alienate Mahomet’s followers, =3=, 74-5.
rejoice at Mahomet’s death, =3=, 84.
possess good taste, =3=, 111.
find the authority of the Talmud irksome, =3=, 119-20.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 436-7.
=Arabia, northern= (Hejas), inhabitants of, descended from Ishmael,
=3=, 60, 61.
=Arabia, northern (Hejas), the Jews of=, =3=, 54-6.
lead a Bedouin life, =3=, 57.
distinguish themselves in poetry, =3=, 57-8.
intelligence of, =3=, 58.
religious affairs among, =3=, 58-9.
relation of, to the Arabs, =3=, 60-1.
history of, =3=, 67-71.
dispossessed by Mahomet, =3=, 76-83.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 436-7.
=Arabia, southern, inhabitants of=, descended from Yoktan, =3=, 60.
called Kachtanites, =3=, 61.
_See also_ Himyarites, the; Yemen.
=Arabia, southern=, the Jews of, =3=, 56.
the Jews of, trade with India, =3=, 57.
a Jewish kingdom in, =3=, 62-7. _See under_ Yemen.
=Arabia Felix=, southern Arabia, =3=, 56.
=Arabic=, spoken by Jews of Mahometan countries, =3=, 110-11.
used by the Gaon of Sora officially, =3=, 178.
translation of the Bible into, =3=, 189-90.
used in Sherira’s responses, =3=, 232.
spoken by the Jews of Andalusia, =3=, 235.
the Mishna translated into, =3=, 237.
spoken by Italian Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 423.
translations from, made by Jews, =3=, 593.
taught as a means of conversion, =3=, 597; =4=, 245.
forgotten by the Spanish Jews, =4=, 60.
=Arabic poetry= influences neo-Hebraic poetry, =3=, 116, 224.
=Arabs=, the, love the Scriptures, =3=, 59.
adopt the Jewish calendar, =3=, 59-60.
relation of, to the Jews, =3=, 60.
supremacy of, =3=, 86-7.
helped by the Jews and Samaritans, =3=, 87.
enthusiasm of, for their language, =3=, 110-111.
obtain access to scientific literature through Jews, =3=, 111.
influence the revival of Hebrew, =3=, 111.
at war with the Chazars, =3=, 138.
defeated by the Chazars, =3=, 139.
unkindly treated by the Spanish Berbers, =3=, 261.
_See also under_ Mahometans, the; Nabathæans, the.
=Arach=, the family of, intermarries with the Ammonites, =1=, 362.
=Aradus=, built by the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
refuses obedience to Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.
=Aragon=, Jews in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384.
ally of Castile against the Almohades, =3=, 387.
forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, =4=, 180.
Ferdinand of Castile becomes king of, =4=, 205, 206.
the Inquisition established in, =4=, 319.
opposed to the Inquisition, =4=, 319, 328.
privileges of, canceled, =4=, 326.
inquisitors appointed for, =4=, 326.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.
=Aragon, the Jews of=, under Alfonso II, =3=, 387-8.
under Pedro II, =3=, 497-8.
prevent anti-Jewish legislation, =3=, 508.
exempt from wearing the Jew badge, =3=, 514-15.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 530, 536, 537.
letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544.
under Jayme I, =3=, 596-7.
regarded as “servi cameræ,” =3=, 597.
debate with Pablo Christiani, =3=, 602.
persecuted in the fourteenth century, =4=, 77.
massacred on account of the Black Death, =4=, 102-3.
helped by the higher classes, =4=, 103.
under Pedro IV and Juan I, =4=, 145.
possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155.
persecuted in 1391, =4=, 170-1, 172.
converted, =4=, 206, 214.
at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=, 214.
under John II, =4=, 274, 275.
warned of approaching danger, =4=, 336.
proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8.
possessions of, sequestrated, =4=, 350.
=Aragon, the Marranos of=, =4=, 309.
try to suppress the Inquisition, =4=, 329.
=Aram=, home of Abraham, =1=, 4. _See_ Syria.
=Arama, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac Arama.
