read in Spanish translation, =4=, 148.
=Estori Parchi=, on the suffering of the French Jews, =4=, 48-9.
emigrates to Palestine, =4=, 49.
on the Karaites, =4=, 72.
=Etam=, springs of, supply the second Temple, =1=, 421.
=Etampes, d’=, Count, protects the French Jews, =4=, 130, 132.
=Eternal Punishment=, dogma of, in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
=Ethbaal I=, of Tyre, allied with Omri of Israel, =1=, 194.
=Ethbaal II=, of Tyre, vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 304.
rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306.
urges war against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 309.
=Ethics=, The, by Aristotle, translated, =4=, 193.
by Spinoza, =4=, 167.
=Ethnarch=, the prince of the Judæans in Egypt. _See_ Alabarch, the.
=Ethnarch, office of=, created for the Judæans of the Nabathæan
kingdom, =2=, 202.
=Ethnarch, title of=, conferred on Hyrcanus II, =2=, 66, 76.
on Archelaus, =2=, 127.
on the President of the Synhedrion, =2=, 360.
=Eucærus=, king of Syria, invades Judæa, =2=, 44.
forced to retreat, =2=, 45.
=Euchel, Isaac Abraham=, Hebrew style of, =5=, 398.
establishes the Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, =5=, 398.
founds a journal, =5=, 399.
mediocrity of, =5=, 417.
founder of the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.
=Eugenius III=, pope, absolves the debtors of Jews from payment,
=3=, 349-51.
=Eugenius IV=, pope, exhorts Juan II of Castile to humiliate the
Jews, =4=, 229.
hostile to the Jews, =4=, 249, 275.
confirms the privileges of Jews, =4=, 249.
influenced by Alfonso de Cartagena, =4=, 249-50.
revives anti-Jewish restrictions, =4=, 250-1.
issues a bull against the Italian Jews, =4=, 251.
and John of Capistrano, =4=, 257.
=Eulæus=, guardian of Ptolemy V’s sons, rules Egypt, =1=, 450.
=Eumenes=, king of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of
Syria, =1=, 443.
=Euonymus= of Gadara, philosopher, and Meïr, =2=, 437-8.
=Euphrates=, the, depredations in the district of, =2=, 527.
fortresses on, captured by Hulagu, =3=, 606.
=Euphrates, the, district of, the Jews of=, rebel against
Trajan, =2=, 397.
opposed by Lucius Quietus, =2=, 398-9.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 428-33.
_See also under_ Babylonia.
=Eupolemos=, Judæan envoy to Rome, =1=, 485.
=Eupraxios=, Byzantine viceroy, Sabbataï Donnolo, physician
to, =3=, 213.
=Europe=, the seat of Judaism in the twelfth century, =3=, 383.
=Europe, the Jews of=, in the sixth and seventh centuries, =3=, 24-5.
in the latter half of the eighth century, =3=, 141.
in the tenth century, =3=, 212.
admired by the Jews of the East, =5=, 662-3.
=Europe, western=, early Jewish settlements in, =3=, 35.
position of the Jews of, =5=, 704.
=Eusebius=, bishop of Cæsarea, historian, asperses Judaism, =2=, 562.
patron of Joseph the apostate, =2=, 565.
=Eusebius=, chamberlain of Constantius, burdens the Jews with
taxes, =2=, 572.
=Eutropius=, chamberlain of Arcadius, favorably inclined to the Jews,
=2=, 615-16.
fall of, =2=, 616.
=Evangelists=, the, and the revolt of Bar-Cochba, =2=, 412-13.
describe Hadrian’s persecutions, =2=, 431.
=Evangels=, the, colored by Jewish and Pagan Christian views,
=2=, 368-9.
influence of, on Judaism, deprecated by the Tanaites, =2=, 378.
=Evil-Merodach=, king of Babylon, releases Jehoiachin, =1=, 331.
murdered, =1=, 331.
=Evora=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.
the Marranos of, spied upon, =4=, 490.
tribunal of the Inquisition at, =4=, 508.
