369. MA-TO'-SHI'-CHA. _Wicked Bear._ (Profile.) BRULE.
370. PA'-HUI-ZI-ZI. _Yellow Hairs._ (Front.) BRULE.
371. PA'-HUI-ZI-ZI. _Yellow Hairs._ (Profile.) BRULE.
372. I-SHTA'-SKA. _White Eyes._ (Front.) BRULE.
373. I-SHTA'-SKA. _White Eyes._ (Profile.) BRULE.
374. MA-TO'-DUSA. _Swift Bear._ (Front.) BRULE.
375. MA-TO'-DUSA. _Swift Bear._ (Profile.) BRULE.
376. WA-KIN'-YAN-SKA. _White Thunder._ (Front.) BRULE.
377. WA-KIN'-YAN-SKA. _White Thunder._ (Profile.) BRULE.
378. MA'-ZU-O-YA'-TE. _Iron Nation._ (Front.) BRULE.
379. MA'-ZU-O-YA'-TE. _Iron Nation._ (Profile.) BRULE.
380. MA'-ZU-O-YA'-TE. _Iron Nation._ (Full length.) BRULE.
All of the above, under the famous chief Spotted Tail, were members
of a delegation who visited Washington in 1872, and were
photographed while there.
282. MA-TO'-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Bear._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.
283. MA-TO'-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Bear._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
284. MA-TO'-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Bear._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.
285. MA-TO'-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Bear._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
286. MA-TO'-PO'-ZHE. _Bear's Nose._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.
287. MA-TO'-PO'-ZHE. _Bear's Nose._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
288. CHAN-TE'-HA. _Skin of the Heart._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.
289. CHAN-TE'-HA. _Skin of the Heart._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
290. PI'-PI-SHA. _Red Lodge._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.
291. PI'-PI-SHA. _Red Lodge._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
292. WI-CHA-WANMBLE'. _Man Who packs the Eagle._ (Front.) CUT HEAD.
293. WI-CHA-WANMBLE'. _Man Who packs the Eagle._ (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
294. SQUAW OF THE MAN WHO PACKS THE EAGLE. (Front.) CUT HEAD.
295. SQUAW OF THE MAN WHO PACKS THE EAGLE. (Profile.) CUT HEAD.
197-8. CHE-TAN'-WA-KU-TE-A-MA'-NI. _The Hawk that hunts
Walking._ MDEWAKANTON.
Generally known as _Little Crow_. Leader of the hostile bands in the
Sioux massacre of the whites in Minnesota in 1862. He had not only
visited Washington, and was supposed to be friendly to the whites,
but had promised to have his hair cut and become civilized; and at
the time of the massacre the Government was engaged in building him
a house. Upon the defeat of the Indians, Little Crow escaped into
the British Territory, where he was killed the following year.
199. MEDICINE BOTTLE. Son of _Little Crow._ MDEWAKANTON.
200. SHA-KPE. _Six._ MDEWAKANTON.
The massacre spoken of in connection with No. 197 was inaugurated by
_Sha-kpe_ and his band; some of his young men killed some white men
while intoxicated, and then, through fear of retaliation, resolved
upon an uprising and the extermination of all the whites at the
agency. Sha-kpe's band was re-enforced by the principal warriors
from the Mdewakanton and Wahpeton bands, Little Crow taking the
leadership. Before they were subdued, 644 men, women, and children
were massacred, and 93 soldiers killed in battle.
296. MA-HPI'-YA-LU'-TA. _Red Cloud._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
297. MA-HPI'-YA-LU'-TA. _Red Cloud._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
Red Cloud, who with Spotted Tail stands pre-eminently forward as the
exponents of the peace-policy, is the great chief of the Ogalalla
Sioux, and generally recognized by the military and civil
authorities as the head chief of all the Sioux. Before he buried the
tomahawk, Red Cloud was undoubtedly the most celebrated warrior of
all the Indians now living on the American continent. He had over
10,000 people in his camps, and could put in the field 3,000
warriors. When he marched against the settlements he always went in
force. He takes his name from the number of his warriors, and their
red blankets and paints; it was said that his soldiers covered the
hills like a red cloud.
