privilege of having stood face to face with one so great and noble.
Those days, to be sure, will not know the grief and sorrow that befell
us when unexpectedly and without warning the revered teacher was
removed from our sight. Still less will there be a suspicion of the
self-reproaches that assail us too late for having frequently had a
keen eye for the detection of minute shortcomings and inadequacies, the
inherent foibles of the human kind, rather than a willing, attentive
ear to listen to the suggestions and solutions so lavishly offered.
After all, the most beautiful blossoms put forth by him, the best
fruits produced by his mind, are in his writings; he that can read may
enjoy them.
* * * * *
NOTE.--While this _Memoir_ was passing through the press, the
commission on the history of the Jews of Germany, spoken of on pp.
78-80, after five years of inactivity again showed signs of life in
the form of a valuable publication by a rabbi: _Das Martyrologium
des Nürnberger Memorbuches_ by Dr. S. Salfeld. At the same time,
the promise of the completion of _Die Regesten zur Geschichte der
Juden, etc._, is held out.
TABLES OF JEWISH HISTORY.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF JEWISH HISTORY.
PERIOD PAGE
I. The Patriarchal Age 90
II. The Exodus 90
III. The Conquest of Canaan 90
IV. The Era of the Judges 90
V. The Kingdom (1067-977 B. C. E.) 91
VI. Judah and Israel until the Capture of Samaria
(977-719 B. C. E.) 92
VII. Judah until the Destruction of Jerusalem (719-586
B. C. E.) 94
VIII. The Captivity (586-516 B. C. E.) 95
IX. The Age of Ezra, Nehemiah, and the Scribes (516-332
B. C. E.) 96
X. The Age of the Ptolemies and the Seleucidæ to
Antiochus IV (332-175 B. C. E.) 97
XI. The Age of the Maccabees (175-140 B. C. E.) 98
XII. The Hasmonæan Dynasty (140-37 B. C. E.) 100
XIII. The Herodian Dynasty (37 B. C. E.-72 C. E.) 102
XIV. The Epoch of the Mishna and the Tanaites
(72-219 C. E.) 104
XV. The Epoch of the Talmud, the Amoraim, and the
Saboraim (219-550 C. E.) 106
XVI. From the Completion of the Talmud to the End of
the Gaonate (550-1038 C. E.) 108
XVII. The Age of Gebirol, Halevi, Rashi, and Maimonides
(1038-1204 C. E.) 111
XVIII. From the Death of Maimonides to the Expulsion
from Spain (1204-1492 C. E.) 114
XIX. From the Expulsion from Spain to the Persecution
in Poland (1492-1648 C. E.) 120
XX. From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time
(1648-1873 C. E.) 123
I. THE PATRIARCHAL AGE.
B.C.E.
1500 (about). =Abraham= leaves Ur of the Chaldees.
Supreme power of _Joseph_ in Egypt.
_Jacob_ and his household occupy Goshen in Egypt.
II. THE EXODUS.
Birth of =Moses=.
The =Exodus=.
=Revelation at Mount Sinai.=
Worship of the Golden Calf.
Rebellion of Korah.
Death of Miriam and AARON.
The Israelites defeat the Emorite king Sihon at
Jahaz.
Og, king of Bashan, defeated at Edreï.
The prophecy of Balaam.
Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh settle in the land
east of the Jordan (Peræa).
DEATH OF MOSES.
III. THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN.
Leadership of JOSHUA.
Passage of the Jordan.
Capture of Jericho.
Submission of the Gibeonites.
Division of the land among the tribes.
The _Jebusites_ and others permitted to keep their
territory.
The TABERNACLE at Shiloh.
Death of Joshua.
IV. THE ERA OF THE JUDGES.
JUDGES.
1. Othniel,
2. Ehud,
3. Shamgar,
4. Deborah and Barak,
5. Gideon,
6. Abimelech,
7. Thola,
8. Jair,
9. Jephthah,
10. Samson,
11. Ibzon,
12. Elon,
13. Abdon,
14. Eli,
15. Samuel.
Othniel delivers the southern tribes from an
Idumæan king.
Ehud routs Eglon, king of Moab.