=Ewald, Heinrich=, historian of Israel, =5=, 696.
=Ewald, Johann Ludwig=, defends the Jews, =5=, 522.
“=Examination= of the Pharisaic Traditions, An,” by Uriel da
Costa, =5=, 60.
“=Example= of Human Life, An,” autobiography of Uriel da Costa,
=5=, 64-5.
=Exchequer= of the Jews, in England, =3=, 588.
=Excommunication=, as used by Gamaliel II, =2=, 339, 347.
regulated by the Usha Synhedrion, =2=, 405.
practiced by Simon II, =2=, 446.
introduced into Babylonia, =2=, 517.
used by Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 551-2.
the right of, granted to the Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13.
as dispensed in Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 99-100.
introduced among the Karaites, =3=, 151.
freely used by Paltoi ben Abayi, =3=, 177.
threatened for violating the secrecy of a letter, =3=, 245.
threatened for reproaching a repentant apostate, =3=, 246.
threatened for accepting an office from Christian authorities, =3=,
518.
pronounced in Poland only with the concurrence of the whole
community, =4=, 265.
employed by the rabbis of Turkey, =4=, 599.
objected to by Mendelssohn, =5=, 362-3.
forbidden by the Austrian government, =5=, 614.
=Excommunication of=, the community of Fars, =3=, 194.
Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238.
informers and traitors revived, =3=, 378.
fault-finders with a bill of divorce after its delivery, =3=, 378.
the Maimunists, =3=, 528-9, 535.
the Anti-Maimunists, =3=, 530, 536.
Donin, =3=, 572-3.
students of science, =4=, 39-40.
Uriel da Costa, =4=, 58-63.
Spinoza, =5=, 93, 94.
Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 122.
Chayim Malach, =5=, 214.
Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 216, 224.
Chacham Zevi, =5=, 226.
Podolian Sabbatians, =5=, 228.
Sabbatians at Frankfort, =5=, 230.
Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 240, 242.
Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=, 259, 261.
Eibeschütz, =5=, 263-4.
the Frankists, =5=, 276-7.
Wessely, =5=, 370.
the Chassidim, =5=, 392, 393.
young Galician scholars, =5=, 614.
=Exegesis of the Bible=, taught Origen by the Jews, =2=, 488.
Simlaï’s sober method of, =2=, 499, 501-2.
incorrect, favored by the Talmud, =2=, 633.
by Anan ben David, =3=, 133.
freedom in, the principal dogma of Karaism, =3=, 157.
special study of the Karaites, =3=, 180.
cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh
centuries, =3=, 235.
by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 262, 263.
by Yizchaki, =3=, 273.
by Rashi, =3=, 288.
by Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, =3=, 290.
supplanted by the study of the Talmud in Spain, =3=, 317.
by the Tossafists, =3=, 345-6.
by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 368, 370-1, 371-3.
by David Kimchi, =3=, 394.
decay of, in the post-Maimunic time, =3=, 561.
neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 91.
Jewish, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 441-2.
scientific, founded by Richard Simon, =5=, 178.
by S. D. Luzzatto, =5=, 623-4.
by Sachs, =5=, 692-3.
by the rationalistic school, =5=, 695-6.
_See also_ Scriptures, the, commentary on.
=Exeter=, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 645.
“=Exilarch=, the, Feast of,” court at the Exilarch’s, =3=, 95.
=Exilarchate=, the, on an equality with the Patriarchate, =2=, 454.
extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, =2=, 457.
in abeyance after Kobad’s persecutions, =3=, 4.
from 589 to 640, =3=, 10.
restored to power by Bostanaï, =3=, 10.
hereditary in the house of Bostanaï, =3=, 94, 137.
as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, =3=, 100.
co-extensive with the Ommiyyade Caliphate, =3=, 100.
dependent on the Gaonate, =3=, 137.
contests for, =3=, 155, 439.
decay of, =3=, 183, 188.
attachment to, =3=, 185-6.
during Saadiah’s Gaonate, =3=, 193-4.
end of, =3=, 201-2.
revived in the twelfth century, =3=, 369, 428.
extent of, =3=, 428-9.
revived in the thirteenth century, =3=, 627.