He is now about 45 years of age, six feet in height, and straight as
an arrow; his face, which is of a dark red, is indicative of
indomitable courage and firmness, and his full, piercing eyes seem
to take in at a glance the character of friend or foe.
Red Cloud has probably participated in more conventions, treaties,
and large assemblies of his own and the white people, in which the
greatest interests were involved, than any other living Indian. "A
man of brains, a good ruler, an eloquent speaker, an able general,
and a fair diplomat, the friendship of Red Cloud is of more
importance than that of all the other chiefs combined." While
Spotted Tail has a lively vein of humor in his character, and loves
to indulge in a little joke, Red Cloud is all dignity and
seriousness.
The following, clipped from the report of the proceedings of the
Board of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie, in 1870, is
indicative of his earnest and impressive manner:
"Red Cloud then arose, and walking toward the outside group, raised
his hands toward the skies, and then touched the ground. Then all
the Indians rose to their feet, as with uplifted hands Red Cloud
uttered the following prayer:
"THE PRAYER OF RED CLOUD.
"'O Great Spirit, I pray you to look at us. We are your children,
and you placed us first in this land. We pray you to look down on
us, so nothing but the truth will be spoken in this council. We
don't ask for anything but what is right and just. When you made
your red children, O Great Spirit, you made them to have mercy upon
them. Now, we are before you to-day, praying you to look down on us,
and take pity on your poor red children. We pray you to have nothing
but the truth spoken here. We hope these things will be settled up
right. You are the Protector of the people who use the bow and
arrow, as well as of the people who wear hats and garments, and I
hope we don't pray in vain. We are poor and ignorant. Our
forefathers told us we would not be in misery if we asked you for
assistance. O Great Spirit, look down on your children and take pity
on them.'"
298. RED CLOUD and MR. BLACKMORE. OGALALLA.
299. SHUN'-KA-LU'-TA. _Red Dog._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
300. SHUN'-KA-LU'-TA. _Red Dog._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
301. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-NA-NA. _Lone Wolf._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
302. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-NA-NA. _Lone Wolf._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
303. WA-HU'-WA-PA. _Ear of Corn._ (Squaw of Lone Wolf.
Front.) OGALALLA.
304. WA-HU'-WA-PA. _Ear of Corn._ (Squaw of Lone Wolf.
Profile.) OGALALLA.
305. SI-HA'-TAN'-KA. _Big Foot._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
306. SI-HA'-TAN'-KA. _Big Foot._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
307. CHE'-TAN-SKA. _White Hawk._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
308. CHE'-TAN-SKA. _White Hawk._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
309. WANMB'LE-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Eagle._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
310. WANMB'LE-KO-KI'-PA. _Afraid of the Eagle._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
311. SHUN'-KA-WA-KAN-TO. _Blue Horse._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
312. SHUN'-KA-WA-KAN-TO. _Blue Horse._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
313. WA-CHA-PA. _Stabber._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
314. WA-CHA-PA. _Stabber._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
315. I-TE'-SHA'-PA. _Dirty Face._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
316. I-TE'-SHA'-PA. _Dirty Face._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
317. TA-TAN'-KA-WAS-TE'. _Good Buffalo._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
318. TA-TAN'-KA-WAS-TE'. _Good Buffalo._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
319. HE-HA'-KA-TA'-MA-KA. _Poor Elk._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
320. HE-HA'-KA-TA'-MA-KA. _Poor Elk._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
321. HE-HA'-KA-NO'M-PA. _Two Elks._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
322. HE-HA'-KA-NO'M-PA. _Two Elks._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
323. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-HAN-SKA. _High Wolf._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
