akontistai holding the javelin in one hand and the _amentum_ in the
other). Fastening the thong is commonly depicted on vases: _e. g._, a
youth seated on the ground attaching the _amentum_ is pictured on a
r.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._,
XXVII, p. 32, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88; _B. C. H._, XXIII,
1899, p. 164, fig. 3; on a r.-f. kylix in Wuerzburg (no. 432), a youth
is seen winding the _amentum_ around the akontion, drawing one end
of the thong tight by means of his left foot: Juethner, p. 42, fig.
37; Gardiner, p. 340, fig. 91; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 599, fig. 4116;
Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 93, no. 7. On a r.-f. amphora
from Vulci attributed to Euthymides, and now in the British Museum, we
see an akontistes holding the spear pointed to the ground and drawing
the _amentum_ tight preparatory to the throw: _B. M. Vases_, E 256; _J.
H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XIX; Gardiner, p. 348, fig. 99; Hoppin, _Euthymides
and his Fellows_, p. 49, Pls. IX, XI; _id._, _Hbk._, I, pp. 442-3, no.
19. For the various methods of attaching the _amentum_, see collection
of drawings from vases in Gardiner, p. 341, fig. 92 = _J. H. S._,
XXVII, p. 250, fig. 1.
[1593] See _J. H. S._, XXVII, pp. 262 f.; Gardiner, pp. 350 f.
[1594] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Rome: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 266,
fig. 14; Gardiner, p. 354, fig. 104; Juethner, p. 48, fig. 43.
[1595] Downwards in the r.-f. amphora in the British Museum, mentioned
above, E 256.
[1596] No. 2667 (Jahn, no. 562 A); _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 262,
fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 349, fig. 100; Juethner, p. 47, fig. 41; Hoppin,
_Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 198, no. 8.
[1597] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the Torlonia collection: _J. H.
S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 351, fig. 102; Juethner, p.
58, fig. 49.
[1598] _E. g._, badly done on the Munich kylix mentioned, no. 2667;
also on a r.-f. kylix of Panaitios from Vulci in Munich, no. 2637
(Jahn, no. 795): _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 66, Pl. XI (= Reinach, _Rép.
vases peints_, I, p. 422, 2); _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 12;
Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXI, 3; Baum.,
I, p. 613, fig. 672; Hoppin, _Hbk._, p. 426, no. 54; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2,
p. 1452, fig. 3478; IV, 2, p. 1056, fig. 6086; on a r.-f. amphora in
Munich (Jahn, no. 408): _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 265, fig. 13; Gardiner,
p. 353, fig. 103; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl.
XLV.
[1599] P. 48.
[1600] See _23stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._
[1601] B. B., no. 273; Bulle, 47, and pp. 97-102 and fig. 18; von Mach,
113; Collignon, I, pp. 488 f. and Pl. XII; Rayet, I, Pl. 29; Gardner,
_Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIV; Springer-Michaelis, p. 276, fig. 496; F. W., 503.
[1602] _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, 1902. For the Apollonios bust, see B.
B., no. 336; F. W., 505. An almost identical bust—except for a wide
fillet around the locks and shoulders—was found in the _tablinum_ of
the same villa (_Invent._, no. 6164). Many of these heads doubtless
come from busts or statues which decorated gymnasia and palæstræ.
[1603] Duetschke, III, no. 535 (0.81 meter high).
[1604] F. W., 507; _cf._ Rayet, I, text to Pl. 29.
[1605] No. 293; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, pp. 7 f.;
_id._, _Vat._, I, no. 126 on p. 151 and Pl. 19; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I,
45; _Guide_, I, 58; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 10. It is 2.11 meters
high (Amelung). _Cf._ Loewy, _Lysipp und Seine Stellung in der gr.
Plastik_, pp. 5-7 and 23-4; Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909,
pp. 104-14. For other replicas, see Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 228 f.; _Mw._,
pp. 421 f.
[1606] Mahler, _op. cit._, p. 29.
[1607] As we see from the careful copy on a Berlin gem: Helbig,
_Fuehrer_, I, p. 31, fig. 3; _Guide_, I, p. 35, fig. 4; and on a
funerary relief in Argos: _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII
(Furtwaengler); B. B., 279A; Collignon, I, p. 491, fig. 250; F. W.,
504; _cf._ _Annali_, LI, 1879, p. 219 (Brunn); Mitchell, _Hist. Anc.
Sculpt._, 1883, p. 386 and fig. 176.
[1608] The _uno crure insistere_ of Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 56. Here
Pliny quotes Varro to the effect that Polykleitos’ statues were almost
exactly after the same type (_paene ad unum exemplum_).
[1609] See _Mp._, pp. 212 f. and figs. 90 and 91 (head, two views);
_Mw._, pp. 403 f., and Pls. XXIV, XXV. For the statue, see also
Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 295 (= god or athlete);
Kekulé, _Jb._, III, 1888, p. 37 and Pl. 1 (= Polykleitan and Zeus); B.
B., 122.
[1610] _De instit. Orat._, V, 12.21.
[1611] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.
[1612] _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 292, n. 2.
[1613] _Mp._, pp. 163 and 228; _Mw._, p. 420.
[1614] _E. g._, that of Ktesilaos (= Kresilas; see below) in _H. N._,
XXXIV, 76; of Polykleitos, _ibid._, 55, and of Aristodemos, _ibid._, 86.
[1615] This torso is of Pentelic marble, like many of the later victor
statues at Olympia, and is fleshier than the Naples and Vatican copies:
_Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 250 and fig. 284 (back view); Tafelbd.,
Pl. LXII, I; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 228, _Mw._, p. 420. It is in the Museum
at Olympia.
[1616] The Naples copy is 1.99 meters high; see Kalkmann, Die Proport.
des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893,
p. 53; the Olympia torso is 1.10 meters high for the preserved part
(Treu).
[1617] _Pro Imag._, 11.
[1618] _E. g._, the statue of Polydamas, P., VI, 5.1; the base of the
statue of Kallias, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 146; of Eukles, _ibid._, no.
159; etc.
[1619] Collignon, I, p. 490; he believed that the original statue by
Polykleitos stood in a Gymnasion at Argos.
[1620] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342 and n. 2.
[1621] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, nos. 87 (pp. 56
f., and fig., showing front and back, on p. 57; _cf._ _Cat. Class.
Coll._, p. 114, fig. 72; it is from Cyprus), and 88 (fig. on p. 58;
_Mus. Bull._, Dec., 1913, p. 270, Richter). No. 87 is 6.25 inches tall;
88 is 5.56 inches.
[1622] _Mp._, pp. 279 f. Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of
Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos.
[1623] See the fine drawings of these and other groups from tomb no.
17 (of Khety) in Champollion, _Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_,
1845, IV, Pls. CCCLXXII-CCCLXXVIII; Pl. CCCLXXIII, 3 = Perrot-Chipiez,
I, p. 793, fig. 521; CCCLXXIV, 4 = _ibid._, p. 792, fig. 520.
