campaign of Gallus against, =2=, 568.
_See also_ Sassanides, the; Magi, the.
=Neo-Platonism=, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328.
identified with the Kabbala, =5=, 54.
=Neo-Platonist view=, a, of the book of Daniel, =2=, 502.
=Nepi, Graziadio= (1760-1836), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 488.
=Nergal-Sharezer=, son of Sennacherib, murders him, =1=, 280.
=Neriglissar= murders Evil-Merodach, =1=, 331.
death of, =1=, 342.
=Nero=, emperor, favorably inclined to the Herodians, =2=, 245-6.
deprives the Judæans of Cæsarea of civil rights, =2=, 247.
kindly inclined to the Judæans, =2=, 248.
informed of the turbulent state of Judæa, =2=, 250-1.
informed of the number of Judæans, =2=, 252.
allegiance to, renounced by the Judæans, =2=, 259.
loyalty of Judæans defended before, =2=, 268.
apprised of the Judæan revolt, =2=, 284.
appoints Vespasian general in Judæa, =2=, 284.
death of, =2=, 297, 299.
kindly disposed towards the Jews, =2=, 391-2.
coins of, =2=, 392.
successor of, =2=, 393.
Meïr said to be the descendant of, =2=, 435.
=Nesselrode=, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 527.
=Netherlands=, the, rebellion of, against Spain, =4=, 601.
united with Spain, =4=, 661.
the Inquisition in, =4=, 662.
refuge of the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 662-3.
thwart Philip II’s plans, =4=, 667-8.
second large emigration of Marranos to, =4=, 671.
settlement of the Jewish quarter in, =4=, 674.
=Netherlands, the, the Jews of=, suffering of, =4=, 661.
expelled by Charles V, =4=, 661-2.
intolerant treatment of, =4=, 673-4.
=Nethinim=, Temple slaves, live together in Babylon, =1=, 330.
=Netira=, the sons of, espouse Saadiah’s cause, =3=, 195.
=Neto, Bras=, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, and the establishment of
the Inquisition, =4=, 500, 505.
Molcho announces the Lisbon earthquake to, =4=, 504.
honors Molcho, =4=, 505.
fears Molcho’s influence against the Inquisition, =4=, 506.
refuses to countenance the denunciation of Molcho, =4=, 506.
=Netter, Charles=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,”
=5=, 701.
=Neuburg=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =4=,
545-6.
=Neumann, Andrew=, invites Jewish exiles to settle in Brandenburg,
=5=, 173.
=Neus=, a city of refuge for Cologne Jews, =3=, 304.
=Neuwied=, the Jews of, present an address to the French Synhedrion,
=5=, 496.
=Neve=, teachers of the Law in, permit leavened bread on Passover for
the Roman army, =2=, 568.
=Neve Shalom=, second Jewish synagogue in Amsterdam, =4=, 671.
=Nevers=, count, threatened by Innocent III, for favoring the
Jews, =3=, 500.
=New Christians=, the. _See_ Marranos, the.
=New Moon=, the, announcement of, =2=, 362-3.
two days celebrated as, =2=, 363.
announced at Ain-tab, =2=, 458.
announced in Tiberias, =2=, 480.
as determined by Judah III, =2=, 532.
observance of, renewed by Anan ben David, =3=, 131.
=New Nineveh.= _See_ Mosul.
=Newport=, early Jewish immigrants in, =5=, 702.
=New Testament=, the, relation of, to the Old, examined by Chasdaï
Crescas, =4=, 188.
translated into German, =4=, 475.
=New Year’s day=, celebrated two days in Palestine, =3=, 428.
=New York=, early Jewish immigrants in, =5=, 702.
=Nibridius=, bishop of Narbonne, letter to, concerning the Jews,
=3=, 166-7.
=Nicanor=, gate of, entrance to the second Temple, =2=, 111.
=Nicanor=, son of Patroclus, Syrian general, =1=, 467.
