_American Collector_, III, 17-26 (Oct., 1926). (A study of his _New
England Courant_ and his place in the development of freedom of the
press.)
King, M. R. "One Link in the First Newspaper Chain, _The South Carolina
Gazette," Journalism Quarterly_, IX, 257-68 (Sept., 1932). (Franklin's
partnership with Thomas Whitemarsh in 1731 is here alleged to have
begun the first American newspaper "chain.")
Kite, Elizabeth S. "Benjamin Franklin--Diplomat," _Catholic World_,
CXLII, 28-37 (Oct., 1935). (An intelligent and appreciative brief
survey of the subject, with a considerable preface showing the extent
to which Franklin's worldly success grew out of his religious views.)
Lees, F. "The Parisian Suburb of Passy: Its Architecture in the Days of
Franklin," _Architectural Record_, XII, 669-83 (Dec., 1902). (Several
good illustrations included.)
Livingston, L. S. _Franklin and His Press at Passy; An Account of the
Books, Pamphlets, and Leaflets Printed There, including the Long-Lost
Bagatelles._ The Grolier Club, New York: 1914. (For additions to this
work begun by L. S. Livingston, see R. G. Adams, "The 'Passy-ports'
and Their Press," _American Collector_, IV, 177-80 [Aug., 1927], which
includes bibliography useful to study of the Passy imprints.)
MacDonald, William. "The Fame of Franklin," _Atlantic Monthly_, XCVI.
450-62 (Oct., 1905).
Mackay, Constance D'A. _Franklin. A Play._ New York: 1922.
MacLaurin, Lois M. _Franklin's Vocabulary._ Garden City, N. Y.: 1928.
(His "conservative ideas about linguistic innovations" are to a
notable degree achieved in his practices. For example, of a vocabulary
of 4062 words used in his writings between 1722 and 1751, "only 19
were discovered to be pure 'Americanisms.'")
McMaster, J. B. "Franklin in France," _Atlantic Monthly_, LX, 318-26
(Sept., 1887). (Good survey, based on Hale and Hale, _Franklin in
France_.)
Malone, Kemp. "Benjamin Franklin on Spelling Reform," _American Speech_,
I, 96-100 (Nov., 1925). (Franklin was the "first American to tackle
English phonetics scientifically.")
Mason, W. S. "Franklin and Galloway: Some Unpublished Letters,"
_Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_, N. S. XXXIV, 227-58
(Oct., 1924). (Significant sidelights cast on "the problems of
Pennsylvania colonial history from 1757 to 1760." Excellent summary of
Franklin's and Galloway's victory over the Proprietors. Mr. Mason's
collection includes many valuable letters [Franklin-Galloway] between
1757 and 1772, not published in Smyth.)
Mathews, Mrs. L. K. "Benjamin Franklin's Plans for a Colonial Union,
1750-1775," _American Political Science Review_, VIII, 393-412 (Aug.,
1914).
Melville, Herman. _Israel Potter._ London: 1923. (Graphic intuitive
portrait of Franklin: he lives as a "household Plato," "a practical
Magian in linsey-woolsey," a "didactically waggish," prudent courtier
who "was everything but a poet.")
_Mémoires de l'Abbé Morellet, de l'Académie Française, sur le
dixhuitième siècle et sur la Révolution._ 2 vols. Paris: 1821.
(Especially II, 286-311. Franklin viewed as very emblem of Liberty.)
Montgomery, T. H. _A History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its
Foundation to A. D. 1770._ Philadelphia: 1900.
_Monthly Review; or Literary Journal: By Several Hands._ London: 1770.
XLII, 199-210, 298-308. ("The experiments and observations of Dr.
Franklin constitute the _principia_ of electricity, and form the basis
of a system equally simple and profound.")
*More, P. E. "Benjamin Franklin," in _Shelburne Essays_, Fourth Series.
New York: 1906, pp. 129-55. (Provocative appraisal: stresses
Franklin's "contemporaneity," his tendency to be oblivious to the
past--a suggestive, if a moot point.)
Morgan, W. _Memoirs of the Life of Rev. Richard Price._ London: 1815.
