consider the Apocrypha part of the Bible, =2=, 359, 489.
accuse Jews of cursing Jesus, =2=, 380.
propaganda of, in the pagan world, =2=, 383.
tamper with the Septuagint, =2=, 385-6.
of Judæa, receive Hadrian with servility, =2=, 406.
accounts by, of Bar-Cochba, =2=, 412.
persecuted by Hadrian, =2=, 430-1.
separate themselves from the Jews, =2=, 431.
appeal to Marcus Aurelius, =2=, 449.
intercourse of, with the heathen interdicted, =2=, 476-7.
complain of the indifference of the Jews, =2=, 483.
primitive sects of, merged into the Catholic Church, =2=, 500.
persecuted by the Magi, =2=, 524.
persecuted by Diocletian, =2=, 533, 539.
called Galilæans by Julian, =2=, 596.
reproached for having forsaken Judaism, =2=, 597.
malign Julian, =2=, 599.
object to the rebuilding of the Temple, =2=, 600-1.
well treated by Jezdijird, =2=, 609-10.
oppress Judæa, =2=, 611.
refuse to recognize the authority of the Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13.
forbidden to trade with Jews, =2=, 620.
controversies with, interest the Jews in Scripture studies, =2=,
623.
persecuted by Jezdijird III, =2=, 627-8.
of Babylonia suffer from Zendik communism, =3=, 2-3.
persecuted by Hormisdas IV, =3=, 8.
in possession of Palestine, =3=, 11.
Jewish witnesses cannot testify against, =3=, 12, 102, 520; =4=,
250.
of Jerusalem perish at the hands of Persians and Jews, =3=, 19.
forbidden to eat at Jewish banquets in Gaul, =3=, 36, 37.
forbidden to hold intercourse with Jews, =3=, 36, 37, 407, 499, 595,
611; =4=, 216, 245, 250, 560, 590.
forbidden to marry Jews in Spain, =3=, 44, 46.
ill-treated in Yemen, =3=, 64, 65.
Mahomet’s revelation against, =3=, 78.
driven out of Najaran, =3=, 85.
restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, =3=, 87-8.
Jewish testimony against, accepted, =3=, 144.
persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, =3=, 145.
Frankish, respect Judaism, =3=, 163.
antagonized by Bishop Bodo, =3=, 169.
called Mozarabs among the Mahometans, =3=, 215.
persecuted by Hakim, =3=, 247.
invade Mahometan Spain, =3=, 291.
persecuted by Abdulmumen, =3=, 359.
permitted to testify against Jews, =3=, 422.
deny equal rights to the Marranos, =4=, 256-7.
study Hebrew, =4=, 471-4.
interested in the Kabbala, =4=, 481.
devote themselves to Hebrew literature, =5=, 21-2.
interested in the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 137, 151.
interested in Judaism and the Jews, =5=, 176.
attracted by Jewish literature, =5=, 178-9.
Hebraists, attack the Jews, =5=, 184.
and the Eibeschütz-Emden controversy, =5=, 262.
subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 329.
_See also_ Christianity; Ebionites; Greek Christians; Jewish
Christians; Judæan Christians; Nazarenes; Pagan Christians.
=Christians, the early.= _See_ Jewish Christians, the; Judæan
Christians, the; Nazarenes, the, etc.
=Christians, the Judaizing=, under Receswinth, =3=, 104.
under Erwig, =3=, 106-7.
forbidden to own real estate, =3=, 107-8.
_See also_ Marranos, the.
=Christians, the Nestorian=, help the Arabs in Babylonia, =3=, 89.
side with Ali, =3=, 90.
=Christians, the Syrian=, and the science of grammar, =3=, 7.
make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, =3=, 111.
=Christina=, of Sweden, student of Hebrew, =5=, 21.
Manasseh ben Israel recommended to, =5=, 22, 23.
Manoel Texeira’s guest, =5=, 140.
intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, =5=, 171.
=Chronicles, the Books of=, written by a Levite, =1=, 411.
=Chrysostom.= _See_ John Chrysostom.
=Church appurtenances=, Jews forbidden to buy, =3=, 377.
=Church councils=, occupied with the Jewish question, =3=, 25.
discuss the slave-trade of the Jews, =3=, 40.
convened in France by the fugitive popes, =3=, 376-7.
