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EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY
EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS
REFERENCE
A LITERARY AND
HISTORICAL ATLAS OF
NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA
THE PUBLISHERS OF _EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY_ WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY
TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE
COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS:
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THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY
HISTORY * CLASSICAL
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BIOGRAPHY
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IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING: CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP;
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QUARTER PIGSKIN
London: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd.
New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
[Illustration: TO THE WISE MAN ALL THE WORLD'S A SOIL
BEN JONSON]
A LITERARY &
HISTORICAL
ATLAS OF
AMERICA
J G. BARTHOLOMEW LL.D
LONDON: PUBLISHED
by J·M·DENT & SONS LTD
AND IN NEW YORK
BY E·P·DUTTON & CO
INTRODUCTION
When General Hamilton spoke in the _Federalist_ over a century ago
of "an empire, in many respects the most interesting in the world,"
meaning the United States of America, he did not, he could not, foresee
the vast growth of his country and its northern and southern neighbours
which this book portrays. The volume is the third in a series of small
atlases, meant to cover in turn the whole globe, and to do it in a
way to knit up geographical and historical knowledge with the facts
of commerce and the literary record of each land or region. One chief
purpose of these maps is to trace clearly the development of the United
States, beginning with "the most remarquable parts" of the New England
of the Pilgrim Fathers, described by Captain John Smith in 1614, and
not forgetting the territories of the old American-Indian nations.
Some inkling too is given in facsimile of the early charts, views,
and maps by the explorers and cartographers who made a survey of the
first settlements. For example, we have an old map of Guiana invaluable
as a Sir Walter Raleigh record, giving the mouths of the Oronoke,
or Orinoco, where his men tugged against the stream, and stretching
southward to the Amazon itself, and we get from the map of Peru at
the period of the Conquest a clear idea of the country in the time of
Pizarro.
As with the great rivers, so with the great American cities. You can
compare "old New York," as represented in one page, with the new New
York and its environs which are a world's wonder to-day. Then again
you can take the chart of the Early Highways that ran westward into
the wilderness and estimate how the power of the engineer has, since
the railway came, caught the States in an iron network and rearranged
the Americas. Battlefields and sieges, by which the right of the new
country to its national life and individuality was "wrenched," as
Tennyson said in his address to the old country,[1] are not forgotten.
Note among the less familiar documents that we are able to include,
the rare map of the territory in Virginia and North Carolina traversed
by John Lederer in his three marches. Lederer was sent out by Governor
Berkeley in 1669-70, and journeyed west as far as the top of the
Apalatoean mountains. It seems doubtful how far he went in South
Carolina. He did not penetrate far enough, according to Professor
W. J. Rivers, to meet "the new-comers who were about founding the
Commonwealth of Locke."
As for the local associations that have become familiar in American
literature, you have a chart of the Concord neighbourhood showing
Walden Pond, Forest Lake, Lexington, and Punkatasset Hill, associated
with the name and fame of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and
H. D. Thoreau. Fenimore Cooper recalls the old Indian Territory as it
was in the wild prime of the Red Men; and you travel from the land of
"Hiawatha" in Longfellow's poem southwards to the Mexico and Peru of
Prescott, and then pause over something more amazing than any record in
imaginative verse or prose—the plain statistics figured in the map of
South America, and the emergence of Buenos Ayres with its million and
a quarter inhabitants, Rio de Janeiro with its 860,000, San Paulo with
350,000, and Santiago with 330,000. Here are the elements of an immense
new Latin civilisation which is going to count, and count enormously,
just as China and its millions are bound to count enormously in the
twentieth century.
We might have spoken at large of Canada and its huge dominion; of
Newfoundland, New Brunswick, New "Scotia," and the chain of the Great
Lakes in the North. But an Atlas speaks for itself with the accent of
a world-bearer if one treats its pages as they ought to be treated,
with a sense of the great perspective of history and of men and nations
advancing along it to their fulfilment in the world. The Old World and
the New have lately been drawn closer by the mysterious nerves that
underrun the Atlantic and the understanding of a true world polity;
and it is hoped that this volume will do something to foster that amity
between states and nations.
We have again to acknowledge very gratefully the indispensable help
given to our enterprise by Dr. Bartholomew with his unfailing knowledge
and skill. Also to thank Miss Edwardes for her working gazetteer which
makes reference easy, and Mr. G. C. Brooke of the Department of Coins
and Medals at the British Museum for his notes on the coinage, and for
his arrangements of the specimens which serve so vividly to illustrate
the historical side of the atlas.
[1] "Be proud of those strong sons of thine Who wrenched
the right thou wouldst not yield."
