liberal in thought. The perfect example himself of the assimilation of
outside culture, he demands that Judaism shall always seek out the
fullest knowledge, and in the light of the broadest culture of the age
constantly reinterpret its religious ideas and its holy books. Above
all it must be philosophical, for philosophy is "the breath and finer
spirit of all knowledge," and it vivifies the knowledge of God as well
as the knowledge of human things. Without it religion becomes bigoted,
faith obscurantist, and ceremony superstitious. But the Jew does not
merely borrow ideas or accept his philosophy ready-made from his
environment; he interprets it afresh according to his peculiar
God-idea and his conception of God's relation to man, and thereby
makes it a genuine Jewish philosophy, forming in each age a special
Jewish culture. And as religion without philosophy is narrow, so, to
Philo, philosophy without religion is barren; remote from the true
life, and failing in the true purpose of the search for wisdom, which
is to raise man to his highest function. Philosophy, then, is not the
enemy of the Torah: it is its true complement, endowing it with a
deeper meaning and a profounder influence. Thus the saying runs in the
"Ethics of the Fathers,"
[Hebrew: 'm 'yn tora 'yn hkma; 'm 'yn hkma 'yn tora]
"If there is no Torah, there is no wisdom; if there is no wisdom,
there is no Torah." The thought that study of the law is essential to
Judaism Philo shares with the rabbis, and the Torah is in his eyes
Israel's great heritage, not only her literature but her life. As
Saadia said later,[365] "This nation is only a nation by reason of its
Torah." It is because Philo starts from this conviction that his
mission is so striking, and its results so tragical. The Judaism which
he preached to the pagan world was no food for the soul with the
strength taken out to render it more easily assimilated. He emphasizes
its spiritual import, he shows its harmony, as the age demanded, with
the philosophical and ethical conceptions of the time, but he
steadfastly holds aloft, as the standard of humanity, the law of
Moses. The reign of "one God and one law" seemed to him not a far-off
Divine event, but something near, which every good Jew could bring
nearer. He was oppressed by no craven fear of Jewish distinctiveness;
and the Biblical saying that Israel was a chosen people was real to
him and moved him to action. It meant that Israel was essentially a
religious nation, nearer God, and possessed of the Divine law of life,
and that it had received the Divine bidding to spread the truth about
God to all the world. It was a creed, and more, it was an inspiration
which constantly impelled to effort. It would be difficult to sum up
Philo's message to his people better than by the verses in Deuteronomy
which he, the interpreter of God's Word and the successor of Moses, as
he loved to consider himself, proclaims afresh to his own age, and
beyond it to the congregation of Jacob in all ages, "Keep therefore my
commandments and do them; for this is your wisdom and your
understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these
statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and
understanding people.
"For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as
the Lord our God is in all things that we call upon Him for?
"And what nation is there so great that hath statutes and judgments so
righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day?" (Deut.
iv. 5-7).
* * * * *
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following are the chief works which have been
consulted and are recommended to the student of Philo:
The standard edition of Philo is still that of Thomas
Mangey, _Philonis Judæi opera quæ reperiri potuerunt
omnia._ 1742. Londini.
A far more accurate and critical edition, which is
provided with introductory essays and notes upon the
sources of Philo, is in course of publication for the
Berlin Academy, by Dr. Leopold Cohn and Dr. Paul Wendland.
The first five volumes have already appeared, and
the remainder may be expected before long. The only
complete edition which contains the Latin text of the
_Quaestiones_ as well as the Greek works is that published
by Tauchnitz in eight volumes; but the text is not reliable.
There is an English translation of Philo's works in
the Bohn Library (G. Bell & Sons) by C.D. Yonge (4 vols.),
but it is neither accurate nor neat. The same may
he said of the German translation of Jost, but an
admirable German version edited by Dr. L. Cohn is now
appearing, which contains notes of the parallel passages
in rabbinic and patristic literature.