Another scene from the tomb of Nevothph is pictured in Champollion,
Pl. CCCLXIV, I. See also _Arch. Survey of Egypt, Beni Hasan_, Pt.
II, 1894, Pl. XV; _cf._ a poor reproduction of several scenes in
Springer-Michaelis, p. 27, fig. 68.
[1624] _De Leg._, VII, 796 A, B, C.
[1625] Philostr., _Imag._, II, 32 (p. 857), ascribes its origin to
Hermes’ daughter Palaistra; Apollodoros, II, 4.9, says that the same
god’s son Autolykos was the teacher of Herakles. Pausanias, I, 39.3,
says that the systematic instruction in the art began with Theseus.
Eustathius, schol. on _Il._, XXIII, p. 1327, says that Kerkyon
discovered it. In a scholion on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 49, Boeckh, p. 465,
Pherekydes and Polemon are quoted as saying that Theseus’ charioteer
Phorbas invented the art, and Istros is quoted as saying that Athena
taught Theseus. At Olympia Herakles was a victor in wrestling: P., V,
8.4.
[1626] Ajax (Telamon) and Odysseus contended in a wrestling bout
which ended in a draw: Il., XXIII, 710-734; in line 701, and in Od.,
VIII, 126, it is called παλαισμοσύνη ἀλεγεινή; it appears among the
Phaiakians in Od., VIII, 103, 246. It was pictured along with boxing on
the shield of Herakles by Hesiod: _Scut._, 302 (= ἑλκηδόν).
[1627] P., V, 8.7; Ph., 12.
[1628] P., V, 8.9.
[1629] On rules and representations of wrestling in literature and
art, see especially E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 14-31;
pp. 263-293, and Pls. XI and XII; _id._, _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch.
XVIII, pp. 372-401; _cf._ Krause, I, pp. 400 f; Grasberger, _Erziehung
u. Unterricht_, I, pp. 345 f. An excellent account of a wrestling
match is found in the oldest Greek prose romance, the _Aethiopica_ of
Heliodoros, X, 31 f.; _cf._ also the fine account of a bout between
Diomedes and Aias in Quintus Smyrnæus: IV, 215 f.; etc.
[1630] Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxy. Pap._, III, 466; discussed by Juethner,
with part of the text and translation, in his edition of the _de Arte
gymn._ of Philostratos, p. 26. On the method of selecting antagonists
at Olympia, the number engaged, byes, etc., see Gardiner, pp. 374-5.
[1631] For coins in the British Museum, see Gardiner, p. 373, fig.
109, a, b, c (from Aspendos, of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C.),
d (from Herakleia in Lucania, of the fourth), e, f (from Syracuse, of
about 400 B. C.), g (from Alexandria of the time of Antoninus Pius);
see also _id._, _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 271, fig. 9.
[1632] See especially, Gardiner, _ll. cc._
[1633] Described by Lucian, _Anach._, 24.
[1634] Described by Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 215 f. and Nonnos, XXXVII,
553 f.; discussed in _J. H. S._, XXV, pp. 25 f.
[1635] No. 2159; _A. J. A._, XI, 1896, p. 11, fig. 9; _J. H. S._, XXV,
p. 270, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 386, fig. 116; Furtwaengler-Reichhold,
_Die griech. Vasenmalerei_, III, pp. 73 f., and Pl. CXXXIII; Gerhard,
_Trinkschalen und Gefaesse des k. Museums zu Berlin und anderer
Sammlungen_, 1848-50, Pls. XIX, XX; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._,
III, _Apollon_, p. 400, n. 1 and Pl. XXIV, 2; W. Klein, _Die griech.
Vasen mit Meistersignaturen_^2, 1886, no. 4; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f.
Vases_, I, p. 32, Pl. on p. 33.
[1636] No. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV,
a, and pp. 140 f. (W. N. Bates); J. D. Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases
in Amer. Museums_, 1918, p. 111 (Lysis, Laches, and Lykos group);
Gardiner, p. 392, fig. 122.
[1637] _Invent._, 5626-5627; B. B., 354; Comparetti e de Petra, _La
Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XV, 2 and 3; Bulle, 91;
Gardiner, p. 378, fig. 110 (= one statue); von Mach, 289; Reinach,
_Rép._, II, 2, 541 (= one statue); etc. They appear to be boys of about
sixteen, and consequently may represent contestants in the πάλη παίδων.
The statues are 1.18 meters high (Bulle). The advanced foot in no. 5626
is wrongly restored.
[1638] Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64, n. 49 (dolichodromoi).
[1639] _Cf._ Gardiner, p. 382.
[1640] _Jb._, IV, 1889, pp. 116, n. 8; _cf._ Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch.
Inst._, IV, 1901, pp. 172-3 and n. 12. Mahler wrongly thought that the
heads were different: _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, p. 18; he assigned one
to the fifth century B. C., the other to the influence of Praxiteles.
Benndorf believed the two figures to be copies of one statue, later
used to make a group.
[1641] Bulle, no, 90; in the Landesmuseum of Darmstadt: see Adamy,
_Archaeol. Samml. des grossherz. Hess. Museums_, 1897, p. 21, no. 19.
The figures are only 0.075 meter high.
[1642] Bulle, p. 179, fig. 40; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 318, 2; for other
similar ones, _cf. ibid._, II, 2, 539, 2 (cover of a cista from
Praeneste), 5 (in the Louvre), 6 (in Vienna = E. von Sacken, _Die ant.
Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz-und Ant.-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. XLV, 7),
and III, 155, 3 (in Forman Collection, London).
[1643] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 124 and fig.
on p. 79; it is 4.5 inches high.
[1644] _E. g._, Walters, _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 639; _Mon. d. I._, X,
1877, Pl. XLV, 1 a.; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de
la Bibl. Nationale_, 1895, no. 935.
[1645] Παναθήναια, II, Plates.
[1646] Gardiner, p. 395, fig. 126; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 286, fig. 23;
Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 328, fig. 81.
[1647] Gardiner, p. 396, fig. 127; Clarac, 802, 2014.
[1648] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, pp. 52-4 and
Pl. XXI; it is 0.165 meter high. Others there listed include one in
the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, Pl. XI, b (front and back),
and text on p. 288; Gardiner p. 398, fig. 129; another from Vienne
in Bonn; two in Paris, in the de Clercq and Warrocqué collections
respectively; and a fifth, whose location is unknown. All are of rough
Roman workmanship, either of the second or first centuries B. C.
[1649] See Petersen in _R. M._, XV, 1900, pp. 158 f.; Klein, III, pp.
