9. Marcus Ambivius,
13. Annius Rufus,
15. Valerius Gratus,
26. Pontius Pilate,
36. Marcellus (?)
37. Marullus (?)
[41. _Agrippa I king_],
44. Cuspius Fadus,
47. Tiberius Julius Alexander,
48. Cumanus,
52. Felix,
60. Festus,
62. Albinus,
64-66. Gessius Florus.
=37.= =Herod I king.=
35. _Aristobulus (III)_, brother of Mariamne, high
priest, _killed_ by order of Herod.
31. Hyrcanus II executed.
30(about). HILLEL president of the Synhedrion; SHAMMAI deputy.
Herod in favor with Augustus, the first Roman
emperor.
29. _Mariamne executed._
20(about). _Herod rebuilds the Temple._
Asinai and Anilai found a small Jewish state in
Nahardea.
6. Execution of Mariamne’s sons, Alexander and
Aristobulus.
4. Death of Herod. _Archelaus_ possessor of Judæa and
Samaria; _Herod Antipas_ Tetrarch of Galilee and
Peræa; (Herod) Philip II Tetrarch of Gaulanitis,
Batanæa, Trachonitis, and Panias.
3. Revolt against Archelaus; the “War Period of Varus,”
governor of Syria. Leadership of _Judas the
Galilean, founder of the Zealots_.
2. Archelaus recognized as Ethnarch by Augustus.
C.E.
6. Archelaus deposed; Judæa a Roman province; Coponius
_the first procurator_; Quirinius, governor of
Syria, takes a census for purposes of taxation.
18 (about). Izates and Helen of Adiabene embrace Judaism.
Conversions to Judaism in Rome.
26. _Pontius Pilate_ procurator.
_John the Baptist._
=30= (about). JESUS OF NAZARETH. =Rise of Christianity.=
33. Philip’s tetrarchy falls to Rome.
37. _Agrippa I_, favorite of Caligula, made king of
Philip’s tetrarchy.
38. The Jews of Alexandria persecuted by Flaccus.
40. PHILO JUDÆUS, ambassador to Caligula. The
emperor’s statue set up in the Temple.
Herod Antipas deposed; his tetrarchy added to King
Agrippa I’s territory.
41. Claudius restores the Alabarchate in Alexandria to
_Alexander Lysimachus_, brother of Philo.
AGRIPPA I receives Judæa and Galilee, Archelaus’
possessions, from Claudius, and IS KING OF THE
WHOLE OF PALESTINE.
GAMALIEL I THE ELDER, president of the Synhedrion.
43. Helen of Adiabene in Jerusalem.
44. Death of Agrippa I. _Herod II, prince of Chalcis,
titular king of Judæa._
Theudas, a false Messiah.
48. SAUL OF TARSUS, THE APOSTLE PAUL, converts the
heathen to Christianity. Death of Herod II.
49. AGRIPPA II, prince of Chalcis, TITULAR KING OF
JUDÆA.
_The Zealots and the Sicarii_ commit depredations.
52. Hostilities between Jews and the heathen at Cæsarea.
53. Agrippa II king of Philip’s tetrarchy.
63. _Joshua ben Gamala_, high priest, establishes
=elementary schools= in Judæa.
64. _Gessius Florus_, the last of the procurators.
66. The census taken by Cestus Gallus, governor of
Syria, at Jerusalem; the _Passover of the
Crushing_.
Renewed hostilities between the Jews and the heathen
of Cæsarea.
REBELLION AGAINST GESSIUS FLORUS in Jerusalem; the
Zealots under Eleazar ben Ananias.
End of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.
Race hostilities between the Jews and the heathen in
Judæa, Syria, and Alexandria.
Cestius Gallus besieges Jerusalem.
Cestius Gallus retires from Jerusalem; Judæa ruled
by the Synhedrion, Simon II ben Gamaliel
president.
