Rights of the Jews,” by Friedrichsfeld, =5=, 454.
=Ionians=, the, buy Judæans as slaves, =1=, 227.
=Ipsus=, battle of, =1=, 417.
=Irak=, name for Babylonia among the Arabs, =3=, 89.
divided in jurisdiction between Sora and Pumbeditha, =3=, 98.
_See_ Babylonia.
=Isaac=, ambassador from Simon II to Nahar-Pakod, =2=, 443-4.
=Isaac=, father of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, patron of men of letters, =3=,
216, 224.
=Isaac=, the Jew attached to Charlemagne’s embassy to Haroun
Alrashid, =3=, 143.
=Isaac.= _See_ Mar-Isaac.
=Isaac of Accho=, Kabbalist, at the siege of Accho, =3=, 650.
suspicious of the authenticity of the Zohar, =4=, 20.
=Isaac the Blind= (1190-1210), founder of the Kabbala, doctrines and
disciples of, =3=, 547-8.
=Isaac the Elder.= _See_ Isaac ben Samuel.
=Isaac de Leon=, last rabbi of Toledo, disciple of, =4=, 392.
=Isaac of Mayence=, repentant, apostate, =3=, 303.
=Isaac of Salzuflen=, refused the right of settlement in Hamburg,
=4=, 685-6.
=Isaac of Vienna=, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, =3=, 409.
=Isaac the Younger.= _See_ Isaac ben Abraham.
=Isaac ben Joseph=, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, =2=, 567.
=Isaac ben Abba-Mari=, Talmudist, =3=, 399-400.
=Isaac ben Abraham= (Rizba, the Younger), Tossafist, =3=, 408.
=Isaac ben Abraham Akrish= (1489-1575), Spanish exile, wanderings
of, =4=, 386.
=Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Ezra=, accompanies his father on his journeys,
=3=, 369, 375.
apostate to Islam, =3=, 442.
=Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif= (1220-1290), Kabbalist, system
of, =4=, 3-4.
=Isaac ben Abraham Troki= (1533-1596), Karaite writer, antagonizes
Christianity, =4=, 648-9.
=Isaac ben Asher Halevi= (Riba), of Speyer, Tossafist, =3=, 345.
=Isaac ben Baruch Albalia= (1035-1094), descent of, =3=, 282.
at Cordova and Granada, =3=, 283.
works of, =3=, 283.
escapes the massacre of Granada, =3=, 283.
as astronomer, =3=, 283.
chief of the Jews of Seville, =3=, 283-4.
hostility of, to Alfassi, =3=, 313.
descendant of, =3=, 364.
=Isaac ben Eliakim=, rabbi of Würzburg, martyr, =3=, 354.
=Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi= (Alkalaï, 1013-1103), Talmudist, disciple
of Nissim and Chananel, =3=, 282, 285.
originality of, =3=, 285-6.
death of, =3=, 309.
elegies on, =3=, 310, 323.
makes Lucena famous, =3=, 311.
hostility of, to Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 313.
disciples of, distinguished, =3=, 314.
successor of, =3=, 315.
college of, attended by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 322.
commentaries of, annotated by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, =3=, 389.
commentary on the Talmudic work of, by Jonathan of Lünel, =3=, 397.
method of, followed by Nachmani, =3=, 532.
Talmudic decisions by, justified by Nachmani, =3=, 532.
=Isaac ben Jacob Campanton= (1360-1463), Talmudist, =4=, 230.
=Isaac ben Jacob Halaban=, Tossafist, =3=, 421.
=Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat= (1030-1089), poet, philosopher, Talmudist,
=3=, 282, 284.
disciple of, =3=, 314.
=Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil=, author of a religious manual, =3=, 587.
=Isaac ben Joseph Caro=, escapes from Portugal, =4=, 378.
=Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II=, astronomer, =4=, 51.
=Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel= (1437-1509), descent of, =4=,
169, 337.
friend of Yechiel of Pisa, =4=, 286-7.
collects a ransom for Jewish prisoners, =4=, 287, 339.
minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella, =4=, 336-7, 343.
character and ability of, =4=, 337.
financier for Alfonso V of Portugal, =4=, 337-8.
noble and learned friends of, =4=, 338, 341.
instructs the Italian Jews how to receive the Portuguese
embassy, =4=, 340.
family of, =4=, 340, 360, 383-4, 408-10.
flees to Toledo, =4=, 341.
as commentator, =4=, 342-3.
orthodoxy of, =4=, 342.
protects the Castilian Jews, =4=, 343-4.
tries to have the edict of banishment revoked, =4=, 348.
goes to Naples, =4=, 359.
commentary by, on the Books of Kings, =4=, 359.
employed by kings of Naples, =4=, 359, 360.
in Sicily, =4=, 383-4.
in Venice, =4=, 385.
consulted by the Venetian senate, =4=, 385-6.
old age of, =4=, 386.
censures the impure language of the German Jews, =4=, 388-9.
death of, =4=, 409.
condemns free thinkers, =4=, 479.
and Messianic expectations, =4=, 482.
=Isaac ben Leon=, a Granada Jew, supports Balkin, =3=, 258.
=Isaac ben Meïr= of Rameru, grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, =3=,
345, 375.
=Isaac ben Mordecai= (Maëstro Gayo), physician, =3=, 628.
=Isaac ben Moses.= _See_ Profiat Duran.
=Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni=, given the title Gaon at Pumbeditha, =3=,
282, 284-5.
awakens interest in Talmud studies in Bagdad, =3=, 429.
=Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni=, Talmudist and liturgical poet, =3=,
284.
=Isaac ben Samuel= (Ri, the Elder), great-grandson of Rashi,
Tossafist, completes Rashi’s commentary, =3=, 403.
college of, =3=, 403-4.
collects the “old Tossafoth,” =3=, 404.
son of, a martyr, =3=, 404.
forbids Jews to buy confiscated property, =3=, 406-7.
=Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat= (Ribash, 1310-1409), Talmudist, =4=,
145-6, 148.
disciple of Solomon ben Adret, =4=, 147.
opposed to the study of science, =4=, 147.
rigid piety of, =4=, 147, 148, 149.
rabbi of Saragossa, =4=, 148.
opposes Chayim ben Gallipapa’s innovations, =4=, 149.
authority of, =4=, 149-50.
imprisonment of, =4=, 150.
appealed to, in a dispute about the French chief rabbinate, =4=,
150, 153.
chief rabbi of Tlemçen, =4=, 198-9.
protects Marrano fugitives, =4=, 199.
attacked by Simon Duran, =4=, 199.
=Isaac ben Simeon=, a Spanish Jew, has the Jewish prayers
compiled, =3=, 178.
=Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I= (845-940), physician, medical author,
and philosopher, =3=, 180-1.
admiration of, for Saadiah, =3=, 192.
influence of, on Jewish science in the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 211.
=Isaac ben Todros=, Kabbalist, disciple of, =4=, 74.
=Isaac Ibn-Albalia.= _See_ Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.
=Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia=, disciple of Menachem ben Saruk, defends
him, =3=, 227.
poet, =3=, 237.
teacher of Ibn-Janach, =3=, 261.
=Isaac Ibn-Sahal=, teacher of Ibn-Janach, =3=, 261.
=Isaac (Zag) Ibn-Said=, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, =4=, 367.
=Isaac Ibn-Sakni.= _See_ Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni.
=Isaac Ibn-Zachin=, commits suicide to avoid baptism, =4=, 376.
=Isaac (I) Abrabanel.= _See_ Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel.
=Isaac (II) Abrabanel=, son of Isaac ben Judah, physician, =4=,
340, 385.
=Isaac (III) Abrabanel=, son of Judah Leon, baptized, =4=, 361.
=Isaac Albalag=, philosopher, mysticism of, =4=, 24.
accused of heresy, =4=, 342.
=Isaac Arama=, on the Inquisition, =4=, 332.
=Isaac Benveniste=, physician, tries to prevent anti-Jewish
legislation, =3=, 508.
has delegates sent to the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509.
tries to have the decree on Jew badges repealed, =3=, 513.
honored by Honorius III, =3=, 515.
