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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. GEOLOGIST.
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, No. 9.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF
PHOTOGRAPHS
OF
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.
BY
W. H. JACKSON,
PHOTOGRAPHER OF THE SURVEY.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1877.
PREFATORY NOTE.
OFFICE OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND
GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,
_Washington, D. C., November 1, 1877._
The collection of photographic portraits of North American Indians
described in the following "Catalogue" is undoubtedly the largest and
most valuable one extant. It has been made at great labor and expense,
during a period of about twenty-five years, and now embraces over one
thousand negatives, representing no less than twenty-five tribes. Many
of the individuals portrayed have meanwhile died; others, from various
causes, are not now accessible; the opportunity of securing many of the
subjects, such as scenes and incidents, has of course passed away. The
collection being thus unique, and not to be reproduced at any
expenditure of money, time, or labor, its value for ethnological
purposes cannot easily be over-estimated.
Now that the tribal relations of these Indians are fast being
successively sundered by the process of removal to reservations, which
so greatly modifies the habits and particularly the style of dress of
the aborigines, the value of such a graphic record of the past increases
year by year; and there will remain no more trustworthy evidence of what
the Indians have been than that afforded by these faithful sun-pictures,
many of which represent the villages, dwellings, and modes of life of
these most interesting people, and historical incidents of the
respective tribes, as well as the faces, dresses, and accoutrements of
many prominent individuals.
Those who have never attempted to secure photographs and measurements or
other details of the physique of Indians, in short, any reliable
statistics of individuals or bands, can hardly realize the obstacles to
be overcome. The American Indian is extremely superstitious, and every
attempt to take his picture is rendered difficult if not entirely
frustrated by his deeply-rooted belief that the process places some
portion of himself in the power of the white man, and his suspicion that
such control may be used to his injury. No prescribed regulations for
the taking of photographs, therefore, are likely to be fully carried
out. As a rule, front and profile views have been secured whenever
practicable. Usually it is only when an Indian is subjected to
confinement that those measurements of his person which are suitable for
anthropological purposes can be secured. In most cases the Indian will
not allow his person to be handled at all, nor submit to any
inconvenience whatever. Much tact and perseverance are required to
overcome his superstitious notions, and in many cases, even of the most
noted chiefs of several tribes, no portrait can be obtained by any
inducement whatever. If, therefore, the collection fails to meet the
full requirements of the anthropologist, it must be remembered that the
obstacles in the way of realizing his ideal of a perfect collection are
insurmountable.
About two hundred of the portraits, or one-fifth of the whole
collection, have been derived from various sources, and most of these
are pictures of Indians composing the several delegations that have
visited Washington from time to time during the past ten years. Such
individuals are usually among the most prominent and influential members
of the respective tribes, of which they consequently furnish the best
samples. The greater portion of the whole collection is derived from the
munificent liberality of William Blackmore, esq., of London, England,
the eminent anthropologist who has for many years studied closely the
history, habits, and manners of the North American Indians. The
Blackmore portion of the collection consists of a number of smaller lots
from various sources; and it is Mr. Blackmore's intention to enlarge it
to include, if possible, all the tribes of the North American continent.
The entire collection, at the present time consisting of upward of a
thousand negatives, represents ten leading "families" of Indians,
besides seven independent tribes, the families being divisible into
fifty-four "tribes," subdivision of which gives forty-three "bands." The
collection continues to increase as opportunity offers.
The present "Catalogue" prepared by Mr. W. H. Jackson, the well-known
and skilful photographer of the Survey, is far more than a mere
enumeration of the negatives. It gives in full, yet in concise and
convenient form, the information which the Survey has acquired
respecting the subjects of the pictures, and is believed to represent an
acceptable contribution to anthropological literature.
F. V. HAYDEN,
_United States Geologist_.
PREFACE.
The following Descriptive Catalogue is intended to systematize the
collection of Photographic Portraits of Indians now in the possession of
the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, and to place on
record all the information we have been able to obtain of the various
individuals and scenes represented. It is of course far from complete;
but it is a beginning, and every new fact that comes to light will be
added to what has already been secured. This information has been
gathered from many sources, principally from Indian delegates visiting
Washington, and by correspondence with agents and others living in the
Indian country.
Particular attention has been paid to proving the authenticity of the
portraits of the various individuals represented, and it is believed
that few, if any, mistakes occur in that respect.
The historical notices are mainly compilations from standard works on
the subject.
All of the following portraits and views are photographed direct from
nature, and are in nearly every case from the original plates, the
exceptions being good copies from original daguerreotypes or photographs
that are not now accessible.
The portraits made under the supervision of the Survey are generally
accompanied by measurements that are as nearly accurate as it has been
possible to make them.
The pictures vary in size from the ordinary small card to groups on
plates 16 by 20 inches square. The majority, however, are on plates
6-1/2 by 8-1/2 inches square; these are usually trimmed to 4 by 5-1/2
inches, and mounted on cabinet cards.
All the photographs are numbered upon their faces, and as these numbers
do not occur in regular order in the text a Numerical Index is appended,
by means of which the name of any picture, and the page on which the
subject is treated, may be readily found.
W. H. J.
ADVERTISEMENT.