(Notes on Franklin's relations with Price during early 1760's;
meetings at Royal Society and London Coffee-house.)
Mottay, F. _Benjamin Franklin et la philosophie pratique._ Paris: 1886.
(Good model for citizens of a free nation and "le véritable catechisme
de l'homme vertueux." Also several just remarks on his style which
possesses "les mots épiques d'un Corneille et les élégantes
périphrases d'un Racine.")
Moulton, C. W., ed. _Library of Literary Criticism of English and
American Authors_. Buffalo, N. Y.: 1901. IV, 79-106. (Stimulating
assembly of extracts which aids student in discovering the history of
Franklin's reputation.)
Mustard, W. P. "Poor Richard's Poetry," _Nation_, LXXXII, 239, 279
(March 22, April 5, 1906). (Indicates Franklin's borrowings from
Dryden, Pope, Prior, Gay, Swift, and others.)
Nichols, E. L. "Franklin as a Man of Science," _Independent_, LX, 79-84
(Jan. 11, 1906). (Franklin's mind "turned ever by preference to the
utilitarian and away from the theoretical and speculative aspects of
things.")
"Notice sur Benjamin Franklin," in _OEuvres posthumes de Cabanis_.
Paris: 1825, pp. 219-74. (Representative in its rapturous eulogy.)
Oberholtzer, E. P. _The Literary History of Philadelphia._ Philadelphia:
1906. (Chap. II, "The Age of Franklin," written with conservative
bias, belabors Franklin who as a statesman "was almost as wrong as
Paine and Mirabeau." What Voltaire was to France, Franklin was to his
native city and state.)
Oswald, J. C. _Benjamin Franklin in Oil and Bronze._ New York: 1926.
("Probably the features and form of no man who ever lived were
delineated so frequently and in such a variety of ways as were those
of Benjamin Franklin." Best survey of its kind, including many
excellent reproductions.)
Oswald, J. C. _Benjamin Franklin, Printer._ Garden City, N. Y.: 1917.
(Fullest and ablest account of this phase of Franklin's life.)
Owen, E. D. "Where Did Benjamin Franklin Get the Idea for His Academy?"
_Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, LVIII, 86-94 (Jan.,
1934). (Inconclusive evidence attributing it to Dr. Philip Doddridge.)
*Parker, Theodore. "Benjamin Franklin," in _Historic Americans_. Ed.
with notes by S. A. Eliot. Boston: 1908 [written in 1858]. (Franklin
"thinks, investigates, theorizes, invents, but never does he dream."
Although Parker, an idealist and reformer, exalts "the sharp outline
of his [Franklin's] exact idea," his humanitarianism, his combining
the "rare excellence of Socrates and Bacon" in making things "easy
for all to handle and comprehend," he concludes that Franklin is "a
saint devoted to the almighty dollar." There are few more readable
estimates.)
*Parrington, V. L. "Benjamin Franklin," in _The Colonial Mind,
1620-1800_. New York: 1927, pp. 164-78. (Emphasizes Franklin's
tendencies toward agrarian democracy; Parrington's indifference to the
genetic approach and his chronic economic determinism lead him to
slight the primary importance of Franklin's religious and philosophic
views in conditioning his other activities.)
Pennington, E. L. "The Work of the Bray Associates in Pennsylvania,"
_Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, LVIII, 1-25 (Jan.,
1934). (Franklin's humanitarian interest in negro education. In 1758
he writes from London urging school for instructing young Negroes in
Philadelphia.)
_Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, XXV, 307-22, 516-26
(1901), XXVI, 81-90, 255-64 (1902). (Reprints one of Dean Tucker's
pamphlets with Franklin's annotations. Casts light on Franklin's
loyalty to the Crown, while rebellious against Parliament.)
Potamian, Brother, and Walsh, J. J. _Makers of Electricity._ New York:
1909. ("Franklin and Some Contemporaries," chapter II, pp. 68-132, by
Brother Potamian, is an excellent survey of Franklin's contributions
to the science of electricity.)
Powell, E. P. "A Study of Benjamin Franklin," _Arena_, VIII, 477-91
(Sept., 1893). (Fair survey of Franklin as a diplomatist.)