=Isaac Bonastruc=, has a tax imposed on Marrano fugitives, =4=, 199.
=Isaac Cohen Shalal=, Nagid of Egypt, wealth and learning
of, =4=, 392.
in Jerusalem, =4=, 398.
=Isaac Halevi=, of Worms, on Rashi, =3=, 287.
=Isaac Hamon.= _See_ Hamon, Isaac.
=Isaac Israeli I.= _See_ Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.
=Isaac Israeli II.= _See_ Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.
=Isaac Lurya Levi= (1534-1572), descent and youth of, =4=, 618.
under the influence of the Zohar, =4=, 618-19.
evolves a system from the Zohar, =4=, 619-22.
considers himself the Messiah of the branch of Joseph, =4=,
622, 624.
goes to Safet, =4=, 622.
glorified by Chayim Vital Calabrese, =4=, 623-4.
disciples of, =4=, 624.
glorified after death, =4=, 624-5.
principles of, taught in Italy, =4=, 625.
harm done by, =4=, 625-7; =5=, 559.
lays stress on devotion in prayer, =4=, 626.
the Sabbath in the system of, =4=, 626.
introduces a second Day of Atonement, =4=, 626.
influence of, on the Judaism of the seventeenth century, =5=, 51-2.
disciples of, spread his Kabbala, =5=, 52.
manuscripts by, =5=, 53-4.
Kabbala of, accepted by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 118, 119.
Messianic speculations in the works of, =5=, 120-1.
works of, studied by Chelebi, =5=, 125.
Jerusalem Jews adherents of, =5=, 125.
writings of, influence Luzzatto, =5=, 236.
prayer book of, used by the Chassidim, =5=, 386-7.
=Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos=, polemic works by, =4=, 234.
Bible concordance by, =4=, 234-5.
=Isaac Pulgar=, refutes the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, =4=, 82.
philosopher, =4=, 91.
=Isaac Sanjari=, converts Bulan to Judaism, =3=, 140.
=Isaac Triest=, Jewish advocate before Maximilian I, =4=, 436-7.
=Isaac Tyrnau=, compiles the customs of various communities, =4=, 134.
orthodoxy of, =4=, 227.
=Isaac Zarfati=, urges the German Jews to emigrate to Turkey,
=4=, 271-3.
=Isaacs=, the five, =3=, 282.
=Isabella I=, the Catholic, of Castile, candidate for the
throne, =4=, 279.
marriage of, =4=, 280.
accession of, =4=, 284.
superstition of, =4=, 310.
hesitates to sanction the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 311.
attitude of, towards the Marranos, =4=, 311-12.
annoyed by opposition to the Inquisition, =4=, 320.
_See also_ Ferdinand and Isabella.
=Isabella II=, of Castile, daughter of the preceding, to marry Manoel
of Portugal, =4=, 373.
hostile to the Jews, =4=, 373, 379-80.
demands the banishment of the Jews, =4=, 374.
cruelty of, =4=, 376.
death of, =4=, 381.
=Isabelle=, countess of Chartres, persecutes the Jews of Blois, =3=,
379.
=Isaiah, the Babylonian=, prophet, describes the suffering of the
exiles, =1=, 344.
oratory of, =1=, 344-5.
consolation given by, =1=, 345-6.
describes Israel as the apostle to the nations, =1=, 346-7.
prophesies the fall of Babylon, =1=, 347-8.
=Isaiah, son of Amoz=, prophet, prophecies of, =1=, 251-3.
wife of, =1=, 251.
disciples of, =1=, 253-4, 279. _See_ Anavim, the.
warns Ahaz against the Assyrian alliance, =1=, 258-9.
advises neutrality between Egypt and Assyria, =1=, 270.
reproves Shebna, =1=, 271.
predicts the doom of Assyria, =1=, 272-3.
predicts Sennacherib’s failure, =1=, 273, 276.
exhorts Hezekiah not to surrender, =1=, 275.
reproves Hezekiah for his reception of Merodach-baladan’s
embassy, =1=, 279.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.