Shamgar opposes the Philistines.
DEBORAH and Barak defeat Sisera, Jabin’s general,
at Mount Tabor.
GIDEON routs the Midianites under Zebah and
Zalmunna.
Abimelech leader of the Shechemites.
JEPHTHAH repulses the Ammonites in the
trans-Jordanic provinces.
SAMSON keeps the Philistines at bay.
Eli, priest and judge.
The Ark captured by the Philistines at Aphek.
=Samuel=, judge and prophet.
Levitical and prophetical schools formed.
V. THE KINGDOM.
(1067-977 B. C. E.)
KINGS.
Saul, David, Solomon.
=1067.= =Saul= anointed king.
The Philistines defeated at Michmash.
Jabesh-Gilead saved from the Ammonites.
Agag, king of Amalek, defeated.
=David= anointed king.
The Gibeonites massacred by order of Saul.
David slays Goliath.
David flees before Saul, and leads the life of an
outlaw. He is on friendly terms with the king of
Moab, with Nahash, the Ammonite king, and Achish,
the Philistine king.
ZADOK high priest.
1055. Saul and Jonathan die in a battle with the
Philistines near Mount Gilboa.
1055. David king of Judah; Ishbosheth king of the
trans-Jordanic tribes.
1051-1049. Civil war between the houses of Saul and David.
_David sole king_ of the whole people; reigns at
Hebron for seven years.
Nathan and Gad prophets.
Jerusalem made the capital after the conquest of
the Jebusites.
The Philistines defeated at Mount Baal-Perazim.
Abiathar high priest in Jerusalem; Zadok in Gibeon.
The descendants of Saul, except Mephibosheth,
killed by the Gibeonites.
David victorious over Moabites, Ammonites, and
others.
Revolt of Absalom.
Sheba’s insurrection.
=Solomon= anointed king by Nathan.
1015. Death of David; succession of Solomon.
1014. Solomon begins the first Temple.
Zadok sole high priest.
1007. THE FIRST TEMPLE CONSECRATED.
Solomon establishes a fleet. Roads built. Commerce
extended. Foreign alliances.
The kingdom at its greatest extent. Literature
flourishes. Idolatry introduced.
Rebellion of JEROBOAM.
977. Death of Solomon.
VI. JUDAH AND ISRAEL UNTIL THE CAPTURE OF SAMARIA.
(977-719 B. C. E.)
(_See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127._)
=977.= Rehoboam king of Judah.
Jeroboam king of Israel; rules at Shechem.
Rehoboam allies himself with the king of Damascus.
Shemaiah, prophet, averts a civil war.
972. Shishak, king of Egypt, ally of Jeroboam, enters
Jerusalem.
Jeroboam institutes calf-worship at Bethel and Dan;
Ahijah prophet.
960. Abijam, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah.
957. Asa, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah.
955. Nadab, son of Jeroboam, king of Israel.
954. Baasha destroys the house of Jeroboam, and rules at
Tirzah.
Asa forbids the worship of Astarte in Judah.
Baasha, assisted by Ethiopians and Syrians, makes
war upon Asa.
933. Elah, son of Baasha, king of Israel.
932. The house of Baasha exterminated by Zimri.
932-928. Civil war between Omri and Tibni.
928. Omri, the first king in Samaria, introduces the
worship of Baal and Astarte.
Alliance between Israel and Phœnicia. Jezebel
marries Ahab.
922. AHAB king of Israel.
920 (about). =Elijah= and the prophets persecuted by Jezebel.
918. Jehoshaphat king of Judah.
Micah (I) (Michaiah) prophesies.
904. Ahab victorious over Ben-hadad II, king of Aram
(Syria).
Alliance between Jehoshaphat and Ahab.
901. Ahaziah, son of Ahab, king of Israel.
899. Jehoram, son of Ahab, king of Israel.
Jehoram and Jehoshaphat defeat Mesa of Moab.
894. Joram, son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.
888. Ahaziah, son of Joram and Athaliah, king of Judah.
_Elisha_ and Jehu.
887. Jehu kills Jehoram and exterminates the house of
Omri; his followers kill Ahaziah.
Jehu king of Israel.