=Aramæans=, the, help the Ammonites against David, =1=, 126-7.
_See under_ Damascus, the kingdom of; Syria.
=Aramaic=, learnt by the Judæans in Babylon, =1=, 330-1.
spoken by the Judæans in Hasmonæan times, =2=, 14, 15.
spoken in Galilee, =2=, 149.
words in the Mishna, =2=, 461.
=Aranda, Counts de=, try to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, =4=, 329.
=Aranda, de=, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, =4=, 333.
=Arari, David=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636, 638.
persecuted, =5=, 636-7.
=Araunah.= _See_ Ornah.
=Arbachshter.= _See_ Ardashir.
=Arbues, Pedro=, de Epila, inquisitor in Aragon, =4=, 326.
plot against, by the Marranos, =4=, 329.
killed in church, =4=, 330.
honor paid to the memory of, =4=, 330-1.
Marranos concerned in the murder of, sheltered in Navarre, =4=, 357.
=Arcadius= (395-408), emperor of the East, insignificance
of, =2=, 615.
the Jews under, =2=, 616.
=Archelaus=, of Cappadocia, daughter of, =2=, 112, 128.
=Archelaus= (Herod II), son of Herod I, sovereign of Judæa and
Samaria, =2=, 119.
promises to abolish unjust laws, =2=, 120-1.
attacks those offering the Passover sacrifices, =2=, 121.
forbids the celebration of Passover, =2=, 122.
puts Jerusalem under Quintilius Varus, =2=, 122-3.
ethnarch of Judæa, =2=, 127.
deposes the high priest Joasar, =2=, 127.
war of, against Athronges, =2=, 128.
marries Glaphyra, =2=, 128.
exiled by Augustus, =2=, 128.
property of, confiscated by Augustus, =2=, 129.
=Archelaus, Julius=, brother-in-law of Agrippa II, =2=, 235.
=Archipelago=, the, Cardoso in, =5=, 207.
=Archisynagogus=, title of the rabbi of Speyer, =3=, 297.
=Architecture=, under Herod, =2=, 106-7, 118.
=Ardashir= (Arbachshter), establishes the dynasty of the Sassanides,
=2=, 513, 523.
restores the Zoroastrian doctrine, =2=, 524.
=Ardashir=, populated with Jews, =2=, 507. _See also_ Ctesiphon.
=Ardebil=, Armenian fortress, taken by the Chazars, =3=, 139.
“=Are philosophical= truths susceptible of mathematical
demonstration?” prize essay by Mendelssohn, =5=, 303-4.
“=Are there means= to make the Jews happier and more useful in
France?” prize question of a Metz society, =5=, 434-5.
=Areobindus=, minister of Justinian I, =3=, 15.
=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, and the high priest Jason, =1=, 447, 481.
=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, overthrown, =2=, 45.
=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, helps Hyrcanus II, =2=, 59.
besieges Aristobulus II, =2=, 60.
raises the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 62.
defeated by Aristobulus II, =2=, 62.
attacked by Scaurus, =2=, 70.
=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, aids Quintilius Varus, =2=, 126.
=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, at war with Herod Antipas, =2=, 173.
=Aretas Philodemus=, Nabathæan king, creates the office of Judæan
ethnarch, =2=, 202.
=Argent, d’=, marquis, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 304.
=Argentière=, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33.
=Argob=, fortress, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.
=Argun= (1284-1291), khan of the Perso-Mongolian realm, employs
Saad-Addaula as physician and financier, =3=, 638, 646.
distinguishes Saad-Addaula, =3=, 647.
enters into diplomatic connections with Europe, =3=, 647.
sickness and death of, =3=, 649.
=Arianism=, toleration of, under Valentinian I, =2=, 603; =3=, 44.
hostility to, by Ambrosius of Milan, =2=, 612.
less hostile to Jews than Catholicism, =3=, 26.
persecuted in Spain, =3=, 46.
=Arias Montana=, publishes a polyglot Bible, =4=, 651.
=Arias, Jean=, instigates a persecution, =4=, 279.