=Church councils, list of=:
Alby,
Avignon (1209),
Bamberg (1451),
Basle (1431-1443),
Béziers (1246),
Buda (1279),
Clermont (1095),
Constance (1414),
Epaone (517),
Exeter (1287),
Illiberis (320),
Lateran, the third (1179)
Lateran, the fourth (1215)
Lateran, the fifth (1512-1517)
Lyons (829),
Mâcon (581),
Meaux (845),
Montpellier,
Narbonne (1227),
Nice (325),
Orleans (538, 545),
Oxford (1222),
Paris (615, 846, 1212),
Rome (1078),
Rouen (1231),
Toledo (589, 633, 652?),
Tours (1231),
Trent (1545),
under Chintila (638),
under Erwig,
under Wamba,
Vannes (465),
Vienna (1267),
Zamora (1313).
=Church Fathers=, the, works of, connected with the Talmud, =4=, 614.
“=Church= of the Mother of God,” synagogue in Constantinople, =3=,
26.
=Chushiel= (950-980), emissary from Sora, settles in Kairuan, =3=,
208, 210.
title of, =3=, 211.
disciples of, =3=, 211.
=Chuzpit=, interpreter of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357, 429.
=Cicero=, animosity of, to Judæans, =2=, 68-70.
indebted to Greek writers, =2=, 179.
=Cidellus=, Jewish adviser of Alfonso VI of Castile, =3=, 292.
=Cilicia=, mercenaries of, hired by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 39.
Greek-Christian communities in, =2=, 227.
the Jews of, punish an apostate, =2=, 565.
=Cincinnati=, rabbinical college at, =5=, 700.
=Circumcision=, observed by Babylonian proselytes, =1=, 339.
observed by Babylonian Judæans, =1=, 364.
whether optional or imperative with proselytes, =2=, 384-5.
forbidden by Hadrian, =2=, 422, 424.
permitted by Antoninus Pius, =2=, 433.
of slaves, forbidden, =2=, 567, 615; =3=, 46.
practiced by the heathen Arabs, =3=, 61.
discussed in Frankfort, =5=, 676-7.
_See also under_ Proselytes.
“=Citizen’s Cry= against the Jews, The,” published in Metz, =5=, 434.
=Citizenship= granted to Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 418, 503.
granted to Judæans in Antioch, =1=, 419.
granted to Judæan athletes, =1=, 445.
withdrawn from the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 182.
restored to the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 191.
Judæans of Cæsarea deprived of, =2=, 247.
Roman, under Caracalla, =2=, 468.
Roman, of the Jews, guarded by Gregory I, =3=, 33.
accorded to the Jews of Gaul, =3=, 35.
enjoyed by the Jews of Castile, =3=, 292-3.
obtained by the Jews of Tudela, =3=, 388.
enjoyed by the Jews of Messina, =3=, 423.
enjoyed by Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, =4=, 443.
_See also_ Emancipation of the Jews, the.
=Civil offices=, Honorius III objects to Jews in, =3=, 515.
Henry II of Castile refuses to exclude Jews from, =4=, 125.
exclusion from, requested in Lisbon, =4=, 160.
=Civil offices, Jews excluded from=, by Theodosius II, =3=, 28, 171.
by the Council of Toledo, =3=, 46.
by the Council of Mâcon, =3=, 39, 171.
in the Empire of the East, =3=, 175, 425.
by the Arabs, =3=, 216.
by Gregory VII, =3=, 293.
by Innocent III, =3=, 400.
by the Council of Avignon, =3=, 504.
by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510.
in Hungary, =3=, 521.
by Frederick II, =3=, 567, 569.
by the Council of Béziers, =3=, 582.
by Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
by the Council of Vienna, =3=, 611.
by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.
by Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 635.
by Juan II, =4=, 194-5, 203, 228, 229.
by Benedict XIII, =4=, 216.
by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245.
by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
by Henry IV, =4=, 278.
_See_ Magisterial offices.
=Civil offices, Jews fill=, under Al-Mutadhid, =3=, 183.
in Moslem Spain, after Abdul-Rahman III, =3=, 234-5.
under Alfonso VIII of Castile, =3=, 384.
in Messina, =3=, 423.
in Toulouse, =3=, 501, 514.
in Austria, =3=, 516-17, 567.
under Alfonso X, =3=, 593, 596, 615.
_See_ Magisterial offices.
=Civil war=, between the houses of Saul and David, =1=, 109-10.