Athaliah queen of Judah; she has male members of the
house of David executed.
881. JOASH, son of Ahaziah, only surviving male
descendant of David in the direct line, king of
Judah.
864. The Temple repaired.
Hazael, king of Syria, conquers the trans-Jordanic
provinces of Israel.
860. Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel.
Joash submits to Hazael.
845. Jehoash, son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel.
Samaria besieged by Ben-hadad III; Jehoash
victorious.
843. Amaziah, son of Joash, king of Judah.
Amaziah victorious over the Idumæans.
840. Death of Elisha.
Amaziah of Judah taken prisoner by Jehoash of Israel
at Beth-Shemesh; Jerusalem ransacked and its walls
destroyed.
830. Jeroboam II, son of Jehoash, king of Israel.
Jeroboam II re-conquers districts taken by the
Aramæans.
_Jonah_ prophesies.
815. Amaziah killed at Lachish.
The Idumæans invade Judah, and sell Judæan captives
as slaves. _First dispersion of Judæans._
805. Uzziah, son of Amaziah, king of Judah.
Earthquake and drouth.
Uzziah re-conquers districts lost since Solomon’s
time.
Jeroboam II takes Damascus and Hamath; peoples
become tributary to him.
Luxury in Samaria under Jeroboam II.
800(about). _Amos_, _Joel_, and _Hosea (I)_ prophesy.
769. Zechariah, son of Jeroboam II, king of Judah.
768. Shallum kills Zechariah and exterminates the house
of Jehu.
Shallum king of Israel.
768. Menahem kills Shallum and reigns over Israel.
Uzziah usurps the offices of the high priest in the
Temple.
_Pul, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of
Israel_, acquires booty, and carries off
prisoners.
757. Pekahiah, son of Menahem, king of Israel.
756. Pekah kills Pekahiah.
755. Pekah king of Israel.
=Isaiah= utters his first prophecy.
754. Jotham, son of Uzziah, king of Judah.
_Zechariah (I)_ prophesies.
739. Ahaz, son of Jotham, king of Judah.
Pekah allies himself with Rezin of Damascus against
Tiglath-pileser II.
Ahaz disregards the warning of Isaiah and offers to
become a vassal of Tiglath-pileser II.
738. FIRST DEPORTATION OF ISRAELITISH CAPTIVES TO
ASSYRIA by Tiglath-pileser II.
Ahaz introduces Assyrian worship into Judah.
_Micah (II)_ prophesies.
736. Pekah killed by Hoshea.
727. _Hoshea_ last king of Israel.
Shalmaneser IV, king of Assyria, invades Israel.
Hosea (II) prophesies.
Hoshea refuses the yearly tribute to Shalmaneser IV.
724. HEZEKIAH, son of Ahaz, king of Judah.
=719.= Shalmaneser IV =captures Samaria=, puts an end to
the kingdom of Israel, and DEPORTS MOST OF ITS
SUBJECTS--THE SO-CALLED =Ten Lost Tribes=--TO
ASSYRIAN PROVINCES.
VII. JUDAH UNTIL THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM.
(719-586 B. C. E.)
(_See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127._)
Hezekiah tries to banish idolatry.
Isaiah advises neutrality between Assyria and Egypt.
Shebna dictates the foreign policy.
Micah and Isaiah predict a glorious future for
Israel.
711(about). Sennacherib invades Judah and demands tribute.
Destruction of the Assyrian army.
Hezekiah makes a treaty with Merodach-baladan, king
of Babylon.
Literature flourishes.
695. Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, king of Judah.
Idolatry flourishes.
Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, takes Manasseh captive.
Manasseh restored.
Esarhaddon COLONIZES SAMARIA WITH CUTHÆANS.
640. Amon, son of Manasseh, king of Judah.
638. JOSIAH, son of Amon, king of Judah.
_Zephaniah_ prophesies.
Scythian invasion of Judah.
627. Josiah repairs the Temple.
=Jeremiah= (b. 645-640, d. 580-570) prophesies.
621. Hilkiah, high priest, finds a copy of the =Book
of the Law= in the Temple.
Huldah prophesies.
