officiorum_, written in the latter years of the twelfth century, gives
us in his customary picturesque language, the symbolical significance
of the “Cloister”: “The diversity and variety of the dwellings and
occupations connected with the Cloister, and the buildings and offices
leading from it, are symbolical of the many mansions and various
rewards provided for the Faithful, in the kingdom of the hereafter.
‘For in my Father’s house are many mansions.’”
In a deeper sense the same Durandus[29] adds--“The Cloister represents
the state of contemplation of the soul, when it withdraws itself
from the world, after it has done away with earthly thoughts and
aspirations, and only meditates upon heavenly things.”
[Illustration: The Cloister of Gloucester Cathedral, showing Romanesque
and Gothic work. (The doorway leads into the Chapter House.) XI, XII,
XIV Centuries.]
APPENDIX
TRACES OF GAMES PLAYED BY NOVICES AND BOYS IN THE CLOISTERS
It is only in the last thirty years that the curious reliques of games
played in the Middle Ages by Novices and boys placed under the tuition
and care of the Monks were observed by J. T. Micklethwaite, the late
erudite architect of Westminster Abbey.
Several good examples of these game-boards occur in the Gloucester
Cloister, especially in the Cloister Alley appropriated to the Novices.
The games in question generally were “Nine Men’s Morris” and varieties
of the game of “Fox and Geese.”
Similar game-boards have been also found in the Benedictine Cloisters
of Westminster Abbey, Canterbury, Norwich and Durham, and in the
secular Cloisters of Chichester and of Salisbury.
These are generally found in what must have been the Novices’ quarters.
In some instances, however, they exist in places where they were
probably made by the _builders_ of the walls or stairs, to play
on during their leisure time. Examples of these latter have been
discovered in Scarborough Castle and in Norwich Castle. An admirable
example has been quite recently found by the writer of these Notes, on
the stair of the South-Eastern turret of the S. Transept, Gloucester
Cathedral.
There is little doubt but that in these game-boards we have reliques
of the mediæval games of the fourteenth century and even of a yet
earlier date. If careful search is made in Cloisters which have not
been destroyed or restored, it is probable that other interesting
examples will come to light.
A careful and exhaustive paper by Mr. Micklethwaite on these mediæval
games will be found in the _Archæological Journal_, xlix.
S. PETRONILLA’S ALTAR
THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL DETAIL EXISTING IN CONNECTION WITH THE
GLOUCESTER ABBEY
The earliest detail connected with the Abbey of Gloucester that we
possess is connected with this once famous but now well-nigh forgotten
Saint. In the _Historia Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriæ_, a very
ancient collection of documents belonging to the great Benedictine
House put together by Abbot Froucester, _circa_ A.D. 1381, we find an
entry which relates how Kyneburg, the sister of King Osric, who built
the first Gloucester Church, after ruling the Religious House founded
by her brother for twenty-nine years, was buried BEFORE THE ALTAR OF S.
PETRONILLA in the year of grace 710.
Another entry in the same _Historia_ tells us that Queen Eadburg, the
widow of Wulphere, King of the Mercians, the second Abbess, A.D. 710 to
A.D. 735, was buried by the side of Kyneburg _before S. Petronilla’s
Altar_. King Osric himself, who built the first church and founded the
religious House, and who died in A.D. 729, was also buried according
to the same record “in ecclesia Sancti Petri coram altari sanctae
Petronillae in aquilonari parte ejusdem Monasterii.”
Leland, the secretary of King Henry VIII, writing of his official
visit to Gloucester after the suppression of the religious House,
_circa_ A.D. 1540--sums up the immemorial tradition in the following
words--“King Osric (the founder) first laye in S. Petronell’s Chapel of
the Gloucester Abbey.”
Professor Freeman, the historian, comments on these various notes and
entries as follows: “It is certain that there was a church of some
kind, a predecessor, however humble, of the great Cathedral Church of
Gloucester that now is, at least from the days of Osric (_circa_ A.D.
729). But more than that we cannot say, except that it contained an
altar of S. Petronilla.”
Now who was this S. Petronilla who was thus intimately connected with
our church in the earliest years of its existence?
We believe without any hesitation that she was the daughter of S.