CONTENTS
COLOURED MAPS
PAGE
Atlantic Ocean, Toscanelli, 1474 1
Discoveries of Columbus 2
Discoveries of the Norsemen 3
America, 1492-1522 3
America, 1522-1700 4, 5
North American Colonies, 1643 6
North America, 1740 7
North American Colonies, 1755-1763 8, 9
North American Colonies, 1783 10, 11
Canada, 1791 12, 13
United States, 1801 14
United States, 1845 15
United States—Civil War, 1861-65 16, 17
Cortes in Mexico, 1519 18
Mexico and West Indies, 1650 19
Mexico and West Indies, 1763 20
Mexico and West Indies, 1855 21
South America—Political Formation 22, 23
The World on Mercator's Projection, showing Routes to America 24, 25
America—Commercial Routes on Mercator's Projection 26, 27
America—January Temperature 28
America—July Temperature 29
America—Rainfall and Winds, January 30
America—Rainfall and Winds, July 31
Sketch Chart of the North Atlantic on Mercator's Projection 32, 33
Arctic Regions 34
Antarctic Regions 35
North America—Orographical 36
North America—Vegetation 37
North America—Political 38
North America—Population 39
Dominion of Canada 40, 41
Canada—Railways and Economic 42, 43
Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence 44
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, etc. 45
Quebec 46, 47
Ontario 48, 49
Manitoba and Part of Saskatchewan 50, 51
British Columbia, etc. 52, 53
United States—Political Acquisitions 54, 55
United States—Railways and Economic 56, 57
New York, Pennsylvania, and New England States 58, 59
New York and Environs 60, 61
Chicago 62
St. Louis 62
Boston 63
Philadelphia 63
Atlantic States 64, 65
Central States 66, 67
Southern States 68, 69
Western States 70, 71
The Yosemite Valley 71
California, etc. 72
Vancouver 73
San Francisco 73
Alaska 74
Philippine Islands 75
Mexico 76, 77
West Indies and Central America 78, 79
Cuba, Jamaica, etc. 80
Panama Canal 81
South America—Orographical 82
South America—Vegetation 83
South America—Political 84
South America—Population 85
South America—Railways and Economic 86, 87
Brazil and Guiana 88, 89
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 90, 91
Chile, Argentina, etc. 92, 93
Rio de Janeiro 94
Monte Video 95
Buenos Ayres 95
Patagonia 96
A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND
SOUTH AMERICA, by G. C. Brooke, B.A., Department
of Coins and Medals, British Museum 97
LINE MAPS
MAPS AND PLANS OF NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS CONNECTED WITH FAMOUS
AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS
Battle of Bunker Hill, 17th June, 1775 117
Siege of Charleston, 1776 118
Battle of Long Island, 1776 118
Battle of Brandywine, 1777 119
Battle of Freemans Farm 119
Plan of West Point, showing Forts and Batteries, 1780 120
Siege of Yorktown 120
Maps showing Principal Battles of the War of Independence 121
A Plan of the Operations at the taking of Quebec and the Battle 122
fought near that City, September 13th, 1759
Port Royal, 1613 123
A Map of New England in 1631, as observed and described by 124
Captain John Smith
A Map of the Whole Territory traversed by John Lederer in his 125
Three Marches, 1672
A Map of the American Indian Nations adjoining to the 126
Mississippi, West and East Florida, Georgia, South and North
Carolina, Virginia, etc., 1775
New Amsterdam about 1650 127
New York about 1730 128
Plan of New York in 1746 129
Early Highways, showing expansion westwards 130
The Boston District 130
The Concord Neighbourhood—Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, etc. 131
Virginia in American Fiction 131
The El Dorado of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595 132
Map of Peru at the Period of the Conquest 133
Growth of Trade of the United States 134
Growth of Population of the United States 134
Immigration—United States, Canada, Argentine, Brazil 135
A Gazetteer of Towns and Places in America having a Literary or 137
Historic Interest
Index 169
[Illustration: ATLANTIC OCEAN, TOSCANELLI, 1474
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS]
[Illustration: AMERICA, 1492-1522
DISCOVERIES OF THE NORSEMEN
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: AMERICA, 1522 to 1700
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES 1643]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA 1740
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES 1755 TO 1763
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES 1783
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: CANADA 1791
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: UNITED STATES 1801]
[Illustration: UNITED STATES 1845
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR 1861-65]
[Illustration: CORTES IN MEXICO 1519]
[Illustration: MEXICO & WEST INDIES 1650
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: MEXICO & WEST INDIES 1763]
[Illustration: MEXICO & WEST INDIES 1855
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: SOUTH AMERICA
POLITICAL FORMATION
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: THE WORLD ON MERCATORS PROJECTION. SHOWING
ROUTES TO AMERICA
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: AMERICA COMMERCIAL ROUTES
ON MERCATORS PROJECTION.
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: AMERICA
JANUARY TEMPERATURE]
[Illustration: AMERICA
JULY TEMPERATURE
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: AMERICA
RAINFALL & WINDS
JANUARY]
[Illustration: AMERICA
RAINFALL & WINDS
JULY
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: SKETCH CHART OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC
ON MERCATORS PROJECTION
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: ARCTIC REGIONS]
[Illustration: ANTARCTIC REGIONS
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA
OROGRAPHICAL]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA
VEGETATION
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA
POLITICAL]
[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA
POPULATION
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: DOMINION OF CANADA]
[Illustration:
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: CANADA
RAILWAYS & ECONOMIC
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration: NEWFOUNDLAND & GULF OF ST LAWRENCE]
[Illustration: NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, &c.
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh. ]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: QUEBEC
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: ONTARIO]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: MANITOBA AND PART OF SASKATCHEWAN
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: BRITISH COLUMBIA &c.]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: UNITED STATES
POLITICAL ACQUISITIONS
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: UNITED STATES
RAILWAYS & ECONOMIC]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW ENGLAND STATES
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: NEW YORK & ENVIRONS
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: CHICAGO]
[Illustration: ST. LOUIS]
[Illustration: BOSTON]
[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: ATLANTIC STATES
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: CENTRAL STATES]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: SOUTHERN STATES
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: WESTERN STATES
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: CALIFORNIA, &c.]
[Illustration: VANCOUVER, SAN FRANCISCO
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: ALASKA]
[Illustration: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: MEXICO]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: WEST INDIES AND CENTRAL AMERICA]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: CUBA, JAMAICA, &c]
[Illustration: PANAMA CANAL
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: SOUTH AMERICA
OROGRAPHICAL]
[Illustration: SOUTH AMERICA
VEGETATION
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: SOUTH AMERICA
POLITICAL]
[Illustration: SOUTH AMERICA
POPULATION
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: SOUTH AMERICA
RAILWAYS & ECONOMIC
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: BRAZIL & GUIANA]
[Illustration: John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA, ECUADOR & PERU
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration]
[Illustration: CHILE, ARGENTINA &c.