608. Necho, king of Egypt, _defeats Josiah at Megiddo_;
Josiah killed.
Jehoahaz (Shallum), second son of Josiah, king of
Judah.
607. Jehoiakim (Eliakim), oldest son of Josiah, made
king by Necho.
Idolatry flourishes. _Habakkuk_ prophesies.
607-604 Uriah, prophet, beheaded.
Jeremiah’s life imperiled; Baruch his secretary.
600. Jehoiakim pays tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, king of
Babylon.
598. Jehoiakim allies himself with Egypt against
Nebuchadnezzar.
596. Jehoiachin, youngest son of Jehoiakim, king of
Judah.
Judah overrun by Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem
besieged by a Babylonian general,
Jehoiachin taken prisoner. FIRST DEPORTATION OF
JUDÆANS TO BABYLONIA.
596. Nebuchadnezzar makes Zedekiah (Mattaniah),
youngest son of Josiah, king of Judah.
593. Jeremiah advises submission to Nebuchadnezzar.
591. Zedekiah renounces allegiance to Babylonia.
587. THE FINAL SIEGE OF JERUSALEM BEGUN.
The siege of Jerusalem interrupted by the battle
between the Chaldæan army and Hophra, king of
Egypt.
586, Tammuz 9. First breach in the walls of Jerusalem.
Zedekiah taken prisoner and blinded; Seraiah, high
priest, and others beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar
at Riblah.
=586=, Ab. 9. =The Temple razed=, and =Jerusalem destroyed= by
Nebuzaradan, general of Nebuchadnezzar.
Second deportation of Judæans to Babylonia.
VIII. THE CAPTIVITY.
(586-516 B. C. E.)
BABYLONIAN KINGS.
605. Nebuchadnezzar,
561. Evil-merodach,
559. Neriglissar,
556. Laborosoarchod,
555. Nabonad and Belshazzar.
PERSIAN KINGS.
558. Cyrus,
529. Cambyses,
522. Pseudo-Smerdis,
521. Darius I Hystaspis.
586. Gedaliah appointed governor of the remnant of Judah
by Nebuchadnezzar.
586. Jeremiah at Mizpah with Gedaliah.
Gedaliah murdered by Ishmael, son of Nethaniah.
Obadiah prophesies against Edom, which possesses
itself of southern Judæa.
Jeremiah and Baruch in Egypt with Johanan, son of
Kareah.
582. THIRD DEPORTATION OF JUDÆANS TO BABYLONIA by
Nebuchadnezzar.
=Ezekiel= (620-570) prophesies.
561(about). Jehoiachin honored by Evil-merodach.
_Descendants of the Ten Tribes deported by the
Assyrian kings mingle with the captives from
Judah._
555(about). The historical books of the Bible compiled in
Babylonia; literature flourishes.
Nabonad of Babylonia persecutes the exiles.
The =Babylonian Isaiah= prophesies.
538. CYRUS takes Babylon, and PERMITS THE EXILES
IN BABYLONIA TO RETURN TO PALESTINE.
537. ZERUBBABEL AND JOSHUA BEN JEHOZEDEK LEAD THE FIRST
RETURN.
Foundation of the second Temple laid.
520. _Haggai_ and _Zechariah (II)_ prophesy.
516. THE SECOND TEMPLE CONSECRATED.
IX. THE AGE OF EZRA, NEHEMIAH, AND THE SCRIBES.
(516-332 B. C. E.)
PERSIAN KINGS.
521. Darius I Hystaspis,
486. Xerxes I,
465. Artaxerxes I Longimanus,
425. Xerxes II,
425. Sogdianus,
425. Darius II Nothus,
405. Artaxerxes II Mnemon,
359. Artaxerxes III Ochus,
338. Arses,
336. Darius III Codomannus.
The Samaritans accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to
Persia.
The Judæans contract marriages with their heathen
neighbors.
459. EZRA LEADS THE SECOND RETURN with the permission
of Artaxerxes I Longimanus.
457(about). _Ezra prevails upon the people to repudiate their
heathen wives._
The Samaritans under Sanballat engage in
hostilities against the Judæans.