Priestley, J. _The History and Present State of Electricity, with
Original Experiments._ London: 1767. (Many notes observing Franklin's
"truly philosophical greatness of mind." Preface contains suggestive
generalizations concerning function of the natural philosopher:
especially, he who experiments in electricity discerns laws of nature,
"that is, of the God of nature himself.")
Rava, Luigi. "La fortuna di Beniamino Franklin in Italia," Prefazione al
volume _Beniamino Franklin_ di Lawrence Shaw Mayo. Firenze: n.d.
Repplier, Emma. "Franklin's Trials as a Benefactor," _Lippincott's
Magazine_, LXXVII, 63-70 (Jan., 1906). (Concerning those who during
the Revolution wrote Franklin for favors and places.)
Riddell, W. R. "Benjamin Franklin and Colonial Money," _Pennsylvania
Magazine of History and Biography_, LIV, 52-64 (Jan., 1930).
Riddell, W. R. "Benjamin Franklin's Mission to Canada and the Causes of
Its Failure," _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_,
XLVIII, 111-58 (April, 1924).
*Riley, I. W. _American Philosophy: The Early Schools._ New York: 1907,
pp. 229-65. (Conventional view of Franklin's deism; with C. M. Walsh
[see below], Riley overemphasizes influence of Plato on Franklin's
thought.)
Riley, I. W. _American Thought from Puritanism to Pragmatism and
Beyond._ New York: 1915, pp. 68-77. (Graphic glimpses of "most
precocious of the American skeptics.")
Rosengarten, J. G. "The American Philosophical Society," reprinted from
_Founders' Week Memorial Volume_. Philadelphia: 1908.
Ross, E. D. "Benjamin Franklin as an Eighteenth-Century Agriculture
Leader," _Journal of Political Economy_, XXXVII, 52-72 (Feb., 1929).
(No "rural sentimentalist," Franklin experimented in agriculture,
particularly during 1747-1755, as a utilitarian idealist. Quotes one
who suggests Franklin was "half physiocratic before the rise of the
physiocratic school." Excellent and well-documented survey.)
Sachse, J. F. _Benjamin Franklin as a Free Mason._ Philadelphia: 1906.
("To write the history of Franklin as a Freemason is virtually to
chronicle the early Masonic history of America." Soundly documented
survey. Includes useful chronological table of Franklin's Masonic
activities.)
*Sainte-Beuve, C. A. _Portraits of the Eighteenth Century._ Tr. by K.
P. Wormeley, with a critical introduction by E. Scherer. New York:
1905. I, 311-75. (The two essays on Franklin in _Causeries du lundi_
are "here put together," though with no important omissions from
either. Brilliant portrait of the "most gracious, smiling, and
persuasive utilitarian," one who assigned "no part to human
imagination.")
Seipp, Erika. _Benjamin Franklins Religion und Ethik._ Darmstadt: 1932.
(Suggestive, though brief, view of Franklin's deism and
utilitarianism. Attempts to see his thought in reference to various
representative deists. This is not, however, a "source" study.)
Shepherd, W. R. _History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania._ New
York: 1896. (Franklin emerges as "a sort of tribune to the people," a
"mighty Goliath," a "plague" in the eyes of the feudalistic rulers of
Pennsylvania, "a huge fief." Author relatively unsympathetic to
Franklin.)
*Sherman, S. P. "Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment," in _Americans_.
New York: 1922, pp. 28-62. (Penetrating survey and estimate.)
Smith, William, D.D. _Eulogium on Benjamin Franklin._ Philadelphia:
1792. (One agrees with P. L. Ford, that this work "forms a somewhat
amusing contrast to the savageness of the Doctor's earlier writings
against Franklin." Bombastic in its rhetoric and eulogy.)
Smythe, J. H., Jr., comp. _The Amazing Benjamin Franklin._ New York:
1929. (Anthology of brief, popular estimates. If individual notes are
trivial, the collection illustrates Franklin's many-mindedness, a
Renaissance versatility.)
Sonneck, O. G. "Benjamin Franklin's Relation to Music," _Music_, XIX,
1-14 (Nov., 1900).
Steell, Willis. _Benjamin Franklin of Paris, 1776-1785._ New York: 1928.