=Exilarchs=, the (Princes of the Captivity, Resh-Galutha), leaders of
the Jews in the East, =2=, 393.
political chiefs of the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 508.
vassals of Persia, =2=, 508.
royal position of, =2=, 508-9.
descendants of David, =2=, 509.
supreme judges of the Jewish community, =2=, 509; =3=, 93.
revenues of, =2=, 509-10; =3=, 96.
homage paid to, =2=, 510, 515, 606-7.
religious ignorance of, =2=, 510.
political and spiritual authority of, =2=, 511.
devoted to the study of the Law, =2=, 544.
appoint judges, =2=, 547; =3=, 98, 428.
barbarity of, in the time of the Amoraim, =2=, 554.
exercise civil and judicial functions, =3=, 89.
depose the principals of the Babylonian academies, =3=, 91.
history of, dark, =3=, 92.
office of, political, =3=, 93.
installation of, =3=, 94-5.
annual court at the house of, =3=, 95.
authority of, lessened by the Karaite schism, =3=, 137.
power of, reduced, =3=, 177, 183.
hold public assemblies at Pumbeditha, =3=, 177.
=Exilarchs=, the, list of:
Achiya,
Bostanaï,
Chananya (Achunaï),
Chaninaï,
Chasdaï,
Chiskiya,
Daniel, son of
Solomon (Chasdaï?),
David of Mosul,
David ben Daniel,
David ben Judah,
David ben Zaccaï,
Huna,
Huna-Mari,
Josiah Hassan,
Judah ben David,
Judah ben David, son of
Kafnaï,
Mar-Kahana,
Mar-Ukban,
Mar-Zutra I,
Mar-Zutra II,
Nathan,
Nehemia,
Solomon,
Solomon (Chasdaï?),
Yishaï ben Chiskiya,
Zaccaï ben Achunaï.
=Exile=, the Babylonian, described, =5=, 720-1. _See_ Babylonia, the
Judæans of.
=Exorcism.= _See_ Demons, exorcism of.
=Ezekias=, leads the revolt in Galilee against Rome, =2=, 77.
executed, =2=, 77-8.
son of, =2=, 125.
=Ezekiel=, prophet, encourages and rebukes the Babylonian exiles,
=1=, 332-4.
prophecy of, leads to theosophic speculations, =2=, 380-1.
pilgrimages to the grave of, =3=, 440-1.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.
=Ezer ha-Emuna=, work by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, =4=, 141.
=Eziongeber=, port on the Red Sea, =1=, 170.
=Ezobi= (Esobi). _See_ Joseph Ezobi ben Chanan.
=Ezra=, descent of, =1=, 365.
studies the Law, =1=, 365.
leads a company of Judæans to Palestine, =1=, 366.
opinion of, on intermarriages, =1=, 367-8.
induces the Judæans to repudiate their heathen wives, =1=, 368-9.
opposition to the severity of, =1=, 370.
reads the Law in Jerusalem, =1=, 378-80.
subordinates the priesthood to the Scriptures, =1=, 379.
exacts an oath from the Judæans to observe the Law, =1=,
380-1, 387-8.
at the consecration of the walls of Jerusalem, =1=, 381.
guardian of the Temple, =1=, 382.
regulations ascribed to, =1=, 395.
the chief of the Scribes, =2=, 19.
Mahomet on, =3=, 76.
pilgrimages to the supposed grave of, =3=, 441.
=Ezra=, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, =3=, 548.
=Ezra Gatiño=, commentator on Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, =4=,
144.
=F=
=Fables=, written by Meïr, =2=, 436.
“=Fables= of Ancient Times,” by Ibn-Sahula, =3=, 560.
=Fabulists=, list of:
Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan,
Ibn-Sahula,
Meïr.
