TIENE-SU-SE. Third war-chief.
{ MARIANA. Second war-chief.
1038. JUANITA AND GOV. ARNY. Showing Navajo blanket and weaving
implements.
1036. GROUP of the preceding, members of a delegation to Washington
in 1874.
786. BARBAN CITO. _Little Beard._
452-5. Miscellaneous men and boys.
III. DAKOTAS.
A large family of North American Indians, embracing the Assinaboins or
Stone Sioux, the Dakotas proper, or, as they are called by the
Algonkins, Nadowesioux, from which is derived the word Sioux; Omahas,
Otoes, Osages, Poncas, Iowas, Kansas, Missourias, Minatarees, and Crows.
Until quite recently they occupied the larger portion of the country
bounded on the east by the great lakes, on the north by the British
Possessions, on the west by the Rocky Mountains, and on the south by the
Platte River. According to their traditions they came eastward from the
Pacific, and encountered the Algonkins about the headwaters of the
Mississippi, where the mass of them were held in check. One of the
tribes of this great family, called by the Chippewas Winnebagook (men
from the fetid or salt water), pushed through their enemies and secured
a foothold on the shores of Lake Michigan. The Quapaws, called by their
Algonkin foes the Alkansas or Arkansas, settled on the Ohio, but were
ultimately driven down the river by the Illinois to the region now
bearing their name. A few of the tribes retain very nearly their
original hunting-grounds; the principal migrations of those who have
moved having been southwestwardly, from the headwaters of the
Mississippi to the Missouri.
In 1875 the Indians of this family residing within the limits of the
United States numbered nearly 68,000, with about 1,000 more within the
British Possessions. If the estimates of early explorers are to be
relied upon, they must have lost heavily in population within the last
one hundred years--intestine wars, the aggressions of the whites, and
the vices of civilization reducing many once powerful tribes to
demoralized remnants that are fast fading out of our knowledge by
absorption into the ranks of more powerful neighbors. The majority of
the tribes of this family are settled on reservations under the direct
care and support of the Government, and are fairly on the road to a
civilized future. The exceptions are some of the wild bands of the
Sioux, the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, and the Crows. At the present
writing most of the first-named are at war with the United States
forces, while the two latter are friendly.
1. CROWS.
The Crows, or, as they call themselves, _Absaroka_, meaning something
or anything that flies, when first known occupied the Lower Yellowstone
and the valleys of the Big Horn and Tongue Rivers, but roamed over much
of the surrounding country, carrying their incursions even to the plains
of Snake River and to the valley of the Green. Were originally one with
the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, but separated from them, and were
afterward driven from their territory by the Ogalallas and Cheyennes,
settling finally about the head of the Yellowstone, dispossessing in
their turn the Blackfeet and Flatheads. Are divided into three bands,
with a dialect peculiar to each, viz: the Kikatsa or Crows proper, the
Ahnahaways, and the Allakaweah, numbering in all, as estimated in 1820,
3,250 souls. Obtaining horses at an early day, they became great
marauders. Irving writes of them in "Astoria:" "They are in fact
notorious marauders and horse-stealers, crossing and recrossing the
mountains (the Big Horn), robbing on one side and conveying their spoils
to the other." Hence, we are told, is derived their name, given them on
account of their unsettled and predatory habits, winging their flight,
like the crows, from one side of the mountains to the other, and making
free booty of everything that lies in their way. In 1851, joined in a
treaty with the United States giving a right of way for roads to be
built through their country. In 1868 a treaty was made, and an attempt
made to place all the Crows on one reservation, but without success
until 1875. They have been much exposed to incursions from some parties
of Sioux at their new agency on the Rosebud as well as at their former
one on the Yellowstone. "The Indians, full of war and revenge, have no
thought to bestow upon farming or other peaceful employment, especially
as the best farming lands of the reservation are most exposed to these
hostile incursions. Six families, however, have been induced to tend
small farms, and have succeeded well. A mile and a half of ditch,
sufficient to irrigate several hundred acres, has been dug, and it is
hoped that another season will see at least a beginning made toward the
civilization of these 4,000 wild but always loyal Crows."
_List of illustrations._
940. KAM-NE-BUT-SE. _Blackfoot and squaw._
946. KAM-NE-BUT-SE. _Blackfoot._
The principal chief of the Mountain Crows; a splendid specimen of
manhood, standing 6 feet 2 inches in height and of very heavy frame;
owes his position to his bravery and success in fighting the Sioux,
their inveterate enemies. He also ranks high as an orator and
councillor in the nation. The first picture, in which he is
represented in an elaborate dress of buckskin, was made while on a
visit, with a delegation of his tribe, to Washington, in 1873; the
other represents him as he appears at his home on the Yellowstone,
or in his natural every-day garb.