=Arias, Joseph Szemach=, translator of Josephus, =5=, 113.
uninfluenced by Spinoza, =5=, 117.
=Arioch.= _See_ Samuel.
=Aristides=, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of
Christianity, =2=, 431.
=Aristobulus (Judah) I=, son of John Hyrcanus, defeats Antiochus
IX, =2=, 10.
removes his mother from the regency, =2=, 35.
first Hasmonæan to assume a royal title, =2=, 35.
coins of, =2=, 35.
dissensions under, =2=, 36.
imprisons his mother and brothers, =2=, 36.
hostile to the Pharisees, =2=, 36.
accused of matricide and fratricide, =2=, 36-7, 38.
campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, =2=, 37.
death of, =2=, 37-8.
=Aristobulus II=, son of Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.
protects the Sadducees, =2=, 55.
conspires against Hyrcanus, =2=, 56.
character of, =2=, 58.
made king, =2=, 58.
besieged, =2=, 60.
bribes Scaurus, =2=, 62.
defeats Aretas, =2=, 62.
has coins struck, =2=, 62.
bribes Pompey, =2=, 62-3.
summoned to Damascus by Pompey, =2=, 63.
at war with Pompey, =2=, 64-7.
in Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67.
escapes from Rome, =2=, 72.
garrisons Alexandrion, =2=, 73.
surrenders Machærus, =2=, 73.
second captivity of, at Rome, =2=, 73.
freed by Cæsar, =2=, 75.
poisoned, =2=, 75.
wife and daughters of, in Chalcis, =2=, 75.
=Aristobulus (III)=, brother of Mariamne, high priest, =2=, 91.
popularity of, =2=, 92.
murdered, =2=, 92.
=Aristobulus=, brother of Agrippa I, supplants him, =2=, 175.
opposes Caligula, =2=, 188.
wife of, =2=, 195.
begs for a truce, =2=, 197.
=Aristobulus=, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, =2=,
112.
marriage of, =2=, 112.
executed, =2=, 113.
=Aristotle=, the Ten Categories of, compared with the Ten
Commandments, =3=, 197.
sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.
system of, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328.
dominance of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 331.
works of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 398.
popular among Jews, =3=, 448-9.
philosophy of, interpreted by Ibn-Sina, =3=, 478.
theories of, in Jewish writings, =3=, 479.
denounced by Nachmani, =3=, 534.
works of, translated into Latin, =3=, 566-7.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 66.
opposed by Gersonides, =4=, 93.
authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 146.
Ethics of, translated, =4=, 193.
quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232.
writings of, expounded by Judah ben Yechiel, =4=, 289.
system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 290.
studied by Polish Jews, =4=, 633.
=Ark of the Covenant=, the, =1=, 23, 41.
taken by the Philistines, =1=, 70-2.
made by Achitub, =1=, 79.
removed to Jerusalem, =1=, 119-120.
transferred to the Temple, =1=, 166.
=Arles= (city), Jews participate in battles before, =3=, 36.
Jews remain in, after their banishment from France by Charles
VI, =4=, 177.
=Arles= (district), first Jewish settlement of Gaul in, =3=, 35.
=Arles=, kingdom of, demanded by Albrecht I, =4=, 47.
=Armada=, the, collapse of, =4=, 663.
=Armenia=, the Jews of, taken by Shabur II, =2=, 591.
invaded by the Chazars, =3=, 138.
visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.
=Armenians= (Tartars?), converted to Judaism, =3=, 439-40.
=Armentarius=, name borne by Gallic Jews, =3=, 36.
=Armleder= (Leather-arms) persecutions, the, of the German Jews,
=4=, 97-8.
=Arnheim=, adviser of the duke of Alva, =4=, 662.
=Arnim=, representative of the romantic school, =5=, 515.
=Arnold=, cardinal bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews, =3=, 352.
=Arnold of Brescia=, denounces the popes, =3=, 370.