324. SHUN-TO'-KE-CHA-ISH-HAN-SKA. _High Wolf._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
325. SHUN'-KA-A-MA'-NA. _Coyote._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
326. SHUN'-KA-A-MA'-NA. _Coyote._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
327. CHAU-TE'-SU-TA'. _Hard Heart._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
328. CHAU-TE'-SU-TA'. _Hard Heart._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
329. TA-TAN'-KA-HUN'-KE-SNI. _Slow Bull._ (Front.) OGALALLA.
330. TA-TAN'-KA-HUN'-KE-SNI. _Slow Bull._ (Profile.) OGALALLA.
331. HE-HA'-KA-HE-WAN'-ZHI. _One Horned Elk._ (Copy.) OGALALLA.
332. CHU-TU'-HU-TAN'-KA. _Big Rib._ (Copy.) OGALALLA.
333. WANMBLE'-KI-CHI-ZU-PI. _War Eagle._ (Copy.) OGALALLA.
334. TA-SHUN'-KA-KO-KI-PA. _Old Man Afraid of his Horses
and his Chiefs._ OGALALLA.
874. CHA-SA-TONGA. _Little Big Man._ OGALALLA.
875. TA-SHUN'-KA-KO-KI'-PA. _Young Man Afraid of his
Horses._ OGALALLA.
876. WASHI-TA-TONGA. _American Horse._ OGALALLA.
877. TA-OOP-CHE-KA. _Little Wound._ OGALALLA.
878. SHUNKA-LA-LO-KA. _He Dog._ OGALALLA.
879. MATO'-ZI. _Yellow Bear._ OGALALLA.
880. MATO'-YU-MNI. _Three Bears._ OGALALLA.
881. MA-WA-KA-YU-NA. _Sword._ OGALALLA.
882. WM. GARNET, Interpreter.
883. GROUP of the preceding eight numbers.
260. MA-TO'-CHU-TU'-HU. _Bear's Rib._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
261. MA-TO'-CHU-TU'-HU. _Bear's Rib._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
262. TA-TO'-KA-IN'-YAN-KA. _Running Antelope._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
263. TA-TO'-KA-IN'-YAN-KA. _Running Antelope._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
264. HE-MA'-ZA. _Iron Horn._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
265. HE-MA'-ZA. _Iron Horn._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
266. WA-KU'-TA-A-MA'-NI. _Walking Shooter._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
267. WA-KU'-TA-A-MA'-NI. _Walking Shooter._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
268. WA-KIN'-YAN-CHI'-TAN. _Thunder Hawk._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
269. WA-KIN'-YAN-CHI'-TAN. _Thunder Hawk._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
797. WI-CHA'-I-WE. _Bloody Mouth._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
798. WI-CHA'-I-WE. _Bloody Mouth._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
799. WA-KAN-TA-I-SHNI. _Lost Medicine._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
800. WA-KAN-TA-I-SHNI. _Lost Medicine._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
801. HE-SHA'-PA. _Black Horn._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
802. HE-SHA'-PA. _Black Horn._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
803. P'SA. _Bull Rushes._ (Front.) ONCPAPA.
804. P'SA. _Bull Rushes._ (Profile.) ONCPAPA.
194-6. CHE-TAN-ZHI. _Yellow Hawk._ SANS ARC.
201-2. WA-KU'-TA. _The Shooter._ SANTEE.
203, 209. WA'-PA-HA-SHA. _Red Ensign._ SANTEE.
