pope, instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese
Inquisition, =4=, 507.
on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 514.
opposed to the Marranos, =4=, 516.
=Pucci, Lorenzo=, grand penitentiary of the pope, attached to
Molcho, =4=, 503.
opposes the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 505.
death of, =4=, 507.
=Puffendorf, John=, interested in the Karaites, =5=, 183.
=Pul=, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of Israel, =1=, 246-7.
Menahem of Israel submits to, =1=, 247.
=Pulcelina=, innocently causes a persecution of the Jews of
Blois, =3=, 379.
saved by Theobald of Chartres, =3=, 379.
death of, =3=, 380.
=Pumbeditha=, a district of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 505.
=Pumbeditha=, capital of Jewish Babylonia, description of, =2=, 506.
cunning of the inhabitants of, =2=, 506.
homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, =2=, 607.
=Pumbeditha, the academy of=, superior to the Palestinian
academies, =2=, 532.
founded by Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 545, 549.
pre-eminence of, =2=, 549-50.
method pursued at, =2=, 574-5.
numerical strength of, =2=, 576-7.
prosperity of, under Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 578.
fund established for, =2=, 580.
generosity of Ifra-Ormuzd to, =2=, 581.
under Abayi Nachmani, =2=, 584-5.
produces the Talmud, =2=, 591.
rise of, =2=, 593.
during Ashi’s time, =2=, 606.
closed under Hormisdas IV, =3=, 8.
re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, =3=, 9.
prosperity of, under Chosru II, =3=, 9.
districts under the jurisdiction of, =3=, 98.
quarrels in, about the principalship, =3=, 155-6.
gains by the decline of the Exilarchate, =3=, 177, 183.
independent of the Exilarch, =3=, 177.
claims an increase of revenue, =3=, 184.
inferior to Sora, =3=, 193.
importance of, under Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu, =3=, 202, 207.
decay of, under Sherira, =3=, 233.
place of, taken by the Spanish schools, =3=, 236.
dissolution of, =3=, 253.
Isaac Ibn-Sakni teacher at, =3=, 285.
_See also_ Academies, the Babylonian.
=Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of=, poor, =2=, 580.
office of, religious, =3=, 93.
bear the title of Gaon by courtesy, =3=, 93, 177.
elected from among the members of Sora, =3=, 94.
at the installation of an Exilarch, =3=, 94-5.
rank of, =3=, 96.
appoint the judges of their district, =3=, 98.
=Pumbeditha, the academy of, the principals of= (Geonim), list of:
Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu,
Abyi Nachmani,
Chama of Nahardea,
Chanan of Iskia,
Chaninaï,
Chiskiya,
Dudaï ben Nachman,
Haï ben David,
Haï ben Sherira,
Huna ben Chiya,
José,
Joseph bar Abba,
Joseph ben Chiya,
Kohen Zedek II ben Joseph,
Malka bar Acha,
Mar-Abraham ben Sherira,
Mari bar Mar,
Mar-Raba,
Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,
Nachman ben Isaac,
Natronaï ben Nehemiah,
Nehemiah,
Paltoi ben Abayi,
Raba bar Joseph bar Chama,
Rabba bar Nachmani,
Rabba ben Ami,
Semuna,
Sherira ben Chanina,
Zemach ben Kafnaï.
=Puoto.= _See_ Bodo.
=Purgation=, the oath of, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, =2=, 556.
=Purgatory=, the dogma of, in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
=Purim=, pleasantry on, punished by Theodosius II, =2=, 620-1.
treatise on, by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, =4=, 63.
the feast of, ridiculed by Solomon Levi, =4=, 185.
=Purim of Cairo=, =4=, 396.
=Purim-Vincent= celebrated in Frankfort, =4=, 700.
=Puritans=, the, obtain religious liberty for England, =5=, 26.
inspired by the Old Testament, =5=, 26.
regard the Jews kindly, =5=, 27.
Jewish spirit among, =5=, 27-8.
=Pyrenees=, the, Jews defend the passes of, =3=, 45.
=Pyrenees, the Lower=, the department of, the Jews of, excepted from
Napoleon’s restrictive laws, =5=, 499.