Works bearing on Philo and his period generally:
Schürer, "History of the Jewish People at the Time
of Jesus Christ" (English translation).
Siegfried, _Philo von Alexandrien als Ausleger der
heiligen Schrift_.
Zeller, _Geschiehte der Philosophie der Griechen_,
vol. III, sec. 2.
Drummond, "Philo-Judæus and the Jewish Alexandrian
School." 2 vols. (London.)
Herriot, _Philon le Juif_.
Vacherot, _École d'Alexandrie_, vol. I.
Eusebius, _Præparatio Evangelica_, ed. Gifford.
Freudenthal, J., _Hellenistische Studien_.
Harnack, "History of Dogma," vol. I.
Josephus, "Wars of the Jews"; "Antiquities of the Jews."
Mommsen, Th., "The Roman Provinces."
Works bearing on the special subjects of the different
chapters:
I. THE JEWISH COMMUNITY AT ALEXANDRIA
Graetz, "History of the Jews" (Eng. trans.), vol. II.
Swete, "introduction to the Septuagint."
Hirsch, S.A., "The Temple of Onias," in the
Jews' College Jubilee Volume.
Friedländer, M. (Vienna), _Geschichte der jüdischen
Apologetitc_ and _Religiöse Bewegungen
der Juden irn Zeitalter von Jesus._
II. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF PHILO
Conybeare, edition of _De Vita Contemplativa_. (Oxford.)
Hils, _Les juifs en Rome. Revue des Etudes
Juives_, vols. 8 and 11.
Reinach, Théodor, _Textes d'auteurs grecs et romains
rélatifs au Judaisme_.
Bréhier et Massebieau, _Essai sur la chronologie
de Philon. Revue de l'Histoire des Religions,_ 1906.
III. PHILO'S WORKS AND METHOD
Hart, J.H.A., "Philo of Alexandria," Jewish
Quarterly Review, vols. XVII and XVIII.
Massebieau, _Du classement des oeuvres de Philon_.
Cohn, Leopold, _Einteilung und Chronologie der
Schriften Philon_.
IV. PHILO AND THE TORAH
Treitel, L., _Der Nomos in Philon. Monatsschrift
für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, 1905.
V. PHILO'S THEOLOGY
Montefiore, C., _Florilegium Philonis_, Jewish
Quarterly Review, vol. VIII.
Caird, Ed., "Evolution of Theology in the
Greek Philosophers."
Heinze, _Die Lefire vom Logos_,
Bucher, _Philonische Studien_.
Von Arnim, _Philonische Studien._
VI. PHILO AS A PHILOSOPHER
Freudenthal, Max, _Die Erkenntnisstheorie von Philo._
Bigg, "The Christian neo-Platonists of Alexandria."
Bussell, "The School of Plato."
Stewart, J.A., "The Myths of Plato."
Cuyot, H., _Les reminiscences de Philon chez Plotin_. 1906.
Neumark, _Geschichte der jildischen Philosophie
des Mittelalters_.
VII. PHILO AND JEWISH TRADITION
Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology."
Taylor, "Ethics of the Fathers."
Ritter, Bernhard, _Philo und die Halacha_. Breslau, 1879.
Dei Rossi, "Meor Einayim," ed. Cassel.
Krochmal, "Moreh Nebuchei Hazeman," ed. Zunz.
Frankel, Z., _Ueber den Einfluss der palästinensischen
Exegese auf die alexandrinische Hermeneutik_.
Epstein, _Le livre des Jubilis, Philon et le Midrasch
Tadsché_, Revue des Etudes Juives, XXI.
Ginzberg, L., "Allegorical Interpretation," in
Jewish Encyclopedia.
Joel, M., _Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte_.
Treitel, L., _Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift
für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, 1909.
ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR THE REFERENCES
The references to Philo's works are made according to the chapters in
Conn and Wendland's edition, so far as it has appeared. In referring
to the works which they have not edited, I have used the pages of
Mangey'a edition; but I have frequently mentioned the name of the
treatise in which the passage occurs, as well as the page-number.