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: RIO DE JANEIRO]
[Illustration: BUENOS AYRES]
[Illustration: MONTE VIDEO
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: PATAGONIA
John Bartholomew & Co., Edinburgh.]
A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGE OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
By G. C. BROOKE, B.A.
Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum.
The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 was made under the flag
of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain whose portraits appear on the
remarkably fine gold coin (a Quadruple Escudo) figured on Plate I.,
No. 1; and it was therefore to the empire of Spain that the West Indian
Islands on which he landed were annexed. The money circulated in these
islands was Spanish, and after 1535 coins were struck specially for
currency in these islands and other American colonies of Spain at the
mint of Mexico which was established in that year (see Plate I., No.
6, and Plate VI., No. 2). This is the reason why countermarked Spanish
"Pieces of Eight" or fractions of them were the regular currency in
these islands during English and French occupation even so late as the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. English settlement in the
West Indies began with Drake, Hawkins and Raleigh and continued through
the first half of the seventeenth century; in many cases (_e.g._, St.
Lucia, Dominique and Guadeloupe) their possession was long disputed
with France and was not finally settled before the Napoleonic wars. All
this time these countermarked Spanish pieces formed almost the only
currency; on Plate I. are shown such pieces made current for Tortola
(Fig. 2), St. Lucia (Fig. 3), Dominique (Fig. 4), and Guadeloupe
(Figs. 5 and 6). The two last pieces of Guadeloupe are especially
interesting as showing how a fraction was cut out of a "Piece of Eight"
(_i.e._, 8 reals), and the remainder of the original coin also put
into circulation; it was originally struck by Ferdinand VII. at the
Mexican mint in the year 1811. In 1816 Guadeloupe became French and
such pieces were put out of circulation in favour of regular issues of
French colonial coins. The Bermuda Islands, discovered by Bermudez in
1515, were not inhabited till Sir G. Somers (from whom they were also
called Somers islands) was wrecked there in 1609, and a colony was sent
from Virginia a few years later; here were struck the first coins of
any English colonies in America; shillings, sixpennies and threepennies
were issued bearing on the obverse a hog and on the reverse a ship; a
threepenny piece is figured on Plate I., Fig. 7; they are now commonly
known, from the obverse type, as Hog-money; these coins were probably
struck between 1616 and 1618, certainly before 1624 in which year
John Smith published his _Historie of Virginia_, etc., in which he
mentions their use during the government of Daniel Tucker; the type of
the hog, says John Smith, is in memory of the abundance of hogs found
at the first landing in the islands. At the end of the eighteenth
century copper coins were issued for Barbadoes; a penny of 1788 is
figured on Plate I., No. 8; the types are mercantile—a negro's head
and a pine-apple; the slave trade was abolished in 1806, and a later
halfpenny token bears the motto "Freedom without Slavery."
[Illustration: PLATE I.]
Five years after the first voyage of Columbus, John Cabot, sailing
from Bristol, discovered Labrador and Newfoundland, and within forty
years Verazzano and Cartier opened up the St. Lawrence River as far
as Montreal for French settlement; before the end of the century
Frobisher had explored Hudson Bay and Gilbert made the first attempt
at colonising Newfoundland and Virginia; in 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers
sailed the _Mayflower_ into Cape Cod Bay, where five years later the
colony of Massachusetts was planted. The coast settlements from Maine
to Connecticut assumed in 1642 the name of New England, where were used
the interesting silver pieces struck at Boston with N E and the mark
of value (XII., VI. or III.); a sixpence is shown on Plate II., Fig. 9;
Fig. 10 on the same plate is a Massachusetts shilling of 1652 with the
inscription, which runs from obverse to reverse, "Masathusets in New
England: An. Dom. 1652. XII." (=12 pence), which type was substituted
in 1651 for the earlier New England pieces. The foundation of the
Baltimore, or Maryland, plantation in 1632 is illustrated (Plate II.,
Fig. 11) by a shilling made, together with sixpennies and groats (or
fourpennies), in England in 1659 under direction of Lord Baltimore,
the founder, whose bust and title "Cecil, Lord of Maryland," and coat
of arms are seen on the coins. Plate II., Fig. 12, is a pewter piece
struck by James II. (who is seen on horseback) for circulation as small
change in the American plantations; its chief interest lies in the fact
that being rated as one twenty-fourth of the Spanish real it recognizes
Spanish money as common currency. The next coin (Plate II., Fig. 13) is
a penny token (dated 1694) of Carolina, the colony which Charles II.
presented to his favourite nobles in 1668. In 1717 and 1722 George I.
issued copper coins (twopence, penny, and halfpenny) for the American
colonies, called the Rosa Americana series; those of the latter year
(of which a penny is figured on Plate II., No. 14) were made by William
Wood whose Irish halfpence of the same year were pilloried by Swift
in the _Drapier Letters_. By the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the quarrel
between French and English settlers was embittered by the ill-defined
clause which gave to England "Acadia with its ancient boundaries;"
Acadia never had any boundaries except the sea, but it was more or less
identical with Nova Scotia. These quarrels culminated in the Seven
Years' War, when after her victories at Louisburg, Quebec, Montreal,
etc., England became possessed of Canada and the country between
Mississippi and the Alleghanies by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. In the
first half of the nineteenth century tokens played the part of copper
money in British North America; on Plate II., Fig. 15, is a token of
Prince Edward Island, which was originally part of Cape Breton and took
its name in 1800 from the Duke of Kent; it became a province of Canada
in 1873. Similar tokens, issued by banks, companies, or tradesmen, are
illustrated on Plate III., Nos. 16 to 20; Fig. 16 is a halfpenny token
of Upper Canada, Fig. 17 a sou of Lower Canada, Fig. 18 a halfpenny
issued by Montreal Bank (a rare piece showing a corner view of the
bank), Fig. 19 a halfpenny of Nova Scotia with a branch of mayflower
on the reverse; earlier tokens had the thistle for reverse design to
commemorate the Scottish settlements of 1623 in the French country of
Acadia; Fig. 20 is a trade token of Newfoundland. Fig. 21 shows a gold
Two-dollar piece of Newfoundland of 1870, and Figs. 22 and 23 (Canadian
25 Cent pieces of Victoria and Edward VII.) show the present currency
issued for Canada by the English mint.