66. The prohibition of “_The Eighteen Things_” enacted
by the school of Shammai in consequence of the
continued hostilities between the Jews and the
heathen.
_War in Galilee_; FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS governor of
Galilee.
66. _John of Gischala_ accuses Josephus of duplicity
before the Synhedrion.
67. Gabara taken by Vespasian.
_Fall of Jotapata._ Josephus surrenders to the
Romans. Fall of Gamala.
The fall of Gischala completes the _conquest of
Galilee_ by the Romans.
The Idumæans enter Jerusalem as the allies of the
Zealots; civil war in Jerusalem; reign of terror
under the Zealots; the Synhedrion ceases to exist.
68. Peræa taken by Vespasian.
_Simon bar Giora_ enters Jerusalem, and renews the
civil war.
69. Vespasian proclaimed emperor; he leaves Judæa. TITUS
commander of the army in Judæa.
Civil dissension continues in Jerusalem.
=70.= TITUS BEGINS THE SIEGE OF JERUSALEM.
Fall of the outer wall of Jerusalem; Bezetha in the
hands of the Romans.
Fall of the Tower of Antonia.
Famine in Jerusalem. Sacrifices cease to be brought
in the Temple.
BURNING OF THE TEMPLE. Titus in the Holy of Holies.
Zion, the upper city, burnt by Titus. =Complete
destruction of Jerusalem.=
An academy founded in Jamnia by JOCHANAN BEN ZAKKAI.
71. The fortresses Herodium and Machærus taken by
Bassus. Titus’ triumph; execution of Simon bar
Giora.
72. Masada taken by Silva; the last Zealots fall; JUDÆA
COMPLETELY CONQUERED. Death of Agrippa II.
The _Fiscus judaicus_ instituted by Vespasian.
XIV. THE EPOCH OF THE MISHNA AND THE TANAITES.
(72-219 C. E.)
72. Rebellion of the fugitive Zealots in Egypt and
Cyrene. The Onias Temple closed.
80. GAMALIEL II Patriarch, or president of the
Synhedrion at Jamnia; his colleagues ELIEZER BEN
HYRCANUS and JOSHUA BEN CHANANYA. Excommunication
first used.
_The daily prayers_ (“_Eighteen Benedictions_”)
_first formulated_.
The Minæan curse introduced into the prayers. Jewish
Christians (Nazarenes, Ebionites), heathen
Christians, and Gnostics.
93. JOSEPHUS completes his history of the Jews, THE
ANTIQUITIES.
95(about). Death of Josephus.
115. The Jews of Babylonia, Palestine, Egypt, Cyprus,
Cyrene, and Lybia rise against Trajan.
118. The Jews of Palestine rise against Trajan and
Hadrian; “War of Lucius Quietus.”
Joshua ben Chananya president of the Synhedrion.
119. AKYLAS, proselyte, makes a Greek translation of the
Scriptures.
130. AKIBA BEN JOSEPH president of the Synhedrion;
collects the Halachoth (_Mishna of R. Akiba_).
=133.= =Rebellion of Bar-Cochba= against Hadrian;
restoration of the Jewish State.
134. Magdala taken by Julius Severus.
135. FALL OF BETHAR; end of Bar-Cochba.
Persecutions by Turnus Rufus; Jerusalem called Ælia
Capitolina.
Akiba ben Joseph dies a martyr; the ten martyrs;
_Elisha ben Abuya_ (Acher) informs against
observing Jews.
138. Hadrian’s decrees revoked by Antoninus Pius. The
fugitive disciples of the Law return from
Babylonia, and organize a Synhedrion at Usha.
140. _Simon III_, son of Gamaliel II, president of the
Synhedrion, assisted by MEÏR, Judah ben Ilaï,
Nathan of Babylon, José ben Chalafta, and SIMON
BEN YOCHAI.
161. Revolution in Palestine against Antoninus Pius.
Verus Commodus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius,
persecutes the Jews of Palestine.
