1211. _French and English rabbis emigrate to Palestine._
1212. The Jews of Toledo killed by crusaders under the
Cistercian monk Arnold. _First persecution of Jews
in Castile._
=1215.= THE FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL under the pope INNOCENT
III, among many anti-Jewish measures, decrees the
=Jew badge=.
1222. The Council of Oxford imposes restrictions on the
English Jews.
1223. The rabbinical synod of Mayence regulates the
payment of the Jew taxes.
1227. The Council of Narbonne re-enacts the anti-Jewish
decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.
1229. Pope Gregory IX antagonizes the Jews.
1232. The Jews of Hungary excluded from state offices.
_Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia_ (1180-1244)
attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of the immortality of
the soul.
1233. Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Jonah ben
Abraham Gerundi, and David ben Saul ally
themselves with the Dominicans, who BURN
MAIMONIDES’ WORKS IN MONTPELLIER AND PARIS.
1235. _Abraham Maimuni_ (1185-1254), physician and
philosopher.
1235. MOSES BEN NACHMAN (Ramban, 1195-1270), Talmudist,
exegete, Kabbalist, anti-Maimunist.
Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon (Anatoli), Jewish
scholar at the court of Frederick II.
BEBACHYA BEN NATRONAÏ NAKDAN (Crispia), fabulist
and punctuator.
1235. Gregory IX confirms the _Constitutio Judæorum_ of
Innocent III.
1236. Crusaders attack the Jewish communities of Anjou,
Poitou, etc.
1239. On the charges of the apostate Nicholas-Donin,
Gregory IX orders the Dominicans and Franciscans
to examine the Talmud, and burn it, if necessary.
1240. _Disputation before Louis IX_ of France between
Nicholas-Donin and the Jews, represented by
Yechiel of Paris, MOSES OF COUCY, Talmudist and
itinerant preacher, and two others.
1240. A Jewish Parliament assembled by Henry III.
1242. THE TALMUD BURNT AT PARIS.
1244. _Archduke Frederick I the Valiant, of Austria,
grants privileges to the Jews._
1246. The Council of Béziers _forbids Jews to practice
medicine_.
1247. _Pope Innocent IV issues a bull disproving the blood
accusation against the Jews._
1254. _The Jews expelled from his dominions by Louis IX of
France. End of the Tossafists._
1257. _Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile, compiles_ a code,
containing a section of _anti-Jewish laws_.
1263. MOSES BEN NACHMAN opposes Pablo Christiani AT THE
DISPUTATION OF BARCELONA.
1264. The Jews of London attacked under Henry III.
1267. The Council of Vienna re-enacts the anti-Jewish
decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.
1271(about). Pope Gregory X issues a bull deprecating the forced
baptism of Jews.
1278. The Jews of England imprisoned on the charge of
counterfeiting coin.
1279. The Council of Buda enacts anti-Jewish measures.
SOLOMON BEN ADRET (Rashba, 1245-1310), Talmudist.
_David Maimuni_ (1233-1300), grandson of Maimonides.
1283. Beginning of the massacres of the Jews of Germany
on the blood accusation.
Moses ben Chasdaï Taku (1250-1290), anti-Maimunist.
1286. MEÏR BEN BARUCH OF ROTHENBURG (1220-1293), chief
rabbi of Germany, imprisoned when about to
emigrate.
1288. _Saad Addaula_, minister of finance of the Persian
empire under Argun.
1289. _Maimonides’ works burnt at Accho._ Solomon Petit,
anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist; Hillel ben Samuel of
Verona (1220-1295), Talmudist and Maimunist.
1290. THE JEWS BANISHED FROM ENGLAND.
1291. The Jews of Accho imprisoned or executed by the
Sultan of Egypt.
1295(about). Publication of =the Zohar= by Moses de Leon;
Kabbalistic studies flourish.
1298. Persecution of the Jews in Germany instigated by
_Rindfleish_; Mordecai ben Hillel a martyr.
1305. THE BAN AGAINST THE STUDY OF SCIENCE pronounced
by Abba-Mari ben Moses; authorized by SOLOMON
BEN ADRET; urged by ASHER BEN YECHIEL (Asheri);
opposed by the Tibbonides led by _Jacob ben
Machir_ (Profatius) and the poet _Yedaya Penini
Bedaresi_.
1306. _The first expulsion of the Jews from France_ under
Philip IV the Fair.
1310. _Asheri compiles his Talmudic code._
1313. The Council of Zamora renews the canonical laws
hostile to the Jews.