I have employed the following abbreviations in the references:
L.A. I-III Legum Allegoriae.
De Mundi Op. De Mundi Opificio.
De Sacrif. De Sacrifices Abelis.
Quod Det. Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiatur.
De Post. C. De Posteritate Caini.
De Gigant. De Gigantibus.
Quod Deus. Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis.
De Agric. De Agricultura.
De Plant. De Plantatione.
De Ebr. De Ebrietate.
De Confus. De Confusione Linguarum.
De Migr. De Migratione Abrahami.
Quis Rer. Div. Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres.
De Cong. De Congressu Eruditorum Causa.
De Fuga. De Fuga et Inventione.
De Mut. Nom. De Mutatione Nominum.
De Somn. De Somniis.
De Abr. De Vita Abrahami.
De Jos. De Vita Josephi.
De V. Mos. De Vita Mosis.
De Mon. De Monarchia.
De Spec. Leg. De Specialibus Legibus.
De Sac. De Sacerdotum Honoribus et de Victimis.
De Leg. De Legatione ad Gaium.
In Flacc. In Flaccum.
De Decal. De Decalogo.
De Septen. De Septenario.
De Concupisc. De Concupiscentia.
De Just. De Justitia.
De Exsecr. De Exsecrationibus.
Ant. Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews,
tr. by Whiston.
Bell. Jud. Wars of the Jews.
C. Apion. Contra Apionem.
Hist. Ecclesiast. Eusebius: Historia Ecclesiastica.
Praep. Evang. Eusebius: Praeparatio Evangelica.
Photius, Cod. Photius: Codex.
INDEX
Abraham (_see_ Lives of Abraham and Joseph), 83;
model of the excellent man, 244.
Agrippa (King), Philo's life covers reign of, 45;
Philo in Jerusalem during reign of, 50;
arrives at Alexandria, 65;
advanced to Kingdom of Judea, 69;
intercedes at Rome for his people, 69;
death of, 70.
Alexander (the Great), a notable figure in Talmud, 13;
settles Jews in Greek colonies, 14;
result of his work, 23.
Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Delta region, 46;
guardian of Antony's daughter, 46;
restored to honor after imprisonment, 70.
Alexandria, Jewish community at (_see_ Jewish), 13 ff., 41, 42 f.;
Jewish population of, under Ptolemy I, 15;
meeting-place of civilizations, 14, 48, 95;
centre of Jewish life, 15, 129;
two sections occupied by Jews, 16;
prosperity of Jews in, 21, 22, 32;
anti-Semitic literature and influences in, 22, 62, 67, 74;
Jewish tradition at, 27;
synagogues at, 37;
deputation to Jerusalem from, 41;
rabbis flee to, 42;
Agrippa finds a refuge at, 51, 65;
mystical and ascetic ideas of people at, 55, 59;
philosophical schools at, 63, 90, 92, 94, 140;
development of Judaism in, 77, 255;
Egyptian caste-system adopted at, 16;
Jews of, popularize teachings of Bible, 34;
Jews of, referred to, in Talmud, 42;
Philo forced into Sanhedrin of, 61, 202, 203 f.;
Philo member of, 61;
disintegration of community at, 71;
Zealots flee to, on fall of Jerusalem, 71;
replaced by Babylon as centre of Jewish intellect, 73;
Samaritans in, 106;
antinomian movement in, 130;
prototypes of Christian belief at, 155;
Pythagorean influence at, 188;
national life and culture undermined at (_see_ National), 218.
Alexandrian, exegesis, characteristic of, 36;
church, departs from Jewish standpoint, 72;
Platonists, connection between Philo and later school of, 192;
schools, relation of, to Palestinian, 199 f., 213;
literature in the Dark and Middle Ages, 225 f.
_Allegories of the Laws_, an allegorical commentary, 74, 87 f.;
attacks Stoic doctrines, 94;
the _Epistles_, lineal descendants of, 247.