(An undocumented, partly imaginative, popular account.)
Stifler, J. M. _The Religion of Benjamin Franklin._ New York: 1925.
(Popular survey. Warm appreciation of Franklin's _penchant_ for
projects of a humanitarian sort.)
Stuber, Henry. "Life of Franklin" [a biography meant as a continuation
of Franklin's _Autobiography_], in _Columbian Magazine and Universal
Asylum_, May, July, September, October, November, 1790, and February,
March, May, June, 1791.
*Thorpe, F. N., ed. _Benjamin Franklin and the University of
Pennsylvania._ U. S. Bureau of Education, Circular of Information, No.
2 (1892). Washington: 1893. (See especially chapters I, II, written by
Thorpe, which deal particularly with Franklin's ideas of self and
formal education.)
Titus, Rev. Anson. "Boston When Ben Franklin Was a Boy," _Proceedings of
the Bostonian Society_, pp. 55-72 (1906). (Brief suggestive view of
the climate of opinion with regard to inoculation, Newtonianism, and
Lockian sensationalism.)
Trent, W. P. "Benjamin Franklin," _McClure's Magazine_, VIII, 273-7
(Jan., 1897). ("The most complete representative of his century that
any nation can point to." Franklin "thoroughly represents his age in
its practicality, in its devotion to science, in its intellectual
curiosity, in its humanitarianism, in its lack of spirituality, in its
calm self-content--in short, in its exaltation of prose and reason
over poetry and faith." An enthusiastic and wise account.)
Trowbridge, John. "Franklin as a Scientist," _Publications of the
Colonial Society of Massachusetts_, XVIII (1917). (Excellent
appreciation of Franklin's capacity for inductive reasoning.)
Tuckerman, H. T. "Character of Franklin," _North American Review_,
LXXXIII, 402-22 (Oct., 1856). (Praises disinterestedness of Franklin
as a scientist, as "one whom Bacon would have hailed as a disciple,"
although he "is not adapted to beguile us 'along the line of infinite
desires.'")
Tudury, M. "Poor Richard," _Bookman_, LXIV, 581-4 (Jan., 1927). (Popular
glance at "cynical patriarch of American letters.")
_Typothetae Bulletin_, XXII, No. 15 (Jan. 11, 1926). (Issue devoted to
the printer Franklin.)
Vicq d'Azyr, Félix. _Éloge de Franklin._ N.p.: 1791.
Victory, Beatrice M. _Benjamin Franklin and Germany._ Americana
Germanica series, No. 21. Press of the University of Pennsylvania:
1915. (Sources reflecting Franklin's reputation in Germany of
particular interest.)
Walsh, C. M. "Franklin and Plato," _Open Court_, XX, 129-33 (March,
1906). (An attempt to interpret his _Articles of Belief_, 1728, in
terms of the _Timaeus_, _Protagoras_, _Republic_, and _Euthyphro_.)
Webster, Noah. _Dissertations on the English Language: With Notes,
Historical and Critical. To which is added, By Way of Appendix, an
Essay on a Reformed Mode of Spelling, with Dr. Franklins Arguments on
that Subject._ Boston: 1789. (Notable remarks on Franklin's
perspicuous and correct style which is "plain and elegantly neat": he
"writes for the child as well as the philosopher.")
Wendell, Barrett. _A Literary History of America._ New York: 1900.
(Franklin estimate, pp. 92-103.)
Wetzel, W. A. _Benjamin Franklin as an Economist._ Johns Hopkins
University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Thirteenth
Series, IX, 421-76. Baltimore: 1895. (Useful summary, but superseded
by Carey's _Franklin's Economic Views_.)
Wharton, A. H. "The American Philosophical Society," _Atlantic Monthly_,
LXI, 611-24 (May, 1888).
Bibliographical suggestions relating to Franklin's American friends and
contemporaries will be found following the brief but scholarly studies
in the _Dictionary of American Biography_. Of these see especially John
Adams (also G. Chinard, _Honest John Adams_, Boston, 1933); Samuel
Adams; Ethan Allen; Nathaniel Ames; Joel Barlow (also V. C. Miller,
_Joel Barlow: Revolutionist, London, 1791-92_, Hamburg, 1932, and T. A.
