=Chambéry=, supposed center of the well poisoners, =4=, 102.
=Chamiz, Joseph=, physician, and Leo Modena, =5=, 67.
Kabbalist, =5=, 74.
=Champagne=, the home of Talmud studies after Rashi, =3=, 289.
Talmud college of, =3=, 403.
=Chanan=, prince of the Jews of Taima, =3=, 437.
=Chanan of Iskia=, restores the Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 9.
=Chananel ben Chushiel=, recognized as a Talmud authority, =3=,
211, 248.
busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, =3=, 249.
consults Haï Gaon, =3=, 252.
eulogizes Haï Gaon, =3=, 253.
Alfassi disciple of, =3=, 285.
writings of, the basis of Nathan ben Yechiel’s lexicon, =3=, 290.
=Chananel Ibn-Askara=, Kabbalist, =4=, 74.
=Chananya=, Agadist, =2=, 575-6.
=Chananya= (Achunaï), brother of Anan ben David, candidate for the
Exilarchate, =3=, 129.
death of, =3=, 137.
=Chananya=, nephew of Joshua ben Chananya, joins Christianity, =2=,
370.
withdrawn from Jewish Christian influences, =2=, 443.
establishes a Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, =2=, 443.
arranges the calendar, =2=, 443.
and Simon II, =2=, 443-4.
dissolves his Synhedrion, =2=, 444.
=Chananya=, principal of the Sora academy, =3=, 10.
=Chananya.= _See also_ Chanina.
=Chanceller=, Jewish Portuguese official, =4=, 159.
=Chanilaï.= _See_ Anilaï.
=Chanina=, teacher of the Law, =2=, 330.
=Chanina.= _See_ Mar-Chanina.
=Chanina bar Chama=, refused permission to teach, =2=, 456.
to be appointed teacher by Gamaliel III, =2=, 466.
the oldest of the Amoraim, =2=, 490.
work of, =2=, 490-1.
compared with Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, =2=, 491.
deserted by his disciples, =2=, 491.
veneration for, =2=, 491.
characterizes the people of Sepphoris, =2=, 491-2.
old age of, =2=, 492.
protects Mar-Samuel’s daughter, =2=, 528.
disciples of, =2=, 531.
=Chanina ben Abbahu=, at Tiberias, =2=, 543.
=Chanina (Chananya) ben Teradion=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion,
=2=, 357.
refuses obedience to Hadrian’s decrees, =2=, 427.
suffers martyrdom, =2=, 429.
wife and daughter of, =2=, 429, 436.
=Chaninaï=, Babylonian Jewish judge, declares Bostanaï’s son
legitimate, =3=, 91.
=Chaninaï=, Exilarch, =3=, 10.
=Chaninaï=, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 10.
=Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna= (765-775), Gaon of Sora, =3=, 137.
=Chanoch ben Moses= (940-1014), attainments of, =3=, 229.
rabbi of Cordova, =3=, 230.
chief of the Andalusian Jews, =3=, 236.
dispute about the position of, =3=, 237-8.
deposed and re-instated, =3=, 240.
on the death of Jacob Ibn-Jau, =3=, 241.
death of, =3=, 241.
=Chanukah= (Hanukkah), Feast of Lights, instituted, =1=, 472-3.
introduced into Egypt, =2=, 6-7.
observed by pagans, =2=, 384.
abolished by Anan ben David, =3=, 132.
=Charag=, poll-tax of the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 508.
=Chares=, leader of the Zealots in Gamala, =2=, 289.
=Charisi.= _See_ Jehuda Alcharisi.
=Charlemagne=, predecessors of, and the Jews, =3=, 40.
contributes to the advancement of the Jews, =3=, 141, 143.
protects the Jews, =3=, 142.
embassy of, to Haroun Alrashid, =3=, 143.
oath imposed by, on Jews testifying against Christians, =3=, 144.
=Charles IV=, emperor, protects the Jews, =4=, 106.
gives the Jews of Worms to the town, =4=, 108.
at war with Gunther of Schwarzburg, =4=, 109.
punishes the murderers of Jews, =4=, 109-10.
and the Jews of Nuremberg, =4=, 110.
asked to permit Jews to return to Augsburg, =4=, 127-8.
grants “servi cameræ” to the electors, =4=, 128.
deed of, concerning the Jews, =4=, 695.