1315. Louis X of France recalls the Jews.
1320. The _Pastoureaux_ persecutions in France (Gesereth
ha-Roïm).
1321. The _Leper_ persecution in France (Gesereth
Mezoraim). _The second expulsion of the Jews from
France._
1328. Persecution of the Jews of Navarre.
1334. _Casimir III the Great of Poland issues laws
friendly to the Jews._
1336. Disputation at Valladolid between the Jews and the
apostate Abner-Alfonso. Alfonso XI of Castile
forbids the use of _alleged blasphemous
expressions in the Hebrew prayers_.
Persecution of the Jews in Germany by the
_Armleder_.
1337. Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar favorites of
Alfonso XI of Castile. Gonzalo Martinez plans the
destruction of the Jews of Castile.
1340. JACOB BEN ASHERI (Baal ha-Turim, 1280-1340) compiles
his Talmudic code.
Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340-1380), rabbi of
Barcelona.
1342. LEVI BEN GERSON (Gersonides, Maestro Leon de
Bagnols, 1288-1345), physician and philosopher.
=1348.= Persecution of the Jews in Europe on account of the
=Black Death=. Pope Clement VI issues two bulls
protecting the Jews.
1350. _Moses ben Joshua Narboni_ (Maestro Vidal,
1300-1362), philosopher.
1350. Aaron II ben Elia Nicomedi (1300-1369), Karaite
philosopher.
_Santob de Carrion_ (1300-1350), Jewish-Spanish
troubadour.
Samuel Abulafia, minister to Pedro the Cruel of
Castile.
1351. The cortes of Valladolid ask the abolition of the
judicial autonomy of Spanish-Jewish communities.
1355. The “Golden Bull” by Emperor Charles IV confers the
privilege of holding Jews on the Electors.
1357. Completion of the synagogue at Toledo built by
Samuel Abulafia.
1360. Samuel Abulafia dies under torture on the charge of
peculation.
Participation of the Jews of Castile in the civil
war (1360-1369) between Pedro the Cruel and Henry
de Trastamare, chiefly on the side of the former.
Manessier de Vesoul obtains from King John a decree
permitting Jews to dwell in France.
1370(about). Meïr ben Baruch Halevi of Vienna introduces the
conferring of authorization for the exercise of
rabbinical functions (_Morenu_). He and his
disciples, principally _Isaac of Tyrnau, compile
the customs (Minhagim) of the communities_.
1371. The Jews of Castile under Henry II compelled to wear
badges and give up Spanish names.
1375. Disputation at Avila between the apostate John of
Valladolid and Moses Cohen de Tordesillas.
1376. Disputation at Pampeluna between John of Valladolid
and Shem-Tob ben Shaprut.
Samuel Abrabanel at court under Henry II of Castile.
Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310-1380), innovator;
Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310-1385),
rabbinical author; Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat
(Ribash, 1310-1409), Talmudist; CHASDAÏ BEN
ABRAHAM CRESCAS (1340-1410), philosopher.
1379. Joseph Pichon, receiver-general of taxes in Seville,
murdered, probably at the instigation of Jews,
against whom the fury of the populace is turned.
1380. Juan I restricts the judicial autonomy of the
Castilian Jewish communities.
1381. A synod at Mayence regulates the rabbinical marriage
laws (Tekanoth Shum).
1385. Juan I of Castile revives the canonical restrictions
against the Jews.
1389. The charge of host desecration leads to the massacre
of the Jews of Prague.
=1391.= Ferdinand Martinez incites the mob against the Jews
of Seville. THE MASSACRE AND PLUNDER OF THE JEWS
SPREADS FROM CASTILE TO ARAGON, MAJORCA, AND OTHER
PARTS OF SPAIN. Many Jews converted to
Christianity: =Marranos=. Solomon Levi of Burgos
(Paul de Santa Maria, 1350-1435), begins his
machinations against Judaism.
1392. Joao I of Portugal forbids force in the conversion
of Jews.
1394. _Third and last expulsion of the Jews from France_,
under Charles VI.
1396(about). Writings in defence of Judaism by Joshua ben Joseph
Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), Chasdaï
Crescas, and _Profiat Duran_.
1399. Persecution of the Jews of Prague at the instigation
of the apostate Pessach; Lipmann of Mühlhausen
among the sufferers.
1408. _Alfonso X’s anti-Jewish laws revived_ under Juan II
of Castile.
Don Meïr Alguades, rabbi and physician, executed on
the charge of host desecration.