Miscellaneous Publications No. 5, entitled "Descriptive Catalogue of the
Photographs of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories
for the years 1869 to 1873, inclusive," published in 1874, contains, on
pages 67-83, a "Catalogue of Photographs of Indians, [etc.]" This,
however, is a mere enumeration of the negatives then in the possession
of the survey, and is now superseded by the present independent
publication.
CATALOGUE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF NORTH
AMERICAN INDIANS.
LIST OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND BANDS.
I. ALGONKINS.
CHEYENNES.
CHIPPEWAS.
_Pembina._
_Red Lake._
_Rabbit Lake._
_Mille Lac._
_Wisconsin._
DELAWARES.
MENOMONEES.
MIAMIS.
OTTAWAS.
POTTAWATOMIES.
SACS AND FOXES.
SHAWNEES.
PEQUODS.
_Stockbridge._
_Brotherton._
II. ATHABASCAS.
APACHES.
_Coyotero._
_Essa-queta._
_Jicarilla._
_Mohave._
_Pinal._
_Yuma._
_Chiricahua._
NAVAJOS.
III. DAKOTAS.
CROWS.
DAKOTAS.
_Blackfeet._
_Brule._
_Cut Head._
_Mdewakanton._
_Ogalalla._
_Oncpapa._
_Sans Arc._
_Santee._
_Sisseton._
_Two Kettle._
_Wahpeton._
_Yankton._
_Upper Yanktonais._
_Lower Yanktonais._
IOWAS.
KAWS OR KANSAS.
MANDANS.
MISSOURIAS.
OMAHAS.
OSAGES.
OTOES.
PONCAS.
WINNEBAGOES.
IV. PAWNEES.
ARICKAREES OR REES.
KEECHIES.
PAWNEES.
_Chowee._
_Kit-ka-hoct._
_Petahowerat._
_Skeedee._
WACOS.
WICHITAS.
V. SHOSHONES.
BANNACKS.
COMANCHES.
KIOWAS.
SHOSHONES.
UTAHS.
_Capote._
_Muache._
_Tabeguache._
_Yampa._
_Uinta._
VI. SAHAPTINS.
NEZ-PERCES.
WARM SPRINGS.
WASCOS.
VII. KLAMATHS.
KLAMATHS.
MODOCS.
ROGUE RIVER.
VIII. PIMAS.
PAPAGOS.
PIMAS.
IX. IROQUOIS.
SENECAS.
WYANDOTS OR HURONS.
X. MUSKOGEES.
CREEKS.
SEMINOLES.
CHICKASAWS.
CHOCTAWS.
XI. INDEPENDENT TRIBES.
ARAPAHOES.
CADDOS.
CHEROKEES.
MOQUIS.
PUEBLOS.
TAWACANIES.
TONKAWAYS.
HISTORY OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND INDIVIDUALS.
I. ALGONKINS.
Early in the seventeenth century, the Algonkins were the largest family
of North American Indians within the present limits of the United
States, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, and from the
waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and
northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Athabascas; the Dakotas
bounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Catawbas, Natchez,
&c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many
detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins
were nomadic, shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting
upon which they depended required. There has been some difficulty in
properly locating the tribe from which the family has taken its name,
but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa River, in Canada,
where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. The
only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two
Mountains.
Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct,
others so reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost,
while nearly all of the rest have been removed far from their original
hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, from the Delaware, are now leading a
civilized life far out on the great plains west of the Missouri, and
with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once powerful
Pottawatamies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. Of the many
nations forming this great family, we have a very full representation in
the following catalogue, about equally divided between the wild hunters
and the civilized agriculturists.
1. CHEYENNES.
"This nation has received a variety of names from travellers and the
neighboring tribes, as Shyennes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, Chayennes,
Sharas, Shawhays, Sharshas, and by the different bands of Dakotas,
Shai-en-a or Shai-e-la. With the Blackfeet, they are the most western
branch of the great Algonkin family. When first known, they were living
on the Chayenne or Cayenne River, a branch of the Red River of the
North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about
the close of the last century still farther west across the Missouri,
where they were found by those enterprising travelers Lewis and Clark in
1803. On their map attached to their report they locate them near the
eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great Sheyenne
River, and state their number at 1,500 souls." Their first treaty with
the United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River.
They were then at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the
Pawnees and others. Were then estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250.
During the time of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and
1820, a small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves
from the rest of their nation on the Missouri, and to have associated
themselves with the Arapahoes who wandered about the tributaries of the
Platte and Arkansas, while those who remained affiliated with the
Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until the present
time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring them together on a
new reservation in the Indian Territory.
Up to 1862, they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when
outbreaks occurred, and then for three or four years a costly and bloody
war was carried on against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand
Creek or Chivington massacre, November 29, 1864. "Since that time there
has been constant trouble. * * * In '67, General Hancock burned the
village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and another war began, in
which General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black Kettle and
37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with the
whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren.
_List of illustrations._
118, 120. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ (Front.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
119, 121. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ (Profile.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
109. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
110. MIN-NIN-NE-WAH. _Whirlwind._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
111. WHOAK-POO-NO-BATS. _White Shield._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
112. WO-PO-HAM. _White Horse._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
113. BAH-TA-CHE. _Medicine Man._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
114. PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
115. ED. GUERRIER. _Interpreter._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
26. LAME WHITE MAN. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
WILD HOG. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
27. BALD BEAR. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
CUT FOOT. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
28. DULL KNIFE. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
LITTLE WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
29. CRAZY HEAD. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
SPOTTED WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE.