=Q=
=Quadratus=, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of
Christianity from Judaism, =2=, 431.
=Quadratus, Umidius=, governor of Syria, arbiter between Judæans and
Samaritans, =2=, 244.
=Quadruple Alliance=, the, against France, =5=, 658.
=Quemadero=, place of burning, in Seville, =4=, 317.
=Querido, Jacob.= _See_ Jacob Querido.
=Quietus, Lucius=, Trajan’s commander in the district of the
Euphrates, =2=, 397.
lays waste Babylonian towns, =2=, 398.
governor of Palestine, =2=, 399.
desired by Trajan as his successor, =2=, 399.
war of, in Judæa, =2=, 400-1.
destroys the Synhedrion in Jamnia, =2=, 400.
removal of, asked by the Jews, =2=, 400-1.
execution of, =2=, 401.
=Quinon, Denis=, receiver-general of taxes in Languedoc, =4=, 132.
=Quirinius=, governor of Syria, instructions of, with regard to
Judæa, =2=, 129.
deposes the high priest, =2=, 135.
=R=
=Rab.= _See_ Abba Areka.
=Raba.= _See_ Mar-Raba.
=Raba bar Joseph bar Chama= (299-352), Babylonian Amora, =2=, 560.
informed of calendar changes, =2=, 571.
disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 575, 580.
proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =2=, 583.
precocity of, =2=, 584.
rival of Abayi Nachmani, =2=, 584-5.
dialectics of, =2=, 585, 591.
principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =2=, 585.
characteristics of, =2=, 585-6.
rebukes Zeïra II, =2=, 586.
and the Machuzan marriages, =2=, 587.
covetousness of, =2=, 587-8.
heartlessness of, =2=, 588.
partiality of, in applying the Law, =2=, 588-9, 628.
and Benjamin Assia, =2=, 590.
discourses of, popular, =2=, 590.
method of, =2=, 590-1.
authority of, =2=, 591.
prevents persecutions, =2=, 591-2.
punished by Shabur II for exercising criminal jurisdiction, =2=,
592.
assisted by Ifra-Ormuzd, =2=, 592.
death of, =2=, 593, 602.
=Rab Abba.= _See_ Rabba bar Huna.
=Rabaï of Rob=, a Saburean, =3=, 5.
=Rabba bar Abbahu=, a Babylonian Amora, =2=, 545.
=Rabba bar Chana=, authorized by Judah I to teach, =2=, 454.
=Rabba bar Huna= (Rab Abba, 309-320), principal of the Sora academy,
=2=, 548, 583.
modesty of, =2=, 585.
=Rabba bar Matana=, Amora, proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha
academy, =2=, 583.
=Rabba bar Nachmani= (270-330), Babylonian Amora, =2=, 560.
dialectics of, =2=, 575, 576.
a member of the family of Eli, =2=, 575.
brothers of, =2=, 575-6.
emigrates to Judæa, =2=, 576.
returns to Babylonia, =2=, 576.
proposed as the principal of the academy of Pumbeditha, =2=, 576.
and Joseph ben Chiya, =2=, 577.
principal of Pumbeditha, =2=, 578.
subjects treated by, =2=, 578.
method of, =2=, 578-9.
position of, among students of the Law, =2=, 579.
rebukes the immorality of the Jews, =2=, 579.
and Mar-Ukban, =2=, 579.
death of, =2=, 580-1.
foster-father of Abayi Nachmani, =2=, 583.
=Rabba ben Ami= (869-872), Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 178.
=Rabban=, title of the president of the Synhedrion in his capacity as
teacher of the Law, =2=, 335.
=Rabbana=, title of honor in Babylonia, =2=, 544.
title given to Ashi, =2=, 606.
Rabbanism, certain features of, adopted by Benjamin Nahavendi, =3=,
151.