204. WA-KAN'-HDI-SHA'-PA. _Black Lightning._ SANTEE.
205. O'-WAN-CHA-DU'-TA. _Scarlet all Over._ SANTEE.
206. CHO'-TAN-KA-SHKA'-TA. _Flute-Player._ SANTEE.
207. A-KI'-CHI-TA-NA-ZIN. _Standing Soldier._ SANTEE.
208. WAN-M'DI-TA-PA'-A-MA'-NI. _Walks following the Eagle._ SANTEE.
210. TA'-SHUN-KA-WA-KAN'-WI-CHA. _His Man Horse._ SANTEE.
211. MA-HP'I-YA-I-HUA-N. _Coming among the Clouds._ SANTEE.
212. ZI-TKA'-DA-TO. _Bluebird._ SANTEE.
213. MA-HPI'-YA-NA'-ZIN. _Standing Cloud._ SANTEE.
214. HAN-YA'-TA-DU'-TU. _Scarlet Night._ SANTEE.
215. HU-SHA-SHA. _Red Legs._ SANTEE.
249. PE-HUI-UZA-TAN-KA. _Great Scalper._ SANTEE.
250. TA-TAN'KA-NA'-ZIN. _Standing Buffalo._ SANTEE.
381. WA-KAN'-DA. _Medicine._ SANTEE.
248. YOUNG BRAVE. SANTEE.
251. OLD BETTS. (Squaw.) SANTEE.
216. SERAPHINE RENVILLE. (Interpreter.) SANTEE.
382-4. GROUPS with Rev. Mr. Hinman. SANTEE.
192. HE-PTE'-CHE'-CHI-KA-LA. _Little Short Horn._ SISSETON.
187-190. MA-WA'-TAN'-NA-HAN'-SKA. _Long Mandan._ TWO KETTLE.
191. SUK-TAN'-KA-GE-LE-SKA. _Spotted Horse._ TWO KETTLE.
193. AU-PE'-TO'-KE-CHA. _Other Day._ WAHPETON.
217-239. PA-DA'-NI-A-PA'-A-PA'. _Struck by the Ree._ YANKTON.
218, 219. PSI-CHA-WA-KIN-YAN. _Jumping Thunder._ YANKTON.
220, 906-7. SI-HA'-HAN'-SKA. _Long Foot._ YANKTON.
222-4. PTE-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Cow._ YANKTON.
221. MA-GA'-SKA. _White Swan._ YANKTON.
225-8. WA-HU'-KE-ZI-NOM'-PA. _Two Lance._ YANKTON.
725. LIGHT FOOT. YANKTON.
229. WI'-YA-KA-NO-GE. _Feather in the Ear._ YANKTON.
230-1. ZIN-TKA'-CHI-STIN. _Little Bird._ YANKTON.
232-3. WAN-M'DI-SHA'-PA. _Black Eagle._ YANKTON.
234. MA-TO'-I-WAN-KA'. _Bear Lying Down._ YANKTON.
235. TA-TAN-KA-IN'-YAN-KA. _Running Bull._ YANKTON.
236. HE-HA'-KA-A-MA'-NA. _Walking Elk._ YANKTON.
237. HE-HA'-KA-A-NA'-ZIN. _Standing Elk._ YANKTON.
238. MA-TO'-SA-BI-CHA. _Smutty Bear._ YANKTON.
240-1. SMUTTY BEAR AND STRUCK BY THE REE. YANKTON.
890. ZIN-TKA-SHA'-PA-MA'ZA. _Iron Black Bird._ YANKTON.
891. CHON-NOM'-PA-KIN-YAN. _Flying Pipe._ YANKTON.
892. WA-KIN-YAN-CHIN-STIN. _Little Thunder._ YANKTON.
893. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-KAN'. _Sacred Bull._ YANKTON.
894. ZIN-TKA'-KIN-YAN. _Flying Bird._ YANKTON.
896. TO-KI'-YA-KTE. _He Kills First._ YANKTON.
897. NA-GI'-WA-KAN'. _Sacred Ghost._ YANKTON.
898-9. MA-TO'-HO-TAN'-KA. _Bear with Big Voice._ YANKTON.
900. IN'-YAN-WAS-TE'. _Pretty Rock._ YANKTON.
901. TO'-KA-YA-YU'-ZA. _One who Catches the Enemy._ YANKTON.
902. KU-WA'S-CHIN-A-NIA-NI. _One who Walks Home._ YANKTON.
903. MA-TO'-I-WAN-KA'-A-MA'-NI. _Bear that Walks Lying Down._ YANKTON.
904-5. MA-TO'-WA-YU-MNI. _The Bear that Turns Around._ YANKTON.