=Charles V=, emperor, ambassador of, employs a Jewish physician, =4=,
411.
opposed to Reuchlin, =4=, 464.
adherents of, =4=, 468.
declares Luther an exile, =4=, 469.
refuses freedom of belief to Marranos, =4=, 484.
empowers the Inquisition to proceed against Lutherans, =4=, 485.
Nunes sent to, to learn about the Inquisition, =4=, 490.
threatens the liberty of Italy, =4=, 492.
treats Rome as a hostile city, =4=, 497.
liberates Reubeni from the Spanish Inquisition, =4=, 499.
crowned king of Italy, =4=, 503.
instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition,
=4=, 507, 509, 517, 518.
delivers Molcho and Reubeni to the Mantua Inquisition, =4=, 510.
imprisons Reubeni, =4=, 511.
hated by Clement VII, =4=, 514.
victorious at Tunis, =4=, 517.
hostile to Paul III, =4=, 526.
banishes the Jews from Naples, =4=, 544.
renews the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 547.
in debt to the Mendes bank, =4=, 572.
orders the Mendes property to be seized, =4=, 573.
expels the Jews from the Netherlands, =4=, 661-2.
=Charles VII=, anti-emperor, occupies Prague, =5=, 251.
=Charles of Anjou=, king of Sicily, employs a Jewish physician, =3=,
628.
=Charles=, of Baden, grants the Jews political freedom, =5=, 502-3.
=Charles I=, of England, promotes the cause of liberty, =5=, 25.
=Charles II=, of England, the Jews under, =5=, 141.
=Charles II=, the Bald (843), king of the western Franks, friendly to
the Jews, =3=, 170, 172.
condition of the Jews under, =3=, 170-4.
=Charles III=, the Simple (899-914), of France, grants the
possessions of the Narbonne Jews to the Church, =3=, 175.
=Charles IV=, of France, death of, =4=, 77.
=Charles V=, of France, permits Jews to return, =4=, 129.
increases the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 131, 133.
prohibits forced attendance of Jews at churches, =4=, 132.
death of, =4=, 150.
=Charles VI=, of France, protects the Jews, =4=, 152.
and the rights of Jewish creditors, =4=, 174.
banishes the Jews, =4=, 175-6.
protects the exiles, =4=, 176.
=Charles VIII=, of France, conquers Naples, =4=, 360.
alliance against, =4=, 373.
=Charles IX=, of France, and the election of a Polish king, =4=, 604.
=Charles X=, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, =5=, 596.
=Charles III=, of Navarre, employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 184.
=Charles X=, of Sweden, at war with Poland, =5=, 15.
=Charles XI=, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, =4=, 182.
=Charles XII=, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, =4=, 184.
=Chasda of Cafri= (217-309), a Babylonian Amora, =2=, 545.
disciple of Rab, =2=, 552-3.
good fortune of, =2=, 553, 576, 585.
estrangement between, and Huna, =2=, 553.
principal of the Sora academy, =2=, 553.
death of, =2=, 553, 583.
=Chasdaï= (670-730), Exilarch, =3=, 92.
=Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas= (1340-1410), philosopher, =4=, 145-7.
as Talmudist, =4=, 146.
exposes the weakness of Aristotelianism, =4=, 146.
disciple of Nissim Gerundi, =4=, 146.
character of, =4=, 147.
orthodoxy of, =4=, 149.
authority of, =4=, 149-50, 230.
imprisoned, =4=, 150, 155.
appealed to about the French rabbinate, =4=, 150, 153.
son of, martyr, =4=, 172.
describes the persecution of 1391, =4=, 172.
intrigue against, =4=, 185.
attacks the Christian dogmas, =4=, 187-8.
influences Profiat Duran, =4=, 190.
religious philosophy of, =4=, 191-3, 240.
creed of, =4=, 193.
disciple of, =4=, 208, 239.
anti-Christian polemic by, translated, =4=, 235.
views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
studied by Spinoza, =5=, 88.
=Chasdaï ben Solomon= of Tudela, rabbi, denounces Chayim ben
Gallipapa, =4=, 149.
ambition of, =4=, 162.
=Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut= (915-970), makes science a principle of
Judaism, =3=, 187.
first representative of Judæo-European culture, =3=, 188.
protects Moses ben Chanoch, =3=, 209-10, 228.
corresponds with Dunash ben Tamim, =3=, 211, 217.
the founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, =3=, 215, 223.
modern character of, =3=, 215-16.
attainments of, =3=, 216.
as diplomat, =3=, 216, 218-19.
homage paid to, =3=, 217.
corresponds with Dossa, son of Saadiah, =3=, 217.
translates the work of Dioscorides, =3=, 218.
grieves over the Jewish dispersion, =3=, 219.
communicates with the king of the Chazars, =3=, 219-22.
honored by Alhakem, =3=, 222.
inspires poets, =3=, 223-4.
and Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 224-5, 226-7.
invites Dunash Ibn-Labrat to Cordova, =3=, 226.
encourages the study of the Talmud in Spain, =3=, 227-8.
favors Chanoch ben Moses, =3=, 230.
death of, =3=, 230.
unique in Spanish-Jewish history, =3=, 313.
=Chassidim= (Chasidim, Assidæans), the, Nazarites under Simon the
Just, =1=, 422.
opposed to the Hellenists, =1=, 435-6.
piety of, =1=, 436, 490.
exponents of the teachings of, =1=, 436.
incite the Judæans to steadfastness, =1=, 457.
hiding-places of, betrayed, =1=, 457-8.
killed in the caves, =1=, 458.
follow Mattathias the Hasmonæan, =1=, 460.
betrayed by Alcimus, =1=, 483.
a distinct party, =1=, 489.
compared with the Hasmonæan party, =1=, 489-90.
incensed at the destruction of the “Soreg,” =1=, 492.
withdraw from public life, =2=, 16.
called Essenes, =2=, 16. _See_ Essenes, the.
give rise to the Pharisees, =2=, 16. _See_ Pharisees, the.
_See also under_ Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees, the.
=Chasinaï.= _See_ Asinaï.
=Chassidim=, the, Polish Sabbatian sect, emigrate, =5=, 212.
exhort to penance, =5=, 212.
supported by Samuel Oppenheim, =5=, 213.
accept Islam and Christianity, =5=, 213.
=Chassidim, the (new)=, mock at the Talmudists, =5=, 379.
form a brotherhood, =5=, 383-5.
introduce innovations, =5=, 386.
divide into two branches, =5=, 388.
slander Elijah Wilna, =5=, 391.
excommunicated, =5=, 391-2.
conduct of, under persecution, =5=, 392-3.
put themselves under “Rebbes,” =5=, 392.
read only Chassidistic works, =5=, 393.
second interdict against, =5=, 393-4.
writings of, burned, =5=, 393.
resist the opening of secular schools, =5=, 394.
writings of, forbidden in Galicia, =5=, 394.
efforts to suppress, =5=, 394.
persecute readers of non-Hebrew books, =5=, 608, 611.
attacked by Joseph Perl, =5=, 612.
joined by Erter, =5=, 613.
=Chassidism, the (new)=, opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, =5=,
375, 379.
founders of, =5=, 375.
character of, =5=, 380-1.
the leaders of, =5=, 381-3.
circumstances favoring the spread of, =5=, 383-6, 387.
opposed by the Mendelssohnians, =5=, 394.
prevents the spread of culture among Russian Jews, =5=, 473.
revolt from, and culture in Galicia, =5=, 611.
=Chastelard=, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.
=Chateaubriand=, on Judaism, =5=, 427, 428.
reactionary influence of, =5=, 477, 478.
=Chatel=, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 103-4.
=Châtelet=, refuge of the Jews of Paris, =4=, 151.
=Chaumette=, instrumental in setting up the religion of Reason, =5=,
450.
=Chaves, Jacob de=, pupil of Luzzatto, =5=, 242.
=Chaves, Moses de=, patron of Luzzatto, =5=, 242.
=Chaya=, daughter of Elias Schor, Frankist, =5=, 275.
=Chayim of Landshut=, appoints three rabbis for Germany, =4=, 227.
=Chayim of Lublin=, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=,
261, 262.
deprived of his rabbinate, =5=, 263.
=Chayim ben Gallipapa= (1310-1380), rabbi of Pampeluna, proposes
innovations, =4=, 148-9.
=Chayim Ibn-Musa= (1390-1460), polemic writer against Christianity,
=4=, 235-7.
controversy of, with a Christian, =4=, 236.
refutes Nicholas de Lyra’s charges, =4=, 237.
rules by, for religious controversies, =4=, 237.
=Chayim Benveniste.= _See_ Benveniste, Chayim.
=Chayim Cohen=, disciple of Jacob Tam, =3=, 381.
=Chayim Malach=, leader of a Sabbatian sect, =5=, 212.
doctrines of, =5=, 213.
joins the Donmäh, =5=, 214.
travels of, =5=, 214.
