At the close of the 23d chapter of the first book of Xenophon’s
Cyropædia, we find:
Πολλοὶ δὲ, οἷς ἐξῆν φίλοις χρῆσθαι, καὶ ἢν ποιεῖν καὶ ἢν πάσχειν,
τούτοις _δούλοις_ μᾶλλον βουληθέντες η φιλοις χρῆσθαι, ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τούτων
δίκην ἔδοσαν.
“There are instances of many, who, when they might have used others as
their friends in a mutual intercourse of good offices, and who, choosing
to hold them rather as _slaves_ than as friends, have met with revenge
and punishment at their hands.” _Ashley._
Book iii. § 2. Καὶ γαρ ἔστιν, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, καλὸν μάχεσθαι, ὅπως μὴ ποτέ
τις _δοῦλος_ μέλλοι γενήσεσθαι· ἢν δὲ δὴ ἢ πολέμω κρατηθεὶς, ἢ καὶ ἄλλον
τινὰ τρόπον _δουλωθεὶς_, ἐπιχειρῶν τις φαίνηται τοὺς δεσπότας αποστερεῖν
ἑαυτοῦ, τοῦτον σὺ, πρῶτος εἰπὲ, πότερον ὡς ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ καλὰ
πράττοντα τιμᾷς, ἢ ὡς ἀδικοῦντα, ἢν λάβῃς, κολάζεις; κολάζω, ἔφη, &c.
“It is indeed noble, said Cyrus, to fight, in order not to be made a
slave! But if a man be conquered in war, or by other means be reduced to
_slavery_, and be found attempting to throw off his masters, do you
yourself first pronounce whether you reward and honour such a one as an
honest man, and as one that does noble things, or, if you take him, do
you punish him as one that acts unjustly? I punish him, said he.”
_Ashley._
Ibid. Ἢν ᾗ, νὴ Δί’, ἑαυτῷ σύνοιδεν ἐλευθερίας μὲν ἐπιθυμήσας, _δοῦλος_
δ’ ὡς οὐδεπώποτε γενόμενος.
“Why, by Jupiter, being conscious of himself that, affecting his
liberty, he has become by far much more of a slave than ever.”
Ibid. Οἴει οὖν τι, ἔφη ὁ Τιγράνης, μᾶλλον _καταδουλοῦσθαι_ ἀνθρωώους τοῦ
ἰσχυροῦ φόβου;
“Can you, said Tigranes, imagine what brings men into yielding to
_slavery_ more effectually than very great fear?”
Ibid. καὶ δεσμὸν φοβούμενοι, οὗτοι μὲν οὔτε σίτου οὔθ’ ὑπνου δύνανται
τυγχάνειν διὰ τὸν φόβον οἱ δὲ ἤδη μὲν φυγάδες, ἤδη δ’ ἡττημένοι, ἤδη δὲ
_δουλεύοντες_, ἔστιν ὅτε δύνανται καὶ μᾶλλον τῶν εὐδαιμόνων ἐσθίειν τε
καὶ καθεύδειν.
“They that are at sea, and dread shipwreck, and they that fear servitude
and chains, are neither able to eat nor sleep for fear: but they who are
already under banishment, who are already conquered, and already
_slaves_, are often in a condition to eat and sleep better than the
fortunate themselves.” _Ashley._
Ibid. Τὸν δ’ ἐμὸν πατέρα, ἔφη, νῦν πῶς δοκεῖς διακεῖσθαι τὴν ψυζὴὃν, ὃς
οὐ μόνον περὶ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ ἐμοῦ, καὶ περὶ γυναικὸς, καὶ περὶ
πάντων τῶν τέκνων _δουλείας_ φοβεῖται;
“In what state of mind then, said he, do you take my father to be, he
who fears not only for his own life, but that his wife, myself, and all
his children will be plunged into _slavery_?”