[Illustration: PLATE II.]
The exclusion of the French from North America by the Treaty of Paris
in 1763 and the self-confidence acquired by the Americans in the Seven
Years' War paved the way for the Independence of the American States;
the arrogant legislation of the English Parliament caused a smouldering
irritation which was finally exploded by the Quebec Act of 1774 which
followed the series of Boston riots culminating in the "Tea-party" of
1773. The Declaration of Independence was made by the Thirteen States
at Philadelphia in 1776; suggestions at this time for a federal coinage
only resulted in the issue of proofs and tokens of which some bear the
bust of Washington. In 1783 the Treaty of Versailles gave liberty to
the United States. The coinage of the United States began in the year
1792; a selection of pieces to illustrate the ordinary denominations
is shown on Plates IV. and V. The gold pieces are the Eagle or Ten
Dollars (Plate IV., Fig. 24) and its parts, the Half Eagle (Fig. 25)
and Quarter Eagle (Fig. 26); and the Gold Dollar (Fig. 27), which was
first issued in 1849 and suppressed in 1890. The Silver Dollar of 1795
(Plate IV., No. 28) has fifteen stars round the head of Liberty to
denote the number of the states, which had been increased in 1791 to
fifteen by the inclusion of Vermont and Kentucky; Fig. 29, the dollar
of 1797, has sixteen stars, Tennessee having been admitted to the
Union in the previous year; on later dollars thirteen stars only, the
number of the original states, appear. From 1873 to 1887 the ordinary
dollar was replaced by the Trade Dollar (Plate V., Fig. 30), which
was designed for commerce with the Far East. Figs. 31 and 32 show the
Half and Quarter Dollar, Fig. 33 the Dime, or Ten Cents, and 34, 35
and 36 the Cent. These pieces have been chosen partly with a view to
showing the various representations of Liberty at different periods.
When the law which initiated the coinage came before the House of
Representatives a clause ordering that every coin should bear the bust
of the president in power at the time of its issue raised such a storm
of indignation that the head of Liberty was substituted for that of the
president; the early coins represent the head with wild flowing locks
(Plate V., No. 34), the dollars of 1795 and 1797 (Plate IV., Nos. 28,
29) have a bust with the hair tied at the back by a bow of ribbon, and
the same head is seen on the Ten-Dollar piece wearing a high cap (Plate
IV., Fig. 24). The Quarter Eagle of 1836 (Plate IV., Fig. 26) shows the
hair dressed in thick curls and bound by a fillet inscribed "Liberty,"
and on the Half Dollar of the same year (Plate V., Fig. 31) she wears
also a small cap. On the Half Eagle of 1845 (Plate IV., Fig. 25) the
hair is tied up in three curls at the back of the head and a _stephane_
takes the place of the fillet; on the Cent of 1856 (Plate V., Fig. 35)
the head is similarly treated, but a double coil takes the place of the
curls; on the gold Dollar of 1862 (Plate IV., Fig. 27) the hair again
hangs loose and she wears a crown of plumes. On the Quarter Dollar of
the following year (Plate V., Fig. 32) the full figure is represented
seated supporting a shield and holding a staff and cap, and on the
Trade Dollar (Plate V., Fig. 30) a similar figure is seen holding an
olive spray and seated among goods of commerce. On the small Cent of
the same year, 1878 (Plate V., Fig. 36) the head again is shown wearing
a fillet and Indian feathers; on the Dime of 1892 (Plate V., Fig. 33)
the hair is tightly bound in a cap wreathed in laurel. The reverse
of the gold and silver coins bears an eagle sometimes supporting the
shield, except the gold Dollar, which, like the copper coins, has
simply the denomination within a wreath. The small nickel Cent was
introduced in 1857 bearing an eagle on the obverse, which was changed
in 1859 to the head of Liberty as seen on Plate V., Fig. 36; in 1864
the nickel Cent was supplanted by a copper coin of the same type.
[Illustration: PLATE III.]
[Illustration: PLATE IV.]
[Illustration: PLATE V.]
The Five Dollar gold piece figured in Plate V., No. 37, illustrates
the settlement of the Mormons under Brigham Young in Utah on the Salt
Lake in 1847. This private issue includes pieces of 20, 10, 5, and
2½ dollars. On the obverse is seen the Eye of Providence with the
inscription "Holiness to the Lord," and on the reverse the clasped
hands of friendship, above which are the letters G.S.L.C.P.G. (Great
Salt Lake City Pure Gold).
[Illustration: PLATE VI.]