=Nicanor=, Syrian general, sent to Judæa by Demetrius I, =1=, 484.
sends envoys to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484.
admires Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484.
defeated, =1=, 484.
demands the surrender of Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484-5.
killed in battle, =1=, 485.
=Nicaso=, daughter of Sanballat, married to a Jew, =1=, 383, 386.
=Nice=, Jews invited to settle in, =4=, 675.
=Nice, the Council of=, completes the separation of Judaism and
Christianity, =2=, 563-4.
incorporates apocryphal books in the Holy Canon, =2=, 624.
intolerance of, =3=, 25.
=Nicholas.= _See_ Donin.
=Nicholas III=, pope, reproaches Alfonso X for employing Jews, =3=,
594, 615.
=Nicholas V=, pope, issues anti-Jewish bulls, =4=, 253, 254.
establishes the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 256.
orders the Marranos to be treated as equals, =4=, 256-7.
appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of the Jews, =4=, 257, 258.
preaches a crusade against the Turks, =4=, 267-8.
bull of, against Jewish physicians unheeded, =4=, 287.
=Nicholas I=, of Russia, on the Damascus affair, =5=, 633, 657.
=Nicholas=, interpreter sent by Constantine VIII to Abdul-Rahman
III, =3=, 218.
=Nicholas de Cusa=, scholastic philosopher, advocates a union of all
religions, =4=, 255.
action of, in the Jewish question, =4=, 255.
=Nicholas de Lyra=, Franciscan, praises Rashi, =4=, 185.
charges of, against the Jews renewed, =4=, 232.
charges of, refuted by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237.
exegetical works by, used by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
exegesis of, dependent on Rashi’s, =4=, 442.
=Nicholas, Edward=, secretary to Parliament, apologist for the Jews,
=5=, 28-9.
=Nicodemus=, envoy of Aristobulus II to Pompey, =2=, 63.
=Nicolai=, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 300.
proposes to erect a statue to Mendelssohn, =5=, 372.
=Nicolaus of Damascus=, historian, friend of Herod, =2=, 90.
accuses Antipater of attempted parricide, =2=, 114.
brother of, =2=, 119.
friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 179.
=Nicopolis=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.
Joseph Karo at, =4=, 537.
=Nicosia=, taken by the Turks, =4=, 600.
=Nidui.= _See_ Excommunication.
=Niemerz=, son of Casimir III, =4=, 112.
=Nieto, David= (1654-1728), rabbi of London, culture of, =5=, 200.
denounces Chayon, =5=, 227.
=Niger=, emperor, cruelty of, to the Jews, =2=, 463-4.
defeated by Severus, =2=, 464.
=Niger=, a Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, =2=, 264.
executed, =2=, 296.
=Nikolsburg=, the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 150.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 206.
Chayon at, =5=, 218.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
=Nile=, the harbors of, under the control of the Judæan Alabarch, =2=,
102.
=Nilus the Younger=, refuses to be treated by a Jewish physician,
=3=, 213-14.
“=Nineteen Letters on Judaism=,” by Ben Usiel, =5=, 627.
=Nineveh=, Israelites colonized in, =1=, 265.
besieged by Cyaxares, =1=, 287.
fall of, =1=, 303.
=Nishabur.= _See_ Khorasan.
=Nisibis=, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contribution to the
Temple, =2=, 53.
Judæan center for Mesopotamia, =2=, 202.
destroyed by Lucius Quietus, =2=, 298.
center for the study of the Law, =2=, 358.
the Jews of, oppose Trajan, =2=, 393.
the Christians of, persecuted by the Magi, =2=, 524.
=Nîsmes=, the Jews of, show honor to the Jewish envoys to
Egypt, =5=, 658.
=Nissim bar Jacob Ibn-Shahin= (1015-1055), Talmudic authority of
northern Africa, =3=, 248.
busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, =3=, 249.
consults Haï Gaon, =3=, 252.
son-in-law of, =3=, 274.
disciple of, =3=, 285.
=Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben= (1340-1380), Talmudist, opposed to
Messianic speculations, =4=, 120.
attainments of, =4=, 144.
disciple of, =4=, 146.
appealed to by Isaac ben Sheshet, =4=, 148.
death of, =4=, 149.
imprisonment of, =4=, 150.
=Nissi Naharvani=, effects a reconciliation between Kohen-Zedek and
David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 186.
consulted upon the appointment of a Gaon of Sora, =3=, 192-3.
=Nitra= (mountain), the monks of, stone the prefect of Alexandria,
=2=, 619.
=Nizuz=, divine spark, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 620.
=Nizuzoth=, the original soul, =5=, 120.
=Nob=, made a sacerdotal town, =1=, 79.
=Noel=, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 456.
interferes in the internal affairs of the Amsterdam Jewish
community, =5=, 457.
=Nófeth Zufim=, Hebrew rhetoric by Judah ben Yechiel, =4=, 289.
=Nomologia=, by Immanuel Aboab, =5=, 55.
=Nomology=, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, =2=, 327.
=Norden=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.
=Nördlingen, the Jews of=, murdered, =4=, 163.
banished, =4=, 416.
=Normandy=, rabbis of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
the Jews of, under Henry II, =3=, 409.
=Northampton=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =3=,
643.
=Northmen=, the, invade France, =3=, 172.
=Norwich=, the Jews of, massacre of, =3=, 412.
=Notables, Jewish, the Assembly of=, planned by Napoleon, =5=, 481-2.
deputies to, =5=, 482-4.
to hold its first session on a Sabbath, =5=, 484.
imperial commissioners to, =5=, 485.
deputies to, hold a caucus, =5=, 486.
first meeting of, =5=, 487.
president of, =5=, 487.
Italian deputies to, =5=, 488.
questions propounded to, =5=, 489.
appoints a commission to answer the questions, =5=, 489.
parliamentary tact of, appreciated by Napoleon, =5=, 490, 492.
discusses the report of the commission, =5=, 491-2.
answers of, to be made Synhedrial decisions, =5=, 493.
approves of the Synhedrion, =5=, 493.
members of, to become members of the Synhedrion, =5=, 493.
proclamation of, concerning the Synhedrion, =5=, 494.
dissolution of, =5=, 495.
re-convened, =5=, 498.
=Notaricon=, transposition of letters, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 5, 512.
=Novak, Peter=, bishop of Breslau, invites John of Capistrano to
Silesia, =4=, 260.
=Novi=, refuge of Marranos, =4=, 553-4.
=Nubia=, Christians of, at war with the Jews of Aden, =3=, 436.
=Numenius=, delegate to Rome sent by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 526.
=Numeo=, character in Samuel Usque’s work, =4=, 558, 560, 575.
=Nunes, Henrique= (Firme-Fé), apostate, spies upon the Portuguese
Marranos, =4=, 489-90.
accuses the Marranos, =4=, 490.
murdered, =4=, 490.
=Nuñes, Maria=, Portuguese Marrano, taken to England, =4=, 664.
goes to Holland, =4=, 664.
in Holland, =4=, 667.
=Nuñez, Alvar=, removed from office by Alfonso XI, of Castile, =4=,
79.
=Nureddin=, Turkish chieftain, attacks the Christian kingdom of
Jerusalem, =3=, 349.
makes Aleppo the second capital of the Eastern caliphate, =3=, 426.
power of, =3=, 431.
adherents of, at war with Saladin, =3=, 472.
=Nuremberg=, a refuge for the Jews, =3=, 351.
diet of, issues the “Golden Bull,” =4=, 128.
rabbinical synod at, =4=, 305.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.
=Nuremberg, the Jews of=, massacred during the Rindfleisch
persecutions, =4=, 36.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
charges against, =4=, 415.
banished, =4=, 415-16.
=Nurses.= _See_ Christian nurses.
=O=
=Oath=, required of Jewish witnesses by Charlemagne, =3=, 144.
Jewish form of, =4=, 159.
concerning the blood accusation, =5=, 49, 655.