908. TA-TAN'-KA-WA'-KAN. _Medicine Bull._ YANKTON.
276. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-NA'-GI. _Bull's Ghost._ (Front.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.
277. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-NA'-GI. _Bull's Ghost._
(Profile.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.
278. MA-TO'-WI-TKO-TKO. _Foolish Bear._ (Front.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.
279. MA-TO'-WI-TKO-TKO. _Foolish Bear._ (Profile.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.
280. MA-TO'-NOM'-PA. _Two Bears._ (Front.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.
281. MA-TO'-NOM'-PA. _Two Bears._ (Profile.) LOWER YANKTONAIS.
270. NA-ZU-LA-TAN'-KA. _Big Head._ (Front.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.
271. NA-ZU-LA-TAN'-KA. _Big Head._ (Profile.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.
272. I'-STA-SHA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Front.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.
273. I'-STA-SHA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Profile.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.
274. I-CHA'-SAN-TAN'-KA. _Big Razor._ (Front.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.
275. I-CHA'-SAN-TAN'-KA. _Big Razor._ (Profile.) UPPER YANKTONAIS.
170. WA-KAN'-DU'-TA. _Red Thunder._ (Front.)
171. WA-KAN'-DU'-TA. _Red Thunder._ (Profile.)
172. HAV-KA-WASH-TI. _Good Hawk._ (Front.)
173. HAV-KA-WASH-TI. _Good Hawk._ (Profile.)
174. PE-HAN'-SA-A-MA'NI. _Walking Crane._ (Front.)
175. PE-HAN'-SA-A-MA'NI. _Walking Crane._ (Profile.)
176. WANMDI-ZI. _Yellow Eagle._ (Front.)
177. WANMDI-ZI. _Yellow Eagle._ (Profile.)
732. HATONA. _Many Horns._ (Front.)
733. HATONA. _Many Horns._ (Profile.)
734. I-STE-SA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Front.)
735. I-STE-SA'-PA. _Black Eye._ (Profile.)
736. TA-TAN-KA-HAN-SKA. _Long Fox._ (Front.)
737. TA-TAN-KA-HAN-SKA. _Long Fox._ (Profile.)
908. TA-TAN'-KA-WA-KAN'. _Medicine Bull._
916. MA-ZA'-O-ZAN-ZAN.
917. HE-HA'-KA-MA-ZU'. _Iron Elk._
919. WANMDI-YAN'-KA. _Great Eagle._
923. HIN-KAN-DU'-TA. _Red Owl._
925. CUT NOSE.
927. MA-ZU'-KU'-TA. _Iron Shooter._
931. TALL FEATHER JOINING.
932. WA-KAN'-O-ZAN-ZAN. _Medicine Bottle._
933. O-TA-DAN. _Plenty._
895. CHIEF WITH THE BIG WAR BONNET.
244. WAR DANCE.
815. GENERAL SHERMAN AND COMMISSIONERS at Fort Laramie.
816. COMMISSIONERS IN COUNCIL, Fort Laramie.
817. OLD MAN AFRAID OF HIS HORSES, AND GROUP.
818-830. MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS ABOUT FORT LARAMIE.
831. SIOUX BURIAL.
832-5. GROUPS ABOUT FORT LARAMIE.
838. INDIAN DELEGATION AT THE WHITE HOUSE.
839-41. ST. MARY'S MISSION, KANSAS.
845. THE SERGEANT OF THE GUARD.
3. IOWAS.
A tribe of Indians of Dakota stock, inhabiting originally the interior
of the State of the same name. Marquette in 1673 placed them on his map
as the Pa-houtet. Some of the neighboring Algonkins called them Iowas--a
name originally applied to a river, and said to mean "the beautiful
land"--and others Mascoutin or Prairie Nadouessi. In their own tongue
their name is Pahucha, meaning "Dusty Nose." They were famous as great
pedestrians, being able to walk twenty-five or thirty leagues a day,
and the names of many of their chiefs show that they prided themselves
on their walking.