Kabbalistic studies flourish in Spain.
1408. Simon Duran (1361-1444), rabbi of Algiers.
1410. _Chasdaï Crescas publishes his religio-philosophic
work._
1412. Juan II issues an edict of twenty-four articles
designed to reduce the social prestige of the
Jews. Vincent Ferrer preaches Christianity in the
synagogues, and inflames the populace against the
Jews. SECOND GENERAL MASSACRE OF JEWS IN ALL THE
SPANISH PROVINCES. Numerous Jews submit to
baptism.
1413. _Religious disputation at Tortosa_ arranged by Pope
Benedict XIII between Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua
Lorqui), and Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi and
_Joseph Albo_. Many Jews submit to baptism.
1415. Benedict XIII forbids the study of the Talmud, and
_ordains the Jew badge_ and _Christian sermons for
Jews_.
1419. Martin V issues a bull deprecating the forced
conversion of Jews.
1420. Persecution of the Jews of Austria.
1421. _Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi_ (_Maharil_,
1365-1427), compiler of the German synagogue
liturgy and melodies.
1426. The Jews of Cologne banished.
1428. JOSEPH ALBO (1380-1444) publishes his philosophical
work IKKARIM.
1431. The Jews of South Germany persecuted on account of
the blood accusation.
1431. Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek) regulates divorce
proceedings.
1432. A synod at Avila under Abraham Benveniste Senior
provides for an _educational system for Jewish
Spain_ (the law of Avila).
Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388-1451), Italian
Jewish poet and physician.
1434. The COUNCIL OF BASLE renews old and devises new
canonical restrictions against Jews.
Annihilation of the Jews of Majorca.
1441. The Jews expelled from Augsburg.
1442. Eugenius IV issues a bull enforcing all the old
canonical restrictions against the Jews of Leon
and Castile.
1445. _The first Hebrew concordance_ by Isaac ben
Kalonymos Nathan.
1447. Nicholas V makes Eugenius IV’s bull applicable to
Italian Jews.
_Casimir IV of Poland grants unusual privileges to
Jews._
1450. The Jews of Bavaria persecuted.
1451. Nicholas de Cusa enforces the wearing of Jew badges
in Germany.
_Pope Nicholas V authorizes the appointment of
inquisitors for Marranos._
1453. The persecution of the Jews of Germany, Silesia, and
Poland at the instigation of John of Capistrano.
_The Jews favored in Turkey._ Moses Kapsali chief
rabbi.
1454. The privileges of the Polish Jews revoked.
1460. Alfonso de Spina publishes an attack upon Judaism.
1468. The Jews of Sepulveda charged with the blood
accusation.
1470. The Marranos of Valladolid attacked.
1472. The Marranos of Cordova attacked.
1474. The Marranos of Segovia attacked.
1475. Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in
Italy.
The Jews charged with the murder of _Simon of Trent_
for ritual purposes; a persecution of the Jews of
Ratisbon follows.
1480(about). _Pico di Mirandola_ the first Christian scholar to
devote himself to Hebrew literature.
=1480.= =The Inquisition against the Marranos= established
in Seville and at other places in Castile.
1482. Pope Sixtus IV denounces the cruelties of the
Spanish Inquisition.
1482. THE INQUISITION AGAINST MARRANOS ESTABLISHED IN
ARAGON, THOMAS DE TORQUEMADA CHIEF INQUISITOR.
_Elias del Medigo_ (1463-1498), scholar.
1483. TORQUEMADA MADE INQUISITOR-GENERAL OF SPAIN.
1484. ISAAC BEN JEHUDA ABRABANEL (1437-1509), minister of
finance to Ferdinand and Isabella.
=1492.= =Expulsion of the Jews from Spain.=
XIX. FROM THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN TO THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND.
(1492-1648 C. E.)
1493 _Most Spanish Jews leave Portugal_; all remaining
behind are sold as slaves.
Simon Duran II (1439-1570), rabbi of Algiers.
1494. ISAAC ABRABANEL, minister of finance to two kings of
Naples.
1496. Manoel of Portugal orders the Jews to accept baptism
or leave the country.
1497. Manoel seizes Jewish children and has them baptized;
many Jews accept baptism; =all others banished
from Portugal=.
1498. THE EXILES SETTLED IN NAVARRE BANISHED.
1499. The Jews of Nuremberg banished.
1502. _Judah Leon Abrabanel_ (Medigo, 1470-1530) writes
his “Dialogues of Love.”