Peter, the Lord’s Apostle and follower. Modern scholarship, however,
represented by Bishop Lightfoot of Durham, denies this, and asserts
that the immemorial derivation of Petronilla from Petro (Petrus), is
etymologically wrong, and that the name Petronilla is connected, not
with Petro but with Petronius--the founder of the imperial Flavian
family. Lightfoot then proceeds to suggest that Petronilla was a member
of the Flavian House, and became an early convert to Christianity, and
was subsequently buried with other members of the Flavian family in the
Domitilla Cemetery, where her tomb was recently discovered by De Rossi,
the Roman archæologist, to whose life-long labours we owe so much of
the Catacomb lore which has excited so much interest in recent days.
Curiously enough, late Roman Catholic scholars and writers join hands
here with Bishop Lightfoot in denying the paternity of the great
Apostle, but on different grounds. Modern Roman Catholic theology
shrinks from acknowledging that S. Peter had a daughter at all,
preferring to believe that S. Peter was free from all family and home
ties.
De Rossi, however, with other Italian scholars, sweeps away the
etymological difficulty[30] pressed by Lightfoot, and while declining
to give up the ancient “Petrine” tradition, maintains that Petronilla
was a daughter, but simply a _spiritual_ daughter of the Apostle,
in other words merely an ordinary convert of S. Peter. This curious
explanation of what later theology felt was a difficulty seems to have
been first suggested by Baronius.
The etymological difficulty pressed by Bishop Lightfoot and other
scholars, and the more important doctrinal question which has perplexed
the later Roman Catholic theologians, in no way seems to have weighed
with scholars and divines in earlier times; this will be seen from a
brief examination of the estimation in which S. Petronilla has been
ever held.
As early as the closing years of the fourth century, Siricius, Bishop
of Rome, A.D. 391-395, built the important Basilica lately discovered
in the Domitilla cemetery or catacomb on the Via Ardeatina, but
although the Basilica in question contained the historic tombs of
the famous martyrs SS. Nereus and Achilles, as well as the remains
of S. Petronilla, Siricius dedicated the Basilica in question to S.
Petronilla. Surely the Bishop of Rome (Siricius) would never have
dedicated this important and very early church to a comparatively
unknown member of the Flavian House, still less would he have called it
by the name of a simple convert of the great Apostle. Petronilla in his
days must have possessed some very especial title to honour.
In Siricius’ eyes there was evidently no shadow of doubt that the
Petronilla for whom he had so deep a veneration was the veritable
daughter of S. Peter, and as time went on the devotion which for many
centuries was paid to her remains, is a clear indication of the view
which was universally taken of her illustrious lineage. We will give
some striking examples of this.
THE WANDERINGS OF THE REMAINS OF S. PETRONILLA
The sarcophagus which contained the body of S. Petronilla rested in
its original position in the Basilica of Siricius until A.D. 787,
when it was removed to one of the little Rotunda Chapels which once
stood adjacent to the south side of the great Church of S. Peter on
the Vatican Hill. The reason for this first translation is singularly
interesting, and shows in a remarkable way the deep veneration in
which the remains of the daughter of S. Peter were held. S. Peter
was specially honoured by the Frankish nation, and S. Petronilla his
daughter, sharing in this special devotion, was styled by Pope Paul I,
_circa_ A.D. 757, the “auxiliatrix” of Pepin, the king of the Franks,
and when Pope Stephen II, _circa_ A.D. 752, was on a visit to Pepin’s
court, he promised as a pledge of the alliance between the Papacy and
the Franks against the Lombards, to remove the body of S. Petronilla,
who was evidently specially venerated by the Frankish people, of
course owing to her illustrious parentage, from the Basilica of
Siricius on the Via Ardeatina, where it was exposed to the profanities
of Barbarian raiders, to the more secure shelter of the walls which
protected the Church of S. Peter.
This promise was carried out by Paul I, the brother and successor of
Stephen II, _circa_ A.D. 757, and the sarcophagus of S. Petronilla
was placed in the Rotunda Chapel above mentioned. This Rotunda Chapel
contained the ashes of the wife of Honorius, Maria the daughter of
Stilicho, and other Imperial remains, but after the translation of
the remains of S. Peter’s daughter it was known as the Chapel of S.