444. NEHEMIAH LEADS THE THIRD RETURN.
The Samaritans intrigue against Nehemiah.
Internal reforms by Nehemiah.
_Ezra reads the Law to the people at Jerusalem._
The wall of Jerusalem rebuilt.
Beginnings of the GREAT ASSEMBLY (Keneseth
ha-Gedolah).
432. Nehemiah returns to Persia.
MALACHI THE LAST OF THE PROPHETS.
430-424. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, and continues his
reforms.
420(about). The Samaritan Temple built on Mount Gerizim.
_Synagogues established_; _the Law studied_, and the
_present form of divine service introduced_,
probably by the Council of Seventy (Synhedrion)
(_Dibre Sopherim_).
361-360. Artaxerxes II banishes Judæans to Hyrkania.
338(about). Bagoas, general of Artaxerxes III, lays the Judæans
under tribute.
The Books of Chronicles written.
332. _Alexander the Great in Judæa._
X. THE AGE OF THE PTOLEMIES AND THE SELEUCIDÆ TO ANTIOCHUS IV.
(332-175 B. C. E.)
(_See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128._)
EGYPTIAN KINGS.
323. Ptolemy I Soter,
285. Ptolemy II Philadelphus,
247. Ptolemy III Euergetes,
222. Ptolemy IV Philopator,
205. Ptolemy V Epiphanes,
181. Ptolemy VI Philometor.
SYRIAN KINGS.
312. Seleucus I Nicator,
280. Antiochus I Soter,
261. Antiochus II Theos,
246. Seleucus II Callinicos,
226. Seleucus III Ceraunus,
223. Antiochus III the Great,
187. Seleucus IV Philopator.
323. Death of Alexander the Great.
320. Jerusalem entered by Ptolemy I Soter. A large
number of Judæan prisoners carried to Egypt.
312. THE BEGINNING OF THE SELEUCIDÆAN ERA (Battle of
Gaza).
301. Judæa, a subdivision of Cœlesyria, tributary to
Egypt (Battle of Ipsus); the high priest the
political chief. Judæan colonies in
Græco-Macedonian countries; Greek colonies in
Judæa.
300(about). SIMON THE JUST high priest and the last of the MEN
OF THE GREAT ASSEMBLY.
240. After a struggle between the Ptolemies and the
Seleucidæ, Cœlesyria again adjudged to Egypt.
Onias II, high priest, refuses to pay tribute to
Egypt.
230(about). _Joseph, son of Tobiah_, and grandson of Simon the
Just, represents the Judæans at the court of
Ptolemy III Euergetes and Ptolemy IV Philopator,
and is made farmer of taxes.
Joseph introduces _Greek feasts and games at
Jerusalem_.
218. Judæa sides with Egypt against Antiochus III the
Great.
209(about). Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, Judæan representative at
the court of the Ptolemies.
The “Song of Songs” composed.
203. The Tobiades, the elder brothers of Hyrcanus,
Syrian partisans. Judæa tributary to Antiochus III
the Great.
The HELLENISTS and the CHASSIDIM (Assidæans) begin
to oppose each other.
200(about). _Jesus Sirach_ writes the apocryphal book
_Ecclesiasticus_.
176(about). Heliodorus, treasurer to Seleucus IV Philopator,
attempts to confiscate the Temple treasures.
XI. THE AGE OF THE MACCABEES.
(175-140 B. C. E.)
(_See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128._)
EGYPTIAN KINGS.
181. Ptolemy VI Philometor,
146. Ptolemy VII Physcon _and_ Ptolemy VIII Lathurus.
SYRIAN KINGS.
175. Antiochus IV Epiphanes,
164. Antiochus V Eupator,
162. Demetrius I Soter,
150. Alexander I Balas,
146. Demetrius II Nicator _and_ Antiochus VI (son of Alexander Balas),
Diodotus Tryphon, _and_ Antiochus VII Sidetes.
175. Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascends the throne of Syria.
174. The Hellenists induce Antiochus IV to divest Onias
III of the high-priestly dignity, and under Jason
obtain citizenship for Judæans
trained for the Greek combats.
Gymnasiums and the Greek games at Jerusalem.