David and Absalom, =1=, 138-44.
the Zealots and the Peace Party in Jerusalem, =2=, 259-70.
the Zealots and the Moderates in Jerusalem, =2=, 295.
the Zealots and the Sicarii, =2=, 297-9.
Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, =4=, 118-26.
“=Claims= of the Jews to German Citizenship,” by Rühs, =5=, 517.
=Claudius=, emperor, makes Agrippa I king over Palestine, =2=, 190.
makes Herod II prætor and prince of Chalcis, =2=, 190.
treats the Judæans well, =2=, 190-1, 193.
and the fortification of Jerusalem, =2=, 195.
and Agrippa II, =2=, 196.
makes the governor of Judæa independent of the governor of
Syria, =2=, 197.
makes Herod II titular king of Judæa, =2=, 198.
names Tiberius Julius Alexander governor of Judæa, =2=, 198.
expels Judæans from Rome, =2=, 202.
makes Agrippa II king of Chalcis, =2=, 235.
makes Felix governor of Galilee, =2=, 242.
banishes Cumanus, =2=, 245.
gives Agrippa II a kingdom, =2=, 245.
death of, =2=, 245.
=Clemens of Alexandria=, Father of the Church, critical spirit
of, =2=, 488.
=Clemens, Flavius=, proselyte, sons of, proclaimed Cæsars, =2=, 387.
and four teachers of the Law, =2=, 387, 389, 391.
condemned to death, =2=, 389.
and Josephus, =2=, 389, 391.
=Clement III=, pope, resists the return of forced converts to Judaism,
=3=, 306, 308.
orders the confiscation of the Talmud, =3=, 602.
=Clement IV=, pope, appealed to against Nachmani, =3=, 605.
=Clement VI=, pope, has Gersonides’ astronomical treatise
translated, =4=, 93.
arrests the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 103.
declares the Jews innocent of well poisoning, =4=, 105.
forbids the forced baptism of Jews, =4=, 173.
=Clement VII=, pope, friendly to the Jews, =4=, 407.
grants David Reubeni an audience, =4=, 492.
efforts of, for the liberty of Italy, =4=, 492.
treats Reubeni with distinction, =4=, 492-3.
addressed on the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 500.
permits Marranos to profess Judaism, =4=, 500.
intercourse of, with Molcho, =4=, 503.
honors Molcho publicly, =4=, 505.
opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 505.
saves Molcho from the stake, =4=, 507.
establishes the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 507.
sympathizes with the Marranos, =4=, 509.
innocent of Molcho’s death, =4=, 512.
stays the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 513.
absolves Marranos for leaving the Church, =4=, 513-14.
motive of, in protecting the Marranos, =4=, 514.
appoints a commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 514.
death of, =4=, 515.
briefs of, enforced by Paul IV, =4=, 516.
absolves the Marranos of Ancona, =4=, 568.
=Clement VIII=, pope, grants an amnesty to the Marranos, =4=, 528.
expels the Jews from the Papal States, =4=, 659.
forbids the reading of the Talmud, =4=, 659.
incorporates Ferrara with the Papal States, =4=, 660.
absolves Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 671.
=Clement IX=, pope, death of, =5=, 171.
=Clement XIII=, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation,
=5=, 285-6.
=Clemente, Philip=, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon
Inquisition, =4=, 329.
=Cleopatra I=, sister of Antiochus IV, wife of Ptolemy V, =1=, 450.
=Cleopatra II=, sister and wife of Ptolemy VI, claimant of the
Egyptian throne, =1=, 506.
marries Ptolemy VII Physcon, =1=, 518.
=Cleopatra III=, second wife of Ptolemy VII, mother of Ptolemy VIII,
espouses the cause of Judæa, =2=, 10.
defended by Judæan soldiers, =2=, 12.
sends an army against her son, =2=, 40-1.
in league with Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 41.
=Cleopatra VI=, friendly to Herod, =2=, 86.
favors Aristobulus (III), =2=, 92.
summons Herod to answer for Aristobulus’ death, =2=, 92-3.
receives the district of Jericho, =2=, 93.
unkind to the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 94.
schemes against Herod, =2=, 94-5.
death of, =2=, 102.
body-guard of, given to Herod, =2=, 103.
=Cleopatra=, wife of Demetrius Nicator, kills her son, =2=, 6.
=Cleopatra of Jerusalem=, wife of Herod, =2=, 119.
=Clermont=, the Jews of, and Bishop Avitus, =3=, 38-9.
the council of, resolves upon a crusade, =3=, 297.
