HERODOTUS _of Halicarnassus_.
WE often find the word δοῦλος, and its various derivatives, in the
plain, the simple narrative of this author. His use of the term is as
follows:
Book i. chap. 7. Παρὰ τούτων δὲ Ἡρακλεῖδαι ἐπιτραφθέντες ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχὴν
ἐκ θεοπροπίου, ἐκ _δούλης_ τε τῆς Ἰαρδάνου γεγονότες καὶ Ἡρακλέος.
“The Heraclidæ are descended from Hercules and a _female slave_ of
Jardanus.”
Chap. 27. Λαβεῖν ἀρώμενοι Λυδοὺς ἐν θαλάσση, ἵνα ὑπερ τῶν ἐν τῇ ἠπείρω
οικημένων Ἑλλήνων τίσωνταί σε, τοὺς σὺ _δουλώσας_ ἔχεις;
“Can they wish for a better opportunity than to meet the Lydians on the
Ocean, to revenge those of the Greeks reduced by you to _slavery_ on the
continent?”
Chap. 94. Λυδοὶ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ Πέρσῃσι _δεδούλωντο_.
“Thus the Lydians were _enslaved_ by the Persians.”
Chap. 95. Καὶ ἀπωσάμενοι τὴν _δουλοσύνην_ ἠλευθερώθησαν.
“And rejecting _slavery_, they became _free_.”
Chap. 114. Ὦ βασιλεῦ, ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦ _δούλου_.
“O king! by your _slave_.”
Chap. 126. Οὐδένα πόνον _δουλοπροπέα_ ἔχουσι.
“_Slavish_ employment,” &c.
Chap. 129. Καὶ ἄλλὰ λέγων ἐς αὐτὸν θυμαλγέα ἔπεα, καὶ δὴ καὶ εἴρετό μιν
πρὸς τὸ ἑωυτοῦ δεῖπνον, τό μιν ἐκεῖνος σαρξὶ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐθοίνισε, ὅ τι
εἴη ἡ ἐκείνου _δουλοσύνη_ ἀντὶ τῆς βασιληΐης.
“Among other things, he asked him what was his opinion of that supper,
in which he had compelled a father to feed on the flesh of his child; a
supper which had reduced him from a monarch to a _slave_.” _Beloe._
Ibid. Ἀδικώτατον δὲ, ὅτι τοῦ δείπνου εἵνεκεν Μήδους _κατεδούλωσε_.
“(He said that he was) most wicked, on the account of the supper, to
_enslave_ the Medes.”
Ibid. Νῦν δὲ Μήδους μὲν ἀναιτίους τούτου ἐόντας _δουλους_ ἀντὶ δεσποτέων
γεγονέναι, Πέρσας δὲ _δούλους_ ἐόντας τὸ πρὶν Μήδων νῦν γεγονέναι
δεσπότας.
“The Medes, who were certainly not accessary to the provocation given,
had exchanged situations with their _slaves_. The Persians, who were
formerly the _slaves_, were now the masters.”
Chap. 170. Καὶ οὕτω ἀπαλλαχθέντας σφέας _δουλοσύνης_ εὐδαιμονήσειν.
“And thus, freed from _slavery_, deem themselves happy.”
Chap. 173. Καὶ ἢν μὲν γε γυνὴ ἀστὴ _δούλω_ συνοικήσῃ, γενναῖα τὰ τέκνα
νενόμισται.
“If any free woman marries a _slave_, the children of such marriage are
reputed free.” _Beloe._
Chap. 174. Οἱ μέν νῦν Κᾶρες οὐδὲν λαμπρὸν ἔργον ἀποδεξάμενοι
_ἐδουλώθησαν_.
“The Carians made little or no exertion, and were easily _enslaved_.”
Chap. 210. Ὃς ἀντὶ μὲν _δούλων_ ἐποίησας ἐλευθέρους Πέρσας εἶναι.
“You have raised the Persians from _slavery_ to freedom.” _Beloe._
Book ii. chap. 1. Ὡς _δούλους_ πατρωΐους ἐόντας ἐνόμιζε.
“He considered them as _slaves_ by right of inheritance.”
Chap. 56. Ἔπειτα _δουλεύουσα_ αὐτόθι ἱδρύσασθαι ὑπὸ φηγῷ πεφυχυίῃ Διὸς
ἱρὸν.
“Although in a state of _slavery_, she there constructed, under a green
spreading beech, a natural little temple to her god.”
Book iii. chap. 125. Ὅσοι δὲ ῇσαν ξεῖνοί τε καὶ _δοῦλοι_ τῶν ἑπομένων,
ἐν _ἀνδραπόδων_ λόγῳ ποιεύμενος εἶχε.
“All the strangers, and their _slaves_ accompanying them, were detained
in _bondage_.” See 1 _Tim._ i. 10.
Chap. 138. Καί σφεας _δουλεύοντας_ ἐνθαῦτα Γίλλος.
“And they being _enslaved_, Gillus immediately _ransomed them_,” &c.
Chap. 140. Ἐμοὶ μήτε χρυσὸν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, μήτε ἄργυρον δίδου, ἀλλ’
ἀνασωσάμενος μοι δὸς τὴν πατρίδα Σάμον, τὴν νῦν ἀδελφεοῦ τοῦ ἐμοῦ
Πολυχράτεος ἀποθανόντος ὑπὸ Ὀροίτεω ἔχει _δοῦλος_ ἡμέτερος, ταύτην μοι
δὸς ἄνευ τε φόνου καὶ _ἐξανδραποδίσιος_.