=Fadak=, submits to Mahomet, =3=, 83.
=Fadus, Cuspius=, procurator, strengthens Rome in Judæa, =2=, 197.
rising of Theudas under, =2=, 198.
deposed, =2=, 198.
=Fagius, Paulus=, disciple of Reuchlin, and Elias Levita, =4=, 474.
“=Faith= and Creed,” by Saadiah, =3=, 197-8.
=Falaquera.= _See_ Shem-Tob Falaquera.
=Falcos=, the Jews of, attacked, =4=, 78.
=Falero, Abraham Aboab=, builds the second synagogue at Hamburg, =4=,
691.
=Faliachi, Jacob=, Sabbatian, =5=, 156.
=Falk, Jacob Joshua=, rabbi of Metz and Frankfort, =5=, 251.
against Eibeschütz, =5=, 262, 263, 268, 269.
disciple of, =5=, 263.
=Fall=, the. _See_ Original Sin.
=Fall, the, of the Angels=, dogma of, in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
=Famagusta=, besieged by the Turks, =4=, 600.
taken, =4=, 601.
“=Familianten=,” privileged Jews, =5=, 253.
=Famine=, in Israel under Ahab, =1=, 203.
in Judah under Uzziah, =1=, 229-30.
in Jerusalem during the siege of Titus, =2=, 304, 305-6.
under Marcus Aurelius, =2=, 451.
=Farchi, Chayim Maalem=, Jewish minister at Accho, =5=, 460.
=Farchi, Raphael Murad=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 639.
restored to his position, =5=, 661.
=Farchi family=, the, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 638.
=Farissol, Abraham.= _See_ Abraham Farissol.
=Farnese, Alexander.= _See_ Paul III, pope.
=Farnese, Alexander=, cardinal, intercedes for the Jews, =4=, 567.
=Faro=, Count of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 338.
=Faro=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.
=Farraj Ibn-Solomon= (Farragut), physician to Charles of Anjou, =3=,
628.
=Fars.= _See_ Hamadan.
=Farsistan=, the Exilarch’s income from, =3=, 96.
=Fast=, proclaimed under Jehoiakim, =1=, 304.
in memory of Gedaliah, =1=, 325.
in memory of the Blois martyrs, =3=, 380-1.
during the disputation with Donin, =3=, 577.
on the anniversary of the burning of the Talmud, =3=, 579.
against Gonzalo Martinez, =4=, 85.
to avert the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 100.
during the Hussite war, =4=, 225-6.
commemorating the Nemirov massacre, =5=, 13.
=Fast days=, observed by the Babylonian exiles, =1=, 337.
=Fast of Tammuz abolished=, by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 151-2.
by the Sabbatians, =5=, 159.
=Fast of Tebeth=, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 143.
“=Father= of the Judæans.” _See_ Ragesh.
=Fatimide Caliphate=, the, Talmud schools established in, =3=, 210.
Jewish science in, =3=, 211.
fanaticism of, =3=, 212.
Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur in, =3=, 238.
the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 247-8.
extent of, =3=, 248.
consequences of the fall of, =3=, 461.
=Fauma Kadin=, Sarah Zevi’s Mahometan name, =5=, 154.
=Fayum=, Saadiah’s birthplace, =3=, 188.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 444.
=Feast of Ingathering=, celebrated in the eighth month, =1=, 186.
_See_ Tabernacles, the feast of.
=Feast of Lights.= _See_ Chanukah.
=February revolution=, the, completes the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 696-7.
=Federation= of the German states, Act of, assures citizenship to the
Jews, =5=, 518.
=Felgenhauer, Paul=, mystic, Messianic speculations of, =5=, 35-6.
=Felix=, governor of Galilee, husband of Drusilla, =2=, 235, 242,
245.
rouses the Zealots against the Samaritans, =2=, 243.
sides with the Galilæans, =2=, 244.
procurator of Judæa, rapacity of, =2=, 245.
allied with the Sicarii, =2=, 246.
sides with the Greeks against the Judæans, =2=, 247.