=Isaiah, the Book of=, reading of, forbidden by Justinian I, =3=, 15.
commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 373.
=Isaiah ben Abba-Mari=, authorized to ordain disciples in
France, =4=, 152.
relieves Jochanan of his office as chief rabbi, =4=, 152, 162.
appoints his relations to the French rabbinates, =4=, 153.
=Isaiah Chassid=, Sabbatian leader, =5=, 213, 229.
=Isambert=, French deputy, charges Ratti Menton with cruelty, =5=,
650.
=Isavites=, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 125.
=Iscion=, Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.
=Isebab=, teacher of the Law, clerk of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=,
357.
charitably inclined, =2=, 405.
martyr, =2=, 429.
=Ishbi of Gath=, Philistine champion, =1=, 117.
=Ishbosheth=, son of Saul, made king of the Ten Tribes by
Abner, =1=, 108.
peaceable disposition of, =1=, 109.
deserted by Abner, =1=, 110.
mourns Abner, =1=, 112.
death of, =1=, 112.
=Ishmael=, ancestor of the northern Arabs, =3=, 60.
=Ishmael II=, high priest, appointed by Agrippa II, =2=, 246.
envoy to Nero, =2=, 248.
=Ishmael of Akbara=, founds a Karaite sect, =3=, 157.
=Ishmael ben Elisha=, teacher of the Law, opponent of Akiba’s system,
=2=, 355-6.
martyr, =2=, 356, 427-8.
praises Simon ben Nanos, =2=, 358.
nephew of, =2=, 370.
deprecates Minæan influence on Judaism, =2=, 378.
emigrates to Usha, =2=, 405.
at Lydda, =2=, 423.
counsels religious laxness as a measure of self-preservation, =2=,
424.
Meïr disciple of, =2=, 436.
method of, in southern Judæa, =2=, 442.
=Ishmael ben José= (ben Chalafta), teacher of the Law, ill-treated by
the Samaritans, =2=, 457-8.
denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, =2=, 464-5.
denounced, =2=, 465.
=Ishmael Ibn-Nagrela.= _See_ Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.
=Ishmael, son of Nethaniah=, protected by Baalis of Ammon, =1=,
317-18.
treacherous to Gedaliah, =1=, 321-2.
kills Gedaliah, =1=, 322.
takes refuge with the Ammonites, =1=, 322-3.
end of, unknown, =1=, 325.
=Ishmael Almansur Ibnul’Kaim=, Fatimide caliph, patron of Dunash ben
Tamim, =3=, 211.
=Ishmael Chanina=, rabbi of Bologna, steadfastness of, =4=, 591.
=Ishmaelites=, the northern Arabians, =3=, 61.
=Isidore=, archbishop of Seville, presides over the Council of
Toledo, =3=, 49.
writes two books against the Jews, =3=, 50.
=Isidorus=, an Alexandrian actuary, hostile to the Judæans, =2=, 181.
envoy of the Greek Alexandrians to Caligula, =2=, 186.
=Isis=, Egyptian goddess, =1=, 9.
=Islam=, the faith of Mahomet, =3=, 71.
intolerance of, =3=, 87-8.
divided on the election of the fourth caliph, =3=, 90.
among the Chazars, =3=, 139.
champion of, tries to convert Bulan, =3=, 139-40.
philosophy of, called Kalâm, =3=, 146-9.
theology affects the Jews of the East, =3=, 148.
objections of, to Judaism, answered by Saadiah, =3=, 198.
conversion to, decreed by Hakim, =3=, 247.
contest of, with Christianity, =3=, 297.
characterized by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 329, 330.
characterized as idolatry by a Jewish writer, =3=, 453.
_See also_ Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam.
=Isle de France=, the inheritance of the kings of France, =3=, 401.
Jews banished from, by Philip Augustus, =3=, 402-3.
the Jews of, not permitted to move to Champagne, =3=, 406.
=Isny=, Hebrew printing house at, =4=, 474.