In 1700 they were on the Mankato, and constantly roaming with the
Western Algonkins. Early in the present century they numbered about
1,500, and were involved in wars with the Osages, Omahas, and the Sioux,
losing heavily. Later they became much decimated through the ravages of
the small-pox and other diseases.
First treaty was made with them in 1815. In 1836 the tribe, numbering
992, were removed to the west bank of the Missouri, and from this time
rapidly declined in numbers, many of them becoming vagrants in other
tribes, and others killed themselves by intemperance. By 1846 had
decreased to 700. In 1861 the tribe, now reduced to 305, ceded all their
lands except 16,000 acres, which they subsequently, in 1869, shared with
some of the Sacs and Foxes, their old friends.
Since the tribe has been placed under the charge of the Society of
Friends they have improved somewhat, so that at the present time (1875),
although reduced to 219 souls, they are all living in good houses on
their fertile reservation in Southern Nebraska, and are raising much
more than is needed for their own consumption. They have good schools,
at which nearly one-fourth of the tribe attend, and nearly one-half of
the whole number can read. They stand in the front rank of civilized
Indian tribes.
_List of illustrations._
385-6. NAG A-RASH. _British._
Became first chief of the Iowas in 1862, upon the death of
Nan-chee-ning-a. Has always taken a prominent place in favor of
civilization and the advancement of his tribe by education and work.
Has made four visits to Washington and two to New York, the first
being in 1847, when he travelled from Saint Joseph, Mo., to
Baltimore in a wagon. Took part once in a great battle between the
Otoes, Pawnees, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, and Sacs and Foxes on one
side, and the Snakes, Crows, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, and
Kiowas on the other, lasting from early dawn until dark. British
shot 160 balls; 150 of the enemy were left on the field. Age, 68;
height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-7/8; chest, 47-1/2; weight, 193.
388-9. MAH-HEE. _Knife._
Third chief of the Iowas. When young, lived in Missouri, but
afterward removed to Kansas. Enjoyed the confidence of the whites to
a marked degree, and was mail-carrier for some time between the
frontier posts and the agency. Was among the first to take the lead
in settling down to an agricultural life. Has always been a
hard-working man, but at one time was dissipated, and once, when
under the influence of liquor, killed his father. Is a strictly
temperate man now, but his rapidly-failing health will soon unfit
him for his usual labor, and his example in the tribe as an
industrious man will soon be lost. Age, 56; height, 5.10; head,
22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2; weight, 172.
391, 395. TAH-RA-KEE. _Deer Ham._
Was fourth chief of the tribe until October, 1876, when he was
deposed for persistent interference with the business of the agency.
He had been suspended before, but was re-instated by another agent.
Age, 50 years; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22; chest, 41-1/2; weight,
179.
390. KI-HE-GA-ING-A. _Little Chief._
Fifth chief of the Iowas. Enlisted in the Northern Army and
participated in the late war of the rebellion, serving two years.
Was promised the position of a chief if he enlisted, and upon his
return the promise was made good. Age, 43; height, 5.10; head,
22-3/4; chest, 43; weight, 192.
387. KRA-TEN-THA-WAH. _Blade Hawk._
Was sixth chief of the Iowas. Died January 1, 1871, aged about 30
years; height, 6 feet; weight, 170 pounds.
392-4. NAN-CHEE-NING-A. _No Heart._
Was first chief of the Iowas. Died in 1862, aged 65; height, 5.10;
weight, 170.
921. A CHIEF.
922. GROUP, comprising most of the above numbers.
4. KAW OR KANSAS.
The Kansas are an offshoot of the Osages, whom they resemble in many
respects. In 1673 they were placed on Marquette's map as on the
Missouri, above the Osages. After the cession of Louisiana, a treaty
was made with them by the United States. They were then on the river
Kansas at the mouth of the Saline, having been forced back from the
Missouri by the Sioux, and numbered about 1,500 in 130 earthen lodges.