=Arnold of Citeaux=, organizes the crusade against the Albigenses,
=3=, 502.
organizes a crusade against the Spanish Mahometans, =3=, 507.
instigates an attack upon the Toledo Jews, =3=, 507.
=Arnoldists=, the, party opposed to Reuchlin, =4=, 456.
=Arnstadt=, the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 611.
=Arnstein, Nathan Adam von=, wife of, =5=, 414.
=Ar-Rabbi Mor= (Arraby Moor), title of the chief rabbi of Portugal,
=3=, 618; =4=, 158-9, 380.
duties, assistants, and jurisdiction of, =4=, 159.
=Arsaces=, the dynasty of, fall of, =2=, 513, 523.
=Arsaces=, satrap of Parthia, revolts from Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.
=Arsenios=, Samaritan favorite of Empress Theodora, =3=, 17.
=Arta= (Larta), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
Spanish exiles in, =4=, 406.
the Jews of, split up into national groups, =4=, 478.
=Artaban=, fined for using Mezuzzoth, =2=, 424.
=Artabanus=, of Parthia, invites Izates to act as arbitrator, =2=,
217.
=Artabanus IV= (211-226), of Parthia, and Abba-Areka, =2=, 513.
overthrown, =2=, 523.
=Artaxerxes I Longimanus=, of Persia, assists Ezra, =1=, 366.
influenced by Judæan favorites, =1=, 371.
makes Nehemiah governor of Judæa, =1=, 373.
=Artaxerxes II Memnon=, of Persia, Egypt rebels against, =1=, 407.
banishes Judæans, =1=, 408.
killed, =1=, 409.
=Artaxerxes III Ochus=, of Persia, =1=, 407.
=Artaxias=, of Armenia, independent of Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.
=Artemion=, leader of a Jewish rebellion on Cyprus, =2=, 397.
=Artemion=, the school of, deface the Septuagint, =2=, 386.
=Artisans=, among the Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 505.
among the teachers of the Law, =2=, 344, 348, 441, 442, 575.
_See_ Handicrafts; Trades.
=Aruch=, Talmudic dictionary, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, =3=, 179.
by Nathan ben Yechiel, =3=, 290, 421.
_See also_ Lexicon, Talmudical.
=Arverna.= _See_ Auvergne.
=Arzilla=, Jews taken captive at, =4=, 286, 339.
Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 381.
=Asa=, king of Judah, accession of, =1=, 189.
forbids the worship of Astarte, =1=, 190.
at war with Baasha, =1=, 190-1.
ally of Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.
=Asahel=, Joab’s brother, killed by Abner, =1=, 110.
=Asaph=, psalmist, =1=, 79, 120-1.
=Asaphites=, descendants of Asaph, =1=, 120.
=Asara be-Tebeth.= _See_ Fast of Tebeth.
=Ascalon= (Askelon), Philistine port, =1=, 54.
left in the possession of the Philistines by David, =1=, 117.
=Ascalona=, the Jews of, exterminated, =4=, 170.
=Ascarelli, Deborah=, poetess, =5=, 68.
=Ascarelli, Joseph=, husband of the preceding, =5=, 68.
=Ascension=, the dogma of, attacked by Abbahu, =2=, 539-540.
=Ascetics=, among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 437.
=Asclepiadotus=, lawyer, opposes Belisarius, =3=, 32.
murdered, =3=, 32.
=Ashdod= (Azotus), Philistine port, =1=, 54.
the Ark of the Covenant at, =1=, 71.
left in the possession of the Philistines by David, =1=, 117.
conquered by Uzziah, =1=, 231.
destroyed, =1=, 496.
revenue from, left to Salome, =2=, 120.
=Asher, the tribe of=, acquires land in the north, =1=, 37.
relation of, to the Phoenicians, =1=, 53.
twenty towns of, given to Hiram, =1=, 164.
descendants of, around Nishabur, =3=, 433.
=Asher, tribesmen of=, join Gideon, =1=, 62.
join Solomon’s fleet, =1=, 170.
=Asher of Udine=, apostate, charges Jews with blasphemy, =4=, 584.