=Felix Libertate=, Dutch club, joined by Jews, =5=, 453.
“=Fence=,” the, about the Law, =1=, 397.
=Ferber, von=, and the Jews of Dresden, =5=, 344.
=Ferdinand I=, emperor, permits the expulsion of the Bohemian
Jews, =4=, 544.
expels the Jews from Lower Austria, =4=, 585.
expels the Jews of Prague, =4=, 585-6.
embassy of, negotiates with Joseph Nassi, =4=, 597.
appeals to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 601.
=Ferdinand II=, emperor, reproves Hamburg for permitting a synagogue,
=4=, 689-90.
protects the Jews, =4=, 701-2.
imprisons Lipmann Heller, =4=, 705.
fines him, =4=, 706.
introduces conversion sermons in Vienna, =4=, 706.
=Ferdinand III=, emperor, extends the rights of the Bohemian
Jews, =4=, 707.
=Ferdinand I=, of Aragon, regent of Castile, =4=, 194.
issues an anti-Jewish edict, =4=, 203-4.
becomes king of Aragon, =4=, 205.
defers to Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 206.
arranges for the disputation at Tortosa, =4=, 207.
advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, =4=, 216.
threatens to besiege Benedict XIII, =4=, 217.
death of, =4=, 217.
=Ferdinand II=, of Aragon. _See_ Ferdinand V, of Castile,
the Catholic.
=Ferdinand III=, of Castile, the Holy, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 519.
employs a Jewish physician, =3=, 537.
Jews under, =3=, 592.
=Ferdinand IV=, of Castile, employs a Jewish treasurer, =4=, 51-2.
death of, =4=, 52.
=Ferdinand V=, of Castile (II, of Aragon), the Catholic, marriage
of, =4=, 280.
ascends the throne of Castile, =4=, 284.
avarice of, =4=, 310, 318.
sanctions the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 310-11.
obtains sanction for the Inquisition in Aragon, =4=, 319.
introduces the Inquisition into his hereditary lands, =4=, 325-6.
inclined to revoke the Jewish edict of banishment, =4=, 348.
confiscates the possessions of the Jews of his hereditary
lands, =4=, 350.
threatens Navarre for protecting Marranos, =4=, 357.
urges the expulsion of the Jews from Navarre, =4=, 358.
and Judah Leon Abrabanel, =4=, 384, 385.
establishes the Inquisition at Benevento, =4=, 385.
_See also_ Ferdinand and Isabella.
=Ferdinand (V) and Isabella (I)=, of Castile, establish the
Inquisition in Spain, =4=, 309.
appoint the commission to frame the statute for the Inquisition,
=4=, 312.
papal letter to, concerning the Inquisition, =4=, 318.
refuse to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, =4=, 322.
ask for an inquisitor-general, =4=, 324.
establish the Inquisition at Seville, =4=, 335.
urged to expel the Jews from Seville, =4=, 336.
protect the Jews from chicanery, =4=, 336.
appoint Isaac Abrabanel minister of finance, =4=, 343.
secret treaty of, with Boabdil, =4=, 345.
enter Granada, =4=, 345.
decide on the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 346-7.
proclamation of, expelling the Jews, =4=, 347-8.
confiscate the treasures of the exiles, =4=, 354-5.
censured for the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 356.
marry their daughter to Manoel of Portugal, =4=, 372-3.
oppose the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, =4=, 379.
=Ferdinand I=, of Naples, employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 287.
receives Spanish exiles kindly, =4=, 358-9.
patron of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 359, 383.
refuses to expel the Jews, =4=, 359-60.
death of, =4=, 360.
=Ferdinand I=, of Portugal, prosperity of the Jews under, =4=, 158-9.
Jewish favorites of, =4=, 159-60.
death of, =4=, 160.
=Ferdinand=, duke of Braganza, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=,
338, 340-1.