=Ispahan=, Armenian Jews colonized in, =2=, 591.
called Jehudia, =2=, 591.
=Ispahan, the Jews of=, persecuted by Firuz, =2=, 629.
adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 124.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 434.
=Ispahanites=, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 125.
=Israel (Ten Tribes), the house of=, renounces allegiance to
David, =1=, 140.
revolts from David, =1=, 148-50.
dislike of, to Judah under Solomon, =1=, 174.
=Israel (Ten Tribes), the kingdom of=, first indications of, =1=, 109.
founded by Jeroboam, =1=, 183.
subjects of, worship at Jerusalem, =1=, 185.
idolatry introduced into, by Jeroboam, =1=, 185-7.
loyalty to monotheism in, under Ahab, =1=, 198-9.
luxury in, =1=, 232.
immorality in, under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
idolatry in, under Menahem, =1=, 244, 247.
invaded by Pul, =1=, 246-7.
power of, under Menahem, =1=, 247.
invaded by Tiglath-Pileser II, =1=, 259-60.
inhabitants of, carried to Assyria, =1=, 260.
debauchery of the nobles of, under Hoshea, =1=, 262-3.
end of, =1=, 264-5.
_See also_ Samaria, etc.
=Israel (Ten Tribes), the kings of=, list of:
Ahab,
Ahaziah,
Baasha,
Elah,
Hoshea,
Jehoahaz,
Jehoash,
Jehoram (Joram),
Jehu,
Jeroboam I,
Jeroboam II,
Menahem,
Nadab,
Omri,
Pekah,
Pekahiah,
Shallum,
Tibni,
Zechariah,
Zimri.
=Israel (whole nation)=, history of, by Baruch, =1=, 336-7.
_See under_ Israelites, the.
=Israel, Young=, under Hegel’s influence, =5=, 585.
=Israel of Enns=, charged with host desecration, =4=, 223.
=Israel of Kozieniza=, leader of the Chassidim, =5=, 393.
=Israel of Miedziboz= (Baal Shem, Besht, 1698-1759), founder of the
new Chassidism, =5=, 375.
early life of, =5=, 376.
intense devoutness of, =5=, 376-7.
visions of, =5=, 377.
occupation of, =5=, 378.
miracles done by, =5=, 378.
followers of, =5=, 378-9.
successor of, =5=, 379.
introduces pilgrimages, =5=, 380.
sayings by, =5=, 393.
=Israel Bruna= (1400-1480), rabbi of Ratisbon, =4=, 300, 302.
calumniated by an apostate, =4=, 302, 303.
misfortunes of, =4=, 302.
opposition to, in Ratisbon, =4=, 302-3.
imprisoned, =4=, 303.
protected by Frederick III, =4=, 303-4.
released, =4=, 304.
=Israel Isserlein=, defends Israel Bruna, =4=, 302.
death of, =4=, 303.
=Israel Najara=, Damascus poet, =4=, 609.
=Israel Saruk=, teaches Lurya’s principles in Italy, =4=, 625.
=Israel Zamosc=, teaches Mendelssohn, =5=, 295.
=Israel, Abraham.= _See_ Abraham Israel.
=Israeli I.= _See_ Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.
=Israeli II.= _See_ Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.
=Israelites=, the (whole nation), entry of, into the Holy Land,
=1=, 1, 32.
claim Canaan, =1=, 4-5.
in Egypt, =1=, 7-18.
influenced by the Egyptians, =1=, 8-9, 10.
Egyptian bondmen, =1=, 11.
degenerate in slavery, =1=, 11-12.
liberation of, =1=, 16-18.
pass through the Red Sea, =1=, 18-19.
at Mount Sinai, =1=, 20-1.
influence of the Sinaitic revelation on, =1=, 22.
worship idols in the desert, =1=, 23-4.
wanderings of, in the desert, =1=, 25-31.
elect judges in the desert, =1=, 26.
wars of, in the desert, =1=, 26-9.
opposed by the Idumæans, =1=, 27.
defeat Sihon, =1=, 27.
practice idolatry at Baal-Peor, =1=, 28.