=Clermont-Tonnerre=, Count, defends the Jews, =5=, 440.
favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 441.
=Closener of Strasburg=, historian, on the persecution of the
Jews, =4=, 106.
=Clotaire II=, Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 40.
=Clovis=, founder of the Frankish kingdom, =3=, 35.
Jews in the army of, =3=, 36.
converted, =3=, 36.
=Coblenz=, the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 611.
=Cochelet=, French consul-general, interferes in the Damascus
affair, =5=, 647.
ordered to stop the Damascus trial, =5=, 649.
hinders Montefiore and Crémieux in Egypt, =5=, 659, 660.
=Codes, general=, defining the status of the Jews. _See under_
Alfonso X of Castile,
Alfonso V of Portugal,
Henry IV of Castile,
Napoleon,
Theodosius,
Visigothic.
=Codes, Jewish religious.= _See_
Asher ben Yechiel,
Mishna, the
Mishne Torah,
Mordecai Jafa,
Moses ben Israel Isserles,
Shulchan Aruch,
Turim.
=Cœlesyria=, Macedonian province, Judæa belongs to, =1=, 414.
conquered by Ptolemy I, =1=, 416.
revolts from Ptolemy II, =1=, 423.
Joseph, tax-gatherer of, =1=, 425.
Herod governor of, =2=, 79.
=Cohen, Aaron.= _See_ Aaron Cohen.
=Cohen, Chayim.= _See_ Chayim Cohen.
=Cohen, Daniel=, scientist, =4=, 405.
=Cohen (Soncino), Gershon=, establishes a printing house in
Prague, =4=, 418.
=Cohen, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac Cohen Shalal.
=Cohen, Jehuda.= _See_ Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka.
=Cohen, Jonathan.= _See_ Jonathan Cohen.
=Cohen, Joseph ben Joshua.= _See_ Joseph ben Joshua Cohen.
=Cohen, Joshua Falk=, president of the Synod of the Four Countries,
=4=, 645.
Talmudist, =4=, 703.
=Cohen, Judah.= _See_ Judah ben Moses Cohen.
=Cohen, Malachi=, rabbi of Leghorn, espouses the cause of
Eibeschütz, =5=, 264.
=Cohen, Moses.= _See_ Moses Cohen de Tordesillas; Moses ben Judah.
=Cohen, Moses Gerson.= _See_ Anton, Charles.
=Cohen, Naphtali=, Kabbalist, patron of Chayon, =5=, 217.
approves of Chayon’s work, =5=, 218.
refrains from exposing Chayon, =5=, 219.
exposes Chayon, =5=, 227.
=Cohen, Nehemiah=, announces the approach of the Messiah, =5=, 152.
summoned by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 152.
disagrees with Sabbataï, =5=, 153.
turns Mahometan, =5=, 153.
betrays Sabbataï, =5=, 153.
returns to Poland, =5=, 154.
=Cohen, Nehemiah Vital=, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, =5=, 239.
=Cohen, Perachyah=, physician and scientist, =4=, 405.
=Cohen, Raphael= (1722-1803), rabbi of the “three communities,”
opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 330, 331,
333.
objects to the study of the sciences, =5=, 402.
retirement of, =5=, 566.
son-in-law of, =5=, 570.
grandson of, =5=, 598.
=Cohen, Sabbataï=, commemorates the Cossack massacres, =5=, 13.
=Cohen, Samuel.= _See_ Samuel Cohen ben Daniel.
=Cohen, Saul.= _See_ Saul Cohen Ashkenazi; Saul Astruc Cohen.
=Cohen, Shalom=, employed by the Hamburg Dayanim, =5=, 573.
=Cohen, Simcha.= _See_ Simcha Cohen.
=Cohn, Isidore=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,”
=5=, 701.
=Coimbra=, the Inquisition at, =4=, 508.
=Coin=, counterfeiting of, denounced by the Mayence synod, =3=, 517.
clipping of, charged against the English Jews, =3=, 642.
=Coinage=, the right of, enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary, =3=, 521.
=Coins= struck by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 525, 528.
by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 12.
by Aristobulus I, =2=, 35.
by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.
by Salome Alexandra, =2=, 48.
by Aristobulus II, =2=, 62.
by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, =2=, 70.
by Antigonus, =2=, 83.
for Agrippa I, =2=, 190, 194.
by the Zealots, =2=, 268.
in honor of Simon ben Gamaliel, =2=, 269.