=Rabbanites=, the, partisans of authority, opponents of the
Karaites, =3=, 134.
denounce the Karaites as heretics, =3=, 134.
literary unfruitfulness of, in the eighth century, =3=, 136.
antagonistic to science, =3=, 149.
adopt Karaite teachings, =3=, 157.
begin scientific work in the ninth century, =3=, 180.
shunned by the Karaites, =3=, 182.
neglect the Scriptures, =3=, 189.
endeavor to effect a reconciliation with the Karaites, =4=, 69-70,
71-2, 270.
in Jerusalem in the fourteenth century, =4=, 74-5.
teach Karaites, =4=, 269-70.
bigotry of, =4=, 403.
_See also_ Rabbinical Judaism; Talmudical Judaism, etc.
=Rabbath Ammon= (Philadelphia), capital of the Ammonites, =1=, 126.
taken by David, =1=, 128.
taken by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474.
refuge of Ptolemy ben Habub, =2=, 3.
Aretas defeated at, =2=, 62.
=Rabbenu=, title given to Judah II, =2=, 480.
=Rabbi.= _See_ Judah I ha-Nassi.
=Rabbi=, title of a teacher of the Law, =2=, 335.
introduction of the title, =2=, 357.
title given to Judah II, =2=, 480.
=Rabbi, chief=, of England, functions of, =3=, 588.
“=Rabbi of= Bacharach,” by Heine, =5=, 549-50, 552.
=Rabbinical conference, the, at Brunswick=, composition of,
=5=, 677-8.
dominated by Holdheim, =5=, 678, 681.
spirit of, =5=, 682.
protests against, =5=, 682.
=Rabbinical conference, the, at Frankfort=, to ratify the programme
of the Berlin Reform Association, =5=, 683.
excitement aroused by, =5=, 683-4.
the orthodox party represented at, =5=, 684, 685.
discusses the abolition of the Hebrew language, =5=, 685.
attitude of, towards the Berlin Reform Association, =5=, 685-6.
=Rabbinical Judaism= proved to rest on unbroken tradition, =3=, 366.
originates in Jacob Asheri’s code, =4=, 89.
practical, =4=, 534.
beginnings of the criticism of, =5=, 55.
defended by Immanuel Aboab, =5=, 55.
attacked and defended by Leo Modena, =5=, 72-4.
attacked by Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 77.
as viewed by Sabbatians, =5=, 142, 143-4.
guarded by the Kofrim, =5=, 144.
at variance with the Kabbala, =5=, 144.
set at defiance by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 148-9, 152, 159.
exalted by Richard Simon, =5=, 180.
attacked by Mordecai ben Nissan, =5=, 184.
destruction of, aimed at by Chayim Malach, =5=, 214.
opposed by the Frankists, =5=, 274-5.
scoffed at in Poland, =5=, 276.
opposed by the Kabbala, =5=, 277.
attacked by Mendelssohn’s followers, =5=, 371, 375, 379.
attacked by the Chassidim, =5=, 375, 379.
inadequacy of, =5=, 385.
undermined by Holdheim, =5=, 680-1.
_See also_ Talmudical Judaism.
=Rabbinical literature=, studied by Christians, =5=, 21-2, 179.
=Rabbinical schools=, established in Poland by German exiles, =4=,
420. _See under_ Colleges.
=Rabbinical synod=, the, of Konstantinov, appeals to Jacob
Emden, =5=, 277.
of Lublin, decision of, on cases of supposed death, =5=, 13.
of Mayence, decision of, on commercial honesty, =3=, 517.
of Mayence, on the marriage law, =4=, 135.
of Nuremberg, taxes the Bavarian Jews, =4=, 305.
of Weissenfels, =4=, 163.
of Worms, rejoices over the Dominican defeat, =4=, 452-3.
=Rabbinical synod, the first=, under the presidency of Jacob Tam,
=3=, 376-7.
members of, =3=, 377.
resolutions of, =3=, 377.
=Rabbinical synods=, instituted, =3=, 376-7.
the Italian, =4=, 218.
_See also under_ Rabbinical conference.
=Rabbis=, the, disinterestedness of, in the Middle Ages, =3=, 287.
superior to other religious leaders in the twelfth century, =3=,
347.
high morality of, in the fourteenth century, =4=, 162.
compared with the Christian clergy, =4=, 162.
characteristics of, in the seventeenth century, =5=, 200-1.
of Europe, recruited from Poland, =5=, 206.
lack of culture among, =5=, 559.
not respected, =5=, 566.