“I would have neither gold nor silver; give me Samos, my country, and
deliver it from _servitude_. Since the death of Polycrates, my brother,
whom Orœtes slew, it hath been in the hands of one of our _slaves_. Give
me this, without any effusion of blood, or reducing my countrymen to
servitude.” (_Beloe._) See 1 _Tim._ i. 10.
Chap. 153. Ἀπείπας τοῖσι _δούλοισι_ μηδενὶ φράζειν τὸ γεγονὸς
ἐβουλεύετο.
“He counselled _with himself about that_ which was foretold, that
_Babylon_ should not be reduced to _slavery_ until this _prodigy_ should
be brought forth.”
Book iv. chap. 1. Αἱ γὰρ τῶν Σκυθέων γυναῖκες, ὥς σφι οἱ ἄνδρες ἀπῆσαν
χρόνον πολλὸν, ἐφοίτεον παρὰ τοὺς _δούλους_.
“For the women, deprived so long of their husbands, had associated with
their _slaves_.” _Beloe._
Chap. 2. Τοὺς δὲ _δούλους_ οἱ Σκύθαι πάντας τυφλοῦσι τοῦ γάλακτος
εἵνεκεν τοῦ πίνουσι ποιεῦντες ῷδε.
“It is a custom with the Scythians, to deprive all the _slaves_ of
sight, on the account of the milk, which is their customary drink.”
_Beloe._
Chap. 3. Ἐκ τούτων δὴ ὦν σφι τῶν _δούλων_ καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν ἐπετράφη
νεότης.
“From the union of these _slaves_ with the Scythian women, a numerous
progeny was born.” _Beloe._
Ibid. _Δούλοισι_ τοῖσι ἑμετέροισι μαχόμενοι αὐτοί τε ἐλάσσονες
κτεινόμενοι γινόμεθα.
“In this contest with our _slaves_, every action diminishes our number.”
_Beloe._
Ibid. Μαθόντες ὥς εἰσι ἡμέτεροι _δοῦλοι_.
“They will be impressed with a sense of their _servile_ condition.”
_Beloe._
Book v. chap. 35. Ὁ δὲ τῶν _δούλων_ τὸν πιστότατον ἀποξυρήσας τὴν
κεφαλὴν ἔστιξε καὶ ἀνέμεινε ἀναφῦναι τὰς τρίχας.
“He therefore took one of the most faithful of his _slaves_, and
inscribed what we have mentioned on his skull, being first shaved.”
_Beloe._
Chap. 49. Ἰώνων παῖδας _δούλους_ εἶναι ἀντ’ ἐλέυθερων ὄνειδος καὶ ἄλγος
μέγιστον μὲν αὐτοῖσι ἡμῖν, ἔτι δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ὑμῖν, ὅσῳ προέστατε τῆς
Ἑλλάδος· νῦν ὦν πρὸς θεῶν τῶν Ἑλλενίων ῥύσασθε Ἴωνας ἐκ _δουλοσύνης_,
ἄνδρας ὁμαίμονας.
“The Ionians, who ought to be free, are in a state of _servitude_; which
is not only disgraceful, but also a source of the extremest sorrow to
us, as it must be to you, who are so pre-eminent in Greece. I entreat
you therefore, by the gods of Greece, to _relieve_ the Ionians from
_slavery_, who are connected with you by the ties of consanguinity.”
_Beloe._
Book vi. chap. 83. Ἄργος δὲ ἀνδρῶν ἐχηρώθε οὕτω ὥστε οἱ _δοῦλοι_ αὐτῶν
ἔσχον πάντα τὰ πρήγματα ἄρχοντές τε καὶ διέποντες, ἐς ὃ ἐπήβησαν οἱ τῶν
ἀπολομένων παῖδες, ἔπειτα σφεας οὗτοι ἀνακτώμενοι ὀπίσω ἐς ἑωυτοὺς τὸ
Ἄργος ἐζέβαλον· ἐζωθεύμενοι δὲ οἱ _δοῦλοι_ μάχη ἔσχον Τίρυνθα. τέως μὲν
δή σφι ἦν ἄρθμια ἐς ἀλλήλους, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐς τοὺς _δούλους_ ἦλθε ἀνὴρ
μάντις Κλέανδρος, γένος ἐὼν Φιγαλεὺς ἀπ’ Ἀρκαδίης· οὗτος τοὺς _δούλους_
ἀνέγνωσε ἐπιθέσθαι τοῖσι δεσπότῃσι.
“Argos, however, was deprived of so many of its citizens, that the
_slaves_ usurped the management of affairs, and executed the offices of
government; but when the sons of those who had been slain grew up, they
obtained possession of the city, and after some contest expelled the
_slaves_, who retired to Tyrinthe, which they seized. They for a time
forebore to molest each other, till Cleander, a soothsayer, and an
Arcadian of the district of Phigalis, came among the _slaves_, when he
persuaded the slaves to attack their masters.”
Book ix. chap. 48. Ἐν Ἀθηναίοισί τε τὴν πρόπειραν ποιευμένους αὐτούς τε
ἀντια _δούλων_ τῶν ἡμετέρων τασσομένους.
“We see you delegating to the Athenians the more dangerous attempt of
opposing us, and placing yourselves against our _slaves_.” _Beloe._
In the “Libellus de Vitâ Homeri,” attributed to Herodotus, in the 23d
section we find the word συνδούλῳ, used to mean a _fellow-slave_.
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