30, 31. STONE CALF AND WIFE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
116. WHIRLWIND AND PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
117. LITTLE ROBE AND WHITE HORSE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE.
122. HIGH TOE.
123-4. GROUPS AT AGENCY.
2. CHIPPEWAS.
Migrating from the East late in the sixteenth or early in the
seventeenth century, the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, settled first about the
Falls of Saint Mary, from which point they pushed still farther
westward, and eventually compelled the Dakotas to relinquish their
ancient hunting-grounds about the headwaters of the Mississippi and of
the Red River of the North. Were first known to the French, about 1640,
who called them _Sauteux_, from the place of their residence about Sault
Ste. Marie, a name still applied to them by the Canadian French. They
were then living in scattered bands on the banks of Lake Superior and
Lake Huron, and at war with the Foxes, Iroquois, and Dakotas, becoming
thereby much reduced in numbers. Were firm allies of the French in all
of their operations against the English, and took a prominent part in
Pontiac's uprising. During the revolutionary war they were hostile to
the colonists, but made a treaty of peace with them at its close. They
again sided with the English in the war of 1812, but joined in a general
pacification with a number of other tribes in 1816. Like other tribes,
they gradually ceded their lands to the Government, receiving in return
annuities and goods, until in 1851 all but a few bands, retaining but
moderate reservations, had removed west of the Mississippi.
"The Chippewas, now numbering 19,606, formerly ranged over Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and with common interests, and acknowledging
more or less the leadership of one controlling mind, formed a
homogeneous and powerful nation; a formidable foe to the Sioux, with
whom they waged incessant warfare, which was checked only by the removal
of the Minnesota Sioux to Dakota after the outbreak of 1863."
The collecting of the Chippewas upon thirteen reservations, scattered
over the above-named States, under five different agencies, has so
modified the _esprit du corps_ of the tribe that, though speaking the
same language and holding the same traditions and customs, the bands
located in different sections of the country have few interests and no
property in common, and little influence or intercourse with each other.
The agency has taken the place of the nation, and is in turn developing
the individual man, who, owning house, stock, and farm, has learned to
look solely to his own exertions for support. No tribe by unswerving
loyalty deserves more of the Government, or is making, under favorable
conditions, more gratifying progress; 9,850 of the tribe live in houses,
9,345 are engaged in agriculture and other civilized occupations; and
13,202 wear citizen's dress. Fifty-seven per cent. of their subsistence
is obtained by their own labor, mainly in farming; for the rest, they
depend on game and fish, especially the latter, of which they readily
obtain large quantities.
The Chippewas are extensively intermarried with the Ottawas, and are
thrifty and worthy citizens of the United States, as are also those of
Saginaw, and of Keewenaw Bay in Michigan. The Bad River, Red Cliff, Red
Lake, and Mississippi bands are likewise making rapid progress in
civilization. Of those which have made but little or no progress are the
Leech Lake, White Earth, Mille Lac, and other scattered bands in remote
and inaccessible regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the older chiefs
resolutely opposing any attempt on the part of the younger men to begin
a civilized life.
_List of Illustrations._
1001. ES-EN-CE. _Little Shell._ PEMBINA.
Head chief of the Pembinas, residing at Turtle Mountain, in Dakota.
His father and grandfather were chiefs of the same band before him.
Took an active part against the Sioux in the Minnesota massacres in
1863. Visited Washington in 1874, at the head of a delegation in
behalf of their bands, to protest against being removed from their
old homes about Turtle Mountain.
1002. MIS-TO-YA-BE. _Little Bull._ PEMBINA.
Head brave of the Pembinas, and resides at Pembina. Is a man of
considerable influence, his word being law with his band. Has good
common sense and fine executive ability. Was removed by the
Government to White Earth reservation, but refuses to live there,
and has gone back to his old home. Has fought the Sioux frequently,
and has been quite successful in stealing horses from them. Has two
wives. Does no farming.
1003. KA-EES-PA. _Something Blown Up by the Wind._ PEMBINA.
A half-breed, but lives and dresses like an Indian. His father was
made a chief of the Pembinas by the English and Americans, and upon
his death succeeded him. Is a very successful hunter, and is looked
upon as a representative man of the tribe.
1004. KE-WOE-SAIS-WE-RO. _The Man Who Knows How to Hunt._ PEMBINA.
A half-breed and third brave of the band. Always joined the
Chippewas in fighting the Sioux--the Pembinas fighting on
horseback--and counts four scalps. Is a trader. Is thought very much
of by his tribe, and has a reputation for moral worth and
straightforward dealing.
851. LARGE GROUP of the proceeding four numbers.
1068. SHAY-WI-ZICK. _Sour Spittle._ RED LAKE.
A brave of the Red Lake band of Chippewas and younger brother of the
head chief. His wife and children were killed by the Sioux, and he
fought them frequently in return, killing two. Was a good speaker
and farmed a good deal. Died last winter, aged about 70.
80, 1069. QUI-WI-ZHEN-SHISH. _Bad Boy._ RED LAKE.
Foremost brave of the Red Lake band. His father was chief, which
office is now held by his older brother. Was ranked as one of the
bravest of the Chippewas in their battles with the Sioux, and took
many scalps. Was a fine speaker and a man of much influence. Farmed
very successfully and raised considerable corn, and was also a good
hunter. Had two wives. Died in 1872.