309 f.; Sieveking, _op. cit._, p. 53, n. 1. The copies are in Florence
(_Galleria di Firenze_, III, Pl. 123, 2; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538,
5); in St. Petersburg (_Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._,
St. Petersburg, 1867, Pl. I, pp. 5 f., text by Stephani; _J. H. S._,
XXV, 1905, p. 290, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 399, fig. 130; Reinach,
_Rép._, II, 2, 538, 1 and 3); in Constantinople, from Antioch (_Jb._,
XIII, 1898, Pl. XI and pp. 177 f., Foerster; _Rev. arch._, XXXV, 1899,
Pl. XVIII, pp. 207 f., Joubin; _J. H. S._, 1905, p. 291, fig. 26;
Gardiner, p. 400, fig. 131); in the Louvre, from Egypt (no. 361; _Jb._,
XVI, 1901, fig. on p. 51; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 234, 2); and in the
British Museum (_B. M. Bronzes_, 853 and Pl. XXVII, middle one below).
In the St. Petersburg copy the arms of the victor are changed around.
[1650] Duetschke, III, 547; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426;
Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, 1.
[1651] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1382 (= Attic); _Jb._, XXV, 1910, Pl.
VII, and pp. 171 f. (Bieber = Euphranor); _cf._ _R. M._, VI, 1891, p.
304, n. 2 (Petersen = Skopaic); Furtw., _Mw._, p. 515, n. 4 (= Skopaic).
[1652] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80.
[1653] _H. N._, XXXV, 71; so Reisch, p. 45, n. 5. See _supra_, p. 206.
[1654] _H. N._, XXXV, 130. It was probably votive in character.
[1655] Ol. 141 (= 216 B. C.): P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 167; Foerster, 471;
_Inschr. v. Ol._, 179.
[1656] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; drawing of the base also in Furtw.,
_Mp._, p. 279, fig. 118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85. The inscription dates
from the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C.,
which shows that the statue was the work of the younger Polykleitos.
Xenokles won sometime between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 (= 404 and 380 B.
C.): P., VI,9.2; Hyde, 85 and p. 41; Foerster, 308.
[1657] Pp. 45-6; he won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI,
9.3; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285.
[1658] _Cf._ Lucretius, V, 1282: _arma antiqua manus ungues dentesque
fuerunt_; Hor., _Sat._, I, 3.101; etc.
[1659] Between Epeios and Euryalos, Il., XXIII, 653 f.; Odysseus and
Iros, Od., XVIII, 1 f.; _cf._ the match between Entellus and Dares in
Virgil, _Aen._, V, 362 f.; Polydeukes and Amykos in Theokr., XXII,
80 f.; and in Apollon. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 67 f. For the Homeric
and Virgilian matches, see _Fencing, Boxing, and Wrestling_, 1889
(Badminton Library), pp. 125 f.
[1660] Il., XXIII, 653; he uses the same epithet of wrestling, _ibid._,
701, and Od., VIII, 126. Eustath. _ad_ Il., XXIII, p. 1322, speaks of
the πύκτης τλησίπονος.
[1661] πυκτοσύνη ἀλγινόεσσα: frag. 19, l. 4 (= _Philos. Fragm._, ed.
Didot, I, p. 104 = Athen., X, 6, p. 414a). Apollon. Rhod. calls it
ἀπηνέα πυγμαχίην, II, 76-7. The parts injured were especially the nose,
ears, cheeks, chin, and teeth; _cf._ Krause, p. 516 and n. 18.
[1662] See Orsi, _Museo Ital. di antich. class._, II, Pl. V, p. 808;
_cf._ Juethner, pp. 65-6, and Frothingham, _A. J. A._, IV, 1888, P. 444.
[1663] See Krause, pp. 497 f. Ph., 9, says that it was an invention of
the Spartans and was first used among the Bebrykes.
[1664] P., V, 7.10; _cf._ Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4 (which
speaks of victories of Apollo in boxing).
[1665] P., V, 8.4.
[1666] XXIII, 660.
[1667] Plut., _l. c._
[1668] The schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465, says that
Theseus instituted the art of boxing.
[1669] P., V, 8. 7; Afr., _s. v._ Onomastos; Ph., 12; _Homeric Hymn to
Apollo_, 149; _cf._ Foerster, 28. The date is also given by Ph., _l. c._
[1670] P., V. 8. 9; Ph., 13.
[1671] See K. T. Frost, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 213f; Gardiner, Ch.
XIX, pp. 402 f.; Krause, pp. 497 f.
[1672] See Krause, I, pp. 502 f.; Juethner, pp. 65 f.; Gardiner, pp.
403 f.
[1673] Mosso, _The Palaces of Crete_, 1907, p. 339, and fig. 160 on p.
341. Orsi, _l. c._, believes the object over the fists in the bronze
shield fragment from Mount Ida to be part of a glove, though Juethner
rejects this view, interpreting it merely as an ornament.
[1674] Schol. on Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 796 A; Clem. Alexandr.,
Strom., I, 16.76.
[1675] ἱμάντας ἐϋτμήτους βοὸς ἀγραύλοιο: Il., XXIII, 684. In the
Odyssey Iros and Odysseus fight with bare fists.
[1676] _E. g._, P., VI, 23.4 and VIII, 40. 3; Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._,
II, 52-53; _cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 B.
[1677] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_,
E 63, and Pl. III; Juethner, p. 68, fig. 54; Gardiner, p. 403, fig.
132; it represents boxers with bundles of thongs in their hands
standing before an official.
[1678] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XII; Gardiner, p.
404, fig. 133; Juethner, p. 66, fig. 53; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f.
Vases_, p. 237, Pl. On the interior of another a youth is seen, thongs
in hand, standing before an altar: Murray, _Designs from Gk. Vases in
the British Museum_, Pl. VI, 24.
[1679] Museum no. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl.
XXXV, b. and p. 142 (text by W. N. Bates).
[1680] IX, 116. A similar game is mentioned by Plato, _Theaet._, XXVII
(= 181 A). On both games, see Krause, pp. 323 f.
[1681] Juethner, pp. 69 f., rightly explains such objects as boxing
thongs.
[1682] Ch. 10; _cf._ P., VIII, 40.3.
[1683] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned, E 39; on a r.-f. amphora
in Munich (Jahn, no. 411B): Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p.
410. fig. 55; on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 1156:
Juethner, p. 70, fig. 56; and on the interior of the r.-f. kylix in
the British Museum to be discussed, E 78 (= Fig. 55): Murray, _Designs
from Gr. Vases in the B. M._, Pl. XIV, 55; Juethner, p. 72, fig. 58;
Gardiner, p. 406, fig. 134; on a r.-f. amphora in the Hofmuseum in
Vienna by Epiktetos we see (figure at the left) a boxer who is just
finishing tying the thongs on his left hand and wrist: Dar-Sagl., IV,
1, p. 755, fig. 5854; Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr._, V,
1881, pp. 139 f., and Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 334,
no. 25, and Pl. on p. 335.
[1684] Tafelbd., Pl. V, no. 4; Textbd., p. 35.
[1685] P., VIII, 40.5; _cf._ II, 20. 1.