Judæan, under Vespasian, =2=, 292.
commemorating Titus’ victory, =2=, 314.
by Nerva, =2=, 392.
by Hadrian, =2=, 407, 419.
by Bar-Cochba, =2=, 411.
=Collectants=, a Dutch sect, =5=, 94.
=Colleges=, established in Spain by the law of Avila, =4=, 229.
=Colleges, Rabbinical=, at Metz, =5=, 597-8, 700.
at Padua, =5=, 624, 700.
at Breslau, =5=, 699-700.
at various places, =5=, 700.
=Colleges, Talmudical=, at Narbonne, =3=, 143, 242, 392.
in western countries founded by emissaries from Sora, =3=, 208.
at Cordova, =3=, 209, 228.
in Egypt and the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 210.
at Kairuan, =3=, 210-11, 248.
in Spain, =3=, 236.
at Mayence, =3=, 243, 247.
at Lucena, =3=, 322.
at Toledo, =3=, 338, 362.
in Spain, closed, =3=, 361, 384.
at Dampierre, =3=, 403.
at London, =3=, 409.
at Bagdad, =3=, 429, 633.
in France, closed, =4=, 48.
at Paris, =4=, 133.
at Alcala, =4=, 145.
at Padua, =4=, 410.
in Poland, =4=, 420, 634, 639.
at Cremona, =4=, 582.
at Prague, =5=, 249.
the decay of, =5=, 566-7, 569.
_See also under_ Academies; Schools.
=Collegium Germanicum=, propagandist seminary, =4=, 654.
=Collier, Thomas=, refutes anti-Jewish charges, =5=, 46.
“=Colloquium Middelburgense=,” controversial work, =4=, 691.
=Colmar=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 416.
=Cologna, Abraham Vita di= (1755-1832), deputy to the Assembly of
Jewish Notables, =5=, 488, 490.
second vice-president of the Synhedrion, =5=, 495.
member of the French consistory, =5=, 502.
conservative, =5=, 559.
=Cologne=, fair of, visited by Jews, =3=, 243.
university of, and the confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 437, 441.
theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,”
=4=, 452.
=Cologne, the Dominicans of.= _See_ Dominicans, the, of Cologne.
=Cologne, the Jews of=, privileges of, abolished by Constantine, =2=,
563.
settlement of, =3=, 41.
protected during the first crusade, =3=, 304.
massacred at Neus, =3=, 304-5.
persecuted during the second crusade, =3=, 352.
represented at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
protected during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 106, 108.
banished, =4=, 227, 413.
=Columbus=, aided by Joseph Vecinho, =4=, 368.
=Comet=, a, orbit of, calculated by Joshua ben Chananya, =2=, 349.
=Comino=, the isle of, Abraham Abulafia on =4=, 8.
“=Commentary=,” Talmudical work by Rashi, =3=, 288.
=Commerce=, under Uzziah, =1=, 230.
pursued by Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 504.
under the Herodians, =2=, 118.
between Jews and Christians forbidden, =2=, 620; =4=, 203, 216.
among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, =3=, 35.
in the hands of Jews in the eighth century, =3=, 142-3.
international, in the hands of Jews, =3=, 162.
in the hands of the Jews under the Saxon emperors, =3=, 242-3.
the, of southern France, carried on by Jews, =3=, 391.
the, of Venice, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
of the Turkish Jews, =4=, 401.
of the Jews in Poland, =4=, 419.
capacity for, an argument for the admission of Jews into England,
=5=, 40-1.
the, of the Jews, described by Simone Luzzatto, =5=, 82-3.
stagnation of, during the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 149.
forbidden partly to the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 348.
the, of Jews under the Napoleonic law, =5=, 524-5.
=Commercial Hall=, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Bethany, =2=,
239.
=Commodus=, emperor, profligacy of, =2=, 447.
death of, =2=, 448, 463.
“=Communities= of the Friends of Light,” Protestant societies, =5=,
682, 683.
“=Compositions=,” grammatical work by Yizchaki, =3=, 273.
“=Concerning= the Jews and their Lies,” by Luther, =4=, 548-9.
“=Concerning= the superstitions of the Jews,” letter addressed to
Louis the Pious, =3=, 167-8.
=Conciliador=, the, by Manasseh ben Israel, translated, =5=, 22.
=Concordance of the Bible=, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, =4=,
234-5.
=Condottieri=, Italian mercenaries, =4=, 286.