1070. QUI-WI-ZENS. _The Boy._ RED LAKE.
A brave and a leading warrior in the battles of his tribe with the
Sioux. A good speaker, hunter, and farmer, although the farming is
done almost entirely by his wife and children, as is the case with
all these Indians. Is now dead.
1071. AUGUSTE. PEMBINA.
A brave of the Pembinas, formerly residing near the British line,
but now removed, with his band, to the White Earth reservation. Has
the reputation of being a miserable, worthless Indian, unwilling to
work, and adhering with great tenacity to the heathenish customs of
his tribe. Was baptized in his infancy by the Roman Catholics, but
has renounced his Christianity. Has had his skull broken three times
in quarrels with his own people, and has been twice wounded in
fights with the Sioux.
1072. MOOZOMO. _Moose's Dung._ RED LAKE.
A petty chief of the Red Lake band. Died some years ago at a very
old age. Was a great hunter, and farmed considerably also. Was much
respected by the Red Lake bands, and especially so by the whites.
1073. ME-JAW-KEY-OSH. _Something in the Air Gradually Falling to
the Earth._ RED LAKE.
A brave but recently made a chief of the Red Lake Chippewas, and is
ranked as the very bravest of all his tribe. Had always been
accustomed to fight the Sioux, but after the massacre of 1862-'63
re-organized and led a small party of from six to ten of his bravest
men against them every summer for some time, killing with his own
hand fifteen of their enemies and bringing home their scalps. Was a
crafty warrior and knew well how to slay his foe without losing his
own life. He still lives, farming and hunting for a living, and is a
man of great influence in his band.
1074. ESSINIWUB OGWISSUN. _The Son of Essiniwub._ RED LAKE.
A quiet, peaceable young man, never on the war-path, peace having
been declared with the Sioux before he came of age.
1075. MAIADJIAUSH. _Something Beginning to Sail Off._ RED LAKE.
A brave residing at Red Lake. His father was a chief and his younger
brother the present head chief of the Red Lake band. Ten years ago
had the reputation of being a bad man, and has the same suspicion
still hanging about him; is ill-natured, cross-grained, and always
striking and quarrelling with his fellow-Indians.
1076. NABONIQUEAUSH. _A Yellow-haired One Sailing Along._ RED LAKE.
1077. TIBISHKO-BINESS. _Like a Bird._ RED LAKE.
A petty chief and brother of Bad Boy. Has often fought the Sioux as
a leading brave. Hunts for a living, while his family cultivates corn
and potatoes. Is a good speaker and much respected by the Red Lakes.
78, 79. PO-GO-NAY-GE-SHICK. _Hole in the Day._
81. AH-AH-SHAW-WE-KE-SHICK. _Crossing Sky._ RABBIT LAKE.
82. NAH-GUN-A-GOW-BOW. _Standing Forward._ RABBIT LAKE.
83. KISH-KA-NA-CUT. _Stump._ MILLE LAC.
84. MIS-KO-PE-NEN-SHA. _Red Bird._ LAKE WINNIPEG.
85. NAW-YAW-NAB. _The Foremost Sitter._ WISCONSIN.
86. NOW-WE-GE-SHICK. _Noon Day._
3. DELAWARES.
When first discovered by the whites, the Delawares were living on the
banks of the Delaware, in detached bands under separate sachems, and
called themselves Renappi--a collective term for men--or, as it is now
written, Lenno Lenape. In 1616 the Dutch began trading with them,
maintaining friendly relations most of the time, and buying so much of
their land that they had to move inland for game and furs. Penn and his
followers, succeeding, kept up the trade and bought large tracts of
land, but the Indians claimed to have been defrauded and showed a
reluctance to move. They then numbered about 6,000. With the assistance
of the Indians of the Six Nations the authorities compelled the
Delawares to retire. At the beginning of the Revolution there were none
east of the Alleghanies. By treaty in 1789 lands were reserved to them
between the Miami and Cuyahoga, and on the Muskingum. In 1818 the
Delawares ceded all their lands to the Government and removed to White
River, Missouri, to the number of 1,800, leaving a small number in Ohio.
Another change followed eleven years after, when 1,000 settled by treaty
on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the rest going south to Red River.
During the late civil war they furnished 170 soldiers out of an
able-bodied male population of 201.
In 1866 sold their land to the railroad which ran across it, and buying
land of the Cherokees, settled where the main body now resides, small
bands being scattered about among the Wichitas and Kiowas.
In 1866, by a special treaty, they received and divided the funds held
for their benefit, took lands in severalty, and ceased to be regarded as
a tribe. They have given up their Indian ways and live in comfortable
houses. Many of them are efficient farmers and good citizens. They are
becoming so incorporated with other tribes that there has been no late
enumeration made of them as a whole. During the late war they numbered
1,085.
_List of illustrations._
181-2. BLACK BEAVER.
Is a full-blood Delaware. Has travelled very extensively through the
mountains, serving at one time as a captain in the United States
Army. Has a large farm under cultivation, and lives in a very
comfortable manner, having good, substantial frontier buildings. He
commenced life as a wild Indian trapper, until, becoming familiar
with almost all of the unexplored region of the West, and being a
remarkably truthful and reliable man, he was much sought after as a
guide, and accompanied several expeditions in that capacity. His
life has been one of bold adventure, fraught with many interesting
incidents, which, if properly written out, would form an interesting
and entertaining volume.--_Batty._
186. GREAT BEAR.
4. MENOMONEES.
Were known to the French as early as 1640, and were then living on the
Menomonee River, emptying into Green Bay, Wisconsin. Their name is that
of the wild rice upon which they largely depend for their subsistence.