[1686] VIII, 40.3. _Cf._ the statues of Damoxenos and Kreugas by Canova
in the Gabinetto di Canova of the Vatican, to see in how exaggerated a
way a modern sculptor has interpreted the boxing bout of these famous
athletes: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 136, 137; _Guide_, 139, 140;
Pistolesi, _Il Vaticano Descritto_, IV, 91.
[1687] _De Leg._, VIII, 830 B; Plut., _de Profectibus in virtute_, IX
(80 B); Pollux, III, 150; Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, 1814-1821, I, P. 62, l.
25.
[1688] _E. g._, on an amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_,
B 607; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e 2; Gardiner, p. 407,
fig. 135; Juethner, p. 83, fig. 67; on the Ficoroni Cista in the Museo
Kircheriano, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, 437; Juethner,
p. 82, fig. 66, a, c. On this cista, see F. Behn, Die ficoronische
Cista, _Arch. Studie_, 1907; O. Jahn, _Die ficoronische Cista_, 1852;
etc.
[1689] Late writers generally use the terms σφαῖραι and ἱμάντες ὀξεῖς
interchangeably.
[1690] _E. g._, ἐπίσφαιρα in Plut., _Praecept. ger. resp._, 32 (= 825
e).
[1691] Juethner, p. 78, fig. 63; Gardiner, p. 409, fig. 137. For this
and the delle Terme glove, see Huelsen, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 175 f.
[1692] Juethner, p. 79, fig. 54.; _Antichi di Ercolano_, Bronzi, II,
pp. 411 f.
[1693] In the Museo Civico there; mentioned by Juethner, p. 78.
[1694] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1145; _Guide_, 625; Baum., I, p. 524,
fig. 566; Juethner, p. 85, fig. 68.
[1695] The word μύρμηκες, _A. G._, XI, 78, may be merely a comic
name for the gloves—certain protuberances (“metal studs” or “nails”
= Liddell and Scott, _s. v._ looking like warts (μυρμηκίαι); _cf._
Pollux, III, 150.
[1696] _Aen._, V, 404-5; 468-71.
[1697] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XII.
[1698] _B. M. Vases_, E 78; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XIII; Gardiner, p.
436, fig. 151.
[1699] _Mus. Journ._, VI, no. 4 (Dec., 1915), p. 169, fig. 89; text by
Dr. S. B. Luce, who believes this class of vases to be a prototype of
the “Nolan” vases; another “Nolan” amphora is given, _ibid._, fig. 90
(also published in _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4), which shows a
diskobolos, who is holding a diskos in a way similar to that on a r.-f.
kelebe in the British Museum (_B. M. Vases_, B 361; Gardiner, p. 324,
fig. 77). On the division of Attic b.-f. amphoræ into “panel-amphoræ”
and “red-bodied amphoræ,” see H. B. Walters, _Hist. Anc. Pottery,
Greek, Etruscan, and Roman_, 1905, I, pp. 160-62.
[1700] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149.
[1701] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 155 (renewed); the date of the victory is
given by P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263.
[1702] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148. The statue stood equally on both
feet, the left being slightly advanced. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B.
C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.
[1703] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); base drawn in outline in
Furtw., _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503, fig. 90. He won in Ol.
82 (= 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376.
Here the body weight rested upon the left foot, the right being flat
on the ground and turned to one side, _i. e._, in the old scheme of
Hagelaïdas and his school.
[1704] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 86. This statue
was in the same attitude as that of Aristion and was slightly over
life-size. He won some time between Ols. (?) 90 and 93 (= 420 and 408
B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.
[1705] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac V, 946, 2436 A (wrongly =
Antinous). See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 288 f. (and fig. 124); _Mw._, pp. 503
f. (and fig. 91). Height 1.75 meters (Michaelis).
[1706] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69; a
headless copy in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, p. 438, 3; Clarac, V, 851,
2180 A. Here the present head is of different marble from the torso and
does not belong to it; the body forms recall those of the _Doryphoros_.
It is 1.49 meters high.
[1707] _Not. Scav._, 1888, pp. 289 f. (Barracco); _Atti dell’ Accad.
di Napoli_, 1889, pp. 35 f. (Sogliano); _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 179 f.
(Huelsen); Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes
Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III (profile and front views), and
fig. on p. 68 (head); B. B., no. 614 (statue), 615 (head, two views);
Juethner, p. 84; etc.
[1708] Furtwaengler (_Statuenkopien im Altertum_) and Sogliano (_l.
c._) date the statue in the period of Augustus.
[1709] B. B., no. 613; Kalkmann, Die Prop. des Gesichts, Pls. I
(statue) and II (head, two views).
[1710] B. B., nos. 132, 134-5; F. W., 462.
[1711] Pl., _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 79. For this view, see text to B.
B., no. 614. Furtwaengler had suggested Lykios as the sculptor of the
_Oil-pourer_: _Mp._, p. 259.
[1712] Though winning in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), his statue was set
up later by his son: P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster,
137. The word σκιαμαχεῖν (lit. “to fight in the shade,” and hence to
practice in the gymnasium) is used synonymously with χειρονομεῖν in the
sense “to spar:” Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 C; P., VI, 10.3; Pollux,
III, 150; etc. _Cf._ Paul’s phrase in _I Corinthians_, 9, 26. A derived
meaning is “to fight with a shadow”: _e. g._, Plato, _Apol._, 18 D;
etc. Dio Chrysostom, _Or._, XXXII (367 M), speaks of χειρονομοῦντες as
gymnasium practisers. See Krause, pp. 510 f.
[1713] The κώρυκος was such a bag used by athletes: _cf._ the
proverb, πρὸς κώρυκον γυμνάζεσθαι, “to labor in vain”: Diog., 7, 54.
The Ficoroni cista has been mentioned _supra_, p. 237, n. 4. The
description and use of the bag are given by Ph., 57.
[1714] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 704; _Guide_, II, 207.
[1715] Amelung, _Vat._, I, 372 B, pp. 554-5 and Pl. LVIII; Clarac, 883,
2256. It is 0.535 meter high.
[1716] _Beschr._, no. 469; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III,
_Apollon_, pp. 218 f. and fig. 14 (restored), interpreted the torso as
that of an Apollo; but the Phrygian coin there pictured (Muenztafel,
IV, 31), of the time of Lucius Verus, may merely show that the motive
later was transferred to the god.
[1717] _Bronzen v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 21-2; Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, no. 57.
It is only 0.112 meter high.
[1718] _E. g._, _Bronzen v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, nos. 51-54 (statuettes);
Pl. VI, nos. 59 and 63 (arm and right lower leg respectively); _cf._
Reisch, p. 39.
[1719] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 199. See B. B., no. 51; F. W., 89; etc.
Theagenes won in Ols. 75, 76 (= 480, 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI,
11.2 f.; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.
[1720] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168. He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and
103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.
[1721] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 158; _I. G. B._, 98; he won some time between
Ols. (?) 95 and 100 (= 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54;
Foerster, 319.