941. CHE-VE-TE-PU-MA-TA. _Iron Bull and squaw._
One of the principal chiefs of the Mountain Crows.
942. SE-TA-PIT-SE. _Bear Wolf and squaw._
943. PERITS-HAR-STS. _Old Crow and squaw._
{ KAM-NE-BUT-SE. _Blackfoot._
944. { ECHE-HAS-KA. _Long Horse._
{ TE-SHU-NZT. _White Calf._
{ MO-MUKH-PI-TCHE.
945. { ELLA-CAUSS-SE. _Thin Belly._
{ PISH-KI-HA-DI-RI-KY-ISH. _The One that Leads the Old Dog._
859. GROUP OF CROW DELEGATION to Washington in 1872, including Agent
Pease and the interpreters.
947. IN-TEE-US. _He Shows His Face._
948. MIT-CHOO-ASH. _Old Onion._
949. GROUP OF CHIEFS and headmen.
950. GROUP OF SQUAWS.
The last four pictures were made at the old agency of the Crows, on
the Yellowstone, near Shields River, in 1871. The following were
also made at the same place and time, and represent the old mission
buildings (lately destroyed by fire), in which the agent had his
headquarters; their tents and manner of living, and their mode of
burial.
953. THE MISSION, or agency buildings.
952. VILLAGE SCENE, showing new adobe houses built for the Indians.
951. INSIDE VIEW OF A SKIN LODGE.
954. MODE OF BURIAL.
2. DAKOTAS, OR SIOUX.
The word Dakota means united, confederated, or many in one, and
designates the tribe from which the family takes its name. They seldom
or never willingly acknowledge the title _Sioux_, first given them by
the French, and now by all whites. There are many theories as to the
origin of this latter name, the most acceptable of which is that it is a
corruption of the word _Nadouessioux_--a general Chippewa designation
for enemies--which was gradually applied by missionaries and traders,
through an imperfect understanding of the language, to the tribes thus
designated. Governor Ramsey, of Minnesota, thought that the word
"originated upon the Upper Missouri, among the early French traders,
hunters, and trappers, they deriving it, in all probability, from the
name of a sub-band of the Ti-t'-wan (Teton), Dakotas, called _Sioune_,
who hunted over the plains of that river, and with whom, consequently,
they came most frequently in contact.
"In Lewis and Clark's travels in 1803, they are called the _Teton
Saone_, and their villages are located on the Missouri, near Cannonball
River.
"At least we find the term _Sioux_ first used in the early maps to
designate a large tribe, with various subdivisions, upon the Upper
Missouri only."
Dakota traditions go back but a comparatively short time, and are vague
and obscure in regard to their origin and early residence, which place
it, however, in the Northwest, above the great lakes. In their progress
eastward they early possessed themselves of the country about the
headwaters of the Mississippi and the Red River of the North, where they
remained as late as 1868, when they were in part dispossessed by the
Chippewas, who were eventually the cause of their removal to the
Missouri.
Up to 1860, the Dakotas were divided into two principal divisions, those
east of the Missouri, who were known as the Minnesota or Mississippi
Dakotas, composed of four bands, viz: The M'dewakantons, or those of the
Village of the Spirit Lake; the Wa-pe-kutes, or Leaf-Shooters; the
Wahpetons, or Village in the Leaves; and the Sissetons, or those of the
Village of the Marsh. Most of these have been long in contact with the
whites, and, having disposed of the greater portion of their lands to
the Government, have abandoned most of their old habits, and devote
themselves to farming. Others of them, however, are restless and devoted
to old prejudices, and cause much trouble to the settlers. The massacre
of the whites in 1862 was inaugurated by the M'dewakantons, the
Wahpetons and Sissetons afterwards joining them.
Along the Missouri, but living mostly on its eastern side, were the
Shauktonwans (Yanktons), or the People of Village at the End, inhabiting
originally the Sioux, Desmoines, and Jacques Rivers, and living now
principally about the mouth of the Vermillion.
The Yanktonais, a diminutive of the preceding name, and meaning the
lesser or the little people of the End Village. Lewis and Clark
described them as the Yanktons of the Plains, or Big Devils, who were on
the heads of the Sioux, Jacques, and Red Rivers. Their present range is
on the Missouri, above the Yanktons. From one branch of this band the
Assiniboines are said to have sprung.
Paboksa, or Cutheads, a branch of the Yanktons, and ranging above them.
The I-san-teis, or Santees, another sub-band of the Yanktons, living
originally in Minnesota and Iowa, but since lately on the Missouri, near
the Yanktons.