=Rabbis=, lists of:
of Alexandria:
Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,
Phineas ben Meshullam.
of Algiers:
Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat,
Simon ben Zemach Duran,
Simon Duran II,
Solomon Duran.
of Alkolea de Cinca:
En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa.
of Amsterdam:
Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca,
Ayllon, Solomon
Manasseh ben Israel,
Morteira, Saul Levi
Musaphia, Benjamin
Pardo, David
Pardo, Joseph
Pardo, Josiah
Uziel, Isaac
Vega, Judah
Weil, Moses
Zevi Ashkenazi.
of Arad:
Chorin, Aaron.
of Barcelona:
Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret,
Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben.
of Berlin:
Fränkel, David
Hirschel, Lewin
Sachs, Michael
Wolf, Aaron Benjamin.
of Béziers:
Meshullam.
of Bologna:
Ishmael Chanina.
of Breslau:
Phineas.
of Brunswick:
Eger, Samuel.
of Cairo:
Algazi, Moses Joseph
David Ibn-Abi Zimra,
Moses ben Maimun.
of Canea:
Delmedigo, Judah
Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali.
of Castile:
Abraham Senior,
Meïr Alguades.
of Casale:
Baki, Simon.
of Château-Thierry:
Samuel ben Solomon.
of Cuito:
Nepi, Graziadio.
of Cologne:
Eleazer ben Samson.
of Constantinople:
Elias Mizrachi,
Fresco, Moses
Moses Kapsali.
of Cordova:
Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,
Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.
of Damascus:
Anteri, Jacob
Halfen, Azaria
Halfen, Solomon.
of Fez:
Jacob Berab.
of France:
Johanan ben Mattathiah Provenci,
Matthiah ben Joseph Provenci.
of Frankfort:
Falk, Jacob Joshua
Hurwitz, Phineas Levi
Kahana, Jacob.
of Germany:
Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.
of Gerona:
Moses ben Nachman.
of Hamburg:
Athias, Isaac
Bernays, Isaac
Salomon, Gotthold.
of Jampol:
Landau, Ezekiel.
of Jerusalem:
Levi ben Jacob Chabib,
Obadiah di Bertinoro.
of Joigny:
Menachem ben Perez.
of Leghorn:
Cohen, Malachi
Samun.
of Lemberg:
Orenstein, Jacob.
of London:
Abendana, Jacob
Ayllon, Solomon
Herschel, Solomon
Jacob,
Meldola, David
Nieto, David
Sasportas, Jacob.
of Lucena:
Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi,
Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi.
of Mantua:
Brieli, Jehuda Leon
Joseph ben Solomon Kolon,
Judah ben Yechiel,
Vita, Abraham, di Cologna.
of Mayence:
Eleazer ben Nathan,
Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin:
Holdheim, Samuel.
of Melun:
Jehuda ben David.
of Metz:
Eibeschütz, Jonathan
Falk, Jacob Joshua.
of Minsk:
Heilprin, Jechiel.
of Naples:
David Ibn-Yachya.
of Navarre:
Orabuena, Joseph.
of Neustadt:
Shalom.
of Nikolsburg:
Benet, Mordecai.
of Nuremberg:
Sprinz, David.
of Padua:
Ghirondi,
Judah Menz.
of Palma:
En-Vidal Ephraim Gerundi.
of Pampeluna:
Chayim ben Gallipapa.
of Paris:
Yechiel.
of Perpignan:
Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri.
of Persia:
Sar Shalom.
of Portugal:
Moses Navarro,
Simon Maimi.
of Posen:
Janow, Hirsch.
of Prague:
Avigedor Kara,
Heller, Lipmann
Landau, Ezekiel
Oppenheim, David
Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda.
of Presburg:
Sofer, Moses.
of Ratisbon:
Bruna, Israel.
of Safet:
Moses ben Jehuda Cohen.
of Saint Esprit:
Andrade, Abraham.
of Saragossa:
Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat.
of Sepulveda:
Solomon Picho.