_Asher Lämmlein_ proclaims himself the forerunner of
the Messiah.
1503(about). Abraham Farissol (1451-1525), scholar at the court
of Ferrara.
_Gershon Cohen Soncinus_ establishes a _Hebrew
printing office_ in Prague.
Jacob Polak (1460-1530), the alleged originator of
the PILPUL METHOD OF TALMUD STUDY.
1504. _Abraham Zacuto_ finishes his chronicle, “Sefer
Yochasin.”
1506. Massacre of Marranos in Lisbon.
1507. Beginning of the feud between JOHN REUCHLIN and the
Humanists on the one side and, on the other,
PFEFFERKORN, the tool of the Dominicans led by
Hoogstraten, Victor von Karben, Arnold von
Tongern, Ortuinus Gratius, and the theological
faculties of various universities. The Talmud and
the Jews attacked and defended before Maximilian
I, Popes Alexander VI and Leo X. The last
publication by Pfefferkorn in 1521, near the
beginning of Luther’s Reformation.
1507(about). Obadiah Sforno, Jacob Mantin, Abraham de Balmes, and
ELIAS LEVITA (1468-1549), Hebrew grammarians,
teachers of Hebrew to Christians. Introduction of
Hebrew studies into German and French universities
through the efforts of Egidio de Viterbo,
Reuchlin, and Augustin Justiniani.
1514 (about). _Obadyah di Bertinoro_ (1470-1520), Talmudist and
preacher, improves Jerusalem.
1516. VENICE SETS APART A SPECIAL QUARTER FOR A GHETTO.
1517(about). David Ibn-Abi Zimra (1470-1573) _abolishes the
Seleucidæan era_ for the Egyptian Jews.
1518(about). _Samuel Abrabanel_ (1473-1550) employed as financier
by the viceroy of Naples; _Benvenida Abrabanela_.
1519(about). _Joseph ben Gershon Loans_ (Joslin of Rosheim,
1478-1554), representative and protector of the
German Jews.
1520(about). _Elias Mizrachi_ (1455-1527), chief rabbi of Turkey.
1523 (about). _Elias Kapsali_ (1490-1555), historian.
1524. The Jews of Cairo threatened with destruction by
Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt.
João III of Portugal employs Henrique Nunes
(Firme-Fé) as a spy upon the Marranos.
David Reubeni in Rome under the protection of Pope
Clement VII.
1529. SOLOMON MOLCHO (Diogo Pires, 1501-1532) begins his
Messianic agitation.
1530(about). Portuguese Marranos burnt by order of the Bishop of
Ceuta.
1531. CLEMENT VII ISSUES A BULL ESTABLISHING THE
PORTUGUESE INQUISITION FOR MARRANOS.
1532. Marranos forbidden to leave Portugal.
Molcho burnt by Emperor Charles V at Mantua.
Clement VII stops the proceedings of the Portuguese
Inquisition at the instance of Marranos.
1535. Eighteen hundred Marranos liberated from the
Portuguese Inquisition in obedience to a bull of
Paul III.
1535(about). Moses Hamon (1490-1565), physician to Sultan
Selim I.
1536. Paul III sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition.
1538. _The ordination of rabbis (Semicha)_ re-introduced
by _Jacob Berab_.
1541. Most of the Jews leave Naples, where they are
threatened with social degradation.
1542. The Jews of Prague banished.
Luther attacks the Jews.
1548. Portuguese Marranos again liberated on the
interference of Paul III.
1550. The Jews banished from Genoa.
1552. _Samuel Usque_ finishes his “Consolations for the
Sorrows of Israel.”
1553. The Talmud confiscated under Julius III in Italy.
=1554.= =Joseph Karo= (1488-1575), Kabbalist and Talmudist,
finishes his code, the =Shulchan Aruch=.
1555. Paul IV issues a severe bull against the Jews.
The Marranos of Ancona imprisoned and tried by the
=Inquisition=.
1555. _Amatus Lusitanus_ (1511-1568), physician.
1556. Sultan Solyman demands from Paul IV the release of
Turkish Marranos; _Donna Gracia Mendesia_
(1510-1568).
1559. The Talmud burnt at Cremona; prayer books burnt in
Vienna.
1560(about). JOSEPH BEN JOSHUA COHEN (1496-1575), historian,
writes his “Annals.”
JOSEPH IBN-VERGA completes the martyrology “Shebet
Jehuda,” begun by his grandfather and father.