165. JUDAH I, THE HOLY, RABBI, PRESIDENT OF THE
SYNHEDRION.
=189.= =Compilation of the Mishna= (_Mishna di Rabbi
Judah_); Judah I and Nathan of Babylon the last of
the Tanaites.
200. Severus prohibits heathens from becoming Jews.
210. Gamaliel III, son of Judah I, president of the
Synhedrion.
The apocryphal Mishnas (Boraïtoth) compiled.
XV. THE EPOCH OF THE TALMUD, THE AMORAIM, AND THE SABORAIM.
(219-550 C. E.)
219. ABBA AREKA (RAB) OPENS THE ACADEMY AT SORA;
MAR-SAMUEL, principal of the academy at Nahardea,
declares the law of the land binding on the
Jews.
225. _Judah II_, son of Gamaliel III, president of the
Synhedrion, influences Alexander Severus to revive
the privileges of the Jews, and mitigates the
rigor of the Law.
Jochanan bar Napacha, _Simon ben Lakish_, and Joshua
ben Levi, Palestinian Amoraim.
247. _Huna_, principal of the Sora academy.
JUDAH BEN EZEKIEL FOUNDS AN ACADEMY AT PUMBEDITHA.
259. Odenathus destroys Nahardea. _Sheshet founds an
academy at Silhi._
279. _Ami and Assi_, heads of the college of Tiberias.
280. Judah III, son of Judah II, Patriarch, collects a
tax from foreign communities.
297. Judah ben Ezekiel, general Resh Metibta (principal
of both Sora and Pumbeditha).
299. Chasda principal of the Sora academy; Huna ben
Chiya, of the Pumbeditha academy.
309. _Rabba bar Nachmani_, principal of Pumbeditha; Rabba
bar Huna, principal of Sora.
315. _Emperor Constantine issues the first of his
anti-Jewish decrees._
320. _The Council of Illiberis (Spain) forbids
intercourse between Jews and Christians_.
325. The first _Church Council at Nice_ completely severs
Judaism and Christianity by making _the
celebration of Easter independent of the Jewish
calendar_.
327. Teachers of the Law banished from Palestine by
Constantine.
330. _Joseph ben Chiya_, principal of the Pumbeditha
academy, makes a Chaldaic translation of the
Prophets.
333. Abayi Nachmani, principal of Pumbeditha.
338. _Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, principal of the academy
at Machuza._
339. _Constantius forbids the marriage of a Jew with a
Christian woman, and the circumcision of Christian
and heathen slaves, under the penalty of death._
351. Religious persecutions in Palestine by the emperors
Constantius and Gallus and the Roman general
Ursicinus.
352. Nachman ben Isaac, principal of the Pumbeditha
academy.
355. _Papa bar Chanan founds an academy at Nares._
356. Chama of Nahardea, principal of the Pumbeditha
academy.
359. HILLEL II, PATRIARCH, INTRODUCES A FINAL, FIXED
CALENDAR.
361. Restoration of the Temple at Jerusalem under Julian
the Apostate.
364. Valentinian I and Valens extend toleration to the
Jews.
375. ASHI, THE REDACTOR OF THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD,
restores the Sora academy. At about this time THE
PALESTINIAN, OR JERUSALEM, TALMUD IS COMPLETED.
390. Amemar re-opens an academy at Nahardea.
393. Theodosius I confirms the exceptional position of
the Jews in the Roman empire.
400. Moses, the false Messiah of Crete.
415. Gamaliel VI deposed by Theodosius II.
Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, drives the Jews from
Alexandria.
Jews excluded from state offices in the Empire of
the East under Theodosius II.
425. EXTINCTION OF THE PATRIARCHATE.
427. DEATH OF ASHI, who, in the latter half of his life,
collected and arranged the explanations,
deductions, and amplifications of the Mishna,
included under the name =Talmud= (=Babylonian
Talmud=).
455. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Jezdijird
III.