Petronilla, and it was especially placed under the care of the kings of
France.
There the body of Petronilla rested until A.D. 1471, when in
consequence of a restoration undertaken at the cost of Louis XI
of France, the sacred sarcophagus was seen and the ancient simple
inscription on it, “Aureliæ Petronillae fil dulcissimae” was copied.
Early in the fourteenth century, when Old S. Peter’s was demolished,
the Rotunda Chapel was pulled down, and the sarcophagus of S.
Petronilla lay for many years neglected in the Sacristy of New S.
Peter’s. It was subsequently ruthlessly broken up when so many ancient
monuments perished in the building work of the New S. Peter’s, and the
pieces of the sarcophagus were used as a pavement.
The remains, however, of the Saint were transferred to a new coffin and
were eventually, _circa_ A.D. 1606, placed under the altar where they
now rest. The spot in question is known as the Chapel of S. Petronilla.
It is in the extreme end of the right transept of S. Peter’s. Above the
resting-place of the Saint is a large mosaic copied from Guercino’s
picture of Petronilla raised from the tomb.
There is a curious custom belonging to this Chapel, bearing upon the
ancient tradition connecting France and S. Petronilla. The French
Ambassador, after presenting his credentials to the Pope, used at once
to visit this Chapel of S. Petronilla in S. Peter’s.
* * * * *
Again reverting to the eighth century testimony above referred to in
the case of the action of Popes Stephen II and Paul I, when the remains
of S. Petronilla were translated from the Basilica of Siricius to the
Rotunda Chapel by the great church--there was a striking witness to
what was the general belief of that age in the parentage of the then
famous Saint, in an inscription on an altar at Bourges dedicated to
the Blessed Virgin Mary and other saints, an inscription attributed to
Alcuin, the Minister of Charlemagne, _circa_ A.D. 790. The inscription
consists of eight hexameter lines. One line runs thus: “Et Petronilla
patris praeclari filia Petri.”
* * * * *
In England, besides the famous reference to the Altar and Chapel of S.
Petronilla in the ancient church of Osric at Gloucester, there is only
one church known to be dedicated to S. Petronilla; it is at Whepstead,
near Bury S. Edmunds, where her name is curiously abbreviated as S.
Parnel.
The close connection between the Royal Mercian and Northumbrian family
of Osric, the founder of the Abbey (Cathedral) of Gloucester, and S.
Petronilla, the daughter of S. Peter, the Saint so strangely venerated
by the Frankish peoples, is unknown.
INDEX
Aachen, Palace-chapel of, 22, 23, 53
“Abbeys of Expiation,” 39
Agatha, 73
Agilulf, King of the Lombards, 14, 18
Aix-la-Chapelle, 27
Aix-la-Chapelle, Palace-chapel of, 22, 23, 69
Alaric, 7
Albertus Magnus, 83
Albigensian Wars, 30
Alboin the Lombard, 6, 12, 14, 15, 53
Alcuin (the Minister of Charlemagne), 143
Alfred, King, 22
Amalasuntha, 10
Amiens, Cathedral of, 33, 53, 61
Anacletus, 97, 97 note 25, 98, 100, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118,
119, 120, 122
Angles, 26
Anglo-Saxons, 38, 39