of Smyrna:
Benveniste, Chayim
Papa, Aaron de la.
of Strasburg:
Sinzheim, Joseph David.
of Tamarica:
Lagarto, Jacob.
of Tarnopol:
Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda.
of the Three Communities:
Cohen, Raphael
Eibeschütz, Jonathan
Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel.
of Toledo:
Aboab, Isaac
Asher ben Yechiel,
Isaac de Leon,
Jehuda Asheri,
Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,
Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach.
of Trieste:
Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim.
of Tudela:
Chasdaï ben Solomon.
of Venice:
Aboab, Samuel
Belillos, Jacob
Cohen, Nehemiah Vital
Merari, Moses Menachem.
of Vercelli:
Segre, Joshua Benzion.
of Vienna:
Eskeles, Issachar Berush
Heller, Lipmann
Jonah,
Mannheimer, Isaac Noah
Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.
of Worms:
Kalonymos of Rome.
of Würzburg:
Isaac ben Eliakim.
=Rabbis, itinerant=:
Conforte, David
Moses of Coucy.
=Rabbis, the German=, insignificance of, in the fourteenth century,
=4=, 134-5.
appointed by order of Sigismund, =4=, 227.
=Rabbis, the Spanish=, hostile to science, =4=, 143.
slight attainments of, =4=, 144.
=Rabed II.= _See_ Abraham ben David.
=Rabina= (488-499), Amora, principal of the Sora academy, =2=, 630.
completes the Babylonian Talmud, =2=, 630-1.
death of =2=, 631.
=Rab-shakeh=, Assyrian official sent to Hezekiah, =1=, 274-5.
=Rachel=, wife of Akiba, =2=, 351, 355.
=Rachel Formosa=, mistress of Alfonso the Noble, =3=, 386.
=Radziwill=, prince, employs Joseph Delmedigo as physician, =5=, 76.
=Ragesh= (Razis), demanded as hostage by Nicanor, =1=, 485.
=Ragoczi=, Prince of Transylvania, ill-uses the Jews of Poland, =5=,
15.
=Raimuch, Astruc.= _See_ Astruc Raimuch.
=Ralbag.= _See_ Levi ben Gerson.
=Ramadhan=, the fast of, instituted by Mahomet, =3=, 75.
=Ramah=, home of Samuel, =1=, 73.
meeting of elders at, =1=, 78.
David at, =1=, 96-7.
taken and fortified by Baasha, =1=, 191.
re-conquered by Asa, =1=, 191.
Jeremiah released at, =1=, 320.
=Ramathaim=, taken by the Samaritans, =1=, 410.
=Rambam.= _See_ Moses ben Maimun.
=Ramban.= _See_ Moses ben Nachman.
=Rameru=, the Jews of, attacked during the second crusade, =3=,
355-6.
center of Talmud study, =3=, 403.
=Rameses=, rallying place of the Israelites on leaving Egypt, =1=,
17.
=Rami=, brother of Judah ben Ezekiel, his critic and opponent,
=2=, 550-1.
=Ramon Berengar IV=, unites Aragon and Catalonia, =3=, 387.
=Ramoth-Gilead= taken by Ben-hadad II, =1=, 205, 206.
Jehu made king of Israel at, =1=, 210.
=Ramson=, defender of the Jews, =5=, 470.
=Raphael=, the healer, name of an angel, =1=, 403.
=Raphia=, Antiochus the Great defeated at, =1=, 426.
south-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.
=Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda= (1790-1867), founder of the Galician
school, =5=, 607.
disciple of Krochmal, =5=, 610.
descent of, =5=, 610.
learning of, =5=, 610-11.
and Erter, =5=, 614.
makes pilgrimages to Krochmal, =5=, 614, 617.
excommunicated, =5=, 614.
rabbinical appointments of, =5=, 615, 619.
style of, =5=, 617.
influence of Krochmal on, =5=, 617-18.
devotes himself to biographical research, =5=, 618-19.
the father of Jewish science, =5=, 619.
system of, used by Zunz, =5=, 620.
contributor to the Kerem Chemed, =5=, 621-2.
inspires Luzzatto, =5=, 624.
influence of, on Sachs, =5=, 690.