cross the Jordan, =1=, 31.
defeated at Ai, =1=, 33.
defeat the five kings of Canaan, =1=, 34-5.
conquest of Canaan by, =1=, 39-40.
and the heathen practices of the Canaanites, =1=, 51, 57-9.
relation of, to the neighboring nations, =1=, 53-9.
intermarriages of, with the heathen, =1=, 56-7.
oppressed by the Moabites, =1=, 60.
oppressed by the Philistines, =1=, 61.
oppressed by Jabin, =1=, 61.
oppressed by the Midianites, =1=, 61-3.
attacked by the Philistines, =1=, 70-2.
idolatry of, under Samuel, =1=, 75.
warfare of, with the Philistines and Ammonites, =1=, 80.
demand a king, =1=, 80.
choose a king, =1=, 82-3.
condition of, at the beginning of Saul’s reign, =1=, 84.
defeat the Philistines at Michmash, =1=, 86-9.
defeat the Amalekites, =1=, 91-2.
wage war with Achish, =1=, 102-4.
divided into two kingdoms, =1=, 109.
David king of, =1=, 112.
wage war with the Philistines, =1=, 115-18.
champions of, in the Philistine war, =1=, 117.
at war with Moabites, Ammonites, etc., =1=, 125-9.
enlargement of the territory of, =1=, 129-30.
_See also_ Jews, the; Judæans, the.
=Israelites, the (whole nation), the kings of=, list of:
David,
Rehoboam,
Saul,
Solomon.
“=Israelitische Allianz=,” founders and object of, =5=, 703.
“=Israel’s Hope=,” by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 31-2, 33.
=Issachar, the tribe of=, acquires pasture land in the north,
=1=, 36-7.
relation of, to the Phœnicians, =1=, 53.
=Isserlein, Israel.= _See_ Israel Isserlein.
=Isserles.= _See_ Moses ben Israel Isserles.
=Issor=, a proselyte of Machuza, =2=, 587-8.
=Italy=, loses its importance, =2=, 560.
a province of the Byzantine Empire, =3=, 32.
under the Lombards, =3=, 33.
Talmud scholars of, in the tenth century, =3=, 212.
French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.
Austrian exiles settle in, =4=, 224.
tolerance in, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
German rabbis in, hostile to philosophy, =4=, 293.
Marranos flee to, =4=, 318, 485.
Spanish exiles go to, =4=, 352, 407-10.
ships of, carry Spanish exiles, =4=, 358.
Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 387.
Spanish exiles leaders in, =4=, 389.
professorships for Hebrew instituted in, =4=, 471.
Jewish fugitives in, gather in national groups, =4=, 478.
the Kabbala in, =4=, 481; =5=, 488.
liberty of, defended by Clement VII, =4=, 492.
Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 206.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 209.
congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, =5=, 496.
rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
attitude of, towards the Damascus affair, =5=, 650.
_See also under_ Rome.
=Italy, the Jews of=, in the fifth and sixth centuries, =3=, 27-34.
governed by the decrees of Theodosius I, =3=, 29-30.
and Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.
under Theodoric, =3=, 29-30.
Cassiodorus on, =3=, 31.
support Theodatus, =3=, 31-2.
under the Byzantine rule, =3=, 32.
under the Lombards, =3=, 33.
under Pope Gregory I, =3=, 33-4.
devoted to the Agada in the ninth century, =3=, 160.
banishment of, decreed by Louis II, =3=, 174.
yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, =3=, 236.
uncultured in the eleventh century, =3=, 290.
political position of, favorable, =3=, 290.
culture of, before Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 369.
taught the importance of Hebrew grammar, =3=, 371.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 421-4.
not interested in Talmud study, =3=, 421.
favorable condition of, under Alexander III, =3=, 421.
speak four languages, =3=, 423.
influence of Abraham Ibn-Ezra on, =3=, 423.
address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, =3=, 620.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 624.
refuse to support Solomon Petit, =3=, 627-8.
political condition of, in the thirteenth century, =3=, 628.
influenced by Maimonides’ philosophical works, =3=, 629-30.
culture of, in the fourteenth century, =4=, 59.