Angoulême, 27
Anselm, S., 51
Antoniano, Cardinal, 117
Apollinaris, Sidonius, Bishop of Clermont, 25
Apostles, Church of the (Cologne), 24
Appian Way, 99, 122
Aquinas, 83
Aquitaine, 26, 29, 30, 33 note 11, 36, 69
Arcadius, 7
Arliano, Church of (near Lucca), 19
Armellini, 118
Ataulphus, 7
Athalaric, 10
Augustine, 21, 88, 133
Augustus, Emperor, 10 note 5, 68 note 20
Aungre (Chipping Ongar), Chapel near, 22
Autharis, King of the Lombards, 14, 16, 18
Auvergne, 25, 69
Auxerre, 27
Auxerre, Crypt of Cathedral of, 102
“Ave Maria,” the, 82
Bangor, 89
Barberini, Cardinal. _See_ Urban VIII
Barcelona, 7
Barnes, Mgr., 112 note 28, 113, 117
Baronius, 140
Basil, Emperor, 48
Bayeux, 44
Beauvais Cathedral, 61, 62
Bec-Herlouin, 44
Becket, S. Thomas à, 103
Bede, 21, 51
Belisarius, 6, 10
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 117
Benedict, S., 51
Benedictines, the, 19 note 7, 138
Benedictines of Cluny, 34, 103, 129
Bernay, Church at, 36
Bernini, 118, 119, 120
Besançon, Crypt of, 102
Beverley, 92
Big Ben (Houses of Parliament, London), 53
Biscop, Benedict, 21
Bonanni, 117
Bonaventura, 83
Bond, Mr., 56
Bonn, Minster Church of, 24
Bordeaux, 27, 102
Bourges, Cathedral of, 33, 61
Brescia, 19
Brixworth Church, 21
_Builder, The_, quoted, 60 note 19
Burgundy, 31, 32, 90
Byzantine Empire, Artists, etc., 12, 13, 20, 47
Caen, 37, 44
Caius, Presbyter, 98, 109
Cambridge, 21
Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral, and Crypt, 21, 40, 91, 102, 103,
129, 137
Carlisle, 89
Carolingian princes, 23
Cassiodorus, 135
Catacombs, the, 84 note 23, 101
Catechumens, 127
Caumont, M. de, 3
Cecilia, 73
Cerisy le Fôret, Church at, 36
Charlemagne, 19, 22, 23, 26, 41, 53, 69, 115
Chartres, and Cathedral, and Crypt of, 27, 33, 61, 102, 136 note 29
Cherubim, 81
Chester, 89
Chichester, and Cloisters of, 89, 137
Chipping Ongar, 22
Christ Church, Oxford, 40, 89
Christianity in Britain, 86, 87, 88, 90
Chrysostom, S. John, 77
Cistercians, 31, 32, 83
Citeaux, 31, 32
Classis, 9, 10 note 5
Clement, 133
Clement VIII, 117
Clermont Ferrand, Church of, 25
Cluny, and Abbey and Monks of, 29, 31, 31 note 10, 32, 34, 34 note
12, 37, 42, 44, 91, 103, 129
Coblenz, 24
Cologne, 24, 27
Cologne Cathedral, 23, 53
Columba, 90
Comacine Builders and Guild, the, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 34, 41, 42, 45,
47, 50, 53, 54
Comacine Islands, 15
Como, 15, 16
Constantine, 100, 109, 110, 111, 117, 120, 127
Constantinople, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 20, 20 note 8, 25, 50, 57, 68, 68
note 20, 70, 72, 78, 106, 123
Constantius (Augustus), 7, 8
Creighton, Bishop, 110 note 27
Crusades, 50, 56, 79, 80, 81, 84
Ctesiphon, Palace of, 56
Cyprian, 133
Dalmatia, 41
Danes, 26
De Lasterie, 56
De Rossi, 139, 140
Diaconus, Paulus, 18, 18 note 7, 19 note 7
Dijon, Abbey of S. Benignus at, 34, 36, 42, 102
Diocletian, 4, 5, 53
Dol, Church of, 89
Dominicans, 82
Domitilla Cemetery, 139, 140
Drei, Benedetto, 118
Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, 22
Durandus, Bishop of Mende (Mimatensis), 50, 51, 135, 136, 136 note 29
Durham Cathedral, 40, 44, 70, 89, 137
Eadburg, Queen, 138
Edward the Confessor, 22, 88
