Montesquieu._ New York: 1905, and _A History of Political Theories
from Rousseau to Spencer_. New York: 1920. (Standard works.)
Elton, Oliver. _The Augustan Age._ New York: 1899, and _A Survey of
English Literature, 1730-1780_. 2 vols. London: 1928. (Acute on
literary trends, though hardly adequate on ideas.)
Evans, Charles. _American Bibliography._ Chicago: 1903-1934. (Volumes
I-XII, 1639-1799.)
Faÿ, Bernard. _Revolution and Freemasonry, 1680-1800._ Boston: 1935.
(Stimulating conjectures vitiated by extravagant and undocumented
conclusions.)
Faÿ, Bernard. _The Revolutionary Spirit in France and America._ Tr. by
R. Guthrie. New York: 1927. (Especially valuable for notes on the
vogue of Franklin in France. Highly important comprehensive survey of
French influence in America, and the impetus our revolution gave to
French liberalism.)
Fisher, S. G. _The Quaker Colonies. A Chronicle of the Proprietors of
the Delaware._ New Haven: 1921. (Useful bibliography, pp. 231-4.)
Fiske, John. _The Beginnings of New England, or the Puritan Theocracy in
Its Relations to Civil and Religious Liberty._ Boston: 1896 [1889].
(See also Perry Miller's _Orthodoxy in Massachusetts, 1630-1650_. _A
Genetic Study._ Cambridge, Mass.: 1933.)
Gettell, R. G. _History of American Political Thought._ New York: 1928.
(The standard comprehensive treatment of its subject. Has good
bibliographies.)
Gide, Charles, and Rist, Charles. _A History of Economic Doctrines from
the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day._ Authorized
translation from the second revised and augmented edition of 1913
under the direction of the late Professor Wm. Smart, by R. Richards.
Boston: 1915. (Excellent survey of physiocracy.)
Gierke, Otto. _Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500 to 1800._
With a Lecture on The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity, by Ernst
Troeltsch. Tr. with an introduction by E. Barker. 2 vols. Cambridge,
England: 1934. (A standard work, with excellent notes, especially
valuable on European backgrounds.)
Gohdes, Clarence. "Ethan Allen and his _Magnum Opus_," _Open Court_,
XLIII, 128-51 (March, 1929). (Suggests the eighteenth-century battle
between revelation and reason, the latter as buttressed by Lockian
sensationalism and Newtonian science.)
Greene, E. B. _The Provincial Governor in the English Colonies of North
America._ Cambridge, Mass.: 1898. (Inveterate divergence between
provincial governor and provincial assemblies foreshadowed the
American Revolution.)
Halévy, E. _The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism._ Tr. by M. Morris,
with a preface by A. D. Lindsay. London: 1928. (A comprehensive,
authoritative work.)
Hansen, A. O. _Liberalism and American Education in the Eighteenth
Century._ With an introduction by E. H. Reisner. New York: 1926. (A
good bibliography of primary sources and a poor bibliography of
secondary sources, pp. 265-96. Although this slights Franklin and
deals especially with plans following Franklin's death, it surveys
educational ideals with reference to the ideas of the Enlightenment,
ideas latent in Franklin's writings.)
Haroutunian, Joseph. _Piety versus Moralism, the Passing of the New
England Theology._ New York: 1932. (An important scholarly work
arguing reluctantly that Puritanism declined because it was
theocentric and inadequate to the social needs of the time. Has an
excellent bibliography.)
Hefelbower, S. G. _The Relation of John Locke to English Deism._
Chicago: 1918. (The relation between Locke and the English deists is
"not causal, nor do they mark different stages of the same movement";
they are "related as coordinate parts of the larger progressive
movement of the age." Stresses Locke's tolerance, rationalism, and
natural religion.)
Higgs, Henry. _The Physiocrats. Six Lectures on the French Économistes
of the Eighteenth Century._ London: 1897. (Gide and Rist term this a
"succinct account" of the physiocratic system.)
Hildeburn, C. R. _Issues of the Pennsylvania Press. A Century of
Printing, 1685-1784._ 2 vols. Philadelphia: 1885-1886. (A highly
useful guide to what was being read in Pennsylvania year by year.)
Horton, W. M. _Theism and the Scientific Spirit._ New York: 1933.
(Popular accounts of "Copernican world" and "God in the Newtonian
world" in chapters I-II.)
Humphrey, Edward. _Nationalism and Religion in America, 1774-1789._
Boston: 1924.
Jameson, J. F. _The American Revolution Considered as a Social
Movement._ Princeton, N. J.: 1926. (Brief and general, but
suggestive.)
Jones, H. M. _America and French Culture, 1750-1848._ Chapel Hill, N.
C.: 1927. (A monumental, elaborately documented comprehensive work,
containing an excellent bibliography.)
Jones, H. M. "American Prose Style: 1700-1770," _Huntington Library
Bulletin_, No. 6, 115-51 (Nov., 1934). (Shows that Puritan preachings
inculcated the ideal of a simple, lucid, and dignified style.)
Kaye, F. B., ed. _The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick
Benefits. With a Commentary Critical, Historical, and Explanatory._ 2
vols. Oxford: 1924. (The introduction is the most lucid and
penetrating commentary on Mandeville in relation to the pattern of
ideas of his age. See L. I. Bredvold's review in _Journal of English
and Germanic Philology_, XXIV, 586-9, Oct., 1925.)
Koch, G. A. _Republican Religion: The American Revolution and the Cult
of Reason._ New York: 1933. ("A vast body of facts about a host of
obscure figures"--reviewed by H. H. Clark in _Journal of Philosophy_,
XXXI, 135-8. Contains an elaborate bibliography.)
Kraus, M. _Intercolonial Aspects of American Culture on the Eve of the
Revolution._ New York: 1928. (Scholarly.)
Lecky, W. E. H. _A History of England in the Eighteenth Century._ 7
vols. New York: 1892-1893 (new ed.). (A standard work, containing a
finely documented treatment of the political aspects of the American
Revolution.)
Leonard, S. A. _The Doctrine of Correctness in English Usage,
1700-1800._ Madison, Wis.: 1929. (Authoritative.)
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien. _History of Modern Philosophy in France._ Chicago:
1899.
Lincoln, C. H. _The Revolutionary Movement in Pennsylvania, 1760-1776._
Philadelphia: 1901. (A highly important study showing that local
sectional strife which would have eventually led to conflict
synchronized with the strife between the colony and England.)
Lovejoy, A. O. "The Parallel of Deism and Classicism," _Modern
Philology_, XXIX, 281-99 (Feb., 1932). ("A systematic statement of the
rationalistic _preconceptions_ which, when applied in matters of
religion terminated in Deism, when applied in aesthetics produced
Classicism. An illuminating synthesis, done throughout with
characteristic finesse and discrimination" [_Philological Quarterly_,
XII, 106, April, 1933].)
McIlwain, C. H. _The American Revolution: A Constitutional
Interpretation._ New York: 1923. (Offers defense of revolution on
English constitutional grounds.)
Martin, Kingsley. _French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century: A
Study of Political Ideas from Bayle to Condorcet._ Boston: 1929.
(Stimulating survey of ideology motivating the French revolution, "a
dramatic moment when feudalism, clericalism and divine monarchy
collapsed.")
Merriam, C. E. _A History of American Political Theories._ New York:
1924 [1903]. (Authoritative, brief treatment.)
Monaghan, Frank. _John Jay, Defender of Liberty._ New York: 1935. (A
brilliant biography and a fully documented study of the activities and
diplomacy of the Continental Congress. Supplements S. F. Bemis; see
above.)
Moore, C. A. "Shaftesbury and the Ethical Poets in England, 1700-1760,"
_Publications of the Modern Language Association_, XXXI (N. S. XXIV),
264-325 (June, 1916). (Penetrating and brilliant survey of the growth
of altruism, to be supplemented by R. S. Crane's studies of earlier
sources.)
Morais, H. M. _Deism in Eighteenth Century America._ New York: 1934. (If
little space is given to the implications of Deism in terms of
political, economic, and literary theory, and if the leaders of
deistic thought, such as Franklin, Jefferson, and Paine are too
lightly dealt with, this work is "substantial, precise,
well-documented, modest, cautious, and objective." Has a good
bibliography. Reviewed by H. H. Clark, _American Literature_, VI,
467-9, Jan., 1935. See also Morais's "Deism in Revolutionary America,
1763-89," _International Journal of Ethics_, XLII, 434-53, July,
1932.)
Morley, John. _Diderot and the Encyclopædists._ 2 vols. London: 1923. (A
suggestive survey, parts of which have been superseded by more recent
studies.)
Mornet, Daniel. _French Thought in the Eighteenth Century._ Tr. by L. M.
Levin. New York: 1929. (Lucid and penetrating survey; suggestive notes
on the influence of speculation motivated by science.)
Mornet, Daniel. _Les origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française
(1715-1787)._ Paris: 1933. (A brilliant work, concluding that without
the extraordinary diffusion of radical ideas in all classes in France,
the States-General in 1789 would not have adopted revolutionary
measures. See C. Brinton's review, _American Historical Review_,
XXXIX, 726-7, 1934.)
Morse, W. N. "Lectures on Electricity in Colonial Times," _New England
Quarterly_, VII, 364-74 (June, 1934). (Presents fourteen items on the
vogue of electrical experiments, 1747-1765.)
Mott, F. L. _A History of American Magazines, 1741-1850._ New York:
1930.
Mullett, C. F. _Fundamental Law and the American Revolution, 1760-1776._
New York: 1933. (A highly important scholarly study, with excellent
bibliography of relevant investigations of recent date. Supplements B.
F. Wright.)
Ornstein, Martha. _The Rôle of Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth
Century._ New York: 1913. Reprinted, University of Chicago Press:
1928. (Shows their radical influence. See suggestive reviews in
_American Historical Review_, XXXIV, 386-7, 1929; and _Times Literary
Supplement_ [London], 679, Sept. 27, 1928.)
Osgood, H. L. _The American Colonies in the Eighteenth Century._ 4 vols.
New York: 1924-1925. (Standard work on political aspects.)
Perkins, J. B. _France in the American Revolution._ Boston: 1911.
(Includes able survey of Franklin's efforts in behalf of colonies.)
Richardson, L. N. _A History of Early American Magazines, 1741-1789._
New York: 1931. (An encyclopedic survey indispensable to all students
of the period. Enormously documented.)
Robertson, J. M. _A Short History of Free Thought, Ancient and Modern._
2 vols. London: 1915. (Third edition, revised and expanded. An
important survey, if somewhat militantly partisan.)
Roustan, Marius. _The Pioneers of the French Revolution._ Tr. by F.
Whyte, with an Introduction by H. J. Laski. Boston: 1926. (Thesis:
"The spirit of the _philosophes_ was the spirit of the Revolution."
Highly readable, but inferior to parallel studies by Martin and Mornet
in incisive analysis of patterns of ideas. Stresses picturesque social
aspects.)
Schapiro, J. S. _Condorcet and the Rise of Liberalism in France._ New
York: 1934. (Condorcet is the "almost perfect expression of the
pioneer liberalism of the period"; he is viewed as the "last of the
encyclopedists and the most universal of all." A lucid scholarly
study, although hardly superseding Alengry's _Condorcet_.)
Schlesinger, A. M. "The American Revolution," in _New Viewpoints in
American History_. New York: 1922, pp. 160-83. (A brief but excellent
interpretation, stressing economic factors, and presenting a useful
"Bibliographical Note," pp. 181-3, including references to studies of
political and religious factors. See also studies of the latter by R.
G. Adams, Alice Baldwin, Carl Becker, B. F. Wright, C. F. Mullett, C.
H. Van Tyne, and Edward Humphrey.)
Schneider, H. W. _The Puritan Mind._ New York: 1930. (An acute scholarly
study, with excellent bibliography. The stress on ideas supplements
and balances Parrington's tendency to dismiss ideas as by-products of
economic factors.)
Smith, T. V. _The American Philosophy of Equality._ Chicago: 1927.
(Chapter I includes discussion of "natural rights," with recognition
of the influence of European theorists.)
Smyth, A. H. _The Philadelphia Magazines and Their Contributors,
1741-1850._ Philadelphia: 1892. (Brief descriptive account, mostly
superseded by the relevant sections in F. L. Mott's and L. N.
Richardson's histories.)
Stephen, Leslie. _A History of English Thought in the Eighteenth
Century._ 2 vols. London: 1902 (3rd ed.). (As J. L. Laski observes, it
is "almost insolent to praise such work." In certain aspects, however,
it has been superseded by studies by such men as R. S. Crane, A. O.
Lovejoy, H. M. Jones, etc.)
Stimson, Dorothy. _The Gradual Acceptance of the Copernican Theory of
the Universe._ Hanover, N. H.: 1917.
Taylor, O. H. "Economics and the Idea of Natural Law," _Quarterly
Journal of Economics_, XLIV, 1-39 (Nov., 1929). ("The evolution of the
idea of 'law' in economics" paralleling "its evolution in the natural
sciences" led to belief in an economic mechanism which "was regarded
as a wise device of the Creator for causing individuals, while
pursuing only their own interests, to promote the prosperity of
society, and for causing the right adjustment to one another of
supplies, demands, prices, and incomes, to take place automatically,
in consequence of the free action of all individuals." The author
suggests that there is evident an incongruous dichotomy between the
mechanistic idea of the physiocrats and their assumption that
enlightened men "would be able to use government as a scientific tool
for carrying out purely rationalistic measures in the common
interest." See also outline of his doctoral thesis on this subject.
Harvard University _Summaries of Theses_ [1928], 102-6. An
authoritative study of an important subject.)
Torrey, N. L. _Voltaire and the English Deists._ New Haven: 1930. (Shows
Voltaire's great indebtedness to Newtonianism, which he popularized in
France, and to earlier deists than Bolingbroke. Authoritative.)
Turberville, A. S., ed. _Johnson's England. An Account of the Life and
Manners of His Age._ 2 vols. Oxford University Press: 1933. (Although
this collaborative work neglects political, religious, economic, and
aesthetic ideas, it embodies readable and authoritative surveys of
external aspects of social history, viewed from many angles. Contains
useful bibliographies. See review by H. H. Clark, _American Review_,
II, No. 4 [Feb., 1934].)
Tyler, M. C. _A History of American Literature, 1607-1765_ (2 vols. New
York: 1878), and _The Literary History of the American Revolution_ (2
vols. New York: 1897). (Somewhat grandiloquent but very full survey,
including Loyalists. Excellent on literary aspects but partly
superseded on ideas. Contains excellent bibliography of primary
sources.)
Van Tyne, C. H. _The Causes of the War of Independence._ Boston: 1922.
(Brilliant both in interpretation and style, and well balanced in
considering economic, political, social, religious, and philosophic
factors.)
Veitch, G. S. _The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform._ London: 1913.
(Useful for English backgrounds.)
Weld, C. R. _A History of the Royal Society with Memoirs of the
Presidents._ 2 vols. London: 1848.
Wendell, Barrett. _Cotton Mather, the Puritan Priest._ Cambridge, Mass.:
1926 [1891]. (A sympathetic study of one of Franklin's masters, based
on a deep knowledge of the Puritan spirit.)
Weulersse, Georges. _Le mouvement physiocratique en France_ (_de 1756 à
1770_). 2 vols. Paris: 1910. (The standard treatment.)
White, A. D. _A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in
Christendom._ 2 vols. New York: 1897. (Prominent attention given to
colonial eighteenth century.)
Whitney, Lois. _Primitivism and the Idea of Progress in English Popular
Literature of the Eighteenth Century._ Baltimore: 1934. (An acute
study of the history of an important idea, especially as embodied in
novels. Occasionally misleading because Miss Whitney does not always
pay necessary attention to the major individuals' change of attitude,
to their genetic development. Contains no bibliography. See Bury,
above.)
Williams, David. "The Influence of Rousseau on Political Opinion,
1760-1795," _English Historical Review_, XLVIII, 414-30 (1933).
Winsor, Justin, ed. _Narrative and Critical History of America._ 8 vols.
Boston: [1884-] 1889. (Especially valuable for bibliographical notes.)
Wright, B. F. _American Interpretations of Natural Law. A Study in the
History of Political Thought._ Cambridge, Mass.: 1931. (An able
outline of main trends, although it neglects evidence both in
eighteenth-century sermons and in legal papers of colonial attorneys.
Shows strong influence of Grotius, Puffendorf, and Locke on
Revolutionary theories. Should be supplemented by C. F. Mullett's
parallel book. Reviewed by R. B. Morris, _American Historical Review_,
XXXVII, 561-2, April, 1932.)
Wright, T. G. _Literary Culture in Early New England, 1620-1730._ New
Haven: 1920. (Valuable for its check lists of colonial libraries,
suggesting books current in Franklin's formative years. The best
treatment of its subject although it neglects the literary and
aesthetic theories of the period. To be supplemented by books by C. F.
Richardson, W. F. Mitchell, and E. C. Cook.)
Further background studies may be found in _The Cambridge History of
English Literature_, Cambridge and New York, 1912-1914, VIII-XI, and
_The Cambridge History of American Literature_, New York, 1917, Vol. I.
See also the more up-to-date bibliographies in P. Smith's _A History of
Modern Culture_, New York, 1934, II, 647-76; R. S. Crane's _A Collection
of English Poems, 1660-1800_, New York, 1932, pp. 1115-42; and
especially O. Shepard and P. S. Wood, _English Prose and Poetry,
1660-1800_, Boston, 1934, pp. xxxiii-xxxviii and pp. 937-1067. For
bibliographical guides, see note following, p. clxxxviii.
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND CHECK LISTS
Boggess, A. C., and Witmer, E. R. _Calendar of the Papers of Benjamin
Franklin in the Library of the University of Pennsylvania._ (Being
the Appendix to the _Calendar of the Papers of Benjamin Franklin in
the Library of the American Philosophical Society_, edited by I. M.
Hays.) Philadelphia: 1908. (This valuable work lists letters to
Franklin, letters from Franklin, and miscellaneous letters, with
brief notes on the topics discussed in each letter and place of
publication in cases where the letters have been published.)
_Books Printed by Benjamin Franklin. Born Jan. 17, 1706._ New York:
1906. (Lists best known imprints; useful although eclipsed by
Campbell.)
*_The Cambridge History of American Literature._ New York: 1917. I,
442-52. (Lists of "Collected Works," "Separate Works," and
"Contributions to Periodicals" constitute a convenient abridgment of
Ford, but the list, "Biographical and Critical," limited to two pages,
is at best inadequately suggestive.)
Campbell, W. J. _The Collection of Franklin Imprints in the Museum of
the Curtis Publishing Company. With a Short-Title Check List of All
the Books, Pamphlets, Broadsides, &c., known to have been printed by
Benjamin Franklin._ Philadelphia: 1918.
Campbell, W. J. _A Short-Title Check List of All the Books, Pamphlets,
Broadsides, &c., known to have been printed by Benjamin Franklin._
Philadelphia: 1918.
*Faÿ, B. _Benjamin Franklin bibliographie et étude sur les sources
historiques relatives à sa vie_ (Vol. III of _Benjamin Franklin,
bourgeois d'Amérique et citoyen du monde_.) Paris: 1931. (Faÿ, in
_Franklin, the Apostle of Modern Times_, pp. 517-33, has furnished
"only a summary bibliography," which, in spite of its occasional
inaccuracies and infelicities in form, contains many useful items,
American, English, and French; especially valuable for notes on
several manuscript collections. In this French edition the
bibliography is more detailed.)
*Ford, P. L. _Franklin Bibliography. A List of Books Written by, or
Relating to Benjamin Franklin._ Brooklyn, N. Y.: 1889. (The standard,
time-honored work, unfortunately not superseded.)
Ford, W. C. _List of the Benjamin Franklin Papers in the Library of
Congress._ Washington, D. C.: 1905.
Hays, I. M. _Calendar of the Papers of Benjamin Franklin in the Library
of the American Philosophical Society._ Vols. II-VI in _The Record of
the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of
Benjamin Franklin, under the Auspices of the American Philosophical
Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge, April 17
to 20, 1906_. Philadelphia: 1908. (A. H. Smyth purports to have
printed in his ten-volume edition all of Franklin's letters in this
collection. Valuable especially for letters addressed to Franklin.)
"List of Works in the New York Public Library by or Relating to Benjamin
Franklin," _Bulletin of New York Public Library_, X, No. 1. New York:
1906, pp. 29-83.
Rosengarten, J. G. "Some New Franklin Papers," _University of
Pennsylvania Alumni Register_, 1-7 (July, 1903). (A report to the
Board of Trustees saying "there are over five hundred pieces of MS
among the collection of Franklin papers recently added to the Library
of the University." These range from 1731 to Franklin's latest
correspondence. Only a few of these pieces are described.)
Stevens, Henry. _Benjamin Franklin's Life and Writings. A
Bibliographical Essay on the Stevens Collection of Books and
Manuscripts Relating to Doctor Franklin._ London: 1881. (Pp. 21-40
contain a list of "Franklin's Printed Works.")
Swift, Lindsay. "Catalogue of Works Relating to Benjamin Franklin in the
Boston Public Library," _Bulletin of the Boston Public Library_, V,
217-31, 276-84, 420-33. Boston: 1883. (Including Dr. S. A. Green's
collection, this was the "immediate predecessor" to Ford.)
For current articles the student should consult especially the
bibliographies in _Philological Quarterly_, _American Literature_,
_Publications of the Modern Language Association_, bibliographical
bulletins of the Modern Humanities Research Association, and Grace G.
Griffin's annual bibliography, _Writings on American History_.
*
_Selections from_
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
*
NOTE: Superior figures through the text refer to notes in pp. 529 ff.
_From the_ AUTOBIOGRAPHY[1]
TWYFORD, at the Bishop of St. Asaph's, 1771.