[1722] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 186; _I. G. B._, 176. He won two victories
in boxing some time between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 (= 204 and 192, B.
C.): P., VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510, 512 (who dates the artist
toward the middle of the second century B. C.; but I have followed the
earlier dating of Hiller von Gaertringen, _Woch. f. kl. Philol._, X,
1893, p. 856, which date has been accepted by Dittenberger).
[1723] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174.
[1724] VI., 8.5.
[1725] See Hyde, _de olymp. Stat._, pp. 39-41. There Ol. 80 or 84 (=
460 or 444 B. C.) has been suggested for the original victory.
[1726] Philippos won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304 and
280 B. C.): Hyde, 79 a.
[1727] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 575, in discussing my solution of the
difficulty, call it “_sinnreich, aber doch ungemein kompliziert_,” and
the assumption that a victor would use an older statue of a fellow
countryman to celebrate his own victory “_sehr bedenklich_.”
[1728] _Cf._ Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 296.
[1729] _Op. cit._, p. 41. See also _supra_, p. 188.
[1730] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head, two views); _Annali_,
XLVI, 1874, Pl. L and pp. 51 f. (Brizio); Photo. Giraudon, no. 1207.
[1731] Furtwaengler sees in this statue a work by Pythagoras: _Mp._, p.
171 f.; _Mw._, pp. 345 f.; Brizio, _l. c._, ascribes it to Hagelaïdas.
[1732] _Supra_, pp. 180-1.
[1733] On the pankration, see Gardiner, Ch. XX, pp. 435 f.; _id._, _J.
H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 4 f. and Pls. III-V; Krause, I, pp. 534 f.; etc.
[1734] For the etymology, see Plato, _Euthydem._, 271 C, D; definition,
Pollux III, 150; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 4 (containing also
fanciful etymologies of πάλη); _cf._ Philostr., _Imag._, II, 6
(containing a full account of the contest in the description of the
death of Arrhachion); _cf._ schol. on Plato, _de Rep._, I, 338 C, D.
[1735] _Vita Demonactis_, 49 (against biting).
[1736] _L. c._ (against biting and gouging).
[1737] _Aves_, 442-3; _Pax_, 898-9.
[1738] E 78; another example is seen on a r.-f. kylix in Baltimore:
Gardiner, p. 437, fig. 152; _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 9, fig. 3; Hartwig,
_Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIV; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 629, fig.
350.
[1739] _Nem._, II, III, V; _Isthm._, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.
[1740] Frag. 19, l. 5 (_ap._ Athenæum, X, 6 = 414 a).
[1741] _E. g._, Mahaffy, in his _Old Greek Life_, 1886, p. 56; see
Gardiner, pp. 435-7, in refutation of such an exaggerated view.
[1742] _De Leg._, VIII, 832 E; 834 A.
[1743] Older writers, _e. g._, Faber, _Agonisticon_ (published in
1592), I, 9, p. 1828, thought that the glove was used, an opinion long
ago refuted by Krause, I, p. 539, n. 2. Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I,
1880, p. 185, wrongly says that the pancratiast sometimes wore gloves.
Pausanias does not mention them, nor do we see them on any of the
vase-paintings.
[1744] VI, 6.5.
[1745] VI, 15.5. _Cf._ also V, 17.10, where, in describing the
boxing match between Admetos and Mopsos represented on the chest
of Kypselos, he says οἱ δὲ ἀποτετολμηκότες πυκτεύειν—a hint of the
dangerous character of boxing.
[1746] _Oneir._, 1, 62. This, at best, seems to be an exaggeration.
[1747] Philostr., _l. c._
[1748] VIII, 40.3-5.
[1749] To Theseus: schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465;
_cf._ schol. on _Nem._, III, 27, Boeckh, p. 442; to Herakles: P., V,
8.4.
[1750] P., V, 8.8; Ph., 12; and Afr.
[1751] P., V, 8.11; Ph., 13.
[1752] _E. g._, at Nemea; Pindar composed _Nem._, V, in honor of the
boy Pytheas of Aegina, who won in (?) 485 B. C.; it was introduced at
Delphi in the 61st Pythiad: P., X, 7.8; at the Isthmus in mythical
times: P., V, 2.4.
[1753] Collected by Gardiner, _op. cit._
[1754] Described by Lucian, _Anachar._, I.
[1755] This throw is depicted on the walls of the tombs of Beni-Hasan
on the Nile and is practised to-day by the Japanese; it is described by
Dio Cassius, LXXI, 7.
[1756] Κλιμακισμός: described by Soph., _Trachiniae_, 520 f., and the
schol.; see also Ovid, _Met._, IX, 51. _Cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906,
pp. 15-16.
[1757] _E. g._, on four Græco-Roman gems in the British Museum pictured
in _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 10, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 447, fig. 162.
[1758] _B. M. Vases_, B 604; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. III; Gardiner, p.
442, fig. 157.
[1759] E 78.
[1760] Mentioned by Plato, _Alcibiades_, I, 107 E; Ph., 50; Pollux,
III, 150; Suidas, _s. v._ ἀκροχειρίζεσθαι and _s. v._ Σώστρατος;
Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 5; _de Saltatione_, 10; Reisch, _ap._
Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1197; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 548; Grasberger,
_Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 349-50; Krause, I, pp. 421 f., 510
f.; _J. H. S._, XXVI, pp. 13-15, where Gardiner discusses the word in
ancient writers and concludes that it had nothing to do with wrestling,
but only with boxing (both the separate event and part of the
pankration), and meant “to spar lightly with an opponent for practice.”
[1761] He won three victories in Ols. (?) 104, (?) 105, and 106 (=
364-356 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.
This explanation of Pausanias has been accepted by Krause and most
modern authorities, but is found untenable by Gardiner, who bases his
interpretation, not on Pausanias, but on the accurate definition of
Suidas.
[1762] _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, pp. 446 f.
[1763] He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456 and 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P.,
VI, 4.3; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV,
59. He was probably merely represented in the preliminary tactics of
getting a grip.
[1764] See Reisch, p. 46; _I. G. B._, 120.
[1765] _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, pp. 86 f. (Benndorf); Reisch, _l.
c._
[1766] A. de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl.
63, no. 1067, and p. 131 (= pancratiast); _Rev. arch._, 1869, II, p.
292; Bulle, no. 96 (right); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 4. It is 0.275
meter high.
[1767] See _supra_, p. 167.
[1768] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909,
pp. 116 f. His reasoning is accepted by Bulle.
[1769] _Ges. Stud. zur Kunstgesch._, Festschr. fuer A. Springer, 1885,
pp. 260.
[1770] See _S. Q._, 1463-67.
[1771] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 4-5; Textbd., pp. 212 f.,
and fig. 239; F. W., no. 336; _cf._ Immerwahr, _Kulte und Mythen
Arkadiens_, I, 1891, p. 288.
[1772] _Archiv fuer lateinische Lexikographie u. Grammatik_, IX, 1894,
1, pp. 109 f.