Egypt, 56
Eleutherius, 122
Eleutherus, S., 102
Ely Cathedral, 40, 43, 70, 89
Emporium by the Tiber, 4
England, 20, 21, 22, 33 note 11, 38, 42, 54, 58, 61
Engles, 86, 92
Enlart, 56
Ethelred II (the Unready), 22
Ethelwolf, 116, 129
Eudes de Montreuil, 62
Eulalia, 73
Evarestus, 122
Evelyn, 5 note 3, 55
Exarchate, the, 12
Exeter, 89
Fécamp, 36, 44
Flavian family, 139, 141
France, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33 note 11, 59, 61, 62, 69, 90, 91, 131, 142,
143
Franciscans, 83
Franks, the, 141, 142, 143
Freeman, Professor, 4, 5, 5 note 4, 20, 139
Frisians, 26
Froucester, Abbot, 138
Fulda, 23
Garimbert, 135
Garonne, River, 27
Gascony, 29
Gaul, 20, 20 note 8, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 69, 72, 89, 91, 101, 102
Germany, 20, 22, 23, 24, 41
Gernrode, 23
Gerville, M. de, 3
Giacomo della Porta, 117
Glanber, Raoul, 29
Gloucester Abbey, 40, 43, 44, 71, 88, 138, 139
Gloucester Cathedral, 52, 60, 61, 62, 67, 70, 74, 81, 85, 86, 90, 91,
102 (Crypt), 104 (Crypt), 104, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 137, 143
Goths, 10, 55
“Great Peter” (Bell in Gloucester Cathedral), 52
Great Tom (Oxford), 53
Greece, 50, 84, 133
Greek architecture, 55
Greek or Eastern Church, 106
Gregory of Tours, 25
Gregory the Great, 79
Guéranger of Solesmes, Dom, 136 note 29
Guercino, 142
Guienne, 29
Guimond, Chaplain of Henry I, 40
Guizot, 26
Gundulph, 40
Hadrian I, Pope, 114, 115, 129
Hanley, Abbot, 90
Henry II of England, 38
Henry III of England, 88
Heraclius, Emperor, 78
Heralds’ College, the, 55
Herbert of Losinga, Prior of Fécamp, 40
Hereford Cathedral, 43, 89
Hexham, Basilica of S. Andrew, 21
Hexham, Crypt of, 102
Holy Apostles, Church of the (Constantinople), 68, 70
Holy Cross, Church of (Ravenna), 8
Honorius, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 25, 53, 142
Hood, Thomas, 55 note 17
Hook, Theodore, 55 note 17
Hutton, Edward, 73, 74
Hyginus, 122
Ile de France, 32, 59
Ireland, 86
Irenæus, 133
Italy, 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 41, 48, 72, 86, 90
Jackson, Sir Thomas, 28, 29 note 9, 31, 33 note 11
Jarrow, 21
Jerome, 133
Jerusalem, and the Temple of, 45, 50, 79, 105, 106, 108
Jesus Christ, 108 note 26
John, Abbot of Séez, 40
John, King of England, 38
Jouarre, Crypt of, 102
Julia, Basilica (Roman Forum), 68 note 20
Julius II, Pope, 110 note 27
Jumiéges, Abbey of, 43
Jumiéges, Church at, 36
Justinian, 3, 6, 10, 13, 14, 16, 20, 25, 53, 57, 68, 68 note 20, 70,
72, 73, 78
Jutes, 26, 86, 92
Kaiser Bell in Cathedral of Cologne, 53
Kioto Monastery, Japan, 53
Kyneburg, 138
Lanciani, 101, 117
Lanfranc, 36, 37, 40, 54
Languedoc, 30
Laon, Cathedral of, 33, 89
Leland (Secretary to King Henry VIII), 138
Leo IV, Pope, 116
Lightfoot, Bishop of Durham, 139, 140, 140 note 30
Lincoln, 43, 89, 91
Lindisfarne, Priory Church of, 89
Linus, Bishop, 97, 108, 121, 122
“Lion of the tribe of Judah,” 47
Liutbrand, King, 14
Loire, River, 27
Lombard, Peter, 83
Lombards, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 141
Lombardy, 20, 53
London, 22, 106
Lorsch, Sepulchral Chapel at, 23
Louis of Wissobrun, 135
Louis II, Emperor, 115