1561. The Jews of Prague banished.
1564. _Pius IV permits the publication of the Talmud
without its name, and after having been submitted
to censorship._
1566. Pius V enforces all the canonical restrictions
against the Jews.
_Joseph Nassi_ (d. 1579) made Duke of Naxos by
Sultan Selim II.
1568. ISAAC LURYA LEVI (1534-1572), Kabbalist, pretends to
be the Messiah of Joseph.
CHAYIM VITAL CALABRESE (1543-1620),
Kabbalist, associate of Lurya.
1569. All the Jews in the Papal States except those of
Rome and Ancona expelled.
1570. AZARYA BEN MOSES DEÏ ROSSI (1514-1578), scholar.
1570(about). _Solomon Lurya_ (1510-1573) and MOSES BEN ISRAEL
ISSERLES (1520-1572), author of the “MAPPA,”
the continuation of the Shulchan Aruch, Polish
Talmudists.
1574. Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi negotiates peace
between Venice and Turkey.
1576. Stephen Bathori allows the Jews of Poland to carry
on trade without restrictions.
1579. Gracia Nassi establishes a Hebrew printing press in
Turkey. Esther Kiera, Turkish court-Jewess,
publishes Hebrew books.
1581. Gregory XIII forbids the employment of Jewish
physicians, re-ordains the confiscation of Hebrew
books, and re-introduces the _compulsory Christian
sermon for Jews_.
1586. Sixtus V permits Jews in the Papal States and the
printing of the Talmud.
David de Pomis (1525-1588), physician.
1586(about). The Jews of Poland establish the SYNOD OF THE FOUR
COUNTRIES; Mordecai Jafa probably its first
president.
1587. _Gedalya Ibn-Yachya_ (1515-1587), historian, has his
work printed.
1592. DAVID GANS (1541-1613) publishes his history.
1593. Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533-1594), Karaite,
publishes his “CHISUK EMUNAH.”
Clement VIII expels the Jews from all the Papal
States except Rome and Ancona.
THE FIRST MARRANO SETTLEMENT MADE IN HOLLAND AT
AMSTERDAM under Jacob Tirado.
1597. The Jews expelled from various Italian
principalities; Ferrara ceases to harbor Marranos.
1604. Clement VIII issues a bull of absolution for
imprisoned Portuguese Marranos.
1612. _Portuguese Jews granted right of residence in
Hamburg._
1614. Vincent Fettmilch’s attack upon the Jews of
Frankfort.
1615. The Jews of Worms banished.
1616. Jews re-admitted into Frankfort and Worms.
1617. _Lipmann Heller_ (1579-1654) completes his
“_Tossafoth Yomtob_.”
1619. Permission accorded the Jews of Amsterdam to profess
their religion.
1621(about). _Sara Copia Sullam_ (1600-1641), poetess.
1623. _Excommunication of Uriel da Costa_ (1590-1640).
1630. Suffering of the Jews during the Thirty Years’ War
(1618-1648).
1639(about). A _Talmud Torah_ opened in Amsterdam. Saul Levi
Morteira, Isaac Aboab de Fonseca, and MANASSEH
BEN ISRAEL, rabbis of Amsterdam.
1641(about). LEO BEN ISAAC MODENA (1571-1649); Joseph Solomon
Delmedigo (1591-1655); and Simone Luzzatto
(1590-1663), scholars not wholly in accord with
the Judaism of their time.
1646. The Jews in Brazil side with the Dutch in their war
with the Portuguese.
1648. Beginning of the COSSACK PERSECUTIONS OF THE JEWS
IN POLAND UNDER CHMIELNICKI.
XX. FROM THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND TO THE PRESENT TIME.
(1648-1873 C. E.)
1649(about). Christian scholars in Holland devote themselves to
Hebrew literature.
1655. MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL goes to London to obtain from
Cromwell THE RE-ADMISSION OF THE JEWS INTO
ENGLAND.
1657. Cromwell permits Sephardic Jews settled in London to
open a burial ground.
=1665.= =Sabbataï Zevi= (1626-1676) publicly accepted as the
Messiah; his followers and opponents.
1670. BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677) publishes his
“Theologico-Political Treatise”; contemporary
Marrano poets and authors in Amsterdam.
The Jews banished from Vienna by Emperor Leopold I.
The Jews permitted to settle in the Mark Brandenburg
by Elector John George.
1678(about). Richard Simon, Father of the Oratory, makes
Rabbinical literature known to Christians.