=Asher ben Jehuda=, hero of Solomon Ibn-Sakbel’s romance, =3=, 318.
=Asher ben Meshullam=, ascetic, =3=, 396-7.
=Asher ben Yechiel= (Asheri, 1250-1327), Tossafist, =4=, 34-5.
accepts the evidence of baptized Jews, =4=, 37.
settles in Toledo, =4=, 37.
opposed to the study of science, =4=, 37-8, 39, 50, 86-7.
opinion of, sought by Abba-Mari, =4=, 38.
influence of, on the Spanish Jews, =4=, 51.
as Talmudist, =4=, 51.
severity of, =4=, 53.
sons of, =4=, 87.
prefers Germany, =4=, 90, 96.
_See also_ Asheri family, the.
=Asher Lämmlein=, poses as the forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 482.
adherents of, =4=, 483.
=Asher, Saul=, deplores the decay of morality among the Jews, =5=,
419.
writes against Fichte, =5=, 463.
=Asheri.= _See_ Asher ben Yechiel; Jacob ben Asheri; Jehuda ben Asher
I; Jehuda ben Asher II.
=Asheri family=, the, loses members by the Black Death, =4=, 113.
members of, martyrs in 1391, =4=, 169-70.
_See_ Asher ben Yechiel.
=Ashi= (352-457), principal of the Sora academy, wealth of, =2=, 605.
re-builds the academy of Sora, =2=, 606.
receives the title of Rabbana, =2=, 606.
authority of, =2=, 606.
makes Sora the center of Jewish life, =2=, 607.
collects the Talmud, =2=, 607-9.
completes the work of Judah I, =2=, 609.
decisions of, =2=, 609.
at the court of Jezdijird, =2=, 610.
suppresses the Messianic hope, =2=, 610-11.
death of, =2=, 611.
successors of, =2=, 626.
son of, =2=, 626.
=Ashkabá=, prayer for the departed at the Babylonian academies, =3=,
101.
=Ashkenasi.= _See_ Saul Cohen Ashkenasi.
=Ashkenazi.= _See_ Solomon ben Nathan.
=Ashkenazi, Jacob=, Talmudist and Sabbatian, =5=, 150.
=Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden.= _See_ Emden, Jacob.
=Ashkenazi, Zevi.= _See_ Zevi Ashkenazi.
=Ashmodai=, a demon introduced from Magianism, =1=, 403.
=Ashmun=, a Canaanite god, =1=, 54.
=Ashura=, name for the Atonement Day among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 58.
fast day instituted by Mahomet, =3=, 73.
=Asia=, the Jews of, esteem Mahometans, =3=, 88-9.
loses the leadership of Judaism, =3=, 207.
Karaites obtain influence in, =3=, 207.
low estate of Judaism in, =3=, 440.
Messianic hopes in, =4=, 497.
_See also_ East, the; Abbasside Caliphate, the.
=Asia Minor=, conquered by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
votive offerings from, seized by Flaccus, =2=, 68-9.
women in, converted to Judaism, =2=, 215.
Greek-Christian communities in, =2=, 227.
study of the Law in, =2=, 358-9.
chief seat of the Pagan Christians, =2=, 367.
districts of, rebel against Hadrian, =2=, 399.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405-6.
=Asia Minor, the Jews of=, celebrate two days of the new-moon, =2=,
363.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.
molested by Greek Catholics, =4=, 552-3.
Sabbatians, =5=, 137.
=Asia Minor, the Judæans of=, send contributions to the Temple, =2=,
52.
protected by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
have a synagogue at Jerusalem, =2=, 201.
make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, =2=, 220.
=Asinaï= (Chasinaï), robber chief near Nahardea, =2=, 202.
“=Asiré ha-Tikwah=,” drama by Joseph Penso, =5=, 113.
=Askaloni, Joseph=, manager of Reyna Nassi’s printing press, =4=, 628.
=Askelon.= _See_ Ascalon.
=Asma=, poetess, satirizes Mahomet, =3=, 76.
=Asochis.= _See_ Sichin.