_Mar bar Ashi continues the compilation of the
Talmud._
465. The Council of Vannes (Gaul) prohibits the clergy
from taking part in Jewish banquets.
471. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Firuz
(Pheroces). The Exilarch Huna Mari and others
suffer martyrdom.
490. Babylonian Jews emigrate to India under Joseph
Rabban, and found a little _Jewish state in
Cranganor_.
499. Death of Rabina, the last of the Amoraim; COMPLETION
OF THE TALMUD COLLECTION.
500(about). _Abu-Kariba, Himyarite king, adopts Judaism_, and
converts his army and his people.
511. Mar-Zutra II, Prince of the Captivity (Exilarch),
establishes an independent Jewish state in
Babylonia under the Persian king Kobad.
517. _The Council of Epaone forbids Christians to take
part in Jewish banquets._
518. Persecution of the Jews by Kobad, king of Persia.
530. Death of Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas, _last Jewish
Himyarite king_.
531. Giza in Sora and Semuna in Pumbeditha, the last
Saboraim.
532. Justinian I decrees that _the testimony of Jews
shall be valid only in Jewish cases_.
538. _The Council of Orleans forbids Jews to appear on
the street at Eastertide._
=550=(about). =Final redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.=
XVI. FROM THE COMPLETION OF THE TALMUD TO THE END OF THE GAONATE.
(550-1038 C. E.)
Samuel ben Adiya (500-560), Jewish poet in Arabia.
553. Justinian I decrees that the Scriptural portions in
the Synagogue liturgy be read in translation, and
orders the omission of alleged anti-Trinitarian
sentences from the liturgy.
581. Hormisdas IV, king of Persia, persecutes his Jewish
subjects; the teachers of the Law flee from the
Babylonian academies.
Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces baptism on the
Jews.
589. Reccared, Visigothic king, imposes irksome
restraints upon the Jews, and _completely isolates
them from Christians_.
Bahram Tshubin, usurper of the Persian throne,
friendly to the Jews; Pumbeditha re-opened by
Chanan of Iskia.
590. Pope Gregory I discountenances the forced conversion
of Jews.
612. Sisebut, Visigothic king, forces the Jews to accept
baptism or to emigrate.
614. The Jews of Palestine join the Persians in a war
against Emperor Heraclius.
624. The Benu-Kainukaa, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven
from Arabia by Mahomet.
625. The Benu-Nadhir, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from
Arabia by Mahomet.
627. Extermination of the Benu-Kuraiza, a Jewish-Arabic
tribe.
Emperor Heraclius _forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem_,
and in other ways harasses the Palestinian Jews.
629. Dagobert orders the Jews of the Frankish empire to
accept baptism or to emigrate.
633. The Council of Toledo under Sisenand, Visigothic
king, and Isidore of Seville, forces backsliding
converts back into Christianity.
638. Chintila enacts that only professing Catholics shall
remain in Visigothic Spain; Jews emigrate.
640. Omar, the second Caliph, _banishes all Jews from
holy Arabia_. The “_Covenant of Omar_” imposes
restrictions upon Jews in the whole Mahometan,
world.
642(about). BOSTANAÏ, Exilarch, acknowledged by Omar.
654. Judaizing Christians of Toledo under Receswinth,
Visigothic king, swear loyalty to the Catholic
Church.
658. BEGINNING OF THE GAONATE; Mar-Isaac, head of the
Sora academy, takes the title GAON.
670. Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, and Mar-Raba, principal of
Pumbeditha, _reform the divorce laws_.
681. Judaizing Christians re-affirm their adherence to
Christianity under Erwig, Visigothic king.
693. Egica, Visigothic king, _forbids Jews to hold real
estate_.
700(about). RISE OF THE MASSORA AND OF NEO-HEBRAIC LITURGIC
POETRY. José bar José Hayathom the first Poetan.
712. Jews open the gates of Toledo to Tarik, the
Mahometan general.
719. Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka), principal of
Pumbeditha.