This is one of the few tribes in the United States who have never been
removed from their old home, and are still residing on the same spot
where they were first known. Served with the French against the Foxes in
1712, and against the English up to 1763, participating in Braddock's
defeat, battles of Fort William Henry and the Plains of Abraham. Were
allies of the English during the Revolution, and also in the second war
with Great Britain. In 1831 commenced ceding their lands to the
Government for money payments, until they were finally located in 1854
in their present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin, consisting of
231,680 acres of very poor land. They are declining rapidly in numbers.
In 1822 were estimated at 3,900; the present count makes them 1,522. Are
now living in a civilized way, with a large proportion of their children
attending school regularly. Their main dependence is upon the lumber
trade, cutting during the last winter over 5,000,000 feet of logs,
netting them $4 per 1,000.
_List of illustrations._
852. MOSES LADD.
An intelligent and influential man in the tribe, a grandson of
Corrow and nephew of Shu-na-ma-shu-na-ne, noted chiefs of the
Menomonees. In 1876 Mr. Ladd was sent as a delegate from his tribe
to Washington to settle various complications before the Departments
and Congress. Was born at Green Bay, Wis., in 1828. Is of mixed
blood.
5. MIAMIES.
In 1658 were found on Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in 1670 near the head of
Fox River, and were then said to number 8,000 warriors, living in mat
houses within a palisade. Their early history is full of their many
engagements with Iroquois, Sioux, and the French, in all of which they
lost heavily. Sided with the English in the revolutionary war,
continuing hostile to the United States until 1815. They then numbered
3,000, but their wars had left them in a badly demoralized condition,
leading to broils among themselves, in which nearly 500 perished in
eighteen years. In 1835 a portion, numbering 384, were removed from
Indiana to the south side of the Kansas River. By 1838 the Miamies
remaining in Indiana, then numbering 1,100, sold the rest of their
lands; and in 1846 500 of them removed to Kansas, where in twenty-two
years they were reduced to 92. In 1873 their lands were sold, when most
of the tribe confederated with the Peorias, a few remaining in Kansas as
citizens. Are now very much scattered, with no agency of their own, and
number, as near as can be ascertained, less than 100. The subjects of
the following photographs are of mixed blood:
_List of illustrations._
419. LUM-KI-KOM.
420. THOS. MILLER.
421. JOE DICK.
422-4. ROUBIDEAUX.
425. THOS. RICHARDWELL.
426. ROUBIDEAUX AND RICHARDWELL.
6. OTTAWAS.
When first discovered by the early French explorers were residing on the
northwest shore of the peninsula of Michigan. After the defeat of the
Hurons in 1649, they fled before the Iroquois to beyond the Mississippi,
but were soon compelled to retrace their steps by the Dakotas, and
finally settled at Mackinaw, where they joined the French in many of
their operations and in their contest for Canada. At its close, Pontiac,
head chief of the Detroit Ottawas, organized a great conspiracy for the
destruction of the English, which was only partially successful. During
the Revolution were with the English. At its close a long series of
treaties followed, until, in 1833, those in Michigan ceded their lands
and removed south of the Missouri River. In 1836 those in Ohio sold
their lands and removed to the Indian Territory and prospered, becoming
citizens of the United States in 1867. In 1870 made another move to a
new reservation of 25,000 acres near the Shawnees, where they are now
living, reduced to 140. A large number of Ottawas are now living on the
shore of Lake Superior, so intermarried and confederated with the
Chippewas that there is no attempt at any distinction between them, the
two combined numbering over 6,000. In Canada there are about 1,000 more,
all self-supporting.
_List of illustrations._
504. SUCKER.
505. CHE-PO-QUA. _Lightning._
English name, Henry Clay. Full-blood Ottawa. Uneducated, but of
considerable executive ability. Is a councilman and an energetic,
unselfish worker for the advancement of the tribe. Was born in 1830,
and this photograph taken in 1868.
506. PARTEE. _John Wilson._
Chief of the tribe from 1867 to 1869, dying before the expiration of
his term of office, aged about 60 years. Was but little versed in
English, but was well educated in his own language. Was noted for
amiability and hospitality, and made one of the very best of chiefs.
507. SHA-PON-DA. _Passing Through._ (James Wind.)
Succeeded John Wilson as chief for two years. Is a half-blood. Is
well educated in native language, and an ordained minister in the
Baptist church. Died in 1875.
1040. JOSEPH KING.
Successor of James Wind as chief of the Ottawas. Is well educated in
both native and English languages. Age, 50 years.
1041. L. S. DAGNET.
Born as a Peoria, but was expelled from the tribe, and the Ottawas
adopted him as one of their own.
1039. FRANK KING.
Also an adopted member of the tribe, being originally a Chippewa.
Has been a counsellor, and also judge of the council.
7. POTTAWATOMIES.
Early in 1600 were occupying the lower peninsula of Michigan in
scattered bands, whence they were finally driven westward by the
Iroquois, and settled about Green Bay. The French acquired much
influence over them, whom they joined in their wars with the Iroquois.