Ibid. Ἀλλὰ μὰ Δι’, ἔφη, οὐκ ἐκεῖνον ἐθεώμην. Ἀλλὰ τίνα μὴν; ἔφη ὁ
Τιγράνης. Τὸν εἰπόντα, νὴ Δία, ὡς τῆς αὑτοῦ ψυχῆς ἂν πρίαιτο ὥστε μή με
_δουλεύειν_.
“Truly, said she, I did not look at him. At whom then did you look? said
Tigranes. At him who said, that to save me from _servitude_ he would
ransom me at the expense of his own life.” _Ashley._
Ibid. Ὡς ὀλιγα δυνάμενοι προορᾷν ἄνθρωποι περὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος, πολλὰ
ἐπιχειροῦμεν πράττειν. Νῦν γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἐγὼ, ἐλευθερίαν μὲν μηχανᾶσθαι
ἐπιχειρήσας, _δοῦλος_ ὡς οὐδεπώποτε ἐγενόμην· ἐπεὶ δ’ ἑάλωμεν, σαφῶς
ἀπολωλέναι νομίσαντες, νῦν ἀναφαινόμεθα σεσωσμένοι ὡς οὐδεπώποτε.
“How few things in futurity are we men able to foresee! and how many
projects do we undertake! I have endeavoured upon this occasion to
obtain liberty, and I have become more a _slave_ than ever: and, after
having been made a captive, and thinking our destruction certain, we now
again appear to be in a condition of greater safety and security than
ever.” _Ashley._
Book iv. chap. 8. Αὐτίκα μάλα ὄψεσθε, ὥσπερ _δούλων_ ἀπο διδρασκοντων
καὶ εὑρημενων, τοὺς μὲν ἱκετεύοντας αὐτῶν, τοὺς δὲ φεύγοντας, τοὺς δ’
οὐδὲ ταῦτα φρονεῖν δυναμένους.
“You will see them, like _slaves_ that have run away and are discovered,
some supplicating for mercy, some flying, and some without presence of
mind enough to do either.” _Ashley._
Chap. 18. Ἐαν δέ τις ὐμων, καὶ ἰὼν ὡς ἡμᾶς εὐνοϊκῶς καὶ πράττων τι καὶ
διδάσκων φαίνηται, τοῦτον ἡμεῖς ὡς εὐεργέτην καὶ φίλον, οὐχ ὡς _δοῦλον_,
περιέψομεν.
“But, then, if you shall come to us, and shall appear to do any action,
or give any information, in friendship and good-will to us, him will we
treat as a benefactor and a friend, not as a _slave_.”
Chap. 23. Αὐτος δὲ ὁ Κῦρος ἀνειπεῖν ἐκέλευσεν, εἴ τις εἴη ἐν τῷ Ἀσσυρίων
ἢ Σύρων ἢ Ἀραβίων στρατεύματι ἀνὴρ _δοῦλος_, ἢ Μήδων, ἢ Περσῶν, ἢ
Βακτριανῶν, ἢ Καρῶν, ἢ Κιλίκων, ἢ Ἑλλήνων, ἢ ἀλλοθέν ποθεν Βεβιασμένος,
ἐκφαίνεσθαι.
“Cyrus himself ordered them to make proclamation, that whatever _slave_
there might be, either in the Assyrian, Syrian, or Arabian armies,
whether he were Mede, Persian, Bactrian, Carian, Cilician, or Greek, or
of any other country, forced to serve, that he should appear.” _Ashley._
Chap. 24. Ἔχθιστος ὢν ἐμοὶ, ἥκω πρὸς σὲ, καὶ ἱκέτης προσπίπτω, καὶ
δίδωμί σοι ἐμαυτὸν _δοῦλον_ καὶ σύμμαχον, σὲ δέ τιμωρὸν αἰτοῦμαι ἐμοὶ
γενέσθαι.
“I bow myself at your feet, a suppliant, and give myself a _slave_ to
you, and a confederate in the war.”
Book v. chap. 1. Καὶ τοίνυν ὁμοίαν ταῖς _δούλαις_ εἶχε τὴν ἐσθῆτα.
“And was clothed in the same manner as were her _female slaves_.”