Zunder, _Early Days of Joel Barlow_, New Haven, 1934); John Bartram;
William Bartram (also N. Fagin, _William Bartram_, Baltimore, 1933);
Hugh H. Brackenridge (also C. Newlin, _Brackenridge_, Princeton, 1933);
Cadwallader Colden; John Dickinson; Philip Freneau; Francis Hopkinson;
T. Jefferson; Cotton Mather; Jonathan Mayhew; Thomas Paine; David
Rittenhouse; Dr. Benjamin Rush (also N. Goodman, _Rush_, Philadelphia,
1934); Rev. William Smith; Ezra Stiles; John Trumbull; Noah Webster.
V. THE AGE OF FRANKLIN
Adams, J. T. _Provincial Society, 1690-1763._ (Volume III of _A History
of American Life_, ed. Fox and Schlesinger.) New York: 1927.
(Contains useful "Critical Essay on Authorities" consulted, pp.
324-56, which serves as a guide for further study of many phases of
the social history of the period.)
Adams, R. G. _Political Ideas of the American Revolution._ Durham, N.
C.: 1922.
Andrews, C. M. _The Colonial Background of the American Revolution._ New
Haven: 1924. (Stresses economic factors and the need of viewing the
subject from the European angle; profitably used as companion study to
Beer's _British Colonial Policy_.)
Baldwin, Alice M. _The New England Clergy and the American Revolution._
Durham, N. C.: 1928. (Prior to 1763 the clergy popularized "doctrines
of natural right, the social contract, and the right of resistance"
and principles of American constitutional law.)
Beard, C. A. _The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy._ New York:
1915. (Suggestive, if _other_ factors are not neglected. See C. H.
Hull's review in _American Historical Review_, XXII, 401-3.)
Becker, Carl. _The Declaration of Independence; A Study in the History
of Political Ideas._ New York: 1922. (Excellent survey of natural
rights, and the extent to which this concept was influenced by
Newtonianism.)
Becker, Carl. _The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century
Philosophers._ New Haven: 1932. (R. S. Crane observes, after calling
attention to certain obscurities and confusions: "The description of
the general temper of the 'philosophers,' the characterization of the
principal eighteenth-century historians, much at least of the final
chapter on the idea of progress--these can be read with general
approval for their content and with a satisfaction in Becker's prose
style that is unalloyed by considerations of exegesis or terminology"
[_Philological Quarterly_, XIII, 104-6].)
Beer, George L. _British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765._ New York: 1933
[1907].
Bemis, S. F. _The Diplomacy of the American Revolution._ New York; 1935.
(Brilliant exposition of French, Spanish, Austrian, and other
diplomacy relative to the Revolution. Should be supplemented by Frank
Monaghan's _John Jay_.)
Bloch, Léon. _La philosophie de Newton._ Paris: 1908. (A comprehensive,
standard exposition.)
Bosker, Aisso. _Literary Criticism in the Age of Johnson._ Groningen:
1930. (Reviewed by N. Foerster in _Philological Quarterly_, XI,
216-7.)
Brasch, F. E. "The Royal Society of London and Its Influence upon
Scientific Thought in the American Colonies," _Scientific Monthly_,
XXXIII, 336-55, 448-69 (1931). (Useful survey.)
Brinton, Crane. _A Decade of Revolutions, 1789-1799._ New York: 1934.
(Useful on the pattern of ideas associated with the French Revolution;
has a full and up-to-date "Bibliographical Essay," pp. 293-322, with
critical commentary.)
Bullock, C. J. _Essays on the Monetary History of the United States._
New York: 1900. (Useful bibliography, pp. 275-88.)
Burnett, E. C., ed. _Letters of Members of the Continental Congress._
Washington, D. C.: 1921. (Seven volumes now published include letters
to 1784. Contain a mass of new material of first importance, edited
with notes, cross-references, and introductions.)
Burtt, E. A. _The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science; A
Historical and Critical Essay._ New York: 1925.
Bury, J. B. _The Idea of Progress._ New York: 1932 (new edition).