Joined Pontiac in his uprising in 1763. Hostile to colonists during the
Revolution, but made a peace in 1795, joining the English again,
however, in 1812. New treaties followed by which their lands were almost
entirely conveyed away, until in 1838 a reserve was allotted them on the
Missouri, to which 800 were removed. The whole tribe then numbered about
4,000, some bands of which had made considerable progress in
civilization, while a part, called the Pottawatomies of the Prairie,
were roving and pagan. Those in Kansas made rapid progress in
civilization. In 1867, 1,400 out of 2,180 elected to become citizens and
take their lands in severalty; the others held to their tribal
organization, but disintegration set in and many became wanderers, some
even going to Mexico. It is difficult at the present time to estimate
their whole number, owing to their scattered condition. There are only
450 in the Indian Territory, under the care of the Indian Bureau, and in
Michigan 60. The others are citizens or roaming in Mexico. Of this once
numerous and powerful nation we have but a single illustration, viz:
_List of illustrations._
522. MZHIK-KI-AN. _Thunder Coming Down to the Ground._
8. SACS AND FOXES.
The Sacs, Sauks, or Saukies, as it has been variously written--a word
meaning white clay--and the Foxes, or Outagamies, or more properly the
Musquakkink, (Red Clay), are now as one tribe. They were first
discovered settled about Green Bay, Wis., but their possessions extended
westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They
partly subdued and admitted into their alliance the Iowas, a Dakota
tribe. By 1804 they had ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi,
and settled on the Des Moines River, moving subsequently to the Osage,
and most of these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united
bands numbered 8,000, but are now reduced to a little more than 1,000,
of whom 341 are still in Iowa, 430 in the Indian Territory, 98 in
Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi
in the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres.
Unsuccessful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to
join them. Those in Iowa are living on a section of land purchased by
themselves. The Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,863 acres of land
in Nebraska, but it is proposed to remove them soon to the Indian
Territory.
_List of illustrations._
677. KEOKUK. _Watchful Fox._
A chief of the Kiscoquah band of Sacs or Sauks, and head chief of
the combined Sacs and Foxes.
"The entire absence of records by which the chronology of events
might be ascertained, renders it impossible to trace, in the order
of their date, the steps by which this remarkable man rose to the
chief place of his nation, and acquired a commanding and permanent
influence over his people.
"Keokuk is in all respects a magnificent savage. Bold, enterprising,
and impulsive, he is also politic, and possesses an intimate
knowledge of human nature, and a tact which enables him to bring the
resources of his mind into prompt operation. His talents as a
military chief and civil ruler are evident from the discipline which
exists among his people."--_McKinney._
678, 681-2, 705. KEOKUK, JR.
Son of the preceding, and succeeded him in the chieftainship.
679, 684. CHARLES KEOKUK.
Grandson of Keokuk, sr.
683. KEOKUK, JR., and CHARLES KEOKUK.
685-6. MO-LESS.
687-8. SAC-A-PE.
689. MO-LESS and SAC-A-PE.
692. QUA-QUA-OUF-PE-KA, or _Dead Indian_.
693. THE SEA.
694. BIG BEAR.
695-9. MO-KO-HO-KO.
700. MANO-TO-WA.
400. WAH-COM-MO.
401. NE-QUAW-HO-KO. _Grey Eyes._
396, 691, 701. WAH-PAH-NAH-KA-NA KAH. _Bear Eating Acorns Up a Tree_,
or _Geo. Gomez_.
A Mexican by birth, and interpreter for the Sacs and Foxes since
1858. Was sold to the Comanches when thirteen years of age, but ran
away and joined the Kickapoos. Was captured again by the Comanches
while he was out with the Kickapoos hunting, but was allowed to
escape and rejoin his Indian friends. Drove Government teams for a
while between Forts Leavenworth and Kearney. In 1852 joined the Sacs
and Foxes, and participated in some of their battles on the plains.
He has been married into the following tribes: Caddoes, Kickapoos,
Pawnees, Seminoles, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Winnebagoes, Iowas, and
Sacs and Foxes of Missouri; and speaks the languages of the Creeks,
Caddo, Comanche, Pottawatomie, Kick-a-poo, Sac and Fox, Pawnee,
Iowa, and Winnebago, besides English and Spanish.
708. SAC CHIEF.
709. GROUP OF SAC AND FOX CHIEFS.
805. GROUP OF FOX CHIEFS.
806. COMMISSIONER BOGY READING TREATY.
710. COMMISSIONER AND DELEGATION OF CHIEFS.
706-7. GROUPS OF DELEGATIONS.
9. SHAWNEE.
The Shawnees or Shawanoes are an erratic tribe of Algonkin stock,
supposed to have been one primarily with the Kickapoos. Were first
discovered in Wisconsin, but moved eastwardly, and, coming in contact
with the Iroquois south of Lake Erie, were driven to the banks of the
Cumberland. Some passed thence into South Carolina and Florida, and, by
the early part of the eighteenth century, had spread into Pennsylvania
and New York. At the close of the Spanish and English war those in
Florida emigrated and joined the northern bands, and, again coming into
contact with the Iroquois, were driven westward into Ohio. Joined in
Pontiac's uprising in 1763, and rallied under the English flag during
the Revolution. In 1795 the main body of the tribe were on the Scioto,
but some had already crossed the Mississippi and others south. Those in
Missouri ceded their lands to the Government in 1825, and those in Ohio
in 1831, for new homes in the Indian Territory. In 1854 the main body in
the Indian Territory disbanded their tribal organization and divided
their lands in severalty.