[1773] _Mp._, p. 249, n. 2; _Mw._, pp. 451-2; he adduced two passages
from Ovid’s _Met._, XIV, 402 (_saevisque parant incessere telis_), and
XIII, 566-7 (_telorum lapidumque incessere iactu coepit_).
[1774] This explanation has been followed by Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, _l.
c._; Sittl, _Parerga zur alten Kunstgesch._, p. 24; Klein, II, pp. 362
f.; Jex-Blake, p. 235; and others.
[1775] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472
B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.
[1776] _Collection Somzée_, 1897, Pls. 3-5; see Hyde, to no. 50, on p.
8. Its quiet and reserved pose recalls that of the _Pelops_ of the East
gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia (_Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl.
IX, 2; Textbd., pp. 46 f.). Because of its archaic grace, though it
shows no trace of archaic stiffness, it might even be referred to the
school of Kritios and Nesiotes.
[1777] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 153; _I. G. B._, 29. He won the pankration in
Ols. 87, 88, 89 (= 432-424 B. C.); P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster,
258, 260, 262.
[1778] VI, 2.1; to be discussed _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 293 f.
[1779] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f. Agias was not only a victor at
Delphi three times, at Nemea five times, and at the Isthmus five times,
but was also an Olympic victor in the pankration, Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B.
C.): see inscription, _B. C. H._, _l. c._, p. 593, and for the date of
the Olympic victory, K. K. Smith, in _Class. Philol._, V, 1910, pp. 169
f.; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f.
[1780] Duetschke, III, no. 547; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 66; B. B., 431;
Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, I;
Clarac, V, 858 A, 2176; M. W., I, XXXVI, 149; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906,
p. 19; Gardiner, p. 449, fig. 163. The group is 0.98 meter high and
0.71 meter broad (Duetschke).
[1781] Bulle dates it at the beginning of the third century B. C.; both
he and Amelung believe it to be the work of a follower of Lysippos;
see also B. Graef, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 119 f., who believes that
the original heads of the group are preserved, the one still on the
under pancratiast, the other on the statue of a Niobid in the Uffizi
(Duetschke, III, no. 253), the head now on the upper pancratiast being
a modern copy of it. See Amelung’s reply in _A. A._, 1894, pp. 192 f.
[1782] _E. g._, von Mach, Pls. 265 f.
[1783] _H. N._, XXXVI, 24; see note _ad loc._ by Jex-Blake.
[1784] _Aeth._, X, 31, 32; quoted in full by Krause, II, pp. 912 f.
[1785] Duetschke, Wolters, von Mach, and Lucas (the latter in _Jb._,
XIX, 1904, pp. 127 f. and figs.) thought that the wrestling groups on
the Roman mosaic of the Imperial period found in Tusculum in 1862 were
influenced by the Florence group: _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl.
LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl.
XXIII, 10; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.
[1786] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 30.
[1787] He won in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.10; _cf._ V., 21.10;
Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.
[1788] _E. g._, by Gardiner, p. 146.
[1789] Bulle, no. 72; B. B., 285; von Mach, 236; Collignon, II, p. 427,
fig. 222; Overbeck, II, p. 448, fig. 221; F. W., 1265; M. W., 1, Pl.
XXXVIII, 152; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 465, 1, 2, 3; Clarac, V, 789, 1978;
Gardiner, p. 147, fig. 21; etc. It is 3.17 meters high (Bulle).
[1790] An excellent one is in the Uffizi: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 40;
Reinach, _Rép._, I, 474, 1; a colossal replica was found in the sea off
Antikythera: _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Suppl., Pl. B, 7; one in the Pitti
Gallery will be mentioned immediately.
[1791] _I. G. B._, 345.
[1792] Duetschke, II, no. 36; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, p. 134; B. B.,
284; M. W., XXXVIII, 151; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 210, 5. For the
inscription, see _I. G. B._, 506; it has been needlessly attacked
as a forgery—an ancient one by Winckelmann, _Mon. Inediti_, pp.
LXXVI f., and a modern one by Maffei, _Ars critica_, III, 1, p. 76
(both quoted by Duetschke), and more recently by Stephani, _Der
ausruhende Herakles_, pp. 164 f. The inscription is at least as old
as the sixteenth century, as it is mentioned by Flaminius Vacca (see
Duetschke).
[1793] _Numism. Chron._, Sér. 3, III, 1883, Pl. I, 5, p. 9.
[1794] Mentioned by Strabo, VI, 3.1 (= C. 278), and described by the
late writer Niketas, _Chron. de signis Constant._, 5 (who wrongly calls
Lysippos Lysimachos).
[1795] _Gesch. d. bild. Kuenste_, II^2, PP. 245 f.
[1796] P. 234.
[1797] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2a and 2; Textbd., pp. 10-11;
F. W., 323.
[1798] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.
[1799] On the “_finsterer Blick_” of this class of victor monuments,
see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 173; _Mw._, p. 348; and _Bronz. v. Ol._, Text,
pp. 10-11.
[1800] Thus Furtwaengler assigns it to the statue of the Akarnanian
pancratiast (Philandridas) mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.1; see _Bronz.
v. Ol._, p. 11. I have assigned an earlier marble head to Philandridas,
_infra_, pp. 293 f.
[1801] So Overbeck, II, p. 168; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534; F. W.,
_l. c._; etc.
[1802] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; Textbd., pp. 11-12;
F. W., no. 324.
[1803] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.
[1804] _Cf._ P., VI, 20, 13: ἐπίδειξις ἐπιστήμης τε ἡνιόχων καὶ ἵππων
ὠκύτητος; Pindar, _Ol._, III, 36 f.: θαητὸν ἀγῶνα ... ἀνδρῶν τ’ ἀρετᾶς
πέρι καὶ ῥιμφαρμάτου διφρηλασίας.
[1805] On the hippodrome and its events at Olympia and elsewhere,
see A. Martin, in Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, 1900, pp. 193 f. (art.
_Hippodromos_); on the chariot, Saglio, _ibid._, I, 2, pp. 1633 f.
(art. _Currus_); K. Schneider, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1735 f.;
Julius, in Baum., I, pp. 692 f.; Pollack, _Hippodromica_, Diss. inaug.,
1890; Gardiner, Ch. XXI, pp. 451 f.; Krause, I, pp. 557 f.; etc.
[1806] See Isokrates, XVI (_de Bigis_), 33 (p. 353 c); Xenophon, _de Re
equestr._, II, 1; Aristotle, _Politics_, VI, 3.2 (= 1289 b 35), VIII,
7.1 (= 1321 a 11); Plut., _de Adul. et Amic._, Chs. 7 and 16 (latter
quoting Karneades). On the expense of horse-breeding (ἱπποτροφία), see
also Xen., _Ages._, I, 23; _id._, _Oecon._, II, 6; Plut., _Ages._, XX,
1; Pindar, _Isthm._, II, 38; IV, 29; etc.