“on the true faith of a Christian” abolished, =5=, 698.
=Oath of allegiance=, to Herod, opposition to, =2=, 108.
=Oath of purgation=, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, =2=, 556.
=Obadiah=, king of the Chazars, has his people taught Judaism, =3=,
140.
successors of, =3=, 141.
=Obadiah=, palace superintendent under Ahab, protects the
prophets, =1=, 201.
=Obadiah=, prophet, prophesies against Edom, =1=, 326.
=Obadiah (Obadya) di Bertinoro= (1470-1520), rabbi of Jerusalem,
improves Jerusalem morally, =4=, 397, 399.
characterization of, =4=, 398.
ordinances by, =4=, 398.
Mishna commentary by, =4=, 704.
=Obadiah (Servadeus) de Sforno= (1470-1550), physician and
writer, =4=, 411.
Reuchlin’s teacher, =4=, 434, 473.
=Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak=, precursor of the Messiah, =3=, 124.
peculiar system of Judaism taught by, =3=, 124-5.
leader of a rebellion, =3=, 125.
adherents of, =3=, 125.
=Obeda=, Nabathæan king, opposes Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 44.
=Oberwesel, the Jews of=, murdered, =3=, 637.
murderers of, fined, =3=, 639.
“=Observations= of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews
of Alsace,” =5=, 350.
=Ocaña=, the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 170.
the cortes of, demand anti-Jewish legislation, =4=, 279.
=O’Connell=, urges the emancipation of the English Jews, =5=, 653.
on the Damascus affair, =5=, 657.
=Octavius, Caius.= _See_ Augustus.
=Octavius, Cneius=, Roman ambassador to Syria, =1=, 481.
death of, =1=, 482.
=Odenathus=, predatory incursions of, =2=, 527.
destroys Nahardea, =2=, 527.
takes Mar-Samuel’s daughters prisoners, =2=, 528.
prince of Palmyra, =2=, 528.
wife of, =2=, 529.
=Odo=, bishop of Paris, forbids Christians to have intercourse with
Jews, =3=, 407.
=Odo=, legate of Innocent IV, enemy of the Talmud, =3=, 579.
=Odura=, the family of, in the Hellenist party, =1=, 489.
=Offices.= _See under_ Civil; Magisterial; Religious.
=Og=, king of Bashan, =1=, 29.
=Ojeda, Alfonso de=, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 310.
commissioner to frame the Inquisition statute, =4=, 312.
preaches the sermon at the first auto-da-fé, =4=, 317.
=Okaz=, fair of the Arabs at, =3=, 60.
=Olam ha-Ba=, the future world, =1=, 405-6.
=Olam ha-Tikkun=, divine order of the world, Kabbalistic term, =4=,
619; =5=, 121, 142.
=Old Testament=, the, connected with the New, =2=, 488.
Christian doctrines found in, =2=, 499, 501, 502; =4=, 141-2.
contrasted with the New, =4=, 540-1.
system of, adopted by an English political party, =4=, 541-2.
slandered, =4=, 547.
inspires the Puritans, =5=, 26, 27.
_See_ Scriptures, the.
=Oldenburg, Heinrich=, on the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 139.
=Olesnicki, Zbigniev=, bishop of Cracow, hostile to the Jews, =4=,
265.
invites Capistrano into Poland, =4=, 265.
induces the king to revoke the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 266.
=Olianow, Elijah=, follower of Luzzatto, =5=, 245.
testifies in favor of Eibeschütz, =5=, 262.
=Olivença=, the Marranos of, burnt, =5=, 499.
=Oliver y Fullana, Nicolas de= (Daniel Jehuda), cartographer, =5=,
113.
wife of, =5=, 114.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.
=Olives (Olivet), Mount of=, description of, =1=, 45, 115.
David on, on his flight from Jerusalem, =1=, 141.
altars raised on, to idols, =1=, 175.
camp of the Tenth Legion on, =2=, 303.
fire-signals on, =2=, 362.
Nachmani on, =3=, 606-7.