720. Serene, the Syrian Messiah.
Omar II, Ommiyyade Caliph of Damascus, re-enacts
the “_Covenant of Omar_.”
723. Persecution of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire
under Leo the Isaurian.
745(about). ELEAZAR BEN KALIR (KALIRI), poetan.
_The Chazars under Bulan accept Judaism._
749. Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah
in Ispahan.
759. _Jehuda the Blind_, Gaon of Sora, author of a
Talmudic compendium, _Halachoth Ketuoth_.
761. Dudaï principal of Pumbeditha.
=The Karaite schism led by Anan ben David.=
787. Charlemagne removes the Kalonymos family from Lucca
to Mayence to encourage Jewish learning in the
Frankish Empire. He introduces a _Jewish oath_.
797. Isaac sent by Charlemagne on an embassy to Haroun
Alrashid.
800(about). Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, introduces
Mutazilist philosophy into Judaism.
Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend, founder of the
Maghariyites, spreads the Mutazilist philosophy
among the Karaites.
807. Haroun Alrashid introduces THE JEW BADGE into the
Abbasside Caliphate.
825. Contest for the Exilarchate between David ben Judah
and Daniel.
Rise of Karaite sects: Akbarites, Tiflisites, and
the followers of Moses of Baalbek.
827(about). Eberard, _Magister Judæorum_, under Louis I the
Pious, king of the Franks, protects the Jews
against Agobard, bishop of Lyons.
842. The title GAON assumed also by the Pumbeditha
principals; Paltoi ben Abayi _the first Gaon of
Pumbeditha_.
845. The Council of Meaux under Amolo, bishop of Lyons,
enacts anti-Jewish decrees, renewing those of
Constantine and Theodosius II.
853. The Abbasside Caliph Al-Mutavakkil _introduces Jew
badges_, and re-enacts the “_Covenant of Omar_.”
869. Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora, at the request
of a Spanish community, arranges the =order of
prayers= in use among European Jews.
872. Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, author
of the _first Talmudic Dictionary_.
880(about). ELDAD HA-DANI.
881. _Nachshon ben Zadok_, Gaon of Sora, _discovers the
key to the Jewish calendar_.
900(about). Simon of Cairo writes the _Halachoth Gedoloth_, a
polemic against Karaism.
JOSIPPON compiled.
_Isaac ben Israeli I Suleiman_ (845-940), physician
and philologist at Kairuan.
913. SAADIAH BEN JOSEPH (892-942) attacks Karaism.
917. Mar-Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph, Gaon of Pumbeditha,
tries to bring about the fall of the Exilarchate
and the academy of Sora. Hostilities against
Mar-Ukba.
921. _David ben Zaccaï_ made Exilarch.
928. _Saadiah installed as Gaon of Sora._ His
controversies with the Karaite _Solomon ben
Yerucham_, and his _translation of the Scriptures
into Arabic_.
930. Hostilities between Saadiah and David ben Zaccaï.
934. Saadiah writes his religious-philosophical work
EMUNOTH WE-DEOTH.
940. Death of David ben Zaccaï, the last Exilarch of
influence. END OF THE EXILARCHATE a few years
later.
940(about). MOSES AND AARON BEN ASHER, Massorets.
942. Death of Saadiah.
945(about). _Four scholars are sent from Sora to gather
contributions for the academy_: Shemarya ben
Elchanan settles in Cairo; CHUSHIEL, in Kairuan;
Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, in Narbonne; and MOSES BEN
CHANOCH, IN CORDOVA.
Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim (900-960), physician in
Kairuan.
946. _Sabbataï Donnolo_ (913-970), physician in Italy.
CHASDAÏ BEN ISAAC IBN-SHAPRUT (915-970), diplomat
under Abdul-Rahman III, Nagid of the Jews of the
Cordova Caliphate, patron of Jewish learning.
950(about). The Karaite controversialists Abulsari Sahal ben
Mazliach Kohen and Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.