Ibid. Ἀλλ’ ἐγὼ, ἔφη, ἑώρακα καὶ κλαίοντας ὑπὸ λύπης δι’ ἔρωτα, καὶ
_δουλεύοντάς_ γε τοῖς ἐρωμένοις· καὶ μάλα κακὸν νομίζοντας, πρίν γε
ἐρᾷν, τὸ _δουλεύειν_.
“But I have seen, says he, people in grief and tears when in love,
_slaves_ to those with whom they were in love, yet they deemed _slavery_
a very great evil when not in love.”
Chap. 32. Οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοῶ τοῦτ’, ἔφη, ὅτι οὐ σύ μου μόνον μείζων εἶ, ἀλλὰ
καὶ οἱ ἐμοὶ _δοῦλοι_ ισχυροτεροι ἐμου ὑπαντιάζουσί μοι, καὶ, &c.
“I am not ignorant, says he, that you are above me, but that my own
_slaves_ are above me in power,” &c.
Book vi. chap. 26. Καὶ Κύρῳ δὲ δοκῶ μεγάλην τινὰ ἡμᾶς χάριν ὀφείλειν,
ὅτι με, αἰχμάλωτον γενομένην καὶ ἐξαιρεθεῖσαν ἑαυτῷ, οὔτε με ὡς _δούλην_
ἠξίωσε κεκτῆσθαι, οὔτε ὡς ἐλευθέραν ἐν ἀτίμῳ ὀνόματι· διεφύλαξε δέ σοι
ὥσπερ ἀδελφοῦ γυναῖκα λαβών.
“Then I think we are both under great obligation to Cyrus, who, when I
was captured, and chosen and selected particularly for him, thought
proper not to receive me as a _slave_, nor even as a free woman of low
standing, but detained me under such restraint as if I had been his
brother’s wife.”
Book vii. chap. 20. Καὶ πάντας δὲ τοὺς ἀόπλους τῶν ὑποχειρίων γενομένων
σφενδονᾷν ἠνάγκαζε μελετᾷν, νομίζων τοῦτο τὸ ὅπλον _δουλικώτερον_ εἶναι.
“All those whom he conquered, he compelled to practise with the sling,
which he deemed more suitable for _slaves_.”
Chap. 30. Νόμος γαρ ἐν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἀιδιός ἐστιν, ὅταν πολεμούντων
πόλις ἁλῷ, τῶν ἑλόντων εἶναι καὶ τὰ σώματα τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ τὰ
χρήματα.
“For it is a perpetual law among all men, that when a city is taken from
an enemy, both the persons and treasures of the inhabitants belong to
the captors.” _Ashley._
Ibid. Θάλπους μὲν οὖν καὶ ψύχους, καὶ σίτων καὶ ποτῶν, καὶ πόνων καὶ
ὕπνου ἀνάγκη καὶ τοῖς _δούλοις_ μεταδιδόναι.
“In heat, and in cold, in meat and drink, in work and rest, we
necessarily allow our _slaves_ a portion.”
Ibid. Ὅτι, ἐπεὶ κεκτήμεθα _δούλους_, τούτους κολάσομεν, ἢν πονηροὶ ὦσι;
καὶ τί προσήκει αὐτὸν ὄντα πονηρὸν πονηρίας ἕνεκα ηἢ βλακείας ἄλλους
κολάζειν;
“When we acquire _slaves_, we punish them if they are slothful and
vicious. But does it become him who is slothful and vicious himself, to
punish others for vice and sloth?”
Book viii. chap. 1. Τοσοῦτον δὲ διαφέρειν ἡμᾶς δεῖ τῶν _δούλων_, ὅσον οἱ
μὲν _δοῦλοι_, ἄκοντες τοῖς δεσπόταις ὑπηρετοῦσιν· ἡμᾶς δὲ, εἴπερ
ἀξιοῦμεν ἐλεύθεροι εἶναι, ἑκόντας δεῖ ποιεῖν, ὅ τι πλείστου ἄξιον
φαίνεται εἶναι.