The _Eastern Shawnees_ are those who emigrated direct from Ohio to the
Indian Territory, where they now are. They number 97, and are successful
agriculturists.
The _Absentee Shawnees_ are those who, thirty-five years since, seceded
from the main portion of the tribe in Kansas and located in the northern
part of the Indian Territory, where they have received no aid from
Government, but are now in a highly prosperous condition. They number
563 at the present time.
_List of illustrations._
711. WA-WA-SI-SI-MO.
712. F. A. ROGERS.
713. CHARLES TUCKER.
716. BERTRAM.
10. Pequod.
Of the five principal nations of New England in 1674, the Pequods or
Mohegans, the two being considered as one, were tribes of considerable
influence and strength of numbers, claiming authority over all the
Indians of the Connecticut Valley. Jonathan Edwards states that the
language of the Stockbridge or Muhhekanew (Mohegan) was spoken
throughout New England. Nearly every tribe had a different dialect, but
the language was radically the same. Elliot's translation of the Bible
is in a particular dialect of this language. The Stockbridges, so named
from the place of their residence, was originally a part of the
Housatonic tribe of Massachusetts, to whom the legislature of that State
granted a section of land in 1736. They were subsequently removed to New
Stockbridge and Brotherton, in Western New York, many other tribes of
New England and also of New York joining them. They had good lands and
fine farms, and were rapidly becoming worthy of citizenship, when, in
1857, they were removed to a reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin, on
which, their agent reported, no white man could obtain a comfortable
livelihood by farming. They have been divided for some time into two
bands, known as the "citizen" and "Indian" factions, the former having
lived off from the reservation for the past twelve years. In 1875, 134
of the "citizens" received their per capita share of the tribal
property, and became private citizens of the United States. The tribe
has 118 members remaining.
1050. NA-UN-NAUP-TAUK. _Jacob Jacobs._ STOCKBRIDGE.
A delegate from the Stockbridge Indians to Washington in 1875, and
again in 1876. Born in Wisconsin in 1834. Belongs to the "citizen"
band, and participated in the late division of the tribal property
and separation from the tribe.
1049. WAUN-NAUN-CON. _J. C. W. Adams._ STOCKBRIDGE.
Born on the Seneca reservation in New York in 1843, and removed to
Wisconsin in 1853. Received a collegiate education at the Lawrence
University. In 1876 represented the Stockbridges and Munsees as a
delegate in Washington.
1065. LYMAN P. FOWLER. BROTHERTON.
A member of the Brotherton branch of the Pequod Nation. Born in
Oneida County, New York, in 1823, but emigrated with some of the
Stockbridges to Wisconsin in 1836. Chosen as a delegate to
Washington on behalf of the Stockbridges and Munsees.
II. ATHABASCAS.
A family of North American Indians, comprising two large divisions, one
living in the British Possessions, between Hudson's Bay and the Pacific,
and the other along the southern boundary of the United States, in
Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, with some smaller bands along the
western coast, north of Oregon.
The name of the family is derived from Lake Athabasca, a Cree word,
meaning "cords of hay." They are supposed by many to be of Tartar
descent, and their language has been found to be somewhat analogous to
that of Thibet. Their traditions point to an emigration from the West,
over a series of islands, and amid much snow and ice. The southern
branch includes the nomadic Apaches, the industrious Navajos, and a
small remnant of Lipans in Texas, numbering, in all, over 20,000.
1. APACHES.
One of the most numerous branches of Athabascan stock are the _Apaches_,
a fierce, nomadic nation, roaming over the Territories of New Mexico and
Arizona, and Sonora and Chihuahua. Always a scourge and a terror to
settlers, they have held in check for many years the civilization of the
country covered by their depredations. In 1831 Gregg wrote of them:
"They are the most extensive and powerful, and yet the most vagrant, of
all the savage nations that inhabit the interior of Northern Mexico.
They are supposed to number 15,000 souls, although they are subdivided
into various petty bands and are scattered over an immense tract of
country. They never construct houses, but live in the ordinary wigwam or
tent of skins and blankets. They manufacture nothing, cultivate nothing.
They seldom resort to the chase, as their country is destitute of game,
but seem to depend entirely upon pillage for the support of their
immense population, at least 2,000 of which are warriors."
Steadily resisting all attempts at conversion by the missionaries, they
gathered about them many of the disaffected tribes and made frequent
descents upon missions and towns, ravaging, destroying, and completely
depopulating many of them. Since the annexation of their territory to
the United States they have caused much trouble, and an almost constant
warfare has been kept up against them until quite recently. Successful
military campaigns broke up their predatory habits, and since then the
efforts which have been made to gather them upon reservations, where
they could be cared for until capable of self-sustenance, are proving
entirely successful. At the present time more than half the whole nation
are on the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, where they have nearly
4,000 square miles, or over 2,500,000 acres, situated upon both sides of
the Rio Gila, between the one hundred and ninth and one hundred and
eleventh meridians, 400 acres of which are now under cultivation by
Indian labor entirely, producing 10,000 bushels of potatoes, 2,000
bushels of corn, and large quantities of other vegetables. They draw
their entire subsistence from the Government, but only in return for
labor performed, and under this law are doing much good in the way of
making and repairing irrigating-ditches, clearing and fencing land, &c.