=Olligoyen, Pedro=, arouses the hatred of the Navarrese against the
Jews, =4=, 77.
imprisoned, =4=, 78.
=Olmutz=, the Jews of, banished at the instigation of Capistrano, =4=,
263.
Jews under restrictions in, =5=, 523.
=Olympian games=, the, introduced into Palestine and Phœnicia, =1=,
445.
celebrated at Tyre, =1=, 446.
=Omar I=, second Caliph, repulsed at Kamus, =3=, 82.
drives away the Jews of Chaibar, =3=, 85.
takes Jerusalem, =3=, 87.
covenant of, =3=, 87-8.
rewards the Jews of Babylonia, =3=, 89.
death of, =3=, 90.
anti-Jewish enactments of, revived, =3=, 120, 145, 176-7, 247.
=Omar II= (717-720), caliph, re-enacts the anti-Jewish laws of Omar
I, =3=, 120.
=Ommiyyah=, the caliphate of, extent of, =3=, 100.
=Ommiyyades=, the, tolerance of, =3=, 110.
overthrow of, in the East, =3=, 125.
prosperity of, =3=, 214.
overthrown by civil wars, =3=, 255.
=Omri=, chosen king of Israel, =1=, 192.
war of, with Tibni, =1=, 192.
removes to Samaria, =1=, 193.
character of, =1=, 193.
friendly relations of, with Judah, =1=, 194.
allied with Phœnicia, =1=, 194.
wars of, =1=, 194-5.
introduces Phœnician idolatry, =1=, 195-6.
“=On the Errors= of the Trinity,” by Michael Servetus, =4=, 646.
“=On the Speedy Glory= of Judah and Israel,” by Henry Jesse, =5=, 35.
=Onias= (Menelaus), the Benjamite. _See_ Menelaus.
=Onias I=, high priest, does homage to Alexander the Great, =1=, 413.
=Onias II=, high priest, son of Simon the Just, minority of, =1=, 423.
partisan of Seleucus II Callinicos, =1=, 423.
authorizes Joseph to treat with Ptolemy II, =1=, 424.
=Onias III=, high priest, head of the Chassidim, enemies of, =1=, 437.
allied with Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, =1=, 437.
banishes Hellenists, =1=, 438.
refuses to surrender the Temple treasures, =1=, 438.
appeals to Seleucus II against the Hellenists, =1=, 438-9.
accused of partisanship with the Ptolemies, =1=, 444.
murdered, =1=, 448.
son of, =1=, 504, 505.
=Onias IV=, son of Onias III, kindly received by Ptolemy Philometor,
=1=, 506.
commander of Ptolemy VI’s troops, =1=, 506, 507.
builds a Temple at Leontopolis, =1=, 508-10.
fortifies his Temple, =1=, 510.
offices and titles of, =1=, 510.
receives a province, =1=, 519.
assists Cleopatra, =1=, 519.
informed of the independence of Judæa, =1=, 522-3.
sons of, =2=, 10, 12, 40-1.
=Onias=, a pious man, killed by the soldiers of Hyrcanus II,
=2=, 60-1.
=Onias, the Temple of=, origin of, =1=, 508-10.
closed, =2=, 318.
effect of closing, on the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 322.
=Onion=, a district of Heliopolis, containing the Temple of
Onias, =1=, 508.
=Onkelos.= _See_ Targum Onkelos.
=Ophel=, offshoot from Mount Moriah, =1=, 115.
outside of Jerusalem, =1=, 119.
=Ophir= (Scinde, India), Solomon sends his fleet to, =1=, 171.
trade with, under Uzziah, =1=, 230.
under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, =3=, 98.
=Ophites=, a Gnostic sect, =2=, 375.
=Ophla=, a quarter of Jerusalem, =2=, 219.
retreat of Menahem, the leader of the Sicarii, =2=, 261.
burnt by Titus, =2=, 308.
=Ophrah=, seat of Baal worship, =1=, 62.
center for pilgrims, =1=, 63.