Louis XI of France, 142
Lucca, 5 note 4, 19
Lyons, 25
Macedonia, 20 note 8
Macon, 31
Maderno, 117
Magi, or Wise Men, 84 note 23, 85
Mahommed, 79
Maieul, 34
Mainz, Cathedral of, 24
Malvern Abbey, 43
Maria (daughter of Stilicho), 142
Martel, Charles, 26
Martin, Abbot of Bec, 40
Marucchi, 117
Mary, the Virgin, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 123, 143
Matilda (queen of William I), 37
Meaux, Cathedral of, 33
Mediterranean Sea, 26
Metz, 27
Micklethwaite, J. T., 137, 138
Milan, 6, 41, 42, 48
Milman, Dean, 80 note 21
Moissac, Abbey of (Tarn-et-Garonne), 131
Monkwearmouth, 21
Monreale, Cloisters of (Sicily), 131
Mont S. Michel, 44
Mont S. Michel, Church at, 36
Montalembert, 134
Monte Cassino, 19, 115
Montmajeure, Abbey of, 131
Moscow, 52, 53, 106
Muratori, 18
Narses, 6, 10
Nero, 107, 121
_New Monthly Magazine_ (Colburn), quoted, 55 note 17
Newquay, 93
Nicodemus, 108 note 26
Nola, 51
Norman Conquest of England, 38, 39
Normandy, 28, 33 note 11, 36, 43, 50, 54
Normans, the, 88
Northmen, 27, 32, 87, 89, 94
Norwich Castle, 137
Norwich Cathedral, 40, 43, 70, 131, 137
Notre Dame of Paris, 61
Notre Dame, Paris, Bell in, 53
Noyon, Cathedral of, 33
Odin, 92
Odoaces, 9
Old Sarum, 89
Old S. Peter’s Church (Rome), 103, 110, 142
Origen, 133
Orleans, 27, 52, 102
Osric, King, 138, 139
Osric, Church of (Gloucester), 143
Ostian Way, 109
Otto the Great, 23
Oxford, Crypt of, 102
Palgrave, 26
Palmieri, 118
Pantheon, the, 119
Paris, 32, 128
Paris, Cathedral of, 33
Paris, Matthew, 39, 39 note 14
Parvis Notre Dame of Paris, 128
Paul I, Pope, 114, 141, 142, 143
Paul V, Pope, 117
Paul, Monk of S. Etienne, Caen, 40
Pavia, 18
Pelagia, 73
Pelagius II, 114
Pepin, King of France, 114, 141
Périgueux, 30
Perigord, 30
Perpetuus, Bishop, 45
Perranporth, 93
Perranzabuloe, Church of, 92, 93
Peterborough, Abbey of, 40
Peterborough Cathedral, 70
Petronius, 139
Philip Augustus, King, 32
Piedmont, 34 note 12
Pisa, 5 note 4
Pius I, 122
Pius IX, Pope, 83 note 22
Placidia, Galla, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 25, 53
Pliny the Younger, 15
Poitiers, 27
Poitou Limousin, 29
Procopius, 9
Provence, 26, 30, 33 note 11, 69
Prudentius, 122
Puritans, the, 132
Pusey, Dr., 83 note 22
Quedlinburg, Church at, 23
Quicherat, 25, 26, 27, 28
Ravenna, 5, 5 note 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 10 note 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,
41, 48, 50, 53, 69, 70, 72, 74, 136 note 29
Repton, Crypt of, 102
Rhine, River, 101, 102
Rhone, River, 27
Richard I of England, 38
Richard II (le Bon), Duke of Normandy, 36, 42, 50, 54
Ripon, S. Peter’s, and Crypt of, 21, 102
Rivoira, 19, 20 note 8, 23, 28, 48, 68, 69 note 20
Robert, King of France, 52
Roberto, Lord of Volpiano, 34
Rochester Cathedral and Crypt of, 40, 90, 102
Rodelinda, Queen, 18
Roman Architecture, 55
Roman Architects and Builders, Guild of, 16
Romans, 50
Rome, 4, 6, 15, 18, 24, 47, 69 note 20, 86, 90, 97-101, 105-109, 115,
133
Romulus Augustulus, 9
“Rosary” (form of prayer), 82
Rotharis, King of the Lombards, 14, 15, 16, 53
Rouen, 27, 44
Rouen, Cathedral of, 33, 131
Rutebeuf, 132
Sabinianus, Pope, 51