=Chayim Vital Calabrese= (1543-1620), Kabbalist, youth of, =4=, 623.
meets Isaac Lurya, =4=, 623-4.
spreads reports about Lurya’s gifts, =4=, 624.
usurps authority over Lurya’s disciples, =4=, 625.
alleged forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 625; =5=, 53.
in Palestine and Syria, =5=, 52-3.
invites Kabbala enthusiasts to Damascus, =5=, 53.
alleges possession of Lurya’s manuscripts, =5=, 53.
brother and son of, =5=, 53.
writings of, sought, =5=, 54.
Messianic speculation in the Kabbala of, =5=, 120-1.
adherents of, in Jerusalem, =5=, 125.
descendant of, =5=, 267.
disfigures Judaism, =5=, 559.
=Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya= (1650-1726), Sabbatian, education
of, =5=, 215.
character of, =5=, 215-16.
doctrines of, =5=, 216-17.
excommunicated, =5=, 216.
publishes a pamphlet, =5=, 217.
preaches Sabbatian doctrines at Prague, =5=, 217-18.
submits his work to Naphtali Cohen, =5=, 218.
enters into relations with Löbele Prosnitz, =5=, 219.
prints his work in Berlin, =5=, 219-20.
at Amsterdam, =5=, 220.
denounced, =5=, 221-2.
work of, denounced, =5=, 222.
supported by Ayllon and Pinto, =5=, 223.
work of, examined by a Portuguese committee, =5=, 223.
excommunicated, =5=, 224, 231.
acquitted of heresy, =5=, 224-5.
homage paid to, =5=, 225.
opposed by Brieli, =5=, 225.
calumniates his opponents, =5=, 226.
exposed, =5=, 227.
disgrace of, =5=, 227.
ban removed from, =5=, 228.
returns to Europe, =5=, 230-1.
death of, =5=, 231.
son of, =5=, 231.
influences Eibeschütz, =5=, 248.
=Chayuj.= _See_ Jehuda Ibn-Daud.
=Chayyat.= _See_ Judah ben Jacob Chayyat.
=Chazanuth=, synagogue chanting, =3=, 118.
=Chazaria=, the Crimean peninsula, =3=, 138.
the Ten Tribes in, =3=, 141.
=Chazars=, the, friendly to the Jews, =3=, 123.
Jews settle in the capital of, =3=, 124.
found a kingdom, =3=, 138.
warlike, =3=, 138.
conquer the Crimea, =3=, 138.
converted to Judaism, =3=, 139-40, 327-30.
victorious over the Arabs, =3=, 139.
taught the Bible and Talmud, =3=, 140.
influences of Judaism on, =2=, 141.
judicial system of, =3=, 141.
information about, brought to Spain, =3=, 219-20.
power of, in the tenth century, =3=, 221.
flee before Sviatislav, =3=, 222.
Jewish princes of, take refuge in Spain, =3=, 254.
the land of, visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.
=Chazraj=, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, =3=, 55.
conversions among, to Judaism, =3=, 61.
hostile to Jewish rule, =3=, 67.
Jews of Yathrib, dependent on, =3=, 68.
feuds of, =3=, 70-1.
=Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber=, society for the promotion of the
Hebrew language, =5=, 398-9.
=Chelebi, Raphael Joseph=, mint-master at Cairo, benevolence of,
=5=, 124-5.
devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 125.
interested in Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 125, 127.
the Jerusalem Jews appeal to, =5=, 127-8.
Sabbataï Zevi married in the house of, =5=, 129.
letter to, from Nathan Ghazati, =5=, 131.
rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 145.
encourages the Italian Sabbatians, =5=, 160.
=Chemnitz=, leader hostile to the Jews of Worms, =4=, 698.
=Chemosh=, Ammonite and Moabite god, =1=, 55.
worshiped on the Mount of Olives, =1=, 175.
=Chepez Alkuti.= _See_ Alkuti.
=Cherem.= _See_ Excommunication.
=Cherethites=, the, mercenary troops under David, =1=, 122.
in the Ammonite war, =1=, 126.
employed against Sheba, =1=, 149.
attend Solomon, =1=, 153.
=Chesheb-Efod=, mathematical work by Profiat Duran, =4=, 191.
=Chess=, inventor of, =3=, 7.
=Chiddush=, a novelty in Talmud explanations, =4=, 641.
=Chiddushim=, Talmudic explanations by Nachmani, =3=, 532.
=Chiddushim=, theoretic discussion of the Talmud, =3=, 345.