_Menachem ben Saruk_ (910-970) and _Dunash ben
Labrat_ (Adonim, 920-970), the first Hebrew
grammarians. NEO-HEBRAIC POETRY FLOURISHES.
980. SHERIRA (920-1000), Gaon of Pumbeditha; his “LETTER”
a chronicle of Jewish events from the conclusion
of the Talmud to his time.
985. Chanoch ben Moses (940-1014) and Joseph Ibn-Abitur,
Cordova Talmudists.
Jacob Ibn-Jau, prince of the Jews of the Cordova
Caliphate.
990. JEHUDA IBN-DAUD (CHAYUJ), Hebrew grammarian.
998. HAÏ (969-1038), Gaon of Pumbeditha.
1000(about). GERSHOM BEN JEHUDA (960-1028), promoter of Talmud
study at Mayence, INTERDICTS POLYGAMY.
Simon ben Isaac ben Abun poetan.
1002. NATHAN BEN YECHIEL COMPILES THE ARUCH, A
TALMUDIC LEXICON.
1008. The Fatimide Caliph Hakim _decrees a Jew badge_, and
persecutes the Jews in various ways.
1012. Jews driven from Mayence by Emperor Henry II.
1020. ABULVALID MERVAN IBN-JANACH (995-1050), Hebrew
grammarian.
1027. SAMUEL HALEVI IBN-NAGRELA (993-1055), minister to
King Habus of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, patron
of Jewish learning, and Talmudic author.
1034. Death of Samuel Chofni, _last of the Sora Geonim_.
1038. The death of HAÏ, Gaon of Pumbeditha, marks the
END OF THE GAONATE.
XVII. THE AGE OF GEBIROL, HALEVI, RASHI, AND MAIMONIDES.
(1038-1204 C. E.)
1038(about). Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim ben Jacob
Ibn-Shahin (1015-1055), Talmudists in Kairuan.
1045. =Solomon Ibn-Gebirol= (=Avicebron=, 1021-1070), poet
and philosopher, author of the “Kether Malkuth”
and the “Mekor Chayim.”
1050(about). _Bachya Ibn-Pakuda_, philosopher, writes the “Guide
to the Duties of the Heart.”
1055. _Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela_ (1031-1066),
minister to Badis of Granada, Nagid of the Jews,
and patron of Jewish learning.
1056. ISAAC BEN JACOB ALFASSI (1013-1103), Talmudist.
1066. Banishment of the Jews from Granada. _First
persecution of the Jews of Spain_ since its
conquest by the Mahometans.
1069. Isaac ben Baruch Ibn-Albalia (1035-1094), astronomer
to Al-Mutamed in Cordova, Nassi of the Jews,
Talmudist.
1070. =Rashi= (Solomon Yizchaki, 1040-1105), exegete and
Talmudist.
1078. Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) promulgates the
canonical _law against Jews’ holding offices in
Christendom_.
1095. Emperor Henry IV issues a decree against the
forcible baptism of Jews.
1096. THE FIRST CRUSADE: Suffering of the Jews of
Rouen, Treves, Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Ratisbon,
Prague, etc.
1099. The Jews of Jerusalem burnt in a synagogue by the
crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon.
1100. Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065-1136),
astronomer.
1110. =Moses Ibn-Ezra= (1070-1139), liturgical and erotic
poet.
Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077-1141),
Talmudist.
1120. =Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi= (1086-1142), poet and
philosopher, author of the Zion songs and of the
Chozari.
1141. Jehuda Halevi leaves Spain for Palestine.
THE TOSSAFISTS: the family of Rashi, especially his
grandsons JACOB TAM (1100-1171), and Samuel ben
Meïr (Rashbam, 1100-1160).
1146. _Beginning of the Almohade persecution_ in northern
Africa and southern Spain. Jews flee, or pretend
to accept Islam.
1147. THE SECOND CRUSADE. Pope Eugenius III absolves
crusaders from the payment of interest on debts
owing to Jews.