Are now occupying 223 comfortable houses, built for them. "When it is
considered that only 2,000 of these Indians have been on the reservation
two years, most of whom were participants in the outbreaks of last year
(1874); that the 1,400 Ponto, Yuma, and Mohave Apaches from Verde
arrived in March last; and that the 1,800 Coyoteros from White Mountain
agency arrived July last, after harvest, the above figures will be found
a most striking exhibit of the results of the application of a firm
control and common-sense treatment for one year."
Besides the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, there are two others in
New Mexico, upon which are gathered most of the rest of the Apaches,
with the exception of about 650 in the Indian Territory.
The Mescalero reservation, midway between the Rio Grande and the Pecos,
contains some 570,000 acres, upon which are the Mescaleros and some
other smaller bands, to the number of about 1,100. But little has been
done in the way of civilizing them, and they depend almost entirely upon
the Government for their subsistence.
The Jicarilla reservation, intended for the sub-tribe of that name, is
of about the same dimensions as that of the Mescaleros, and lies between
the San Juan River and the northern boundary-line of New Mexico. The
Jicarillas, who number about 1,000, have not as yet been placed upon
this reserve, but roam at will over the surrounding country, spending
much of their time with the southern Utes, with whom they have
intermarried to a considerable extent. They draw a portion of their
subsistence from the Government and depend upon their own resources for
the rest.
The Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875
subdivides and enumerates the Apaches as follows:
Apaches proper 463
Aribaipais 389
Coyoteros 1,784
Chiricahuas 475
Essa-queta 180
Gila 800
Jicarilla 950
Mescalero 1,100
Miembre 800
Mohave 588
Mogollon 400
Pinal 435
Tonto 661
Yuma 376
Miembre, Mogollon, and Coyoteros classed together 490
-----
Total 9,891
_List of illustrations._
853. ESKIMINZIN. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 8 inches; circumference of head, 22-1/4 inches;
circumference of chest, 37 inches; age, 38 years. Head chief of San
Carlos reservation and of the Pinal Apaches. His family was among
those slain at the Camp Grant massacre in 1871. Is now taking the
lead in living a civilized life, having taken up a farm on the San
Carlos River.
854. ESKIMINZIN AND WIFE. PINAL.
855. CASSADORA. _A hunter._ PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 8-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches;
circumference of chest, 40 inches. Petty chief; was one of the most
lawless and intractable of the tribe. Took part in the assault on a
wagon-train in the Canyon Dolores in 1872.
856. CASSADORA AND WIFE. PINAL.
857. ESKINILAY. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 2 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches;
circumference of chest, 35 inches. A captain of the reservation
police.
858. ESKINILAY AND WIFE. PINAL.
860. CHIQUITO. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 3/4 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches;
circumference of chest, 36 inches. A petty chief.
861. CHIQUITO AND WIFE. PINAL.
862. SAYGULLY. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 7-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 22-1/4 inches;
circumference of chest, 36 inches.
863. ESKAYELAH. COYOTERO.
Height, 5 feet 11 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches;
circumference of chest, 36-1/2 inches. An hereditary head chief of
the Coyotero Apaches.
864. SKELLEGUNNEY. COYOTERO.
Height, 5 feet 8-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 22-1/2 inches;
circumference of chest, 36-1/2 inches. Is looked upon as being a
hard case, and has the reputation of being a great horse-stealer.
865. CULLAH. CHIRICAHUA.
Height, 5 feet 6-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches;
circumference of chest, 35-1/2 inches.
866. HAUTUSHNEHAY. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 9 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches;
circumference of chest, 36-1/2 inches. One of the reservation
policemen appointed by the agent.
867. NAPASHGINGUSH. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 6-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 21-1/2 inches;
circumference of chest, 34-1/2 inches.
868. CUSHSHASHADO. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 3-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches;
circumference of chest, 33 inches. A clerk in the trader's store on
the San Carlos reservation; speaks English fluently.
869. PINAL. COYOTERO.
Height, 5 feet 3-1/4 inches; circumference of head, 21-3/4 inches;
circumference of chest, 37 inches. A sub-chief.
870. PASSALAH. PINAL.
Height, 5 feet 11-1/2 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches;
circumference of chest, 37-1/2 inches. A reservation policeman.
871. MARIJILDO GRIJALVA.
Interpreter. A native of Sonora, Mexico. Was captured when quite
young by the Coyotero Apaches, and held by them in captivity until
looked upon as one of the tribe.
1. ESKEL-TA-SALA. (Front.) COYOTERO.
2. ESKEL-TA-SALA. (Side.) COYOTERO.
3. SANTO. (Front.) COYOTERO.
4. SANTO. (Side.) COYOTERO.
5. TA-HO. _Equestrian._ (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.
6. TA-HO. _Equestrian._ (Side.) ESSA-QUETA.
A sub-chief of his band. Age, about 50 years; height, 5 feet, 11
inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; chest, 45 inches.
7. GRAY EAGLE. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.
8. GRAY EAGLE. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA.
9. CAPITAN. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.
10. CAPITAN. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA.
Age, about 56 years; height, 5 feet 8 inches; circumference of head,
24 inches; chest, 37 inches.
11. PACER. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA.