Tupac Amaru, descendant of the Incas, who was cruelly put to death by
the Spaniards, 1780-2; sc. successive battles during S. American War
of Independence, 1809-25; independence secured by victory of Ayacucho,
1824; republic named after the liberator Bolivar; Santa Cruz president
of B. and Lower Peru, 1828-39; Peru-Bolivian war with Chili, 1879-83;
sc. frequent civil war.
=Boonesboro=, Kentucky. 39N. 84W. On site of fort built by Daniel
Boone, the explorer of Kentucky (1735-1820), who was several times
attacked in it by the Indians, and once made prisoner.
=Booneville=, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Lyon,
1861 (Civil W.).
=Boothia Felix.= 70N. 94W. Northern extremity of the continent,
discovered by Sir John Ross, 1829-30; named after Sir F. Booth, the
financier of the expedition, during which Ross's nephew (James Clark
Ross) discovered the magnetic pole.
=Borgne, Lake=, Louisiana. 30N. 89W. British naval victory, 1812.
=Boston=, Mass., U.S. 42N. 71W. Called Shawmut by the Indians and
Trimountain by the English. In 1630 a settlement was made here by
Winthrop, governor of Mass. Bay, and this year the present name was
given, after the English town from which many of the colonists came;
first congress of confederated colonies (Mass., Plymouth, Connect.,)
1643; seizure and expulsion of Andros, governor-general, 1688; seizure
of the British sloop 'Liberty,' 1768, first action taken in the W. of
Ind.; the Boston massacre, 1770; 'Boston tea party,' 1773; meeting in
Faneuil Hall ('Cradle of American Liberty') denouncing the Boston Port
Bill, 1774; warlike preparations begun by General Gage, 1774; besieged
by Washington, 1775-6, when English evacuated; first charter, 1822. The
city has suffered from several destructive fires, the latest in 1872.
The 'Boston News Letter,' 1704, was the first newspaper printed in
the U.S. Dr. Channing minister at Federal Street Church, 1803-40. Bp.
Cotton Mather (1663-1728); T. Hutchinson, historian of Massachusetts
(1711-80); Paul Revere, patriot (1735-1818) (see Longfellow's poem);
W. Austin, A. of 'Peter Rugg, the Missing Man' (1778-1841); Ticknor,
A. of 'History of Spanish Literature' (1791-1871); Parkman, historian
(1823-93); R. Waldo Emerson (1803-82); Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49);
Benjamin Franklin (1706-90); Francis J. Child, scholar (1825-96); Mrs.
Craigie, novelist (1867-1906).
=Boston Bay.= Expedition to, under Miles Standish, 1621.
=Boyaca=, Colombia. 5N. 73W. Decisive victory by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A.
W. of Ind.).
=Boydton Plank Road=, near Petersburg, Virginia. 56N. 78W. Battle, 1864
(Civil W.).
=Braceti= (Brazito), Texas. 30N. 109W. Mexicans defeated, 1846 (Mex.
W.).
=Braintree=, near Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. John Adams, second
president of the U.S. (1735-1826), and John Quincy Adams, sixth
president of the U.S. (1767-1848).
=Brandywine Creek=, near Wilmington. 39N. 75W. Defeat of Washington by
Howe, Lafayette wounded, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
=Brazil=, S.A. 10S. 52W. Discovered by the Spaniard Yañez Pinzon,
1500, and shortly after by the Portuguese Cabral; Vespucci reached
the bay of Rio de Janeiro on New Year's Day, 1502 or 1504, and named
it accordingly; Hawkins in 1528 and 1530, bringing a Brazilian king
home with him from this latter voyage; traversed by Cabeza de Vaca,
1540-2; French colony of short duration planted at Fort Coligny by
Villegagnon, 1555; Portuguese and Dutch in possession in turns; latter
driven from, 1654; Portuguese court take refuge from Napoleon at Rio,
1807; independence declared and Pedro I. crowned emperor, 1822; war
with Paraguay, 1865-70; emancipation of slaves, 1885; country revolts
against Pedro's son and declares itself a republic, 1889; revolt of
fleet and civil war, 1893-5; campaigns against Indians (Jaguncos),
1897; attempt to assassinate President Barros, 1897; disturbances
continue. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')
=Brier Creek=, Georgia. 32N. 81W. Americans defeated by English under
Gen. Prevost 1779 (W. of Ind.).
=British Columbia= (formerly New Caledonia). 49N. 114W. Cook off,
1778; coast explored by Vancouver during voyage of 1793-5; in 1858
it received its present name, and in 1871 was incorporated with the
dominion of Canada.
=Brook Farm=, West Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Association at
organised by G. Ripley and Dr. Channing, 1841; among its members and
the visitors to B. Farm were Hawthorne, Dana, Margaret Fuller, W. H.
Channing, Emerson, Alcott, Brownson, Miss Peabody (the 'Miss Birdseye'
of H. James's 'Bostonians'), etc.; Fourierism was adopted by the
community in 1843, and in 1847 the community broke up. (See Hawthorne's
'Blithedale Romance.')
=Brooklyn Heights=, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Occupied by British,
1776. (See Long Island, battle of.)
=Brown, Fort=, Rio Grande, Texas. 25N. 97W. Defended by Brown against
attack on by Mexicans, 1846 (Mex. W.).
=Buena Vista=, near Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 101W. Defeat of Santa Ana,
1846 (Mex. W.).
=Buenos Ayres=, province, Argentine. 34S. 58W. Independence proclaimed,
1816; separated from other provinces, 1853; rejoined, 1860; La Plata
made the capital, 1882.
=Buenos Ayres=, cap. of Argentine Republic since 1882, formerly cap.
of province. 34S. 60W. F. by Mendoza, 1535; Spaniards driven from by
Indians, 1539; re-colonised, 1580; attacked by English and Portuguese,
1763; taken by English under Admiral Popham and Beresford, who were
soon forced to surrender, 1806; two days' fighting in streets ending
in defeat of English under Whitelocke, 1807; blockaded by French and
English, 1835 (see Argentine). (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
=Buffalo=, Erie, N.Y. 42N. 78W. Taken and destroyed by British and
Indian allies, 1813; Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.
=Buffington Island= (St. George's Creek), Ohio. Capture of Confederate
raiders under Morgan, 1863 (Civil W.).
=Bull Run=, near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victories of
Confederates, 1861 and 1862 (battle of Groveton).
=Bunker Hill=, Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. First great battle of the
W. of Ind., fought actually on Breed's Hill, in which the Americans
gained a substantial victory, 1775.
=Burburata=, Venezuela. Sir John Hawkins at, trading in slaves, 1565.
=Burlington=, New Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Quakers, 1677. Bp. of James
Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851).
=Burnt Corn Creek=, near Pensacola. 50N. 37W. Victory of McQueen and
his Indians over Caller's force, 1813 (Creek W.).
=Bushy Run=, about 25 miles from Fort Pitt (q.v.). Victory of Bouquet
over the Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')
=Buzzard's Bay=, Mass. 41N. 70W. Early trading station of the Plymouth
Fathers.
=Cabo de la Vela=, Colombia. 12N. 74W. Furthest point reached by Ojeda,
who was the first to sight this cape, 1499.
=Cahokia=, St. Claire Co., Illinois. 38N. 90W. Pontiac, Indian chief,
killed in wood near, 1769 (see Parkman, op. cit.); prehistoric mounds
near.
=Caimanera=, Cuba. 19N. 75W. Engagement between Americans and
Spaniards, latter finally driven from their camp, 1898.
=Cajamarca= (Caxamarca), Peru. 6S. 79W. The Inca Atahuallpa
treacherously made prisoner and his followers massacred by Pizarro,
1532; the Inca executed, 1533. (See Prescott 'Peru,' op. cit.).
=California, Gulf of.= 28N. 112W. Expedition of Narvaez to, 1527;
explored by Cortés and his generals, 1528-35; reached by Cabeza de Vaca
and survivors of expedition, the first explorers to cross the American
continent, during their nine years' wanderings, 1527-36; Ulloa in,
1539; Alarçon, 1540; Viscayno. 1596.
=California, Lower, Mexico.= 28N. 113W. Discovered by Grijalva, 1534;
taken possession of by Spaniards, 1602; colonised by Jesuits, 1642;
part of Mexico since 1823.
=California, Upper=, U.S. 37N. 120W. Coast explored by Cabrillo,
1542; taken possession of by Drake for Elizabeth, and named by him
'New Albion,' 1578; expedition to, under Viscayno, 1602-5; colony in
settled by Spaniards, 1698; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; revolted
from Spain, 1823; exploring expedition under Frémont, 1844; ceded by
Mexico to U.S., 1848; admitted to Union, 1850; decides against joining
Confederates, 1860.
=Callao=, Peru. 12S. 77W. Known to early Spanish founders as Ciudad de
los Reyes: former town destroyed by tidal wave, 1746: last stronghold
in Peru held by Spaniards, who capitulated, 1826; Spanish fleet
defeated off, 1866; bombarded by Chilians, 1882.
=Cambridge=, Mass. 42N. 71W. F. 1631, and originally named Newtown;
Harvard University f. 1636; first printing press in U.S. set up by
Day, 1638; the 'Bay Psalm Book,' first book printed in English America,
1640; first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, 1640-54; theological
constitution known as the 'Cambridge Platform' framed at synod, 1646-8;
congress for re-organising army, at which Franklin and Washington
assisted, 1775; Washington here took command of the continental
army, 1775. Bp. R. H. Dana, poet and essayist (1787-1879); Oliver
Wendell Holmes (1809-94); James Russell Lowell (1819-91); res. Lowell,
Longfellow (see Mount Auburn).
=Cambridgeport=, Mass. (now part of Cambridge). 42N. 71W. Bp. of
S. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), drowned off Long Island
(1810-50).
=Camden=, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. English victory under Cornwallis,
1780; engagement near, between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon, 1781;
evacuated by English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
=Campbell's Station=, near Knoxville, Tennessee. 36N. 83W. Federals
forced to withdraw from, after repelling Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).
=Campeche=, Yucatan, Mexico. 19N. 90W. Discovered by Cordova, 1517;
Spaniards settled at, 1539; taken by English, 1659; by the buccaneer
Louis Scot, 1678; and again by buccaneers, 1685.
=Campeche Bay=, Gulf of Mexico. 20N. 93W. Cortés sails down, 1519.
=Canada= (New France). 46N. 55W. The Cabots discover Labrador and
Newfoundland, 1497, 1498; further discoveries by the Cortereals, 1500,
1501; Verazzani in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1524; explored by Cartier,
1534, who was the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, 1535; small
French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; voyages of exploration and
discoveries by Champlain, founder of Quebec, 1602-35; taken by the
English, 1759-60; finally ceded to, by Treaty of Paris, 1763; divided
into Upper and Lower, 1791; in 1840 reunited and known as East and
West; Confederate Dominion formed, 1867; original provinces joined in
1870 by the N.W. Territories; in 1871 by British Columbia, and in 1873
by Prince Edward Island.
=Canelas= (Land of Cinnamon). 25N. 105W. Gonzalo Pizarro in, during his
expedition into Quito, 1540-2.
=Cape Breton Island.= 46N. 60W. Probably discovered by Cabot, 1497;
settled by French, 1712; ceded to England by Peace of Paris, 1763;
incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819.
=Cape Desolation=, Greenland. 61N. 48W. So named by Davis, 1585.
=Cape Farewell=, Greenland. 60N. 44W. Davis off, 1585.
=Cape Horn=, S.A. 55S. 68W. Rounded by Magalhaes, 1520; sighted by
Drake, 1578.
=Cape Mercy=, Cumberland, Baffin Land. 64N. 64W. So named by Davis,
1585.
=Carabobo=, Venezuela. 9N. 68W. Victory of Bolivar over Spaniards, 1821
(S. A. W. Ind.).
=Caracas=, Venezuela. 10N. 66W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; f. by
Spaniards, 1567; sacked by buccaneer Amyas Preston, 1595; and by
French, 1679; revolted, 1810, and after being twice retaken by
Spaniards, finally delivered, 1821; destroyed by earthquake, 1812; now
capital of Venezuela. Bp. Miranda, revolutionary leader (or at Santa
Fé, N. Granada) (1756-1816); Bolivar, the 'Liberator' (1785-1830).
=Carenas=, Port, Cuba. Name given by Ocampo, who here careened his
vessels, 1508.
=Caribees=, N. and S. (or Windward and Leeward) islands, W. Indies.
16N. 62W.; 13N. 60W. Name derived from the aboriginal tribe.
=Carnifex Ferry=, near Summersville, W. Virginia. 38N. 80W. Federal
victory, 1861 (Civil W.).
=Carolina=, N. and S. (called Albemarle by refugees from Virginia,
1660). 34N. 80W. Discovered by Ponce de Léon, 1512; explored by
expedition sent by De Ayllon, 1521; by Verazzani, 1524; Raleigh landed
on Roanoke Island, 1584; 1663 conceded by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon
and other nobles, hence its present name; constitution drawn up by
Locke, 1670; became crown colony, 1729; two of the 13 original United
States; both N. and S. seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1868. (See
Roanoke and Fort Carolina.)
=Cartagena=, Colombia, S.A. 10N. 75W. F. by Pedro de Heredia, 1533;
Hawkins at, 1568; taken by Drake, 1586; resisted English attack under
Vernon, 1741; captured by Royalists, 1815; retaken by revolutionaries,
1821. (See Colombia.)
=Carthage=, Jasper Co., Missouri. Confederates force Gen. Lyon to
retreat, 1861 (Civil W.).
=Cary Islands=, off Ellesmere Land. 76N. 83W. Name given by Baffin,
1616.
=Caseros=, near Buenos Ayres. 34S. 58W. Final defeat of Rosas, by
forces of Brazil and Uruguay, 1852.
=Caxas=, Peru. 10S. 79W. De Soto at, when reconnoitring for Pizarro,
1532. Painful march of Blasco Nuñez through valley of, pursued by
Gonzalo Pizarro. 1544. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
=Cayenne=, cap. of French Guiana. 4N. 52W. In possession in turns of
French, English, and Dutch, 1604-76; restored to French and taken by
English, 1809; French possession since Peace of 1814; formerly French
penal settlement.
=Cedar Creek=, Virginia. 39N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1864 (Civil
W.).
=Cedar Mountain=, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Victory, and subsequent retreat,
of 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).
=Cempoalla=, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Cortés and his troops received in state
by the cacique, 1519; Cortés destroys part of his fleet, 1519; his
victory over Narvaez, envoy of Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, 1520. (See
Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.')
=Cerrito=, near Montevideo. Spaniards defeated by Argentine
revolutionaries, 1812.
=Cerro=, S.A. Victory of Montevideans by aid of Garibaldi over the
forces of Rosas, 1846.
=Cerro-Cora=, Paraguay. 22S. 55W. The dictator F. S. Lopez surprised
and killed by Lacerda (Chico le Diable), 1870, thus putting an end to
war between Brazil and Paraguay.
=Cerro Gordo=, Mexico. 26N. 105W. American victory over Mexicans and
flight of Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).
=Ceutla, Plains of=, Tabasco, Mexico. Defeat of Indians by Cortés,
1519. (Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.)
=Chacabuco=, Chili. 33S. 70W. Spaniards defeated by the Argentinians
under San Martin and the allied revolutionaries, 1817 (S. A. W. Ind.).
=Chalco=, on lake of name, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés marches along
Lake of, on his way to Mexico, 1519; Mexicans defeated by Spaniards
under Sandoval, 1521; noted for its 'floating gardens.' (See Prescott,
'Mexico,' op. cit.)
=Chaleur Bay.= 47N. 65W. So named by Cartier, 1534.
=Champion Hills=, Hind's Co., Miss. 32N. 90W. Confederates defeated by
Gen. Grant, 1863 (Civil W.).
=Champlain, Lake.= 44N. 73W. Named after the explorer who reached the
lake and there defeated the Iroquois, 1609; American fleet under Arnold
defeated by English, 1776; English fleet by American, 1814.
=Chancellorsville=, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Army
of the Potomac defeated by the Confederates, and 'Stonewall' Jackson
mortally wounded, 1863 (Civil W.).
=Chantilly=, near Washington, Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates driven
back, 1862 (Civil W.).
=Chapultepec=, near the cap., Mexico. 19N. 99W. Ancient res. of kings
of Mexico. Hill forts stormed by Gen. Scott, and Mexicans heavily
defeated, 1847 (Mex. W.).
=Charcas=, Mexico. 23N. 101W. Gonzalo Pizarro at, to explore the Potosi
mines, 1543.
=Charleston=, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. The people of old Charlestown
on the Ashley removed here, 1680; French and Spanish defeated, 1706;
British fleet under Parker repulsed, 1776; surrendered to Clinton,
1780; evacuated by English, 1782; capture of Fort Sumter by S.
Carolinians, 1861 (beginning of Civil W.); attacks on Forts Wagner and
Sumter by Gen. Gillmore, 1863; town besieged till 1865, when evacuated
by Confederates and national flag raised.
=Charlestown=, W. Virginia. 39N. 77W. John Brown, abolitionist, hanged,
1859.
=Charlestown=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Part of Boston; Bunker's Hill in; burnt
by Gage, 1775; taken by British, 1779 (W. of Ind.).
=Chattanooga=, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Victory of Confederates on
Chickamanga Field, Sept. 20; defeat of Confederates by Grant (Look-out
Mountain and Missionary Ridge), Nov. 23-25, 1863.
=Chesapeake Bay= (known to early explorers as Bay of St. Mary). 38N.
76W. Discovered by explorers sent by Q. V. de Ayllon, 1521; Verazzani
off, 1524; De Ayllon in, 1526; expedition to, under Newport, in which
John Smith took part, 1607; English Admiral Graves forced to retire,
1781 (W. of Ind.); sc. hostilities during war of 1814.
=Chiahuitzlan=, Mexico. 39N. 30W. Cortés at, with his troops, 1519.
(Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
=Chicago=, Illinois. 41N. 87W. French fur-traders at, 1654; Marquette
at, 1673, and during winter 1674-5; fort built by French, 1683;
abandoned when Canada ceded to English; American fort (Dearborn) built,
1804; raid and massacre by Indians, 1814; small beginning of present
town laid out, 1830; terrible fire, 1871; World's Fair, 1893.
=Chickahominy River=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Explored by John Smith, 1607;
a series of battles fought on, ending in victory for Confederates under
Lee, 1862. (See Richmond.)
=Chickamanga=, see Chattanooga.
=Chickasaw Bayou=, arm of the Yazoo river. 32N. 90W. Sherman repulsed
by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).
=Chihuahua=, Mexico. 28N. 106W. Hidalgo, Mexican patriot, shot, 1811.
=Chili= (Chile), S.A. 32S. 70W. Almagro as conqueror in, 1536; Valdivia
invades, 1540; Santiago f. by, 1541; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810;
supremacy of Spain renewed, 1814; defeat of Spaniards at Chacabuco,
1817; national independence finally proclaimed after battle of Maypo,
1818; recognised at Madrid, 1844; alliance with Peru and declaration
of war with Spain, 1865-6; Valparaiso bombarded by Spanish fleet, 1866;
treaty with Spain, 1879; war with Peru and Bolivia, 1879-83; Balmaceda
president, 1886; revolution in and revolt of navy, 1891; complications
with U.S. concerning the 'Matta Note' affair, peaceably settled, 1892.
=Chiloe=, island. 42S. 73W. Spanish fleet defeated off by Peruvians and
Chilians, 1866; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').
=Chimborazo=, see Andes.
=Chincha Islands=, Peru. 13S. 76W. Seized by the Spaniards when at war
with Peru, 1864; restored on conclusion of peace, 1865.
=Chippawa= (or Chippewa), Ontario. 43N. 79W. Gen. Riall defeated by
Americans, 1814.
=Cholula=, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Famous pyramid at, four times the size
of the pyramid of Cheops; massacre of the Cholulans by Cortés, 1519.
(Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
=Chonos Islands=, S.A. 44S. 74W. Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').
=Chrysler's Field=, Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence. 44N. 75W. Fierce but
indecisive action, 1813.
=Chupas=, Peru. 12S. 75W. Defeat of the Spaniards under Almagro by
Vaca de Castro, commissioner sent out by Spanish Government, 1542. (See
Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
=Chuquisaca= (now Sucre), cap. of Bolivia. 19S. 64W. F. by one of
Pizarro's followers, 1529; independence of Bolivia proclaimed at, 1825;
said to be oldest university in S. America.
=Churubusco=, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Santa Anna defeated by Americans,
1847 (Mex. W.).
=Cincinnati=, city, Ohio. 39N. 84W. Block-house erected by Ensign Luce,
1788, and first known as Losantiville.
=Ciudad Bolivar=, see Angostura.
=Clarksburg=, Harrison Co., W. Virginia. Bp. Thomas Jonathan
Jackson ('Stonewall' Jackson), Confederate general (1824), killed at
Chancellorsville, 1863.
=Cleveland=, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Named in honour of its founder, 1796.
=Coaque=, Peru. 0. 77W. Taken by Pizarro, 1531.
=Cod, Cape=, Mass. 42N. 70W. Discovered by Gosnold, who so named it,
1602; Champlain off during his second expedition to Canada, 1604-7, and
called by him Cape Fortune; explored by John Smith, 1614; first land
sighted by Pilgrim Fathers.
=Cold Harbour=, near Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary and
indecisive battle between Grant and Lee, 1864 (Civil W.). (See under
Richmond for former battle, 1862.)
=Colombia=, S.A. 3N. 75W. Coasts, etc., explored by Columbus (from whom
the present name derived), and earlier and later navigators, 15th-16th
centuries; named New Granada by Quesada, conqueror of Bogota, 1538;
revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; independence established after
Bolivar's victory at Boyaca, 1819; Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from
confederation, 1830; name changed to 'United States of Colombia,' 1861;
constant revolutions.
=Colorado=, U.S. 39N. 105W. Explored by Vasquez de Coronado, 1540;
Pike's Peak discovered by mountaineer of that name, 1806; Frémont in,
during his expedition over the Rocky Mountains, 1842-4; organised as
a territory, 1861; sided with Federals in Civil W.; admitted to Union,
1876.
=Colorado River=, Colorado, N. America. 34N. 114W. Discovered by
Hernando Alarçon on his expedition to California, 1540; explored last
century by Yves, White, and Powell.
=Columbia=, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Battle of Duck Run, and earlier
encounter, 1862 (Civil W.).
=Columbia=, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. Taken and burnt by Gen. Sherman,
1865 (Civil W.).
=Columbia=, river, Oregon. 46N. 124W. Discovered by Capt. Grey, 1792;
the same year Lieut. Broughton, under directions from Vancouver, sailed
up; later explorations by Lewis and Clarke, 1805; navigation of granted
to England by treaty, 1846.
=Columbia University=, New York. Originally King's College, chartered,
1754; Columbia College, 1784; University, 1896.
=Concepcion=, town, Chili. 36S. 73W. F. by Valdivia, 1550. (See account
of earthquake, Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
=Concord=, Mass. 42N. 71W. First battle fought during W. of Ind. was at
Lexington (six miles off) and Concord, 1775 (see Emerson's hymn to the
'embattled' farmers). Sleepy Hollow and Walden Pond are both near. Res.
and burial-place of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, who was also born here
(1817-62); Hawthorne wrote his 'Mosses from an Old Manse' in Emerson's
house; other literary names are ass. this place, which has been called
the American Weimar.
=Conestoga=, Pennsylvania. Indians at massacred by the 'Paxton boys,'
1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)
=Connecticut=, U.S. 41N. 72W. One of the thirteen original
North-American states; discovered by Dutch, 1613; Dutch in possession
of valley till 1635-6, when English settled in; war with the Pequods,
1636; Windsor settled, 1637; charter granted to by Charles II. (1662)
secreted in 'Charter Oak' to preserve it from James II.'s envoy,
1687-8; became independent, 1776.
=Contreras=, Mexico. 19N. 99W. American victory over Mexicans under
Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).
=Copan=, on river of name, Honduras. 14N. 89W. Gigantic remains of
ancient temple and pyramids.
=Cordoba=, cap. province, Argentina. 31S. 63W. F. by Jerome Cabrera,
1573.
=Corinth=, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Confederates forced to evacuate,
1862; later the same year they were defeated in the battle of Oct. 3-4.
=Coronation Gulf=, Arctic Ocean. 68N. 110-116W. Reached by Sir J.
Franklin, 1821.
=Corrientes=, Argentina. 38S. 57W. Three days' naval fight between
Garibaldi, on behalf of the Montevideans, and Admiral Brown, commander
of Rosas' fleet, 1846.
=Costa Rica=, Republic of, Cent. A. 10N. 84W. East coast discovered
by Columbus, 1502; west coast reached by Espinoza about 1514; early
Spanish colonies, and final conquest of country by Coronado, 1561-5;
Indians rise along the Atlantic coast and win their independence,
1709; independent state since 1821; part of Confederation of Cent. A.,
1824-9; constitution promulgated, 1870.