=Child-murder=, charged against Israel Bruna, =4=, 302-5.
Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from, =5=, 42.
=Child-murder, the charge of against the Jews=, of Zurich, =4=, 105.
of Spain, =4=, 276.
of Sepulveda, =4=, 278-9.
of Trent, =4=, 298-9.
discredited by the Doge of Venice, =4=, 299.
of Frankfort, =4=, 299-300.
forbidden in Portugal, =4=, 372.
believed by Maximilian I, =4=, 414.
of the Mark of Brandenburg, =4=, 440.
_See also_ Blood accusation, the.
=Childebert I=, forbids the Jews to appear on the street at
Eastertide, =3=, 37.
anti-Jewish decrees of, revived, =3=, 171.
=Chillon=, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 103-4.
the castellan of, spreads evidence against the Jews, =4=, 108.
=Chillukim=, hair-splitting Talmudic discussions, =4=, 641.
=Chilperic=, Merovingian king, forces Christianity upon the
Jews, =3=, 39.
=Chindaswinth= (642-652), Visigothic king, kindly disposed towards
the Jews, =3=, 101-2.
=Chinon=, college of, sold, =4=, 48.
the Jews of, martyrs, =4=, 57-8.
=Chintila= (638-642), Visigothic king, forces Jews into Catholicism,
=3=, 51-2, 101.
=Chinuch Nearim=, Berlin Free School, curriculum of, =5=, 416.
=Chios=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
prophets on, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, =5=, 157.
Nathan Ghazati on, =5=, 160.
=Chiskiya=, Gaon of Pumbeditha and Exilarch, executed, =3=, 254.
sons of (Ibn-Daudi), in Spain, =3=, 254, 275.
=Chiskiya=, prince of the Cairo Karaites, =3=, 444.
=Chiskiya ben Chiya=, offends Judah ha-Nassi, =2=, 457.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.
disciple of Judah I, =2=, 511.
=Chiskiya ben Reuben=, member of the Mayence synod, =3=, 517.
=Chivi Albalchi=, the first rationalistic Bible critic, =3=, 199.
=Chiya=, a Babylonian buried in Palestine, =2=, 548.
=Chiya (Achiya) bar Abba=, Amora, characterization of, =2=, 454, 531.
punished by Judah I, =2=, 455.
sons of, =2=, 457, 470, 511.
announces the new-moon at Ain-tab, =2=, 458.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.
Mishnic compilation of, authoritative, =2=, 471.
intercedes for Abba-Areka, =2=, 512.
investigates the Judæan educational institutions, =2=, 532.
collects the Patriarch’s tax, =2=, 536.
supported by Beth-Silvani, =2=, 536.
leaves Judæa, =2=, 536.
ignorant of the Bible, =2=, 536.
rigor of, =2=, 536-7.
appeals to Abbahu, =2=, 538.
Agadist, =2=, 540.
=Chiya=, son of Abba-Areka, learned in the Law, =2=, 518.
=Chmielniecki, Bogdan= (1595-1657), grievances of, against
Jews, =5=, 7.
organizes the Haidamak troops, =5=, 8.
conditions of peace, proposed by, =5=, 12, 14.
=Chochmoth=, the sciences, studied under Measfim influence,
=5=, 402-3.
=Chocim=, Jacob Frank at, =5=, 27.
=Chodar-Warda=, son of Jezdijird III, at war with his brother, =2=,
628.
=Choics.= _See_ Gnosticism.
=Chorazin=, Jesus in, =2=, 157.
=Choreas=, Caligula’s murderer, =2=, 189.
=Chorin, Aaron=, aids the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
recalls his approval of the movement, =5=, 571.
=Chosru (Chosroes) I Nushirvan=, of Persia, imposes a poll-tax upon
the Jews, =3=, 5.
son of, =3=, 7.
protects his dominions against the Chazars, =3=, 138.
=Chosru II= (590-628), of Persia, supplanted, =3=, 8-9.
protected by Mauritius, =3=, 9.
prosperity of the Jews under, =3=, 9-10.
at war with the Byzantine empire, =3=, 19.
incapacity of, =3=, 22.
death of, =3=, 22.
=Chozari= (Chosari), philosophical work by Jehuda Halevi, =3=,
327-36, 338.
translated into Hebrew, =3=, 397.
=Chrestus=, apostle at Rome, =2=, 202, 231.
=Christ=, the. _See_ Messiah, the.
=Christian IV=, of Denmark, invites Jews to settle there, =4=, 675.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 692; =5=, 115.