1679. Mordecai of Eisenstadt renews the Sabbatian craze.
1686(about). _Jacob Querido_ represents himself as the successor
of Sabbataï Zevi.
1690(about). Swedish scholars study the history of the Karaites.
1695(about). Berachya represents himself as the successor of
Sabbataï Zevi; his sect, _the Donmäh_.
1698. _William Surenhuysius translates the Mishna into
Latin._
1700. John Andrew Eisenmenger attempts the publication of
his “_Judaism Unmasked_.”
1707. Jacob Basnage publishes his “History of the Jewish
Religion.”
1713. Nehemiah Chiya Chayon (1650-1726), Sabbatian, causes
a quarrel in the Amsterdam community; Solomon
Ayllon and _Chacham Zevi_ (Zevi ben Jacob
Ashkenazi, 1656-1678).
1743. MOSES CHAYIM LUZZATTO (1707-1747), poet and
Kabbalist, publishes his drama La-Yesharim
Tehilla.
1745. The Jews of Prague placed under severe restrictions
by Maria Theresa.
1750(about). =Chassidism= founded by ISRAEL BAALSHEM (1698-1759)
and BEER OF MIZRICZ (1700-1772); ELIJAH WILNA
GAON (1720-1797), its antagonist.
1751. Contest between JONATHAN EIBESCHÜTZ (1690-1764) and
JACOB EMDEN ASHKENAZI (1698-1776).
1755. =Moses Mendelssohn= (1728-1786) publishes his first
work.
1759(about). _Jacob Frank_, Sabbatian leader, founder of the
Frankist sect.
1762. Isaac Pinto publishes his “Reflections” in answer to
Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism.
=1778.= Mendelssohn publishes the first part of his
=Pentateuch translation=.
1779. _Lessing_ publishes his “_Nathan the Wise_.”
1781. _Christian William Dohm_ (1751-1820) publishes his
work “Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition
of the Jews.”
JOSEPH II of Austria abolishes the Jewish poll-tax,
and grants civil liberties to the Jews.
1783. Mendelssohn publishes “_Jerusalem, or upon
Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism_.”
1783. _Ha-Meassef_ founded by Mendelssohn’s followers
(_Measfim_).
1787. Mirabeau publishes his work “Upon Mendelssohn and
the Political Reform of the Jews.”
1788. The poll-tax removed from the Jews of Prussia.
1789. Abbé Grégoire publishes his “Proposals in Favor of
the Jews.”
1790. The French National Assembly grants citizenship to
the Sephardic Jews.
=1791.= =The French National Assembly grants full civil
rights to the Jews.=
1796. The Batavian National Assembly decrees citizenship
for the Jews.
1803. Israel Jacobson and Wolff Breidenbach agitate the
abolition of the poll-tax for Jews.
1804. Alexander I of Russia exempts certain classes of
Jews from the exceptional laws.
1806. NAPOLEON I SUMMONS THE ASSEMBLY OF JEWISH
NOTABLES; Abraham Furtado, president. Twelve
Questions propounded to the Assembly.
1807. THE GREAT SYNHEDRION CONVENED BY NAPOLEON;
Joseph David Sinzheim president.
1808. The Jews of Westphalia and of Baden emancipated.
1811. The Jews of Hamburg emancipated.
1812. The Jews of Mecklenburg and Prussia emancipated.
1818 (about). Consecration of the Temple of the HAMBURG REFORM
UNION, Gotthold Salomon, preacher.
1819. The beginning of the “Hep, hep!” persecutions.
Formation of the Society for the Culture and Science
of the Jews; Zunz, Gans, and Moser.
1821. Chacham Bernays opposes the Reform Temple Union
in Hamburg.
1822. _Isaac Marcus Jost_ (1793-1860) begins to publish
his history of the Jews.
1825. _Isaac Noah Mannheimer_ (1793-1864), rabbi in
Vienna, champion of the moderate party.
1831. Louis Philippe ratifies the law for the complete
emancipation of the French Jews.
_Gabriel Riesser_ (1806-1860), champion of the
emancipation of the German Jews.
Solomon Ludwig Steinheim (1790-1866), Jewish
religious philosopher.
_Nachman Cohen Krochmal_ (1785-1840), _Solomon
Jehuda Rapoport_ (1790-1867), _Samuel David
Luzzatto_ (1800-1865), Isaac Erter (1792-1851),
scholars, regenerators of Jewish science and
Hebrew style.
1832. LEOPOLD ZUNZ (1794-1886) publishes his first
epoch-making work.