Angels, doctrine of, in Palestine, 140;
Philo's treatment of, 150-1.
Antiochus Epiphanes, Palestine passes to, 17.
Anti-Semitic, party, Flaccus won over by, 65;
literature and influences in Alexandria, 22, 62, 67, 74;
party, punishment of, at Rome, 70.
Apion, a Stoic leader, 63;
accuses Jews, 63, 67;
Philo's references to, 63, 101;
Josephus' reply to, 65.
Aquila, new Greek version of Old Testament made by, 224;
rabbis' views of, 224.
Aristeas, spirit of, glorified in Philo, 77.
Aristobulus, first allegorist of Alexandria, 38;
his spirit inherited by Philo, 77;
on wisdom, 143;
on the Word of God, 146;
difference between Philo and, 168.
Artapanus, Jewish apologist, 77.
Assouan, Aramaic papyri at, 15.
Babylon, replaces Alexandria as centre of Jewish intellect, 73;
Greek culture forgotten in, 224.
Bible, the, Philo's interpretation
and views on, 49, 102, 108 ff.;
Philo reveals spiritual message of, 83;
authority of, challenged at Alexandria, 92;
wisdom personified in, 141, 142.
Cabbalah, the, Essenes practitioners in, 233;
Philo as the Hellenizer of, 235.
Caligula. _See_ Gaius.
Chaldean, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.
Christian, monastic communities, 73;
heresy, a severance from main community, 72;
theologians, fail to realize spirit of Philo, 124;
reformers, and the yoke of the law, 130;
teachers preserve Philo's works, 156, 248;
writers quote Philo, 223;
apologists imitate allegorical method, 245.
Christianity, the movement towards, 28;
rise of, 42;
conflict with Judaism at Alexandria, 72;
Philo's writings regarded as testimony to, 156;
Philo's influence over religious philosophy of, 195.
Conversion to Judaism, in Egypt and Rome, 32.
_Courage_, tractate appended to _Life of Moses_, 75.
_Creation of the World_, description of, 83.
Croiset, criticism of Philo by, 90.
_Decalogue, The_, contents of, 83.
Derash, Philo a master of, 103.
_Dreams of the Bible_, classed with Allegories of the Laws, 74.
Dubnow, on Alexandrian Judaism, 129.
Egypt, Alexander's march to, 14;
settlement of Jews in, 14;
connection between Israel and, 14;
visited by Plato, 15, 172;
Diaspora in, after Jeremiah, 15;
a favored home of the Jews, 21;
conversion widespread in (_see_ Rome), 32;
Flaccus, governor of, 65;
Jews of, under same rule as Palestine Jews, 15.
Egyptian, populace, Philo on, 62;
thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.
_Epistles_, the Pauline, lineal descendants of Allegories of the
Laws, 247;
doctrines of the Logos in, 250.
Essenes, rise of, 34, 54;
account of, in Philo's works, 78;
type of the philosophical life, 79;
practitioners in the Cabbalah, 233.
Flaccus, won over by Anti-Semites, 65;
indifference of, to attacks of Jews, 66;
recall of, 66;
Philo on the persecutions of, 78.
Frankel Z., writes on Alexandrian-Jewish culture, 241.
Gaius (Roman Emperor), comes to the imperial chair, 65;
Jews appeal directly to, 66;
receives Jewish deputation, 67;
death of, 69.
Greek philosophers, Philo's relation to, 48, 52;
philosophy, Philo's influence on, 49, 191 f.;
colonies, Alexander settles Jews in, 14.
Greek culture, various branches of, 47;
the chief schools of, 48, 54;
fertilizing influence of ideas of, 58;
and Jewish Scripture, 76;
neglected in Babylon, 224.
Haggadah, the, in Philo's works, 202, 207 f.;
antiquity of, 209 f.;
allegorical speculation in, 212.
Halakah, outcome of devotion to Torah, 99;
Palestinian Jews determine, 105;
observance of oral law standardized in, 126;
relation of Philo to, 202 f.;
differences between Alexandrian Sanhedrin and Palestinian, 203 f.;
codification of, 207.