=Christian VII=, of Denmark, subscribes to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch
translation, =5=, 334.
“=Christian Denunciation, The=,” by Wagenseil, =5=, 186.
=Christian dogmas=, in the Zohar, =4=, 23.
debated at Avila, =4=, 141.
expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=, 182.
in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
belief in, threatened, =5=, 682.
=Christian dogmas, the, criticised=, by Abbahu, =2=, 539-40.
Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
Joshua Ibn-Vives, =4=, 186-7.
Chasdaï Crescas, =3=, 187-8.
Profiat Duran, =4=, 189.
Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=, 235.
_See also under_ Disputation; Polemical works against Christianity.
=Christian names= forbidden to Jews, in Spain, =4=, 52, 139.
in Prussia, =5=, 630.
=Christian nurses=, Jews forbidden to employ, =3=, 294, 400, 508,
582; =4=, 566.
=Christian servants, Jews forbidden to keep=, by the third Lateran
Council, =3=, 400, 418, 422.
by the Council of Avignon, =3=, 504.
by French Church Councils, =3=, 508.
by the Council of Oxford, =3=, 516.
by the Council of Béziers, =3=, 581, 582.
by the code of Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
by the Council of Vienna, =3=, 611.
under Juan II, of Castile, =4=, 203, 205.
by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250, 253.
by Paul IV, =4=, 566.
by Pius IV, =4=, 588.
=Christian servants, Jews keep=, under Charles the Bold, =3=, 172.
in Speyer, =3=, 298.
=Christian slaves=, not permitted to become Jews, =2=, 564, 567, 615;
=3=, 46, 171-2.
become Jews in Visigothic Spain, =3=, 45.
=Christian slaves, Jews forbidden to keep=, by the Theodosian code,
=2=, 617; =3=, 28-9.
by Gregory I, =3=, 33-4.
by Reccared, =3=, 46.
by Sisebut, =3=, 48.
by the Council of Rouen, =3=, 294.
in Hungary, =3=, 521.
_See also_ Slave-trade, the; Slaves.
=Christian state=, the, founded by Constantius, =2=, 568.
=Christianity=, Essenism with foreign elements, =2=, 142.
origin of, in Messianic longings, =2=, 142-3.
helped by the exegesis of the Pharisees, =2=, 166.
averse to Phariseeism, =2=, 171.
power of, over Rome, =2=, 174.
indebted to the apostle Paul, =2=, 225, 365.
does not appeal to cultivated Greeks, =2=, 229.
relation of, to Judaism, according to Paul, =2=, 229-30.
schism in, =2=, 230, 232, 365.
influences the Jewish peasants, =2=, 364.
development of, belongs to Jewish history, =2=, 365.
equivalent to the teaching of Paul, =2=, 373.
elements of, =2=, 373-4.
as viewed by the Gnostics, =2=, 377.
influences Judaism, =2=, 380-1.
mocked at by Hadrian, =2=, 407-8.
independent of Judaism, =2=, 431.
laws hostile to, promulgated by Severus, =2=, 464.
admired by Alexander Severus, =2=, 481.
becomes the Catholic Church, =2=, 500.
new dogmas of, =2=, 500-1.
oppresses Judaism and Samaritanism, =2=, 535.
proselytizing efforts of, =2=, 539.
persecuted by Diocletian, =2=, 539.
triumphant, =2=, 559, 560.
influence of, on Constantine, =2=, 561-2.
completely separated from Judaism, =2=, 563-4.
shaped by Constantius, =2=, 566.
confined by Julian the Apostate, =2=, 596.
and Magianism, =2=, 627.
forced upon the Samaritans, =3=, 16-17.
tolerant in western Europe, =3=, 34.
among the Chazars, =3=, 139-40.
barbarous during the Middle Ages, =3=, 187.
objections of, to Judaism answered by Saadiah, =3=, 198.
contest of, with Islam, =3=, 297.
characterized by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328-9, 330.
belief of, in the supernatural, =5=, 305.
dethronement of, by the French thinkers, =5=, 305-6.
Mendelssohn on, =5=, 313-14.
characterized by Heine, =5=, 552.
_See also_ Christian dogmas; Christians; Polemical works against
Christianity.
=Christianity, conversions to.= _See_ Apostasy; _and under_
Conversion.
=Christianity, Pauline=, hostility of, accentuates the legal
character of Judaism, =2=, 471.
produces the Talmud, =3=, 127.