=Assad=, teacher of the Law, converts the Yemenites to Judaism,
=3=, 62-3.
=Assassins=, the, plot against Saad-Addaula, =3=, 648-9.
=Assembly, the Great.= _See_ Great Assembly, the.
=Asser=, deputy to the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.
=Asser, Carolus and Moses=, members of the Felix Libertate, =5=, 452.
zealous in the emancipation struggle, =5=, 454.
=Assi=, Palestinian Amora, subordinates himself to the Babylonian
authorities, =2=, 531, 537.
investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, =2=, 532.
investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534.
appeals to Abbahu, =2=, 538.
meets Huna’s corpse, =2=, 548.
disciples of, =2=, 560.
=Assidæans=, the. _See_ Chassidim, the; Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees,
the.
=Assyria=, doom of, predicted by Isaiah, =1=, 272-3.
invaded by the Scythians, =1=, 287.
power of, declines, =1=, 287, 296.
fall of, =1=, 303.
=Assyrian= customs introduced into Judah, =1=, 260-1.
characters used for the Scriptures, =1=, 395-6.
=Assyrians=, the, extend their territory, =1=, 246.
host of, destroyed at Lachish, =1=, 277.
defeat the Medes, =1=, 287.
=Astarte, worship of=, by the Canaanites, =1=, 54.
in Samuel’s time, =1=, 75.
under Solomon, =1=, 175.
under Rehoboam, =1=, 189.
under Omri, =1=, 195.
under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
under Hezekiah, =1=, 269.
_See also_ Idolatry.
=Asti=, French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.
=Astorga=, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.
=Astronomers and mathematicians=, Jewish, list of:
Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni,
Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
Abraham Zacuto,
Bonet de Lates,
David Gans,
Isaac ben Baruch Albalia,
Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II,
Jacob ben Machir Tibbon,
Judah ben Moses Cohen,
Judah Ibn-Verga,
Levi ben Gerson,
Meïr Alguades,
Moses ben Israel Isserles,
Profiat Duran,
Sahal Rabban,
Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
Simon ben Zemach Duran,
Vecinho, Joseph
Zag Ibn-Said.
=Astronomical knowledge=, the, of the teachers of the Law, =2=, 336,
344-5, 349, 521.
=Astronomy=, studied in Portugal, =4=, 367-8.
studied by Polish Jews, =4=, 633.
=Astruc En-Duran.= _See_ Abba-Mari ben Moses.
=Astruc Levi=, at the Tortosa disputation, =4=, 208.
ascribes no authority to the Agada, =4=, 214.
refuses to accept baptism, =4=, 215.
=Astruc Raimuch= (Francisco God-flesh, Dios-Carne), apostate,
expounds Christian dogmas, =4=, 182.
=Astruc Sibili=, informs against the Palma Jews, =4=, 246.
imprisoned and baptized, =4=, 247.
=Astruc, Aristides=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,”
=5=, 701.
=Astyages=, of Media, dethroned by Cyrus, =1=, 342.
=Asverus=, name of Alexander Severus in the Jewish sources, =2=, 482.
=Atel.= _See_ Volga.
=Athaliah=, Ahab’s daughter, marriage of, =1=, 206.
introduces idolatry into Judah, =1=, 209.
upholds Baal worship in Jerusalem, =1=, 212, 214.
executes members of the house of David, =1=, 213.
six years’ rule of, =1=, 215.
murder of, =1=, 216.
=Athenion=, favorite of Ptolemy II, envoy to Jerusalem, =1=, 423.
and Joseph, son of Tobiah, =1=, 424, 425.
=Athenion=, general of Cleopatra, sent against Herod, =2=, 95.
=Athens=, gifts sent to, by Judæan kings, =2=, 193.
Judæans in, =2=, 203.
the Jews of, oppose Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 124.
=Athias=, editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, =4=, 576.
=Athias, Isaac=, Chacham of Hamburg, =4=, 689.
=Athronges=, a shepherd, assumes the royal title, =2=, 125.
war of, with Archelaus, =2=, 128.