172. Menelaus (Onias) the Benjamite made high priest by
Antiochus IV.
171. Death of Onias III; Menelaus guilty of Temple
robbery, but exonerated by Antiochus IV.
168. Antiochus IV attacks Jerusalem, and desecrates the
Holy of Holies.
168, Tammuz 17. A STATUE OF JUPITER PLACED IN THE TEMPLE by the
Syrians.
The Chassidim suffer martyrdom.
_Mattathias the Hasmonæan resists the Syrian
overseer._
=167.= =Judas Maccabæus= victorious in his first battle
with the Syrians under Apollonius.
166. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Heron at Beth-horon.
The Book of Daniel written.
Judas Maccabæus victorious over Gorgias at Emmaus.
165. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Lysias at Bethzur.
165, Kislev 25. THE TEMPLE RE-DEDICATED (Chanukah).
Judas Maccabæus and his brothers victorious over the
Idumæans, Ammonites, and Philistines.
164. Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
163. Judas Maccabæus retreats before Lysias at
Beth-Zachariah; his brother Eleazar Hauran killed.
Jerusalem besieged by Lysias.
Judas Maccabæus high priest.
162(about). The _Onias Temple_ built at Leontopolis in Egypt by
Onias IV, son of Onias III, the first _Alabarch_.
The Hellenists calumniate Judas Maccabæus before
Demetrius I. Alcimus made high priest. Factions
under Judas and Alcimus.
160. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Nicanor at
Caphar-Salama and Adarsa. _He makes overtures to
the Romans._
The Judæans defeated at Eleasa by the Syrians under
Bacchides; JUDAS MACCABÆUS KILLED.
Parties in Judæa: Chassidim, Hasmonæans, Hellenists.
_Jonathan Haphus_, brother of Judas, defends himself
unsuccessfully against Bacchides; his brother
Johanan Gadi killed in a skirmish with the Bene
Amri.
159. Judæa evacuated by the Syrians.
157. The Syrian war renewed at the instigation of the
Hellenists.
152. Jonathan Haphus high priest; his friendship sought
by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas.
152-143. The Judæans under Jonathan Haphus participate in the
struggles between Alexander Balas, his son
Antiochus VI, Diodotus Tryphon, and Demetrius II
for the Syrian crown.
=150=(about). The Pentateuch translated into Greek: =the
Septuagint=.
143. Jonathan Haphus executed by Diodotus Tryphon.
143. Simon Tharsi, last of the Hasmonæan brothers, made
high priest and leader by the people.
141. End of the Hellenist party.
140. JUDÆA AND ROME ALLIES.
XII. THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY.
(140-37 B. C. E.)
(_See the Genealogical Table of the Hasmonæan Dynasty, p. 130._)
EGYPTIAN KINGS.
146. Ptolemy VII Physcon _and_ Ptolemy VIII,
117. Ptolemy VIII Lathurus _and_ Alexander I,
81. Alexander II,
80. Ptolemy IX Auletes,
51. Ptolemy X _and_ Cleopatra VI,
47. Cleopatra VI [_and_ Ptolemy XI _and_ Ptolemy XII],
30. Egypt a Roman Province.
SYRIAN KINGS.
137. Antiochus VII Sidetes (_alone_),
128. Demetrius II (_restored_) _and_ Alexander II Zabina,
125. Seleucus V,
125. Antiochus VIII Grypus _and_ Antiochus IX Cyzicenus,
95. Seleucus VI, Antiochus X Eusebes, Philip, Demetrius III
Eucærus, Antiochus XI Epiphanes, Antiochus XII Dionysius,
83. Tigranes, king of Armenia,
69. Antiochus XII Asiaticus,
64. Syria a Roman Province.
B.C.E.
140. Simon made hereditary high priest and Nassi
(Prince).
139. Simon stamps coins by permission of Antiochus VII
Sidetes.
Cendebæus, general of Antiochus Sidetes, makes war
upon Simon.
135. Simon slain by his son-in-law; accession of JOHN
HYRCANUS I.
135-123. Wars with the rulers of the Seleucidæan house.
133(about). Embassy to Rome. Rome calls upon Antiochus VII to
make restitution to Judæa.