Maimonides’ works translated for, =4=, 60.
distress of, during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, =4=, 218.
delegates of, wait on Martin V, =4=, 219.
poetry of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 230.
Eugenius IV’s bull against, =4=, 251.
Nicholas V’s bull against, =4=, 253.
Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, =4=, 254.
privileges of, as financiers, =4=, 286.
as physicians, =4=, 287.
on friendly terms with Christians, =4=, 287-8.
culture of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 289.
as printers, =4=, 289.
participate in the renaissance, =4=, 289, 290.
influence of German immigrants on, =4=, 294.
the clergy arouses ill-will against, =4=, 295-6.
Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, =4=, 296.
instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, =4=, 340.
popes friendly to, =4=, 407.
joined by numerous exiles, =4=, 408.
ruled over by the immigrants, =4=, 408.
adherents of Asher Lämmlein, =4=, 485.
submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
suffer from the Catholic reaction, =4=, 653-5.
under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, =4=, 654.
conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654-5.
bribe the censors, =4=, 659.
poor, =5=, 205.
emancipated by the French, =5=, 459.
send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, =5=, 482, 488.
emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, =5=, 518.
address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, =5=, 527.
influenced by the moderate Reform movement, =5=, 582-3.
_See also under_ Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of; Rome,
the Jews of.
=Italy, Lower=, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, =3=, 33.
=Italy, northern=, the Jews of, number of, =3=, 423-4.
=Italy, southern, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 421-4.
driven away by the Catholic reaction, =4=, 653.
=Itil= (Atel). _See_ Volga, the.
=Itil= (Atel), capital of the Chazars, captured, =3=, 222.
=Ittai=, commander of mercenary troops under David, =1=, 137.
faithful to David in the war with Absalom, =1=, 141.
commander at Mahanaim, =1=, 144.
=Ittur=, Talmudic work by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, =3=, 400.
=Ituræa=, conquest of, planned by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 13.
=Ituræans=, the, converted by Aristobulus I, =2=, 37.
=Itzig, Daniel=, connected by marriage with Friedländer, =5=, 397.
daughter of, =5=, 413.
representative of the Berlin Jewish community, =5=, 415.
=Itzig, Fanny=, holds a salon in Vienna, =5=, 413-14.
=Itzig, Itzig Daniel=, director of the Berlin Free School, =5=, 416.
=Ivan IV=, of Russia, candidate for the Polish throne, =4=, 603.
refuses to permit Jews to trade in Russia, =4=, 633.
=Izates=, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, =2=, 216.
accession of, =2=, 216-17.
arbitrator in Parthia, =2=, 217.
war of, with Abia of Arabia, =2=, 217-18.
sons of, study Hebrew, =2=, 218.
death of, =2=, 218-19.
relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264.
=J=
=Jaabez, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph Jaabez.
=Jaazer=, fortress taken by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474.
=Jabbok=, the, river, description of, =1=, 46.
=Jabesh-Gilead=, besieged by the Ammonites, =1=, 89-90.
the inhabitants of, bury Saul and Jonathan, =1=, 104, 107.
=Jabez.= _See_ Emden, Jacob.
=Jabin=, Canaanite king, oppresses the Israelites, =1=, 61.
=Jabin=, king of Hazor, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 37.
=Jabne.= _See_ Jamnia.
=Jabustrissa=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
=Jacob=, another name for the tribe of Judah, =1=, 76.
=Jacob=, brother of Jesus. _See_ James.
=Jacob=, the patriarch, buys land near Shechem, =1=, 4.
=Jacob=, Syrian priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus
Jews, =5=, 662.
=Jacob of Belzyce=, controversialist, =4=, 648.
=Jacob of Kephar Samia=, a Jewish Christian, =2=, 370.
=Jacob of London=, Talmudist, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 504.
=Jacob the Minæan=, physician, defends the dogma of the Ascension,
=2=, 539.
=Jacob of Navarre=, shelters a Marrano, =4=, 357-8.