=Atonement, Day of=, forbidden to be observed, =2=, 572.
among the Arabs, =3=, 58.
liturgy of, =3=, 113-14.
a second, =4=, 626.
=Atra=, besieged by Trajan, =2=, 399.
=Attalus=, of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of Syria, =1=,
443.
=Attaman.= _See_ Hetman.
=Atzbaha.= _See_ Elesbaa.
=Aubriot, Hugues=, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, =4=, 151.
=Auerbach, Jacob=, fair-preacher in Leipsic, =5=, 573.
Heine on, =5=, 577.
=Auerstädt=, defeat of, =5=, 495.
“=Augenspiegel=,” the, Reuchlin’s pamphlet against Pfefferkorn,
=4=, 446-8.
excitement created by, =4=, 448.
adverse opinions of, =4=, 450.
charges against, =4=, 451.
burning of, ordered, =4=, 451-2.
cleared of the charge of heresy, =4=, 455.
declared heretical by the University of Paris, =4=, 460.
translation of, =4=, 460.
=Augsburg, the Jews of=, saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=,
36.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
imprisoned, =4=, 163.
re-admission of, petitioned for, =4=, 127-8.
expelled, =4=, 249, 413.
=August=, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, =5=, 114-15.
=Augustine=, Church Father, hates the Jews, =2=, 625.
=Augustus= (Octavius), member of the second triumvirate, =2=, 81.
favors Herod, =2=, 86.
wins the battle of Actium, =2=, 96.
confirms Herod’s royal dignity, =2=, 101-2.
favors the Egyptian Judæans, =2=, 102-3.
favors the Roman Judæans, =2=, 103.
increases Herod’s territory, =2=, 103.
power of, over Herod, =2=, 105.
statue of, erected in Cæsarea, =2=, 106.
asked to ratify Antipater’s death-sentence, =2=, 114.
condemns the execution of Herod’s sons, =2=, 116.
executor of Herod’s will, =2=, 120.
appealed to by the Herodians, =2=, 122.
seizes Herod’s treasures, =2=, 123.
makes Judæa an ethnarchy, =2=, 126-7.
exiles Archelaus, =2=, 128.
instructions of, to the governor of Syria, =2=, 129.
death of, =2=, 135.
=Augustus III=, of Poland, and the Frankists, =5=, 283.
=Auranitis= (Hauran, Havvoth Jair), the Gileadites take possession
of, =1=, 64.
Paul flees to, =2=, 226.
given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.
cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, =2=, 259, 260.
_See also_ Arabia.
=Aurelian=, emperor, conquers Zenobia, =2=, 530.
=Aurum coronarium= (crown money), tax imposed on Judæa, =2=, 463.
collected by the Patriarchs, =2=, 487, 535.
=Austrasia=, the Jews of, in the sixth century, =3=, 40.
=Austria=, Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute confirmed
for, =3=, 635.
Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, =4=, 111.
John of Capistrano in, =4=, 258.
Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, =4=, 263, 420.
Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
at war with Prussia, =5=, 251.
willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, =5=, 518.
protects the Frankfort Jews, =5=, 520.
in the Quadruple Alliance, =5=, 658.
Jews concerned in the reorganization of, =5=, 697.
Jewish association in, =5=, 703.
=Austria, the Jews of=, fill offices, =3=, 516, 567.
protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 567-9.
suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36.
suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98.
accused of well poisoning, =4=, 110.
suffer during the Hussite agitation, =4=, 222-4.
charged with host desecration, =4=, 223-4.
banished, =4=, 224, 427.
restrictions placed on, =4=, 585.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652.
condition of, improved by Joseph II, =5=, 357-8.
letter addressed to, by Wessely, =5=, 368.
continued abasement of, =5=, 461.
freed from the poll-tax, =5=, 464.
new taxes imposed on, =5=, 508.
under Francis I, =5=, 523.
influence of Mannheimer on, =5=, 579.
growing self-respect of, =5=, 582.
=Austria, Lower=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 585.
=Austrian Succession=, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague,
=5=, 251-2.