=Ferdinand de Medici=, duke of Tuscany, receives Jewish exiles from
the Papal States, =4=, 659.
permits the use of the expurgated Talmud, =4=, 659.
=Fermo=, residence of Immanuel Romi, =4=, 68.
=Fernando, Manuel, de Villa-Real=, Marrano, martyr, =5=, 91.
=Ferrajo, Lucio=, tries to prove the blood accusation out of the
Talmud, =5=, 639.
=Ferrara=, Hillel of Verona in, =3=, 629.
Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.
Jewish exiles in, =4=, 412-13.
Marranos well treated at, =4=, 526.
refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, =4=, 544.
Samuel Usque at, =4=, 558.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 568, 569.
refuge of Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 575.
Marranos of, in distress, =4=, 581.
refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, =4=, 592.
becomes part of the Papal States, =4=, 660.
no longer a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 661.
earthquake in, =4=, 615.
=Ferrara, the Jews of=, liberties of, =3=, 628.
appeal for permission to own the Talmud, =4=, 658.
attached to the house of Este, =4=, 660.
=Ferrer.= _See_ Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.
=Ferrer, Vincent=, humility of, =4=, 200-1.
revives flagellation, =4=, 201.
as an orator, =4=, 201.
fanaticism of, =4=, 201-2.
crusade of, against the Jews, =4=, 202.
extorts Christian confession from the Marranos, =4=, 202-3.
influences Jews to accept Christianity, =4=, 204-5, 206, 214.
procures the crown of Aragon for Ferdinand of Castile, =4=,
205, 206.
denounces Benedict XIII, =4=, 216.
death of, =4=, 217.
refused aid by João I of Portugal, =4=, 218.
in Savoy, =4=, 218.
terror of, spreads to Germany and Italy, =4=, 218.
policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246.
compared with John of Capistrano, =4=, 257.
compared with Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=, 296.
=Ferrus, Pero=, apostate, satirist, =4=, 181.
=Festus=, procurator of Judæa, administration of, =2=, 247-8.
=Fettmilch, Vincent=, leader of the Frankfort guilds against the Jews,
=4=, 696-7.
attacks the Jew quarter, =4=, 697.
hanged, =4=, 699-700.
=Fez=, Dunash ben Labrat in, =3=, 226.
Maimun’s family in, =3=, 451-6.
forced converts emigrate to, =4=, 179.
suffering of Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361-2.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 390.
=Fez, the Jews of=, consult Haï Gaon, =3=, 252.
persecuted, =3=, 360.
fortunes of, =5=, 168.
=Fezara=, the, Arab tribe, promise assistance to the Jews of
Chaibar, =3=, 82.
=Fichte=, classes Jews with the nobility and clergy, =5=, 461.
opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 462, 468.
Saul Asher refutes, =5=, 463.
=Fields=, the blessing of, by Jews, forbidden, =2=, 620; =3=, 44.
=Fifth Monarchy=, the, believers in, regard the Jews favorably,
=5=, 23, 27.
view of, held by Christians, =5=, 37.
as interpreted by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 38.
believers in, fix the Messianic year, =5=, 120.
=Firme-Fé.= _See_ Nuñes, Henrique.
=First-born=, the, Mosaic law of, as interpreted under Ahaz, =1=, 261.
=Firuz= (Pheroces, 457-484), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, =2=,
628-30; =3=, 1.
persecutes the Jews of Ispahan, =2=, 629.
closes the Jewish schools, =2=, 629.
forces Magianism upon Jews, =2=, 629.
death of, =2=, 630.
=Firuz-Shabur= (Anbar), important Babylonian town, =2=, 505.
the Jews of, in the war between Julian the Apostate and Shabur
II, =2=, 601.
academy opened at, =3=, 8, 9.
taken by Ali, =3=, 90.
=Fiscus Judaicus=, tax instituted by Vespasian, =2=, 316.
extorted from the Jews, =2=, 332.
_See_ Tax.