=Confederation War=, the, Jews suffer during, =5=, 387-8.
=Confession= of Faith, the, recital of, forbidden, =3=, 15.
=Confessional=, the, discussed by the Jews of France, =3=, 343.
“=Confessions=,” by Heine, =5=, 553-5.
=Confirmation=, the rite of, introduced into German Jewish
communities, =5=, 562, 573.
=Confiscation= and burning, the, of Hebrew books, by the Dominicans,
=3=, 542-3.
by Gregory IX, =3=, 574-6, 578-9.
by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 429-31, 437-8, 441, 444.
under Julius III, =4=, 565.
under Paul IV, =4=, 567, 583, 584-5.
under Pius V, =4=, 590.
under Gregory XIII, =4=, 654.
at Kamieniec, =5=, 282.
_See also under_ Talmud, the.
“=Conflict= of Duties, the, Letter on,” by Solomon Duran I, =4=, 238.
=Conforte, David=, itinerant rabbi and historian, =5=, 202.
=Congress.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Rastadt; Vienna.
=Coniah.= _See_ Jehoiachin.
=Conrad III=, emperor, protects the Jews during the second crusade,
=3=, 351, 416.
joins the second crusade, =3=, 353, 354.
=Conrad of Wintertur=, exculpates the Jews from the charge of well
poisoning, =4=, 106, 108.
=Consistorial organization=, in France, approved by Napoleon, =5=,
498.
established in Westphalia, =5=, 501-2.
“=Consolation= for the Sorrows of Israel,” by Samuel Usque,
=4=, 558-61.
=Constance, the Council of=, and Benedict XIII, =4=, 212, 216.
condemns Ferrer, =4=, 217.
anarchy during, =4=, 218.
elects Martin V pope, =4=, 219.
condemns John Huss to death, =4=, 221.
expenses of, borne by the Jews, =4=, 248.
=Constance (Costnitz), the Jews of=, charged with well poisoning, =4=,
105.
wait on Martin V, =4=, 219.
=Constance= (lake), the cities on, the Jews of, charged with well
poisoning, =4=, 105.
=Constantia=, queen-mother, contends for the regency in Castile, =4=,
52.
=Constantine I=, emperor, puts Judaism on an equality with
Christianity, =2=, 561.
under the influence of Christianity, =2=, 561-2.
abolishes the privileges of the Jews, =2=, 563; =5=, 725.
closes Jerusalem to the Jews, =2=, 564; =3=, 11-12.
protects the Jews against apostates, =2=, 564.
anti-Jewish restrictions of, revived, =3=, 23, 171.
=Constantine VIII= (944-949), Byzantine emperor, and Abdul-Rahman
III, =3=, 218.
=Constantine=, African town, refuge for Spanish Jews, =4=, 197.
=Constantine Dragosses=, last Byzantine emperor, =4=, 267.
=Constantinople=, the Temple vessels in, =3=, 26-7.
Karaite center, =4=, 69, 71, 269.
fall of, =4=, 267.
Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, =4=, 388.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 402-4.
the Mendes-Nassi family in, =4=, 577.
rabbis of, advise the diversion of Jewish trade from Ancona, =4=,
580.
rabbis of, excommunicate Daud, =4=, 599.
description of, by Moses Almosnino, =4=, 608.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 76.
Sabbataï Zevi at, =5=, 145-8.
effect of Sabbataï’s apostasy in, =5=, 157.
Sabbatians excommunicated in, =5=, 157, 159.
Sabbataï Zevi banished to, =5=, 166.
Cardoso at, =5=, 207.
Chayim Malach banished from, =5=, 214.
Chayon at, =5=, 227-8.
rabbis of, espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, =5=, 264.
a rabbi of, accused of using human blood, =5=, 640.
revision of the Rhodes trial at, =5=, 647.
=Constantinople, the Jews of=, inhabit a separate quarter, =3=, 26.
expelled, =3=, 26.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 425.
divided into national groups, =4=, 402, 478.
taxed, =4=, 402.
have a political representative, =4=, 404.
collect a ransom for Polish-Jewish captives, =5=, 8.
appeal to the European Jews, =5=, 651.
=Constantius=, emperor, influence of, on the Church, =2=, 566.
teachers of the Law banished from Judæa under, =2=, 566-7.
hostile to the Jews, =2=, 567-8.
founder of the Christian state, =2=, 568.
re-enacts Hadrian’s edicts against the Jews, =2=, 571.
makes Julian co-emperor, =2=, 595.
law of, with regard to the slaves of Jews revived, =2=, 615.
law of, concerning the Patriarchs re-enacted, =2=, 616.