“We ought to distinguish ourselves so far from _slaves_, as that
_slaves_ do service to their masters against their wills; and if we
desire to be free, we ought willingly to perform what appears to be most
excellent and worthy.” _Ashley._
Chap. 14. Οὓς δ' αὖ κατεσκεύαζεν εἰς τὸ _δουλεύειν_, τούτους οὔτε
μελετᾷν τῶν ἐλευθερίων πόνων οὐδένα παρώρμα, οὔτε ὅπλα κεκτῆσθαι
ἐπέτρεπεν.
“But in the management of _slaves_,” &c.
Chap. 41. Βουλοίμην δ’ ἂν ὑμᾶς καὶ τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, ὅτι τούτων, ὧν νῦν
ὑμῖν παρακελεύομαι, οὐδὲν τοῖς _δούλοις_ προστάττω.
“And I desire likewise that you should observe, that of all these orders
that I now give you, I give none to those that are of _servile_
condition.”
Chap. 47. Καὶ τοὺς μὲν φίλους ἐπεῖδον δι’ ἐμοῦ εὐδαίμονας γενομένους,
τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ _δουλωθέντας_.
“By my means my friends have been made happy, and my enemies
_enslaved_.”
* * * * *
In Xenophon’s Expedition of Cyrus, usually termed the _Anabasis_, book
i. chap. 9, we find—
Ὥστε φαίνεσθαι τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς, εὐδαιμονεστάτος, τοὺς δὲ κακοὺς
_δούλους_ τούτων ἀξιοῦν εἶναι.
“So that brave men were looked upon as most fortunate, and cowards as
deserving to be their _slaves_.” _Spelman._
Ibid. Παρὰ μὲν Κύρου, _δούλου_ ὄντος, οὐδεὶς ἀπῄει πρὸς βασιλέα.
“No one, not even a _slave_, ever deserted Cyrus to go to the king.”
Book ii. chap. 3. _Δοῦλοι_ δὲ πολλοὶ εἵποντο.
“They were attended by a great many _slaves_.”
Chap. 5. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τῶν βαρβάρων τινὲς ἱππέων, διὰ τοῦ πεδίου
ἐλαύνοντες, ᾧτινι ἐντυγχάνοιεν Ἕλληνι ἢ _δούλω_ ἢ ἐλευθέρῳ, πάντας
ἔκτεινον. ׳ “After this, some of the barbarian horse, scouring the
plains, killed all the Greeks they met with, both freemen and _slaves_.”
_Spelman._
Ibid. Ἑαυτοῦ γὰρ εἶναι φησὶν, ἐπείπερ Κύρου ἦσαν τοῦ ἐκείνου _δούλου_.
“For, he says, they are his, having belonged to his _slave_ Cyrus.”
Book iii. chap. 1. Ἡμᾶς δὲ, οἷς κηδεμὼν μὲν οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν,
ἐστρατεύσαμεν δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτον ὡς _δοῦλον_ ἀντὶ βασιλέως ποιήσοντες καὶ
ἀποκτενοῦντες, εἰ δυναίμεθα, τί ἄν οἰόμεθα παθεῖν;
“How then will he treat us, who have no support, and who have made war
on him, with the design to reduce him from the condition of a king to
that of a _slave_, and, if in our power, to put him to death?”
Book vii. chap. 4. Ὁ δ’ εἶπεν· Ἀλλ’ ἔγωγε ἱκανὴν νομίζω νῦν δίκην ἔχειν,
εἰ οὗτοι _δοῦλοι_ ἔσονται ἀντ’ ἐλευθέρων.
“And then he said, but I think myself sufficiently revenged, if these
people, instead of _freemen_, are to be made _slaves_.”
Chap. 7. Σοῦ μὲν γὰρ κρατοῦντος, _δουλεία_ ὑπάρχει αὐτοῖς· κρατουμένου
δὲ σοῦ, ἐλευθερία.
“For if you conquer, they are _slaves_,—but if you are conquered, they
are free.”
------------------