West of the Missouri, occupying the greater portion of Dakota, Wyoming,
and portions of Montana and Nebraska, the general name of Tetons, or
Tetonwans ("Village of the Prairie") has been given to the seven
principal bands of the Dakotas inhabiting that region. Lewis and Clark
placed them on their map in only two principal divisions, viz: as the
"Tetans of the Burnt Woods" (Brules), and the "Tetans Saone," from
which some suppose the word Sioux has been derived for the whole Dakota
nation. The seven subdivisions as now recognized are the--
1. _Siha-sa-pas_ or _Blackfeet_, on the Missouri in the neighborhood of
the Cannonball River.
2. The _Si-chan-koo_ or _Burnt Thighs_, (Brules,) ranging on the
Niobrara and White Rivers, from the Platte to the Cheyenne.
3. _Oncpapas_, or "those who camp by themselves," who roam over the
country between the Cheyenne and Yellowstone Rivers.
4. _Minnekonjous_, "those who plant by the water," south of the Black
Hills.
5. _Ita-zip-cho_, or _Sans Arcs_, "without bows," affiliating with the
Oncpapas and Blackfeet, and ranging over much the same country.
6. _Ogalallas_, occupy the country between Fort Laramie and the Platte,
although they are now confined to a reservation in the northwestern
corner of Nebraska. Have the reputation of being the most friendly
disposed toward the whites of all the Titonwans. Red Cloud, so well
known as an Indian diplomat, is chief of this band.
7. _O-he-nom-pas_, or _Two Kettles_. Live principally about Fort Pierre;
against whom it is said very few complaints have ever been made, they
having always observed faithfully the stipulations of their treaties
with the United States.
In the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, there are
twenty-one sub-bands of Dakotas enumerated, numbering, in the aggregate,
53,044. Of these, there are fourteen represented by portraits of their
leading men, viz:
Blackfeet, numbering at the present time about 1,750
Brules, numbering at the present time about 8,420
Cut Heads, numbering at the present time about 200
Mdewakanton, numbering at the present time about -----
Ogalallas, numbering at the present time about 9,136
Oncpapas 2,100
Sans Arc 1,778
Santee 800
Sisseton 903
Santee and Sisseton at Fort Peck 1,000
Two Kettles 2,261
Wahpeton 1,300
Yanktons 2,500
Yanktonais, Upper and Lower 8,129
"The Sioux are included under twelve agencies, nine in Dakota, two in
Montana, and one in Nebraska, at all of which, except at Fort Belknap, a
beginning in Indian farming has been made in spite of all
discouragements by reason of unsuitable location and the demoralizing
influence of 'the hostiles.'"
The Ogalallas at Red Cloud agency, who have almost entirely abandoned
the chase on account of scarcity of game, depend almost entirely upon
the Government for their support. Their small beginnings in cultivating
the soil came to naught through the grasshoppers. The Brules at Spotted
Tail agency have a thriving school with 75 pupils, and cultivated some
lands. At the Upper Missouri agencies but little has been done beyond
feeding the Indians who report to them for that purpose, their attempts
at farming resulting in failures on account of the grasshopper pest. The
Yanktons, Santees, Sissetons, Wahpetons, and other Sioux on the Lower
Missouri and in Eastern Dakota have made more substantial progress in
civilization, many of them having permanently discarded their Indian
habits and dress, and live in houses, and are nearly self-supporting.
The Santees in Nebraska especially have entirely renounced their old
form of life; have churches and sabbath-schools, which are regularly
attended. They have a monthly paper, printed in their native language,
with an edition of 1,200 copies.
_List of illustrations._
252. PE-JI'. _Grass._ (Front.) BLACKFEET.
253. PE-JI'. _Grass._ (Profile.) BLACKFEET.
254. PE-JI'. _Grass._ (Full-length.) BLACKFEET.
255. KAN-GI'-I-YO'-TAN-KA. _Sitting Crow._ (Front.) BLACKFEET.
256. KAN-GI'-I-YO'-TAN-KA. _Sitting Crow._ (Profile.) BLACKFEET.
257. MA'-YA-WA-NA-PE-YA. _Iron Scare._ (Front.) BLACKFEET.
258. MA'-YA-WA-NA-PE-YA. _Iron Scare._ (Profile.) BLACKFEET.
259. WI'-YA-KA-SHA. _Red Plume._ (Copy.) BLACKFEET.
920. MA-GA'-SHA-PA. _Goose._ (Copy.) BLACKFEET.
With the exception of the last two numbers the above represent a portion
of a delegation of prominent Sioux chiefs and warriors who visited
Washington in 1872. The portraits were made in Washington, and represent
them in their best attire.