The coinage of Mexico and Central and South America takes us back
to the sixteenth century, when American mints were opened and struck
Spanish colonial coins, which, as we have seen above, formed the chief
currency of the American continent for nearly three centuries. On Plate
VI. are shown an Eight Real piece, or "Piece of Eight," struck in Peru
by Philip IV. of Spain in 1677 (Fig. 38), and a Two Real piece struck
by Charles IV. in 1795 (Fig. 39). The landing of Fernando Cortez in
1518 resulted in the complete reduction of Mexico within four years;
Plate VI., Fig. 40, a Two Real piece of the Emperor Charles V. (Charles
I. of Spain), is one of the earliest coins struck at the Mexican
mint after it was opened in 1535. Until the end of the eighteenth
century the Spanish colonies in America remained under the control
of Spain, and the chief cause of their disaffection was the exposure
of the weakness of Spain in the Napoleonic wars. Mexico was one of
the earliest to revolt; the rebels were led by the priest Hidalgo in
1810 and, on his execution in the following year, by another priest,
Morelos, under whom were struck coins of the type figured on Plate VI.,
No. 41, bearing on the obverse the date and mark of value, and on the
reverse a bow and arrow and the word "Sud" implying his command of the
southern army. Independence was declared in 1813, but Spanish control
restored in 1820, and the country finally won its independence in the
following year under Augustin Iturbide, who was later declared emperor.
An Eight Real piece with a fine portrait of Augustin as Emperor of
Mexico is shown on Plate VI., Fig. 42. In 1823 a federal republic was
formed which received recognition from Spain ten years later.
Brazil is interesting as the seat of Portuguese colonisation in
America. Originally annexed to Spain by Pinzon, it was accidentally
discovered a second time in 1500 by the Portuguese admiral Cabral,
who, in an attempt to follow Vasco da Gama's course by the Cape of
Good Hope to India, so greatly exaggerated the circuit which was
necessary to avoid contrary winds and currents that he struck the coast
of Brazil; it was then found that it lay within Portuguese territory
by the agreement of 1494, and a few years later Vespucci was sent by
Portugal to colonise it. After the middle of the sixteenth century it
passed into Spanish and Dutch possession and was recovered by Portugal
in 1640. On the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1807, John VI.
fled to Brazil, and it became the seat of government till 1821, when,
on his father's return to Portugal, Pedro was left regent, and became
emperor by a revolution in the following year; its independence was
recognised in 1825. Plate VII., Fig. 43, shows a silver coin of Brazil
struck in 1749 by John V.; the sphere on the reverse was the emblem
adopted by Manoel about the year 1500 to typify the large additions to
Portuguese dominions at that time. Fig. 44 is a gold piece of 4000 Reis
with portrait of Pedro I. as emperor in 1824 and Fig. 45 a gold 10,000
Reis piece (the Reis having greatly depreciated by this time) struck in
1889, the first year of the Brazilian Republic.
French colonisation is seen in the island of Haiti, in which, though
discovered by Columbus, a French colony settled in 1690, and by the
treaty of Ryswick in 1697 the part of the island known as San Domingo
was ceded to France. After long fighting between French and natives
independence was declared under Dessalines, who took the title of James
I.; after his assassination in 1806, Christophe seized power and in
1811 became king of the largest part of the island; his portrait and
assumed title of Henry I. are seen on the silver coin figured on Plate
VII., No. 46. Pétion, ruler of the other part, was succeeded by Boyer
who united the whole island in 1822. In 1844 it was again divided as at
the present time.
[Illustration: PLATE VII.]
Plate VII., Fig. 47, shows an English Shilling countermarked by the
Republic of Costa Rica, a practice which was much in vogue in Central
America to supply the lack of small silver. Having become independent
in 1821 Costa Rica joined in 1824 the Confederation of Central America
and separated again in 1840. A gold Escudo of 1849 is seen on Plate
VII., Fig. 48, on which is continued the type in use during the
Confederacy. Guatemala, the head republic of this Confederacy, won its
independence also in 1821; the Peso, or Eight Real piece, of the first
year of the Confederacy, which is figured on Plate VII., No. 49, bears
the mint-mark N.G. (New Guatemala).
[Illustration: PLATE VIII.]
The independence of the Spanish possessions in Central and South
America was due mainly to Bolivar, a Venezuelan, whose portrait is
seen on Plate VIII., Fig. 50; he was made dictator in 1813, and in 1819
united Venezuela and New Granada as the Republic of Columbia, in which
Ecuador was included in 1822. On the death of Bolivar in 1830 these
three states separated themselves, and New Granada formed in 1861 the
United States of Columbia of which a fine gold 20 Peso piece (1863) is
shown on Plate VIII., No. 51. In 1871 were formed the United States of
Venezuela by which was struck the gold piece of 1886 on Plate VIII.,
Fig. 50, with the commemorative portrait of Bolivar. Plate VIII., Fig.
52, is a silver coin of Ecuador struck in 1884 commemorating by the
portrait and the coin denomination (Half Sucre) the great general who
fought under Bolivar for the independence of these republics; after his
victory at Ayacucho in 1824 he became in the following year the first
president of the new republic of Bolivia. Fig. 53 is a gold Five Peso
piece of Chili of 1862, and Fig. 54 a 20 Soles piece of Peru of 1863.
The last three pieces are all struck under the decimal system, which
was established in most of the South American republics between 1860
and 1875; in the several republics various denominations were used,
many of which were taken from the type; the gold Condor, for example,
in Chili and other countries is named after the condor or vulture
which appears on its reverse, the silver Sucre at Ecuador from the
commemorative portrait to which we have referred above, and in Peru the
Sol from the Sun on the shield beside Liberty (see Plate VIII., No. 54)
or above the shield of arms.
MAPS AND PLANS OF NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS CONNECTED WITH FAMOUS
AUTHORS AND THEIR BOOKS
[Illustration: BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
17th June 1775]
[Illustration: SIEGE OF CHARLESTON
1776]
[Illustration: BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND
1776]
[Illustration: BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE
1777]
[Illustration: BATTLE OF FREEMANS FARM]
[Illustration: PLAN OF WEST POINT SHOWING FORTS AND BATTERIES
1780]
[Illustration: SIEGE OF YORKTOWN]
[Illustration: MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE]
[Illustration: A Plan of the operations at the taking of Quebec, and
the Battle fought near that City, Sept 23. 1759.]