120(about). Samaria reduced; the Temple on Mount Gerizim
destroyed.
_Conquest of the Idumæans and their conversion to
Judaism._
John Hyrcanus again appeals to Rome in his
difficulties with Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.
John Hyrcanus victorious over the allies, Antiochus
IX Cyzicenus and Ptolemy VIII Lathurus.
109. Samaria destroyed; Judæa at the height of
prosperity; John Hyrcanus has coins struck.
Formation of the three sects: =Pharisees=,
=Sadducees=, =Essenes=; outbreak of hostilities
between the Pharisees and the Sadducees.
106. Accession of Aristobulus I. Discord in the family of
the king.
War with the Ituræans and Trachonites; Judæa
enlarged.
105. Accession of _Alexander (I) Jannæus_.
98-96. The seaport towns taken by Ptolemy VIII Lathurus
regained with the help of the Egyptian king’s
mother.
94-89. Contentions between the Pharisees and the Sadducees;
Alexander Jannæus opposed to the Pharisees.
800 Pharisees executed.
Alexander Jannæus adds trans-Jordanic territory to
Judæa.
79. _Salome Alexandra_, wife of Alexander Jannæus,
ascends the throne.
SIMON BEN SHETACH and JUDAH BEN TABBAI, Pharisee
leaders, reorganize the Synhedrion, and exclude
the Sadducæans. The queen favors the Pharisees.
70. Accession of _Hyrcanus II_.
69. Aristobulus II co-regent; quarrels between the
brothers.
_Antipater the Idumæan_ becomes the counselor of
Hyrcanus II.
66. Aretas, king of the Nabathæans, ally of Hyrcanus
II against Aristobulus II, takes Jerusalem.
Scaurus, the Roman legate, at the instance of
Aristobulus II, forces Aretas to raise the siege
of Jerusalem.
63. _Pompey captures Jerusalem_; Hyrcanus II made
Ethnarch; Aristobulus II a prisoner.
Alexander (II), son of Aristobulus II, enters
Jerusalem; subdued by Aulus Gabinius, Roman
governor of Syria.
60. _Shemaya_ and _Abtalion_ presidents of the
Synhedrion.
56. Aristobulus II escapes from Rome, opposes the Romans
in Judæa, and is taken captive a second time.
55. Alexander (II) routed by the Romans at Mount Tabor.
53. CRASSUS PLUNDERS THE TEMPLE.
Aristobulus II, set free by Julius Cæsar, is
poisoned by the followers of Pompey; Alexander
(II) decapitated.
47. At the petition of Antipater, Cæsar proclaims
Hyrcanus II high priest and Ethnarch.
The _Judæans of Alexandria_ governed by their own
Ethnarch, or _Alabarch_.
Phasael, oldest son of Antipater, governor of
Jerusalem; HEROD, second son of Antipater,
governor of Galilee.
Ezekias of Galilee decapitated by Herod.
Herod before the Synhedrion, protected by Hyrcanus
II; made governor of Cœlesyria by Sextus
Cæsar, Roman governor of Syria.
43. Antipater poisoned.
42. Herod and Phasael made Tetrarchs by Mark Antony.
40. Barzaphernes, Parthian general, takes Jerusalem,
proclaims Antigonus king, and incapacitates
Hyrcanus II for the high-priestly office by
mutilating his ears.
HEROD PROCLAIMED KING BY THE ROMAN SENATE.
37. _Herod marries Mariamne_, granddaughter of Hyrcanus
II.
Jerusalem besieged and taken by Herod and Sosius,
Mark Antony’s general; Antigonus executed.
XIII. THE HERODIAN DYNASTY.
(37 B. C. E.-72 C. E.)
(_See the Genealogical Table of the Herodian Dynasty, p. 134, and the
Table of the High Priests, p. 129._)
EMPERORS OF ROME.
B. C. E. 31. Augustus,
C. E. 14. Tiberius,
37. Caligula,
41. Claudius,
54. Nero,
68. Galba,
69. Otho,
69. Vitellius,
69-79. Vespasian.
PROCURATORS OF JUDÆA.
(Subalterns to the Roman Legates or the Governors of Syria.)