336. CIN-TE-GI-LE-SKA. _Spotted Tail._ (Front.) BRULE.
337. CIN-TE-GI-LE-SKA. _Spotted Tail._ (Profile.) BRULE.
Spotted Tail has long been the chief of the Brule Sioux, and since
his conversion from an intense hostility to an unswerving friendship
for the white people has by them been looked upon and considered as
the great chief of all the Sioux. The honors of this position are
equally divided between Red Cloud and Spotted Tail; each is chief of
his band only, the Indians themselves not recognizing any one man as
chief of the whole nation; but their great executive abilities,
oratorical powers, and popularity with both whites and Indians, have
been the means of putting them forward as the champions of their
people.
In his younger days Spotted Tail was a daring and audacious chief,
murdering and massacreing wherever he went. In 1854, he and his band
attacked a coach, murdered all the passengers, and perpetrated
horrible enormities on the dead. He was eventually captured, and
imprisoned for about six mouths in the guardhouse at Fort
Leavenworth, during which time his feelings underwent a great
change. Instead of a determined foe of the pale-faces, he became
their earnest friend and coadjutor in the work of pacification. It
has been well said of him that "he is worth more to the Government
than a dozen major-generals, with their armies to back them."
The following extract from a speech by Spotted Tail, before a board
of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie in 1867, will be read with
interest as showing his ability as an orator: "My father and
friends, your Great Father has sent you here to learn what was going
on. You have come. Your Great Father has sent you to listen. Will
you listen well, or only listen to half that is good and to half
that is bad, and not take the whole to our Great Father? He has sent
you here to hear and talk. We know you have not come with presents,
but you may have a little money in your pockets that you could give
them. They are poor and need help. These men here, and the old men,
women, and children, have not had much to eat since they have been
here, and if you could give them something it would make my heart
glad. Yesterday my friends hit me a good deal; but it does not
matter. I have spoken."
Spotted Tail is of a large, commanding figure, and his face
generally wears a pleasant, smiling expression. It is a difficult
matter to arrive at the exact age of any Indian, and in this case it
is uncertain, but is probably about 45 years. He has been to
Washington four times, each time as a delegate representing the
Sioux nation.
338. SPOTTED TAIL AND SQUAW. BRULE.
339. SQUAW OF SPOTTED TAIL. (Front.) BRULE.
340. SQUAW OF SPOTTED TAIL. (Profile.) BRULE.
341. I-API-OTAH. _Gassy._ (Front.) BRULE.
342. I-API-OTAH. _Gassy._ (Profile.) BRULE.
343. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. _Whitewash his Face._ (Front.) BRULE.
344. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. _Whitewash his Face._ (Profile.) BRULE.
345. CHE-TAN'-TA'-KPI'. _Charge on the Hawk._ (Front.) BRULE.
346. CHE-TAN'-TA'-KPI'. _Charge on the Hawk._ (Profile.) BRULE.
347. NOM-PA-AP'A. _Two Strikes._ (Front.) BRULE.
348. NOM-PA-AP'A. _Two Strikes._ (Profile.) BRULE.
349. SQUAW OF TWO STRIKES. (Front.) BRULE.
350. SQUAW OF TWO STRIKES. (Profile.) BRULE.
351. KAN-GI'-SHA'-PA. _Black Crow._ (Front.) BRULE.
352. KAN GI'-SHA'-PA. _Black Crow._ (Profile.) BRULE.
353. HE-GMA-WA-KU-WA. _One who Runs the Tiger._ (Front.) BRULE.
354. HE-GMA-WA-KU-WA. _One who Runs the Tiger._ (Profile.) BRULE.
355. WANMBLE'-SHDA. _Bald Eagle._ (Front.) BRULE.
356. WANMBLE'-SHDA. _Bald Eagle._ (Profile.) BRULE.
357. CHE-CHA'-LU. _Thigh._ (Front.) BRULE.
358. CHE-CHA'-LU. _Thigh._ (Profile.) BRULE.
359. SQUAW OF THIGH. (Front.) BRULE.
360. SQUAW OF THIGH. (Profile.) BRULE.
361. TA-TAN'-KA-SHA'-PA. _Black Bull._ (Front.) BRULE.
362. TA-TAN'-KA-SHA'-PA. _Black Bull._ (Profile.) BRULE.
363. CHO-NI'-CHA-WA-NI'-CHA. _No Flesh._ (Front.) BRULE.
364. CHO-NI'-CHA-WA-NI'-CHA. _No Flesh._ (Profile.) BRULE.
365. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. _Iron Shell._ (Front.) BRULE.
366. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. _Iron Shell._ (Profile.) BRULE.
367. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. _Iron Shell._ (Full length.) BRULE.