=Rashba.= _See_ Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.
=Rashbam.= _See_ Samuel ben Meïr.
=Rashi.= _See_ Solomon Yizchaki.
=Rastadt, the Peace Congress at=, to abolish the poll-tax on Dutch
Jews in Germany, =5=, 458.
“Summons” addressed to, by Michael Berr, =5=, 460.
addressed by Christians on the subject of Jewish emancipation, =5=,
463.
=Rationalists=, Mahometan. _See_ Mutazilist.
=Ratisbon=, Jews in, in the ninth century, =3=, 144.
council of, protects the Jews during the Black Death persecutions,
=4=, 110.
under the ban of the empire, =4=, 305.
fined by the emperor, =4=, 306.
Molcho and Reubeni at, =4=, 510.
=Ratisbon, the diet at=, refuses to form a crusade against the Turks,
=4=, 267-8.
petitioned in behalf of the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 465.
petition to, supported by the Austrian representative, =5=, 466.
=Ratisbon, the Jews of=, suffer during the first crusade, =3=, 305.
privileges granted to, =3=, 635.
not permitted to appear on the street at Easter, =3=, 635.
saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36.
protected from persecution, =4=, 99.
contributions exacted from, =4=, 254.
brutal treatment of, =4=, 258-9.
held in high esteem, =4=, 300.
morality of, =4=, 300.
claimed by various parties, =4=, 300.
appeal to the Hussites for protection, =4=, 301.
slandered by apostates, =4=, 301-2.
imprisoned on the blood accusation, =4=, 304.
assisted by the Bavarian Jews, =4=, 305.
protected by Frederick III, =4=, 305-6.
released, =4=, 306.
refuse to pay unjust fines, =4=, 306-7.
strained relations between, and the Christians, =4=, 416-17.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 417.
send a defender of their cause to Maximilian I, =4=, 436-7.
the extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 463.
=Ratisbonne family=, the, culture of, =5=, 476.
=Ratti Menton=, French consul in Damascus, opponent of the
Jews, =5=, 633.
appealed to, to search for the murderer of Tomaso, =5=, 635.
suspects the Damascus Jews of Tomaso’s murder, =5=, 635.
employs a spy against the Jews, =5=, 635.
cross-examines Jewish suspects, =5=, 636.
orders the Jewish suspects to be tortured, =5=, 637-8.
hushes up evidence in favor of the Jews, =5=, 637.
abetted by the European consuls, =5=, 639.
has an anti-Jewish book circulated, =5=, 639.
pronounces the Jews guilty of Tomaso’s murder, =5=, 640.
publishes the Damascus affair in French journals, =5=, 643.
deceives the vice-consul of France, =5=, 645.
conduct of, described in the Austrian report, =5=, 646.
excluded from the consular court of justice, =5=, 649.
defended by Thiers, =5=, 650, 659.
accused by Isambert, =5=, 650.
shielded by Cochelet, =5=, 660.
=Ravenna=, a Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, =3=, 28.
asks for Jewish bankers, =4=, 286.
=Ravensburg=, the Jews of, burnt on the blood accusation, =4=, 227.
=Rawitz=, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
=Raymond V=, of Toulouse, the Jews of Bourg de St. Gilles
under, =3=, 399.
=Raymond VI=, of Toulouse, persecuted by Innocent III, =3=, 400.
reproached with employing Jews, =3=, 501.
forced to promise not to employ Jews, =3=, 501-2, 503.
laid under the ban, =3=, 503.
deposition of, =3=, 508, 509.
=Raymond VII=, of Toulouse, victorious over the crusaders, =3=, 513.
promotes Jews to offices, =3=, 514.
=Raymund Roger=, of Béziers, during the Albigensian crusade, =3=,
502, 503.
=Raymund Trencaval=, count of Béziers, the Jews under, =3=, 394.
assassination of, =3=, 394-5.
“=Raza di Yechuda=,” by Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 217.
=Razi=, Arabic medical authority, taught by a Jew, =3=, 146.
=Razio.= _See_ Ragesh.