[1807] The first, second, and fourth, according to Thukyd., VI, 16; the
first, second and third, according to Eurip., _fragm._ 3 (= _P. l. G._,
II, p. 266), and Isokr., _de Bigis_, 34 (p. 353 d). See Foerster, 275.
[1808] See _Oxy. Pap._, II, p. 222.
[1809] Besides 24 victories of both in various running races. The older
part of the inscription (with a chariot-group in relief) was discovered
by Leake: see _Travels in the Morea_, 1830, II, p. 521, and Pl. 71 (at
the end of III); better reproduction by Dressler and Milchhoefer, _A.
M._, II, 1877, pp. 318 f.; _I. G. A._, 79; Tod, _Sparta Museum Cat._,
no. 440. The newer portion is discussed in _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-07,
pp. 174 f.
[1810] See Hill, _Coins of Sicily_, pp. 43 f.
[1811] VIII, 38.5; see _Exped. scientif. en Morée_, 1831-1838, II, p.
37, and Pls. XXXIII, XXXIV. It was 240 by 105 meters in extent, though
the actual course was probably only a stade long.
[1812] See list in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1743-4.
[1813] Described by P., V, 15.5 f., and VI, 20.10 f. For its position,
see Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, I, p. 78; Curtius u. Adler, _Olympia
und Umgegend_, 1882, p. 30; Boetticher, _Olympia: Das Fest u. seine
Staette_^2, 1886, p. 119; G. Herrmann, _de Hippodromo olympiaco_, 1839
(= _Opusc._, VII, pp. 388). Five attempts at reconstruction are given
by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 643 f., and Pl. VI: those of Visconti
(1796); A. Hirt (_Gesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alten_, 1827, III, pp.
148 f., and Pl. XX, 8; reproduced in Baum., I, p. 693, fig. 750;
Smith, _Dict. Antiq._^3, 1890, I, p. 963; Frazer, IV, p. 83, fig. 6);
Lehndorff (_Hippodromos_, 1876); Pollack (_op cit._, p. 52); Wernicke
(_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 199). To these should be added those of A. Martin
(_op. cit._, p. 198, fig. 3844); Weniger (_Klio_, IX, 1909, p. 303, the
_aphesis_ transcribed by Gardiner, p. 453, fig. 164). See also Guhl u.
Koner, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 233 f. and Fig. 271 (=
restoration of Pollack), and _cf._ Krause, I, p. 150, n. 9.
[1814] See Blass, in _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, p. 222 (n. 1); R. Schoene,
_A. A._, 1897, pp. 77-8; _id._, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 150 f. (Neue
Angaben ueber den Hippodrom zu Olympia); Gaspar, in article on
_Olympia_ in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 177 and n. 5; Frazer, V, p. 617; etc.
[1815] VI, 20.8.
[1816] Il., XXIII, 262-650. The four-horse chariot-race fills more
than one and one-half times as many verses as the seven other contests
combined (vv. 651-897). Homer’s description was often imitated by later
poets, especially by Sophokles, _Electra_, 698-763 (race at Delphi);
Nonnos, _Dionys._, XXXVII, 103-484; Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 500-595;
Statius, _Theb._, VI, 274-527; etc. Hesiod describes a race as wrought
on Herakles’ shield: _Scut._, 305 f.
[1817] P., V, 10.6-7; VI, 21.6-7; VIII, 14.10-11; etc.; Pindar, _Ol._,
I, 67 f.
[1818] Diod., IV, 73.3.
[1819] VIII, 4.5.
[1820] _E. g._, Nestor won at the games of Amarynkeus, Iliad, XXIII,
630 f. On such myths, see Krause, I, pp. 558 f.
[1821] _E. g._, the race between Pelops and Oinomaos was represented
on the chest of Kypselos, P., V, 17.7, and in the sculptures on the
East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, P., V, 10.6-7. It appears
also on many early vases: _e. g._, on the François vase in Florence and
the Amphiaraos vase in Berlin. For the latter, see _Mon. d. I._, X,
1874-78, Pls. IV-V; _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f. (Robert); Gardiner,
p. 29, fig. 3.
[1822] V, 8.7.
[1823] See Plato, _de Rep._, III, 19 (= 412 B); Isokr., _de Bigis_,
33 (p. 353 c); Dio Cassius, LII, 30; Hdt., I, 167; Andok., 4, 26
(_Contra Alcib._); Soph., _Electra_, 698; etc.
[1824] VI, 2.2; he won in the hoplite-race and chariot-race in Ols. (?)
83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 A.
[1825] Foerster thinks that the story arose from the small size of one
of the horses in the monument of Lykidas.
[1826] These and the following figures are given in the Constantinople
MS. The length of the four-horse chariot-race there given agrees with
passages in Pindar (_Ol._, II, 50; III, 33; VI, 75; _cf._ _Pyth._, V,
33, for Delphi) and the scholiasts (on _Ol._, III, 59, Boeckh, p. 102,
and _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380). See also Pollack, _Hippodromica_,
pp. 103 f., and Gardiner, p. 457.
[1827] P., V, 8.10.
[1828] Length stated by the MS. and by a scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._,
V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380.
[1829] Those of Troilos of Elis, who won in Ol. 103 (= 368 B. C.):
P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; and of
Akestorides of Alexandria in the Troad, who won between Ols. 142 and
144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.): P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50;
Foerster, 501; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.
[1830] For the date, see P., V, 8.10; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.1; for the
event, Krause, I, pp. 567 f.
[1831] Troilos, already mentioned, who won in Ol. 102 (= 372 B. C.) and
had a statue by Lysippos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338.
[1832] Euryleonis: P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344.
[1833] The συνωρίς was introduced at Delphi in 398 B. C., while the
ἅρμα τέλειον was introduced there in 582 B. C.: see Dar.-Sagl., III, 1,
p. 202, for these and other dates of equestrian events at the Pythian
games.
[1834] _B. M. Vases_, B 130.
[1835] The date is given in the Armenian version of Afr.; _cf._ also
P., V, 8.11.
[1836] P., V, 8.8.
[1837] P., V, 8.11.
[1838] XV, 679-84; Hesiod, _Scut._, 285 f. On myths relating to it,
see Krause, I, p. 582, n. 1. We read of _equi desultorii_ at the games
inaugurated by Cæsar in Rome: Sueton., _Julius_, 39. See _supra_, p. 3.
[1839] VI, 13.9.
[1840] P., V, 9.1. Polemon, frag. 21 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 122),
_apud_ schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, V, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 117), says
that the κάλπη ceased in Ol. 84 (= 444 B. C.), if we accept Boeckh’s
correction πδʹ for οδʹ. A scholiast on Pindar, _Ol._, V, lines 6 and 19
(Boeckh, pp. 119 and 122) says Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.); another on _Ol._,
VI, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 129), says Ol. 85 or Ol. 86. But Ol. 85 may be
reconciled with Pausanias’ and Polemon’s date by assuming that the
proclamation of abolition fell in Ol. 84, but that the event was first
omitted in Ol. 85; see Bentley, _Diss. upon the Epistles of Phalaris_,
p. 200 (ed. W. Wagner).