Some of their chiefs visited Washington as early as 1820. In 1825 ceded
their lands on the Missouri, retaining a reservation on the Kansas,
where they were constantly subjected to attacks from the Pawnees, and on
their hunts from other tribes, so that they lost rapidly in numbers. In
1846 they again ceded their lands, and a new reservation of 80,000 acres
on the Neosho in Kansas assigned them; but this also soon becoming
overrun by settlers, and as they would not cultivate it themselves, it
was sold, and the proceeds invested for their benefit and for providing
a new home among the Osages. The tribe in 1850 numbered 1,300; in 1860,
800; and in 1875 had dwindled to 516. Under the guidance of Orthodox
Friends they are now cultivating 460 acres, and have broken more than as
much again. They raised among other things 12,000 bushels of corn; 70 of
them are regular church attendants, and 54 of their children attend
school.
_List of illustrations._
397. LITTLE BEAR.
398. KA-KE-GA-SHA. (Standing.)
399. KA-KE-GA-SHA. (Sitting.)
5. MANDANS.
The Mandans, or Mi-ah'-ta-nees, "people on the bank," have resided on
the Upper Missouri for a long time, occupying successively several
different places along the river. In 1772 resided 1,500 miles above the
mouth of the Missouri, in nine villages located on both sides of the
river. Lewis and Clarke found them in 1804 100 miles farther up in only
two villages, one on each side of the river; near them were three other
villages belonging to the Minnitarees and Ahnahaways.
In the year 1833 these Indians were in their most prosperous state,
industrious, well armed, good hunters and good warriors, in the midst of
herds of buffalo mostly within sight of the village, with large
corn-fields, and a trading-post from which they could at all times
obtain supplies, and consequently at that time they might have been
considered a happy people. In their personal appearance, prior to the
ravages of the small-pox, they were not surpassed by any nation in the
Northwest. The men were tall and well made, with regular features and a
mild expression of countenance not usually seen among Indians. The
complexion, also, was a shade lighter than that of other tribes, often
approaching very near to some European nations, as the Spaniards.
Another peculiarity was that some of them had fair hair, and some gray
or blue eyes, which are very rarely met with among other tribes. A
majority of the women, particularly the young, were quite handsome, with
fair complexions, and modest in their deportment. They were also noted
for their virtue. This was regarded as an honorable and most valuable
quality among the young women, and each year a ceremony was performed,
in the presence of the whole village, at which time all the females who
had preserved their virginity came forward, struck a post, and
challenged the world to say aught derogatory of their character.
In these palmy days of their prosperity much time and attention was
given to dress, upon which they lavished much of their wealth. They were
also very fond of dances, games, races, and other manly and athletic
exercises. They are also a very devotional people, having many rites and
ceremonies for propitiating the Great Spirit, practising upon themselves
a self-torture but little less severe than that of Hindoo devotees.
In the spring of 1838 that dreaded scourge of the Indians, small-pox,
made its appearance among the Mandans, brought among them by the
employes of the fur company. All the tribes along the river suffered
more or less, but none approached so near extinction as the Mandans.
When the disease had abated, and when the remnant of this once powerful
nation had recovered sufficiently to remove the decaying bodies from
their cabins, the total number of grown men was twenty-three, of women
forty, and of young persons sixty or seventy. These were all that were
left of the eighteen hundred souls that composed the nation prior to the
advent of that terrific disease.
The survivors took refuge with the Arickarees, who occupied one of their
deserted villages, but retained their former tribal laws and customs,
preserving their nationality intact, refusing any alliances with
surrounding tribes. The two tribes have lived together since then upon
terms of excellent friendship. They now number 420, living in
dome-shaped earthen houses, like the Pawnees, which are, however, being
gradually replaced by log houses.