=Reaction=, the, in France under the Bourbons, =5=, 596.
=Reactionary movement=, the, in Germany, =5=, 508-9.
after Napoleon’s fall, =5=, 512-13.
=Real estate=, Jews of Visigothic Spain forbidden by Egica to hold,
=3=, 107-8.
owned by Jews in France in the tenth century, =3=, 242.
German Jews under the Saxon emperors forbidden to own, =3=, 242.
owned by German and French Jews in the eleventh century, =3=,
281, 297.
owned by French Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 343.
owned by Silesian Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 418.
owned by the Jews of Tyre, =3=, 426.
Jews forbidden to buy, from Christians, =3=, 592.
acquired by Jews in Castile, =4=, 193.
Silesian Jews forbidden to own, =4=, 260.
owned by Jews in Poland, =4=, 419.
Jews forbidden to own in Hamburg, =4=, 688.
Jews forbidden by Paul IV to own, =4=, 566-7.
=Reason=, the religion of, established in France, =5=, 450-1.
and the Jews, =5=, 451-2.
=Rebbe=, leader of a Chassidistic group, =5=, 392, 393.
subordinate to the Zaddik, =5=, 393.
=Recanate=, the Jews of, annoyed by apostates, =4=, 581.
=Reccared=, Visigothic king, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 34, 46-7.
commended by Pope Gregory I, =3=, 46.
laws of, fall into desuetude, =3=, 47.
=Receiver-general= of taxes for the Jews of France, =4=, 130, 132.
_See also_ Taxes, farmers of.
=Receswinth=, Visigothic king, forces Christianity upon the Jews,
=3=, 102-4.
forbids Christians to befriend Jews, =3=, 104.
=Recha=, character in “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 324.
=Rechabites=, the, Nazarites, =1=, 200.
descendants of, in Chaibar, =3=, 55.
=Recife=, Jews settle in, =4=, 693.
siege of, =4=, 694.
=Red Sea=, the, passage of the Israelites through, =1=, 18-19.
=Redemption, the dogma of=, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 187.
=Redingge, Robert de=, Dominican, converted to Judaism, =3=, 640-1.
“=Reflections=,” by Isaac Pinto, =5=, 344-5.
=Reform Association=, the, of Berlin, founded by Stern, =5=, 683.
programme of, =5=, 683.
and the Frankfort rabbinical conference, =5=, 683-4.
partially condemned by the conference, =5=, 685-6.
forms itself into a congregation, =5=, 686.
innovations of, =5=, 686-7.
antagonized by Michael Sachs, =5=, 687.
=Reform of Judaism=, the, difficulties in the way of, =5=, 559-60.
begins in Germany, =5=, 560.
objections to, by the orthodox, =5=, 561, 571.
undertaken by Jacobson, =5=, 561-2.
protests against, =5=, 562.
encouraged in Berlin, =5=, 563.
interfered with by Frederick William III, =5=, 563.
Hamburg made the center of, =5=, 563-5.
in Leipsic, =5=, 573.
in various places, =5=, 573.
in Vienna, =5=, 580.
advocated by Zunz, =5=, 621.
Geiger devoted to, =5=, 626.
opposition to, =5=, 627.
forced upon German Jews, =5=, 628.
attitude of the school of, =5=, 629-30.
progress of, in Hamburg, =5=, 672-4.
causes a rupture among German Jews, =5=, 674.
in Frankfort, =5=, 674-7.
discussed at rabbinical conferences, =5=, 677.
in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, =5=, 679.
in Breslau, =5=, 682-3.
in Berlin, =5=, 682-3, 686-7.
Frankel’s attitude towards, =5=, 684-5.
attitude of Sachs to, =5=, 689.
in the United States, =5=, 702.
=Reform of Judaism, the moderate=, Bernays exponent of, =5=, 574-8.
Mannheimer exponent of, =5=, 578-82.
in Germany, France, and Italy, =5=, 582.
=Reform party=, the, in Judaism, beginning of, =5=, 563.
leaders of, =5=, 568.
cause of, advanced by Jacobson and Libermann, =5=, 568-9.
joined by Aaron Chorin, =5=, 569.