The crusaders attack the Jews of the Rhine country,
South Germany, and France.
In consequence of their protection by Emperor Conrad
III, the Jews are considered =servi cameræ=.
1149. Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, of Toledo, Nassi, steward of the
palace under Alfonso VII Raimundez. He persecutes
the Karaites.
1150(about). ABRAHAM BEN MEÏR IBN-EZRA (1088-1167), poet,
exegete, philosopher.
1160(about). _Jacob Tam calls the first rabbinical synod._
_Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi_ (1110-1180), philosopher
and historian.
The Exilarchate revived by Mahomet Almuktafi.
Solomon (Chasdaï) Exilarch.
1160(about). _David Alrui_ pretends to be divinely appointed to
lead the Jews of the Bagdad Caliphate to
Jerusalem.
1164(about). =Moses ben Maimun= (Rambam, Maimonides, 1135-1204),
philosopher, writes his “Letter of Consolation.”
1165. _Benjamin of Tudela_ begins his travels in the East.
Serachya Halevi Gerundi (1125-1186), Talmudist.
1168. _Maimonides finishes his Arabic commentary on the
Mishna._
1170(about). Meshullam ben Jacob, Provençal patron of Jewish
learning.
_Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon_ (1120-1190), physician
and translator.
DAVID KIMCHI, grammarian and exegete.
_Abraham ben David_ of Posquières (Rabed II,
1125-1198), Talmudist, Maimonides’ opponent.
1170(about). Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, Talmudist.
Jacob ben Meshullam, first promoter of THE KABBALA.
1171. The Jews of Blois burnt ON THE CHARGE OF HAVING USED
HUMAN BLOOD IN THE PASSOVER. The =blood
accusation=, or charge of ritual murder, preferred
for the first time.
Death of Jacob Tam.
Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) of Dampierre, Tossafist.
1172. Persecution of the Jews of Yemen. Messianic
excitement.
1175(about). Petachya of Ratisbon, traveler.
Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, opponent of
Maimonides.
1177. _Maimonides rabbi of Cairo._
1179. The Third Lateran Council passes decrees protecting
the religious liberty of the Jews.
1180. Maimonides finishes his MISHNE TORAH, or YAD
HA-CHAZAKA.
1181. _Philip II Augustus of France banishes the Jews from
his hereditary province._
1187. Saladin _permits Jews to enter Jerusalem_.
1189. _Attack on the Jews of London_ at Richard I’s
coronation. The excitement spreads to Lynn,
Norwich, Stamford, York, and Bury St. Edmund’s.
1190(about). Maimonides issues the “=Guide of the Perplexed=,”
dedicating it to Joseph Ibn-Aknin.
Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160-1223), diplomat under
Alfonso VIII of Castile.
Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn (1132-1200), liturgical
poet and author of a martyrology.
Massacre of the Jews of Germany from the Rhine to
Vienna under Emperor Henry VI.
_Samuel Ibn-Tibbon_ (1160-1239), translator.
1190(about). Süsskind of Trimberg, Jewish minnesinger.
Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, the Pious (1166-1224),
Tossafist, author of the “_Book of the Pious_.”
Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist.
Isaac the Younger (Rizba), Tossafist; Jacob of
Orleans, Tossafist.
1197. _Hillali_, the oldest Hebrew copy of the Bible in
Spain, taken by the Almohades.
_Sheshet Benveniste_ (1131-1210), philosopher,
physician, Talmudist, diplomat, and poet.
1198. The Jews of France forbidden to move from province
to province.
1204. DEATH OF MAIMONIDES.
XVIII. FROM THE DEATH OF MAIMONIDES TO THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN.
(1204-1492 C. E.)
1209. The Council of Avignon issues restrictive measures
against the Jews.
1210(about). Isaac the Blind, founder of =the Kabbala=.
Disciples: Azriel and Ezra.
JEHUDA ALCHARISI, poet.