S. Achilles, 140
S. Agata, Church of (Ravenna), 8
S. Agnan, Church of (Orleans), 52
S. Agnes, Church of (Rome), 47, 101
S. Agnese, Church of (Rome), 69 note 20
S. Albans, Abbey at, 40, 43
S. Ambrogio, Church of (Milan), 42
S. Andrew, Basilica of (Hexham), 21
S. Andrew’s Church, Cambridge, 21
S. Apollinare, 9
S. Apollinare in Classe, Church of (Ravenna), 10, 10 note 5, 48
S. Apollinare Nuovo, Church of (Ravenna), 9, 48, 73, 74
S. Avitus, Crypt of (Orleans), 102
S. Basil, 79
S. Benigno de Fruttuaria, Monastery of (Piedmont), 34 note 12
S. Benignus, Abbey of (Dijon), 34, 36, 42
S. Benignus, Crypt of Church of (Dijon), 102
S. Bernard of Clairvaux, 79, 84
S. Callistus, Cemetery of, 122
S. Castor, Church of (Coblenz), 24
S. Clement, 73
S. Clementi, Church of (Rome), 47
S. Cyprian, 73
S. Cyriacus, Church of (Gernrode), 23
S. Cyril, 78
S. Denys, Church of (near Paris), 102, 103
S. Dominic, 82
S. Edmund, 22
S. Etienne, Church at, 37
S. Eutropius, Crypt of (Saintes), 102
S. Francesco, Church of (Ravenna), 8
S. Francis, 82
S. Front, Church of (Périgueux), 30
S. Gereon, Church of (Cologne), 24
S. Giorgio, Church of (Valpolicella), 19
S. Giovanni Evangelista, Church of (Ravenna), 8, 48
S. Giulia, Island of, 34 note 12
S. Gregory I, Pope (the Great), 79
S. Gregory III, Pope, 114
S. Gregory of Tours, 112, 113
S. Gwithian, Church of, 91, 92, 93
S. John, 84, 85
S. John Lateran, Cloisters of, 131
S. Laurence, 73
S. Leo III, 114
S. Lorenzo, Church of (Rome), 69 note 20, 101
S. Louis, 62, 63, 132
S. Maria im Capitol, Church of (Cologne), 24
S. Mark’s, Church of (Venice), 30, 70
S. Martin, Church of (Cologne), 24
S. Martin (S. Apollinare Nuovo), Church of (Ravenna), 9
S. Martin, Church of (Tours), 25, 45
S. Mary Magdalene, 102
S. Medard of Soissons, Crypt of, 102
S. Michael, Church of (Fulda), 23
S. Michel, Mont, Abbey (Normandy), 131
S. Nazianzus, 78
S. Nereus, 140
S. Ouen (Rouen), Church at, 36
S. Parnel, Church of (Whepstead), 143
S. Paul, 73, 99, 107, 109, 121
S. Paul’s Church, Jarrow, 21
S. Paul, Church of (Rome), 101, 131
S. Peran in Sabulo, 92, 93
S. Peter, 99, 105-113, 115, 121, 122, 123, 139-141, 143
S. Peter’s Abbey (Gloucester), 91
S. Peter, Abbey Church of (Westminster Abbey), 22
S. Peter’s Church, Monkwearmouth, 21
S. Peter’s Church, Ripon, 21
S. Peter’s Church (Rome), 97, 97 note 25, 99, 109, 110, 110 note 27,
117, 118, 119, 141, 142, 143
S. Peter at Rome, Crypt of, 105-123
S. Peter’s tomb, 100
S. Petronilla, Church of (Rome), 101
S. Petronilla and S. Petronilla’s Altar, 138-143
S. Pietro, Church of (Toscanella), 19
S. Prassede, Church of (Rome), 47
S. Quatuor Coronati, Church of (Rome), 69 note 20
S. Rusticus, 102
S. Salvatore, Church of (Brescia), 19
S. Salvatore, Church of (Spoleto), 69 note 20
S. Satiro, Church of (Milan), 42, 48
S. Sebastian, Basilica (Rome), 99
S. Sebastian, Church of (Rome), 101
S. Sernin, Church of (Toulouse), 30
S. Seurin, Church of (Bordeaux), 102
S. Sixtus, 73
S. Sophia, Basilica of (Constantinople), 6
S. Sophia, Church of (Constantinople), 13, 20 note 8, 25, 50, 68,
70, 72
S. Sophia, Church of (Salonica), 20 note 8
S. Teuteria, Church of (Verona), 19