Hebrew, language, evidence of Philo's knowledge of, 49;
included in barbarian languages, 97;
Philo's derivations from, 50, 101;
race, the three founders of, 110 f.;
tradition, Philo follows, 159;
mind, Professor Caird on, 167.
Hellenism, of Palestine, 24, 25;
of Alexandria (_see_ Greek culture), 25;
influence of, in Palestine, 51;
and the interpretation of the Bible, 254;
New Testament, a combination of Hebraism and, 247;
Christian theology a descent to a commoner, 254.
Hillel, Philo contemporary with, 45;
shows expansion of Hebrew mind, 45;
on chief lesson of Torah, 117, 118;
spirit of, shared by Philo, 249.
_Humanity_, tractate appended to a _Life of Moses_, 75.
Incarnation, notion of, not Jewish, 166.
Indian, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.
Isaac, _See Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, 83.
Israel, Philo's derivation of the name, 50, 138;
God's special providence for, 77;
the mission of, 206, 242.
Italy, Philo visits, 66.
Jacob, _See Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, 83.
Jeremiah, prophesies in Egypt, 14;
heard by Plato, 15.
Jerusalem, Alexander's visit to, 14;
Philo, on national centre at, 20, 41, 86;
spiritual headship of, 41;
special synagogues for Alexandrians in, 41;
derivation of name of, 50;
Philo's sojourn at, 50;
downfall of, 71;
Judaism at, 129.
Jesus, spread of his teaching, 245;
his message compared with that of Philo, 245;
preaching of, effect on Jewish attitude to life, 246;
Paul sets up a new faith in, 251.
Jewish, community at Alexandria (_see_ Alexandria), 13 ff., 72;
temple at Elephantine, 15;
kingdom reaches its height, 45;
mind, religous conception of, 49, 137, 166;
law and ceremony, elucidation of, 49;
race, symbol of the unity of, 51;
aspiration toward "freedom under the law," 124;
influences, dominant in Philo, 133, 189;
philosophy, eclectic, 168;
philosophy, new school of in Middle Ages, 225 f.
Joseph (_see Lives of Abraham and Joseph_), 83;
as Egyptian statesman, 23.
Josephus, on Onias and Dositheus, 18;
inconsistent accounts of Onias temple, 19;
on Egyptian Jews, 20;
account of Herod's temple by, 41;
writes a reply to Apion, 65;
description of Gaius' conduct to Jewish deputation, 68;
on the spreading of Judaism, 115;
indicates communication between schools of Alexandria and Palestine,
220;
relation to Philo and his works, 222.
Jowett, on sermons, 90.
Judaism, genius of, 46, 196;
Philo's exposition of, 52, 74, 78, 81, 84, 105;
Philo protests against desecration of, 258;
mysticism in, 58;
philosophical, 72, 230;
Alexandrian development of, 77, 92;
moral teachings of, 85;
religion of the law, 106, 116, 260;
Josephus on the spreading of, 115;
a religion of universal validity, 121, 169;
at Jerusalem and Alexandria, 129;
catholic conscience of, 130, 131;
Darmesteter on, 132;
Logos doctrine and, 165;
danger of union with Gentiles to, 206;
a national culture, 219;
influences of Jesus and Paul on, 247;
Hellenistic interpretation of the Bible and, 254.
Judas Maccabæus, struggles against Hellenizing party, 18.
Krochmal, Nachman, criticism of Philo, 240.
_Life of Moses_, contents of, 75, 79 f.;
an attempt to set monotheism before the world, 80;
tractates appended to, 75.
_Lives of Abraham and Joseph_, description of, 83.
_Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, contents of, 83.
Logos, 143 ff.;
its relation to God's Providence, 143;
meaning of, 144-164, 148;
Aristobulus on, 146;
regarded as the effluence of God, 149;
spoken of as a person, 156;
the soul, an image of, 178;
development of Philo's doctrine of, 192.