[Illustration: PORT ROYAL 1613
The figures show the depth of water in fathoms.
A. Dwelling-house.
B. The Sieur de Champlain's garden.
C. Wooded walk made by the Sieur de Poitrincourt.
D. Island at the mouth of the river l'Equille.
E. Entrance to harbour of Port Royal.
F. Sandbanks which are dry at low water.
G. River St. Antoine.
H. Cornfields.
I. Mill erected by the Sieur de Poitrincourt.
L. Fields which are flooded at high tide. M. River l'Equille. N.
Sea coast. O. Mountain slopes. P. Island at the mouth of St.
Antoine. Q, R. Mountain streams. S. Mill stream. T. Lakelet.
V. Place where the Indians fish in the herring seasons. X.
Trout stream. Y. Walk made by the Sieur de Champlain.]
[Illustration: A MAP OF NEW ENGLAND PUBLISHED IN 1631 AS OBSERVED AND
DESCRIBED BY CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH IN 1614.]
[Illustration: A MAP OF THE WHOLE TERRITORY TRAVERSED BY JOHN LEDERER
IN HIS THREE MARCHES. PUBLISHED IN 1672.]
[Illustration: A MAP OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS ADJOINING TO THE
MISSISSIPPI, WEST & EAST FLORIDA, GEORGIA SOUTH & NORTH CAROLINA,
VIRGINIA, ETC. 1775.]
[Illustration: NEW AMSTERDAM ABOUT 1650
Bartholomew, Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: NEW YORK ABOUT 1730
Bartholomew, Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: NEW YORK IN 1746.]
[Illustration: EARLY HIGHWAYS SHOWING EXPANSION WESTWARDS
Bartholomew Edinburgh.]
[Illustration: THE BOSTON DISTRICT]
[Illustration: THE CONCORD NEIGHBOURHOOD
Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Etc.]
[Illustration: VIRGINIA IN AMERICAN FICTION]
[Illustration: GUYANA THE EL DORADO OF SIR WALTER RALEIGH 1595.
Morse's Cerography]
[Illustration: MAP OF PERU at the period of the CONQUEST.]
[Illustration: GROWTH OF TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES]
[Illustration: GROWTH OF POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES]
[Illustration: IMMIGRATION UNITED STATES]
[Illustration: IMMIGRATION CANADA]
[Illustration: IMMIGRATION ARGENTINE]
[Illustration: IMMIGRATION BRAZIL]
A GAZETTEER OF TOWNS AND PLACES IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA[2]
ABBREVIATIONS
A. Author
Ass. Associations with
Bp. Birthplace
Cap. Capital
F. Founded
Ind. Indies
Res. Residence
Sc. Scene (of, in)
W. War(s)
Cent. A. Central America
Conn. Connecticut
Mass. Massachusetts
Mex. W. Mexican War
N.A. North America
N.Y. New York
Penn. Pennsylvania
S.A. South America
U.S. United States
S. A. W. Ind. South American War of Independence
[2] A large number of the places are not marked in the maps,
but the latitude and longitude will enable the reader to
locate their position.
=Abancay=, Peru. 10S. 70W. Victory of Almagro, fellow-conqueror
with Pizarro of Peru and Chili, over his Spanish rival Alvarado,
Captain-General of Peru, 1537. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Peru.')
=Acadia=, see Nova Scotia.
=Acapulco=, Mexico. 16N. 99W. Old commercial centre; Spanish galleon
from, captured by Anson, 1743; by Parker, 1762. (See Anson, 'Voyage
Round the World.')
=Acul=, Haiti. 19N. 74W. Port named Saint-Thomas by Columbus.
=Alabama=, U.S. 31N. 85W. De Soto, discoverer of Mississippi (q.v.),
had fierce combats with natives; first colonised by French 18th century
(see Mobile); part transferred by France to Great Britain, 1763;
formerly part of Georgia; became independent state, 1817; admitted to
Union, 1819; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.
=Alamo Fort=, San Antonio, Texas. 28N. 98W. Heroically defended
by Texans against Mexicans under Santa Ana, who massacred the six
left of the garrison after capitulation, 1836 (Texan struggle for
independence).
=Alaska.= 55N. 140W. Formerly 'Russian America;' discovered by Bering,
1741; bought by the U.S. and organised as a territory, 1867.
=Albany=, cap. of N.Y. State. 42N. 72W. Dutch traders at, 1614; f.
by Dutch (Fort Orange), 1622; present name given by English, to whom
ceded, 1664; peace conference with the five nations at, 1689; colonial
conventions, at which the six nations were represented, 1748, 1751, and
1754, when Benjamin Franklin assisted as delegate from Pennsylvania.
Bp. Bret Harte (1839-1902); P. H. Sheridan, general (1831-88).
=Albemarle Sound=, N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Indecisive battle during
Civil W.
=Alderman Jones's Sound.= 76N. 82W. So named by Baffin, 1616.
=Aleutian Islands=, N. Pacific. 53N. 173E. Discovered by Bering, 1741.
=Allatoona=, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil
W.). (His signal 'Hold the fort' has been made popular in a well-known
hymn.)
=Allumette=, island, Ottawa River, Quebec. 45N. 77W. Champlain at, 1612.
=Amaquemecan=, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés at, on his march to Mexico,
1519.
=Amazon= (Marañon), river, 0N. 50W. So called from the accounts
given by Orellana of the warlike women he encountered on its banks.
First seen at its mouth by Vincent Yañez Pinzon, 1500; Orellana, who
accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro on his expedition from Quito into the
interior, sailed down to the mouth from the Rio Napo, 1540; among later
explorers were Lope de Aguirre, Pedro de Texeiro, La Condamine, and in
the 19th century the naturalists Alfred Wallace, Walter Bates, Poeppig,
Agassiz, Orton, and English, American, and French navigators.