“=Five Evidences= of the Faith,” Sabbatian work, =5=, 162.
=Flaccus=, prætor in Asia Minor, seizes upon the votive offerings in
the Temple, =2=, 68.
defended by Cicero, =2=, 68-70.
=Flaccus, Pomponius=, governor of Syria, Agrippa I courtier
of, =2=, 175.
tool of the Alexandrians, =2=, 181.
deprives Judæans of Alexandrian citizenship, =1=, 182.
deposed, =2=, 183.
=Flagellants=, the, in Hanover, =4=, 111.
under Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 201.
condemned by the Council of Constance, =4=, 217.
=Flanders=, Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 387.
Portuguese Marranos imprisoned in, =4=, 509.
=Flavian house=, the, and the Jews, =2=, 388.
=Flavio Jacopo de Evora=, on Amatus Lusitanus, =4=, 610.
=Flavius Josephus.= _See_ Joseph ben Matthias.
=Florence=, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
Elias del Medigo lectures on philosophy at, =4=, 291.
the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=, 297.
the Marranos of, not molested, =4=, 500.
the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, =5=, 205.
=Florentin, Solomon=, Talmudist, supporter of Jacob Querido, =5=, 210.
=Florus, Gessius= (64-66), last procurator of Judæa, rapacity and
profligacy of, =2=, 249-50.
favors the Sicarii, =2=, 250.
bribed by the Judæans of Cæsarea, =2=, 252-3.
imprisons Judæan deputies, =2=, 253.
demands a part of the Temple treasures, =2=, 253.
in Jerusalem, =2=, 253-4.
plunders the upper town, =2=, 254.
appealed to by Berenice, =2=, 254.
demands a friendly reception for his troops, =2=, 254.
troops of, attack the Temple, =2=, 255.
leaves Jerusalem, =2=, 255.
Jerusalem rebellious towards, =2=, 258.
refuses to aid the Peace party, =2=, 259.
refrains from interference between the Zealots and the Roman
garrison in Jerusalem, =2=, 261-2.
enslaves the Judæans in Cæsarea, =2=, 262.
accused before Nero, =2=, 268.
=Fons Vitæ=, philosophical work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 270-1.
_See_ “Fountain of Life, The.”
=Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, Sarah de=, Jewish poetess, =5=, 203.
=Fontaine, de=, Countess, owns the Jews of Metz, =5=, 348, 446.
=Fontanes=, reactionary influence of, =5=, 477, 479.
“=Fool’s Voice=, The,” by Leo Modena, =5=, 73.
=Forli=, Hillel of Verona in, =3=, 629.
synod at, =4=, 218.
“=Fortalitium Fidei=,” anti-Jewish work by Alfonso de Spina, =4=,
277, 415.
“=Fortress=, The,” polemic, =4=, 234.
=Fortunatus, Venantius=, poet, celebrates the achievements of
Avitus, =3=, 39.
=Forum Judicum=, Visigothic code, translated into Castilian,
=3=, 594-5.
=Fossano=, French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.
=Fostat.= _See_ Cairo.
=Fould, Achille=, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, =5=, 649.
“=Fountain= of Life, The,” (Mekor Chayim, Fons Vitæ), philosophical
work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 270.
translated into Latin, =3=, 270.
used by the schoolmen, =3=, 271.
=Four Countries, the, Synod of= (Vaad Arba Arazoth), functions of,
=4=, 643-4; =5=, 3-4.
authority of, =4=, 644.
supposed originator of, =4=, 645.
president of, =4=, 645.
and the Kamieniec disputation, =5=, 281.
forbidden to assemble, =5=, 387.
dissolution of, favorable to Chassidism, =5=, 387.
=Fourth of August=, the, glory of, =5=, 437.
=Fox Fables=, the, by Berachya ben Natronaï, =3=, 560.
=Fraga=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.
“=Fragments= of an Unknown,” published by Lessing, =5=, 320-1.
effect of, =5=, 321-2.
attributed to Mendelssohn, =5=, 322.