=Oporto=, Isaac Aboab dies at, =4=, 366.
port open to the exiled Portuguese Jews, =4=, 374.
=Oppenheim=, painting by, presented to Riesser, =5=, 601.
=Oppenheim, David=, chief rabbi of Prague, library of, =5=, 217.
opposes the Eibeschütz edition of the Talmud, =5=, 251.
=Oppenheim, Joseph=, patron of Chayon, =5=, 217.
=Oppenheim, Samuel=, settles in Vienna, =5=, 189.
Christians assault the house of, =5=, 189-90.
obtains the suppression of “Judaism Unmasked,” =5=, 190.
supports the Chassidim, =5=, 213.
heir of, =5=, 217.
=Oppenheim, the Jews of=, emigrate to Syria, =3=, 637.
during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 109.
=Oppenheimer, Amshel=, creditor of Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 634.
=Orabuena, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph Orabuena.
=Oral Law.= _See_ Law, the oral.
=Oran=, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, =4=, 197.
suffering of the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361.
the Jews of, banished, =5=, 169.
=Ordenaçoens de Alfonso V=, Portuguese code containing anti-Jewish
ordinances, =4=, 338, 339.
“=Order of Tradition=, The,” historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud,
=3=, 366.
=Ordinances= of Usha, =2=, 405.
=Ordination= (Semichah), meaning of, =2=, 356.
by the teachers of the Law, =2=, 361.
forbidden by Hadrian, =2=, 426.
of Akiba’s disciples, =2=, 429.
by Moses ben Chanoch, =3=, 229.
necessity for re-introducing, =4=, 530, 535.
efforts to revive, made by Jacob Berab, =4=, 531.
revival of, antagonized, =4=, 534-5.
abandoned, =4=, 536.
=Orenstein, Jacob=, excommunicates young Galician scholars, =5=, 614.
compelled to withdraw his ban, =5=, 614.
satirized by Erter, =5=, 615.
=Orestes=, prefect of Alexandria, stoned, =2=, 619.
=Oria=, Talmudical scholars in, =3=, 212.
plundered by the Mahometans, =3=, 212.
=Orient=, the, German-Jewish journal, =5=, 693.
=Origen=, Church Father, protected by Mammæa, =2=, 481.
consults Hillel II, =2=, 487.
learns Hebrew, =2=, 488.
taught Bible exegesis by the Jews, =2=, 488.
attempts the revision of the Septuagint, =2=, 488-9.
discussion of, with Simlaï, =2=, 501-2.
=Original Sin, dogma of=, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=, 182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 187.
criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=, 235.
found in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
=Organ=, the, in Jewish divine service, =5=, 569, 571.
=Orleans=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.
councils of, pass anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 37.
the college of, sold, =4=, 48.
=Ormuzd.= _See_ Ahura-Mazda.
=Ornah=, the Jebusite, offers Moriah to David, =1=, 138.
=Orpheus=, in Judæo-Greek writings, =2=, 204.
=Orthodox party=, the, opposes the efforts of the Mendelssohnians,
=5=, 417.
opposed by the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.
in Berlin complains of the Reform movement, =5=, 563.
not a well defined party, =5=, 566.
without leaders, =5=, 567-8.
inactivity of, =5=, 569-70, 571.
formulates its objections to the Hamburg innovations, =5=, 571.
scourged by Bresselau, =5=, 572.
denies the justification of Reform, =5=, 627.
fails to support Bernays, =5=, 673-4.
protests against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, =5=, 682.
represented at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, =5=, 684.
=Osius=, bishop of Cordova, forbids Christians to trade with
Jews, =2=, 620.
presides over the Council of Illiberis, =3=, 44.
=Osorio, David=, forms a third congregation in Amsterdam, =4=, 680.
=Osorius=, bishop, on King Manoel’s relation to the Jews, =4=, 372.
=Osorkon.= _See_ Zerah.
=Ostrog=, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Cossacks, =5=, 12.