Maimonides, object of his Moreh, 91;
principles of, 99, 229;
comparison of Philo with, 229 f.
Mark Antony, Alexander Lysimachus in the confidence of, 46.
Monastic communities, supposed record of Christian, in Philo, 73.
Moses, Philo a follower of, 60, 113 f.;
Philo's ideal type, 79 f.;
Philo, as interpreter of his revelation, 104, 106 f.
_See Life of Moses_.
National, centre at Jerusalem, Philo on, 20, 41, 86;
life undermined at Rome and Alexandria, 218.
Old Testament, Septuagint translation of, 25-30;
Aquila's new Greek version of, 224.
Onias, leader of army of Egyptian monarch, 18;
successor to high priesthood, 18;
builds temple, 18, 19 f.;
temple of, dismantled, 71;
Jewish writers silent about work of, 19.
Oral law, observance of, standardized in the Halakah, 126.
Origen, distinguishes three methods of interpretation, 76;
teacher of Patristic school, 195; imitates Philo, 186.
Palestine, struggle for, between Ptolemies and Seleucids, 17;
Hellenism of, compared with that of Athens, 24, 25;
rabbis of, 28;
Philo visits, 50;
effect of Hellenic influence in, 54;
New Moon a solemn day in, 121;
aims of Jewish thought in, 140;
doctrine of angels in, 140.
Palestinian Jews, under same rule as Egyptian Jews, 15;
rabbis, oral tradition, 34;
development of Jewish culture, 42 f., 200;
Midrash, Philo's acquaintance with, 52;
schools, relation existing between Alexandrian and, 199 f., 203 f.,
213.
Paul, the most commanding of the apostles, 247;
influence of, compared with that of Jesus, 247;
rejection of the Torah by, 248;
sets up a new faith in Jesus, 251.
Pentateuch, Samaritan doctrines with reference to, 106.
Peshat, as a form of interpretation, 103.
Philo, contemporary with Herod, 45, 50;
family of, 46;
works of 74 ff.;
philosophical training of, 49;
flees from Alexandria, 60;
meeting of Peter and Mark with, 73;
forced into Sanhedrin of Alexandria, 61;
writings of, regarded as testimony to Christianity, 73, 156;
influence of, over Christian religious philosophy, 195, 242 ff.;
relation of, to Greek philosophers, 48, 52;
acquaintance of, with Chaldean and Indian thought, 48;
his interpretation and views of the Bible, 49, 102, 108 ff.;
evidence of his knowledge of Hebrew language, 49;
follows Hebrew tradition, 159, 199 ff.;
compared with Spinoza, 73, 134, 163;
on persecutions of Sejanus and Flaccus, 62, 78;
replies to attacks of stoics, 64, 95;
stoics' view of God compared with that of, 185;
goes to Italy, 66;
refers to Apion, 63, 101;
Josephus' knowledge of the works of, 222;
Christian teachers preserve works of, 156, 247;
relation of, to the Halakah, 202 f.;
comparison of Maimonides with, 229 f.;
doctrine of the Logos (_see_ Logos), 144 ff.;
connection between Saadia and, 226 f.;
the Hellenizer of the Cabbalah, 235;
opposed to missionary attitude of Paul, 249.
Plato, hears Jeremiah, 15;
Philo's style reminiscent of, 48;
conception of the Law in, 131;
Philo's philosophy compared with that of, 170 ff.;
dominant philosophical principle of, 174;
a mystic, 230;
conception of God in, 254.
Ptolemies, the: Ptolemy I, increases number of Jewish inhabitants in
Alexandria, 15;
IV, gives Heliopolis to Onias, 16;
admirers of Scriptures, 23.
_Questions and Answers to Genesis and Exodus_, now incomplete, 75, 81 f.;
a preliminary study to more elaborate works, 81;
Hebraic in form, 82.
_Repentance_, tractate appended to _Life of Moses_, 75.