(Standard English work on the topic. See also Jules Delvaille, _Essai
sur l'histoire de l'idée de progrès_ [Paris, 1910], a more
encyclopedic book.)
Channing, Edward. _A History of the United States._ New York: 1912.
(Volumes II-III.)
Clark, H. H. "Factors to be Investigated in American Literary History
from 1787 to 1800," _English Journal_, XXIII, 481-7 (June, 1934).
(Suggests the genetic interrelations of classical ideas;
neoclassicism; the scientific spirit, rationalism, and deism;
primitivism and the idea of progress; physical America and the
frontier spirit; agrarianism and laissez faire; Federalism versus
Democracy, whether Jeffersonian or French; sentimentalism and
humanitarianism; Gothicism; and conflicting currents of aesthetic
theory.)
Clark, H. H., ed. _Poems of Freneau._ New York: 1929. (F. L. Pattee says
of the Introduction, "No one has ever traced out better the
ramifications of French Revolution deism in America and the effects of
its clash with Puritanism" [_American Literature_, II, 316-7]. Also
see Clark's "Thomas Paine's Theories of Rhetoric," _Transactions of
the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters_, XXVIII, 307-39
[1933], which discusses relationships between deism and literary
theory.)
Clark, J. M., Viner, J., and others. _Adam Smith, 1776-1926._ Chicago:
1928. (Brilliant essays on various aspects of Smith's thought and
influence. See especially Jacob Viner's "Adam Smith and
Laissez-Faire," pp. 116-55, which shows the relations in Smith's mind
between economics and religion, between laissez faire and "the
harmonious order of nature" posited by the scientific deists.)
Crane, R. S. "Anglican Apologetics and the Idea of Progress, 1699-1745,"
_Modern Philology_, XXXI, 273-306 (Feb., 1934), 349-82 (May, 1934).
(Demonstrates in masterly fashion how the idea of progress grew out of
orthodox defenses of revealed religion, current in Franklin's
formative years. Modifies the conventional view that the Church was
hostile to the idea of progress and that it derived exclusively from
the scientific spirit.)
Davidson, P. G., Jr. "Whig Propagandists of the American Revolution,"
_American Historical Review_, XXXIX, 442-53 (April, 1934). (Also see
_Revolutionary Propaganda in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania,
1763-1776_. Unpublished dissertation, University of Chicago, 1929.)
"Deism," in _The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge_,
III, 391-7 (by Ernst Troeltsch).
De la Fontainerie, F., tr. and ed. _French Liberalism and Education in
the Eighteenth Century: The Writings of La Chalotais, Turgot, Diderot,
and Condorcet on National Education._ New York: 1932. (Convenient
source book.)
Dewey, D. R. _Financial History of the United States._ New York: 1924
(9th ed.). (Bristles with bibliographical aids for study of eighteenth
century.)
Draper, J. W. _Eighteenth Century English Aesthetics: A Bibliography._
Heidelberg: 1931. (Source materials, pp. 61-128, for aesthetics of
literature and drama: includes in appendix, pp. 129-40, ablest
secondary works to 1931. An invaluable guide. See additions by R. S.
Crane, _Modern Philology_, XXIX, 251 ff. [1931], W. D. Templeman,
_ibid._, XXX, 309-16, R. D. Havens, _Modern Language Notes_, XLVII,
118-20 [1932].)
Drennon, Herbert. "Newtonianism: Its Method, Theology, and Metaphysics,"
_Englische Studien_, LXVIII, 397-409 (1933-1934). (Other parts of Mr.
Drennon's brilliant doctoral dissertation, _James Thomson and
Newtonianism_ [University of Chicago, 1928], have been published in
_Publications of the Modern Language Association_, XLIX, 71-80, March,
1934; in _Studies in Philology_, XXXI, 453-71, July, 1934; and in
_Philological Quarterly_, XIV, 70-82, Jan., 1935.)
Ducros, Louis. _French Society in the Eighteenth Century._ Tr. from the
French by W. de Geijer; with a Foreword by J. A. Higgs-Walker. London:
1927.
Duncan, C. S. _The New Science and English Literature in the Classical
Period._ Menasha, Wis.: 1913. (Scholarly.)