=Ostrogoths=, the, empire of, founded, =3=, 27.
hated in Italy, =3=, 32.
=Othman=, the third Caliph, killed, =3=, 90.
=Othniel=, Caleb’s brother, takes Kiryath-Sepher, =1=, 38.
=Othniel=, judge, delivers the southern tribes from the Idumæans,
=1=, 60.
=Otho=, emperor, struggle of, with Vitellius, =2=, 299.
=Otranto=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
=Otto I=, emperor, offended by Abdul-Rahman III, =3=, 219.
grants the revenue derived from Jews to a church, =3=, 243.
attended by an Italian Jew, =3=, 243.
=Otto II=, emperor, presents the Jews of Merseburg to the
bishop, =3=, 243.
=Ottolenghi, Joseph=, Talmudist, opens a school at Cremona, =4=, 582.
=Ottos=, the, emperors, rule of, not favorable to the Jews, =3=, 243.
=Ouderkerk=, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, =4=, 672.
=Ouvidor=, Jewish-Portuguese judge, =4=, 159.
=Oxford=, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 516.
=Oxford, the University of=, pays honor to Samuel ben Israel, =5=,
38.
the library of, Jews said to intend to buy, =5=, 45.
=Ozaïr=, Arabic name for Ezra, =3=, 76.
=P=
=Paalzow=, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 468, 472.
=Pablo Christiani=, apostate, tries to convert Jews, =3=, 597-8.
enters into a disputation with Nachmani, =3=, 598.
proves Jesus the Messiah of the Talmud, =3=, 599.
defeated by Nachmani, =3=, 601.
sent on missionary journeys, =3=, 602.
denounces the Talmud, =3=, 602.
authorized to exercise censorship over the Talmud, =3=, 603.
charges Nachmani with blasphemy of Christianity, =3=, 603-4.
induces Louis IX to insist upon the Jew badge, =3=, 612.
policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246.
=Pachda=, brother-in-law of Mar-Zutra II, Exilarch during his
minority, =3=, 3.
=Pacheco=, marquis of Villena, adviser of Henry IV of Castile,
kindles a civil war, =4=, 278.
instigates an assault upon the Marranos, =4=, 283.
=Pacorus=, prince of the Parthians, makes Antigonus king of Judæa,
=2=, 82-3.
=Padua=, lawyers from, attacked by an anti-Jewish mob in Trent, =4=,
299.
exiled Jews settle in, =4=, 408.
Italian center of Talmudic studies, =4=, 410.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
Jews beg for shelter in, =4=, 660.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
a rabbinical college at, =5=, 624, 700.
=Padua, the Jews of=, protected, =4=, 299.
threatened with excommunication, =5=, 238.
abandon Luzzatto, =5=, 241.
=Padua, the University of=, appoints Elias del Medigo umpire, =4=,
291.
Elias del Medigo lectures at, =4=, 291.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 75.
=Pagan Christians=, the, =2=, 365, 366.
differences between, and Jewish Christians, =2=, 367.
chief seat of, =2=, 367.
views of, in the evangels, =2=, 369.
submission of, to the Romans, =2=, 369.
absorb the Jewish Christians, =2=, 373.
=Paganism=, conversions to, in Alexandria, =2=, 184.
as viewed by the Judæans, =2=, 204.
futility of, set forth by Judæo-Greek writers, =2=, 205-8.
combated by Philo, =2=, 213, 214-15.
disintegration of, =2=, 373.
in the view of the Gnostics, =2=, 377.
influenced by Judaism, =2=, 382-3.
conversions from, to Judaism, =2=, 383-5.
Tacitus on the conversions from, =2=, 384.
attempt to graft, on Judaism, =2=, 422.
end of, =2=, 559.
_See also_ Heathen, the.
=Pahath-Moab=, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, =1=, 330.
=Pakotia=, Sabbatians in, =5=, 272.
=Palæologus family=, the, dynasty of the Byzantine empire, =4=, 267.
=Palæstina Secunda=, capital of, =3=, 12.