=Constitutio Judæorum=, issued by Innocent III, =3=, 497.
=Constitution of the Directory=, the, recognizes the emancipation of
the Jews, =5=, 452.
=Constitution, the French=, ratified by Louis XVI, =5=, 447.
“=Constitutions=, The,” code of the Inquisition compiled by
Torquemada, =4=, 326-8.
introduced into Portugal, =4=, 508.
=Conti, Vincent=, prints the Zohar, =4=, 583.
=Contra-Remonstrants=, the, a Dutch sect, =4=, 673.
“=Contrasts= and Greatness of Constantinople,” by Moses Almosnino,
=4=, 608.
=Controversial literature=, in Spain in the fifteenth century,
=4=, 232-8.
_See also_ Polemical works against Christianity.
“=Conversations= and Recollections,” by Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 320.
=Conversion=, the, of the Himyarites, =3=, 56.
=Conversion, the, of the Jews to Christianity=, promoted by
Constantine, =2=, 562, 564.
desired by Theodoric, =3=, 29-30.
hoped by Bernard of Clairvaux, =3=, 353.
means used for, by Raymond de Penyaforte, =3=, 520.
encouraged by Louis IX, =3=, 570.
projected by Benedict XIII, =4=, 206-7.
designed by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245-6.
attempted in Ratisbon, =4=, 301.
measures for, devised by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 425-6.
unpopular, =4=, 426-7.
measures for, devised by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654-5, 706.
hoped for by Cromwell, =5=, 43.
agitated by Charles XI of Sweden, =5=, 182.
agitated by Wagenseil, =5=, 186.
urged by Rühs, =5=, 517.
_See also_ Apostasy; Apostates.
=Conversion, the forced, of Jews to Christianity=, objected to by
Gregory I, =3=, 33.
objected to by Henry IV, =3=, 298.
forbidden by the third Lateran Council, =3=, 421.
deprecated by Gregory IX, =3=, 570.
deprecated by Gregory X, =3=, 635.
advised by Duns Scotus, =3=, 644; =4=, 277.
forbidden by Clement VI, =4=, 103, 173.
deprecated by Innocent IV, =4=, 165.
forbidden by Boniface IX, =4=, 173.
deprecated by Martin V, =4=, 220.
advocated by John of Capistrano, =4=, 277.
condemned by Ferdinand Coutinho, =4=, 375.
attempted by Manoel of Portugal, =4=, 377.
objected to by Paul III, =4=, 517-18.
_See also_ Marranos, the.
=Conversions, forced, of Jews to Christianity=, in Magona, =2=,
619-20.
in Clermont, =3=, 38-9.
under Chilperic, =3=, 39.
under Sisebut, =3=, 48, 49-50.
under Chintila, =3=, 51-2, 101.
under Receswinth, =3=, 102-4.
under Erwig, =3=, 106-7.
under Leo the Isaurian, =3=, 122-3.
under Basilius, =3=, 176.
in Mayence, =3=, 246, 303.
in Treves, =3=, 300.
in Worms, =3=, 301-2.
in Bohemia, =3=, 305, 356.
in Blois, =3=, 380.
in France, =3=, 403, 570; =4=, 48, 56.
in Toulouse, =3=, 514.
during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36.
in Speyer, =4=, 107.
in Strasburg, =4=, 108.
in Hungary, =4=, 111.
in Castile, =4=, 126, 137, 205.
in Seville, =4=, 169.
in Cordova, =4=, 169.
in Toledo, =4=, 170.
in Valencia, =4=, 171.
in Gerona, Barcelona, and Lerida, =4=, 172.
in Aragon, =4=, 206, 214.
in Austria, =4=, 224.
in Palma, =4=, 247.
in Bavaria, =4=, 254.
of children in Breslau, =4=, 262.
in Trent, =4=, 298.
in Spain at the expulsion, =4=, 351.
in Navarre, =4=, 358.
in Genoa, =4=, 363.
in Malaga, =4=, 370.
of children at San Thomas, =4=, 371.
in Portugal, =4=, 374, 375-6, 378.
in the Mark of Brandenburg, =4=, 440.
in Poland, =5=, 7-8.
_See also_ Apostasy; Apostates; Marranos, the.