=Ambato=, Ecuador. 1S. 79W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, brother
Incas of Peru and Quito. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
=America.= Visited by Northmen 10th century (see Massachusetts);
mainland of the North sighted by John Cabot, 1497; discovered by
Columbus during his third voyage, 1498; Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in
expedition to, 1499 (there is uncertainty as to V.'s earlier voyage);
further explorations of the east coast in 1498-9 by the Cabots; 1500-1
by the Cortereals; 1502 and 1504 by Columbus; 1524 by Verazzani;
in 1500 Yañez Pinzon and Cabral discovered Brazil shortly after one
another; 1513, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama and sighted the
Pacific; other explorers of 16th-17th centuries: Cortés, Pizarro,
Almagro, De Soto, Magalhaes, Cartier, Champlain, La Salle, Joliet,
and Marquette; in the 18th the American travellers Lewis and Clarke,
and Pike. The continent was first named after Amerigo Vespucci in a
geographical work by Waldseemüller, 1507.
=Anaquito=, Plains of, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Battle between Gonzalo Pizarro
and Blasco Nuñez, Viceroy of Peru, and defeat and death of latter,
1546, (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
=Anastasia Island=, Florida. 29N. 81W. Ribault and his Huguenot
followers massacred by Menendez, 1565.
=Andes, The.= 18S. 65W. Passage of, by Pizarro, 1532. The highest
summit is Aconcagua, in the Chilian Andes, ascended by Zurbriggen,
1897; a partial ascent of Chimborazo was made by Humboldt and Bonpland,
1802; Edward Whymper was the first to reach the summit, 1880; ascent of
Cotopaxi by Thielmann, 1878; by Whymper, 1880; ascents of other heights
were made by Conway, 1898.
=Angostura= (Ciudad Bolivar), Venezuela. 8N. 63W. F. by Jesuits, 1576,
and formerly known as S. Tomas de Nueva Guayana; present name derived
from the liberator Bolivar, who here held the congress which converted
New Grenada and Venezuela into the single state of Colombia, 1819.
=Annapolis=, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts
under Durand, 1649; formerly known as Providence; present name given
in honour of Queen Anne; tea burned in harbour by American patriots,
1774; convention for establishing temporary government, 1775. Bp. J. H.
Alexander, scientist (1812-67).
=Annapolis= (former Port Royal), Nova Scotia. 44N. 65W. F. by French,
1604; several times captured by English in following years; by Sir W.
Phipps, 1690; again in 1710, and finally ceded to Great Britain, when
the change of name took place.
=Anticosti=, island, Canada. 49N. 63W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534.
=Antietam Creek=, near Sharpsburg. 39N. 77W. Battle between McClellan
and Lee, the former remaining victor, Sept. 16-17, 1862 (Civil W.).
=Antigua=, West Indies. 17N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.
=Appomattox= Court House, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Surrender of the
Confederate Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 1865.
=Apurimac=, river, Peru. 13S. 73W. Perilous passage of, effected by
Gasca's army, 1548. (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
=Aquidaban=, river, Paraguay. 20S. 55W. Paraguayans defeated at, and
the despot Lopez killed, 1870 (war with Brazil).
=Aragua=, near Barcelona, Venezuela, 10N. 63W. Bolivar and Marino
severely defeated by the Royalist forces under Morales, 1814 (S. A. W.
Ind.).
=Araucania=, Chili. 36-39S. 73W. The natives waged devastating warfare
with the Spaniards from the first endeavour of the latter to subdue
them; in 1773 independence was granted them by Spain; in 1858 M. de
Tounens was made king by them; he was taken prisoner by the Chilians;
fierce war raged with Chili, 1868-70; now nominally under Chili. An
epic poem by Alonzo d'Ercilla commemorates the conflict of the 16th
century in which the author himself took part.
=Arctic Regions.= Early explorers of 16th-18th centuries: Cabot, Sir H.
Willoughby, Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, Baffin, Barentz, Bering, Phipps,
Cook and Clerke; 19th century: Parry, Ross, Franklin, followed by many
others, among the latest being Nansen ('Fram'), and Peary, who finally
discovered the North Pole in the present century.
=Arena Islands.= 22N. 75W. So named by Columbus, 1492.
=Arequipa=, Peru. 16S. 71W. F. by Pizarro, 1536; Almagro and his
Spaniards in, 1537; taken by Chilians, 1883.
=Argentine Republic= (La Plata), S.A. 35S. 65W. Revolted from Spain,
1810; republic established, 1816; war with Brazil, 1827-28; Rosas
dictator, 1835-52; war with France and England, 1838-50; constitution
drawn up, 1853; civil war continued till 1862; war with Paraguay,
1865-70.
=Arica=, Chili. 18S. 70W. Stormed by Chilians and taken from Peruvians,
1880.
=Arispe=, Sonora, Mexico. 30N. 109W. Count G. de Raousset Boulbon
proclaimed a republic in 1853, but was taken and shot.
=Arizona=, U.S. 34N. 112W. Vasconcellos, follower of Cortés, in, 1526;
mission established by Jesuits, 1687, later destroyed by Indians; sold
by Mexicans to U.S. Government (Gadsden Purchase), 1850; explored by
Lieut. Mowry, 1855; separated from New Mexico and made a territory of
the U.S., 1863.
=Arkansas=, U.S. 35N. 92W. Discovered by De Soto, 1541; Father
Marquette in, 1673; colonised by French, 1685; bought by U.S., 1803;
admitted to Union, 1836; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.
=Arkansas=, river. 35N. 92W. Explored by La Harpe, 1722.