Rome, Alexandria second to, 14;
conversion widespread in (_see_ Egypt), 32;
Agrippa an exile from, 51;
power of Jews at, 62;
Jewish struggle with, 220;
Philo's apocryphal meeting with Peter at, 73;
national life and culture undermined at (_see_ National), 218.
Saadia, founds new school of Jewish philosophy, 225 f.;
connection between Philo and, 226 f.
Samaritan, doctrines with reference to Pentateuch, 106;
Jew, story of, 98.
Sanhedrin, Hillel, president of, 45;
Philo forced into Alexandrian, 61;
duties of members of, 61;
of Alexandrian community, 202;
of Jerusalem and capital punishment, 203;
differences between Palestinian Halakah and Alexandrian, 203 f.
Sejanus, Tiberius falls under influence of, 62;
Antonia opponent of, 62;
Philo's book on persecution of, 62, 78;
disgrace and death of, 65.
Septuagint, Hellenistic development marked by, 25;
Philo's version of origin of, 26;
celebrations in honor of, 27;
infusion of Greek philosophic ideas into, 28;
Christianizing influence of, 29;
value of, to the cultured Gentile, 33;
replaced by new Greek version of Old Testament, 224.
Solomon, Wisdom of, written at Alexandria, 31.
_Specific Laws, The_, description of, 83;
socialism of Bible emphasized in, 86.
Spinoza, his ideal of life, 53;
compared with Philo's, 73, 134, 163, 239;
on Jewish thought, 137;
influenced by Philo, 237 ff.;
approaches Bible from critical standpoint, 239.
Stoics, the chief Anti-Semites, 63;
Philo replies to attacks of, 64, 95;
in conflict with Jews at Alexandria, 94;
beliefs of, 64, 94, 116, 176;
view of God compared with that of Philo, 185.
Synagogues,
at Alexandria, 16, 37.
Tiberius Alexander,
nephew of Philo, 71.
Tradition, Jewish,
at Alexandria, 27;
Philo and Jewish, 199 ff.
Zealots, flight of,
to Alexandria, 71.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Comp. Leviticus Rabba 13.]
[Footnote 2: Comp. Josephus, Ant. IX. 1.]
[Footnote 3: Sukkah 51^{b}.]
[Footnote 4: Quoted by Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]
[Footnote 5: Ant. XII. 5, 9, XX. 10.]
[Footnote 6: Josephus, _Bell. Jud._ VII. 10.]
[Footnote 7: Comp. the passages in the "Antiquities" above and the
_Bell. Jud._ V. 5.]
[Footnote 8: Menahot 109, Abodah Zarah 52^{b}.]
[Footnote 9: _De Leg._ II. 578.]
[Footnote 10: Comp. _De Mon._ I. 5.]
[Footnote 11: Dr. Hirseh, in The Jews' College Jubilee Volume, p.39.]
[Footnote 12: Menahot 119.]
[Footnote 13: Comp. Ant. XIV. 14-16.]
[Footnote 14: Ant. XVI. 7.]
[Footnote 15: Philo, _In Flacc._ 6.]
[Footnote 16: _C. Apion._ II. 5.]
[Footnote 17: I have used the word anti-Semite because, though the
hatred at Alexandria was not racial, but national, it has now become
synonymous with Jew-hater generally.]
[Footnote 18: Quoted in _C. Apion_. I. 22.]
[Footnote 19: _De V. Mos_. II. 6, 7.]
[Footnote 20: See p. 22, above.]
[Footnote 21: Preface to Ecclesiasticus.]
[Footnote 22: Tract. Soferim I. 7.]
[Footnote 23: Tanhuma [Hebrew: ki tsha]]
[Footnote 24: See p. 23, above.]
[Footnote 25: _Orac. Sib_., ed. Alexandre, III. 8.]
[Footnote 26: _Ibid._, III. 195.]
[Footnote 27: Comp. Strabo, Frag. 6, Didot.]
[Footnote 28: _De Post.C._ 24.]