=Astoria=, Oregon. 46N. 123W. Settled by Astor Company, 1810; captured
by British and renamed Fort George, 1813; restored to U.S., 1818;
boundary dispute settled, 1846. (See work by Washington Irving.)
=Asuncion=, Paraguay. 25S. 57W. First Spanish settlement in Paraguay
f. by Mendoza, 1536 or 1537; Yrala and Cabeza de Vaca were in turn
the first governors; overthrow of Belgrano, leader of Paraguayan
revolutionaries, by Royalists, 1811 (S. A. W. Ind.). (See Paraguay.)
=Atacama=, desert of, Chili. 24S. 70W. Crossed by Almagro, the Spanish
conqueror of Chili, 1536.
=Atlanta=, cap. of Georgia. 33N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864
(Civil W.).
=Augusta=, Georgia. 33N. 81W. F. by British under Oglethorpe;
surrendered to Americans, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
=Ayacucho= (formerly Huamanga), Peru. 13S. 74W. F. by Pizarro, 1539;
Spaniards defeated by patriots and their power broken, 1824 (also known
as battle of Candorcanqui) (S. A. W. Ind.).
=Ayohuma=, Argentine. Belgrano, leader of the Buenos Ayreans, defeated,
1813 (S. A. W. Ind.) (See Crichfield, 'Rise and Progress of S.A.
Republics.')
=Baffin's Bay.= 72N. 67W. Named after the discoverer, 1616.
=Bahama Islands.= 25N. 77W. One of these (now identified as Watling
Island) was the first land sighted by Columbus, and called by him San
Salvador, 1492.
=Bahia.= 12S. 38W. Former cap. of Brazil; f. 1549 by Thomas de Souza.
(See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
=Bahia Blanca=, Argentine. 38S. 62W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the
Beagle.')
=Ball's Buff= (or Leesburg Heights), on the Potomac. 39N. 77W. Defeat
of Federals 1861 (Civil W.).
=Baltimore=, Maryland, U.S. 39N. 76W. First settler on site of, 1682;
f. 1729, and named in honour of Lord Baltimore; attacked unsuccessfully
by the English, 1814; Federal volunteers attacked by citizens, 1861;
finally joined the Federal cause. (See Fort MacHenry and North Point.)
=Barbadoes=, Windward Islands. 13N. 59W. Actual discoverers unknown,
perhaps the Portuguese; sighted by English, 1605; in power of English
since first colonised by them, 1625, in which year Jamestown was f.
=Bastimentos=, Boca Toro. 9N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.
=Baylis's Creek=, James River, near Malvern Hill. 37N. 77W. Attack on
driven back by Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).
=Beagle= Channel, Tierra del Fuego. 54S. 67W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of
the Beagle.')
=Belle Isle Strait.= 50N. 55W. J. Cartier in, 1534.
=Belmont=, on the Mississippi. 36N. 89W. Fierce indecisive encounter
during Civil W., 1861.
=Bemis's Heights=, near Albany, N.Y. 42N. 72W. Battles Sept. and Oct.,
and final defeat of English, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
=Bennington=, Vermont, U.S. 42N. 73W. Victory of Stark and his New
England farmers over part of Burgoyne's army, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
=Bentonville=, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated near, by
Sherman, March 18-21, 1865 (Civil W.).
=Berbice=, S. America, 0N. 55W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499; Dutch
settlement, 1580; in English possession, 1796-1802; retaken by English,
1803, and ceded to them by treaty, 1814; now part of British Guiana.
=Bering Island=, N. Pacific. 55N. 166E. Bering died on, from
exhaustion, having been wrecked off coast, 1741.
=Bering Strait.= 65N. 170W. Named after the Danish navigator who first
explored it, 1728; Cook during his third and last voyage (1776-9)
endeavoured to make his passage through, but failed.
=Bermudas, The=, islands. 32N. 64W. Discovered by Juan Bermudez,
1522; the first Englishman on was the shipwrecked navigator May, 1593;
colonised by Sir George Somers (or Summers), who with Sir T. Gates was
shipwrecked on, 1609 (the account of this storm by Strachey possibly
furnished source for part of 'Tempest'). (See poem by Waller.)
=Big Bethel=, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Victory of Confederates, 1861 (Civil
W.).
=Big Black River=, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863
(Civil W.).
=Big Horn=, battle of, at junction of Big and Little Big Horn River.
44N. 106W. General Custer's force destroyed by the Sioux Indians under
Sitting Bull, 1876.
=Bio-bio=, river, Chili. 38S. 72W. Fierce contests at, between
Araucanians to the south, and Spaniards to the north, during the 16th
century.
=Blackrock=, near Buffalo. 42N. 78W. Fort surprised by British, 1813.
=Blackstock's Plantation=, Charlotte, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Defeat of
British by Sumter, 1780 (W. of Ind.).
=Blackwater=, river, Missouri. Surrender of Confederates, near Milford,
1861 (Civil W.).
=Bladensburg=, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Americans defeated by English, 1814.
=Blakely=, near Mobile, Alabama. 30N. 88W. Fort taken by Federals, 1865
(Civil W.).
=Block Island=, Connecticut. 41N. 71W. Taken by Endicott after murder
of English traders by the Indians, 1636.
=Bloody Bridge=, near Detroit. 42N. 82W. Rout of English by Indians
at Parent's Creek (Bloody Run) and death of Dalzell. (See Parkman,
'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')
=Boca del Sierpe.= 9N. 61W. So named by Columbus, 1498.
=Bogota=, cap. of Colombia. 4N. 74W. F. by the conqueror Quesada, and
formerly known as Santa Fé, 1538; independence proclaimed at, 1811;
taken by Spaniards, 1816; delivered by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of
Ind.).