[1841] VI, 9.2; Hyde, 84.
[1842] V, 9.1; he won Ol. 70 (= 500 B. C.); Foerster, 157.
[1843] Anaxilas of Rhegion, whose victory fell sometime between Ols.
(?) 70 and 76 (= 500 and 476 B. C.), and was celebrated by Simonides,
frag. 7 (= _P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Agesias of Syracuse, whose victory
fell Ol. (?) 77 (= 472 B. C.), and was celebrated by Pindar, _Ol._,
VI; and Psaumis of Kamarina, whose victory, falling Ol. (?) 81 (= 456
B. C.), was sung by the pseudo-Pindar, _Ol._, V (= _P. l. G._, I, pp.
109 f.); he also won in the chariot-race in Ol. (?) 82 (= 452 B. C.), a
victory sung by Pindar in _Ol._, IV. See Foerster, nos. 173, 210, 234,
and 238.
[1844] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 220, 221; Foerster, 601.
[1845] The corrupt text of Africanus is here corrected by Gelzer, _S.
Jul. Afr. und die byzant. Chronographie_, 1880, I, pp. 168 f. Gardiner,
p. 165, n. 3, wrongly gives the victory of Germanicus as Ol. 194, thus
confusing it with that of Tiberius.
[1846] Foerster, 642-647.
[1847] Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.); Foerster, 634.
[1848] Most of the gems representing such contests, however, refer to
the Roman circus.
[1849] For illustrations of the two, see Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1636
f., figs. 2203 f., and _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 458 f.; an excellent
illustration of a four-horse chariot and driver is seen on an
Attic-Corinthian goblet (dinos) in the Louvre: Perrot-Chipiez, X, Pl.
II, opp. p. 116; also several at rest and racing on the _François
Vase_: Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 141, fig. 93, p. 154, fig. 101 (=
Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, 1904-1912, Pls. III, 10, and
XI-XII.).
[1850] Von Mach, no. 5.
[1851] See, _e. g._, P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896,
figs. 18-20.
[1852] C. Smith, _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, pp. 183 f., dates these
prize amphoræ from the middle of the sixth to the close of the fourth
centuries B. C., as the last of the series is dated 313 B. C. In this
article he publishes a mosaic found on Delos (Pl. XVI, a) and dating
from the early second century B. C., which reproduces a Panathenaic
amphora with an illustration of a chariot-race—the latest date at which
either a prize-amphora (or picture of one) can be proved to have been
used. He believes (p. 187) that it is the representation of an amphora
won long before by the ancestor of the owner of the mosaic, carefully
preserved in his family.
[1853] _B. M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200.
[1854] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, dating
from the sixth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, B 132; Gardiner, p. 458,
fig. 166; _cf._ also a silver tetradrachm from Rhegion in the British
Museum, from the early fifth century B. C.: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168.
[1855] Philip won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._,
3 and 4; _cf._ Justin, XII, 16, 6; ἅρματι twice at unknown dates:
Foerster, 360, 364, 370. As we have no record of a victory by him
υνωρίδι], the two-horse chariot appearing on his coins (_e. g._, a
gold stater in the British Museum, Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167, right)
may refer to unrecorded victories, or else may be interpreted (with
Gardiner) as a pun on his name.
[1856] _E. g._, on a silver tetradrachm of Rhegion in the British
Museum: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168. This and other coins commemorate
the victory in this event of the Rhegion prince Anaxilas, already
mentioned: Aristotle, frag. 228a, _ap._ Pollux, V, 73 (= _F. H. G._,
II, p. 173); Foerster, 173.
[1857] _E. g._, a decadrachm of Akragas (dating from the end of the
fifth century B. C.) and another of Syracuse (from the beginning of the
fourth century B. C.) in the British Museum; reproduced by Gardiner, p.
465, fig. 172.
[1858] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, Pl. V; Gardner, p. 456, fig. 165.
[1859] Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCXLIX and CCL; Dar.-Sagl., _l. c._, fig.
2219. It was formerly in Lucien Bonaparte’s collection.
[1860] _A. V._, Pls. CCLI-CCLIV.
[1861] B. B., 586-7 and figs. 1-14 (text by Furtwaengler); Richter,
_Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1915,
pp. 17 f., no. 40, and figs.; P. Ducati, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._,
XII, 1909, pp. 74 f.; J. Offord, _R. Arch._, Sér. IV, III, 1904, pp.
305-7 and Pls. VII-IX, etc. Closely allied in style to its decorative
designs are fragments of another chariot found at Perugia and now
distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums: Petersen,
_A. M._, X, 1894, pp. 253 f.; B. B., 588-589. _Cf._ also fragments of
similar technique from Capua: Froehner, _Cat. de la Collection Dutuit_,
1897-1901, II, p. 199, no. 250, and Pls. 190-195.
[1862] _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 312 f., with plates and figures.
[1863] _H. N._, XXXVI, 31.
[1864] Vitruv., _de Arch._, VII (Praef.), §§ 12-13.
[1865] See _B. M. Sculpt._, II, nos. 1000-1005 and Pl. XVI; for
discussion of the group, _J. H. S._, XXX, 1910, pp. 133-162 (J. B. K.
Preedy).
[1866] _E. g._, XXXIV, 71 (_Calamis et alias quadrigas bigasque fecit
se impari, equis sine aemulo expressis_); XXXV, 99 (_Aristides ...
pinxit et currentes quadrigas_); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); 64 (_Lysippus
... fecit et quadrigas multorum generum_); 66 (Euthykrates); 80
(Pyromachos); 88 (Menogenes); 86 (Aristodemos).
[1867] P., VI, 12.1; to be mentioned _infra_, p. 279.
[1868] P., VI, 9.4-5.
[1869] P., V, 27.2.
[1870] P., VI, 14.12.
[1871] P., VI, 10.8 and 19.6, and _cf._ 10.8; Hdt., VI, 36; Hyde, 99a
and p. 44; Foerster, 105. Pausanias here confuses this elder Miltiades
with the son of Kimon, as does also the pseudo-Andok., IV, 33.
[1872] P., VI, 10.8; _cf._ Hdt., VI, 103; Hyde, 99b and p. 44;
Foerster, 77-79.
[1873] Some time between Ols. (?) 68 and 70 (= 508 and 500 B. C.): P.,
VI, 16.6; Hyde, 160 and pp. 58-9; Foerster, 797 (undated).
[1874] Kalliteles won some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 68 (= 516 and
508 B. C.): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 632; Hyde, 161; Foerster, 774 (undated).
[1875] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f.; date given by schol. on _Pyth._,
IV, Argum., Boeckh, p. 342. Pindar’s _Pyth._, IV and V celebrate this
victory. The same scholiast also records a chariot-victory of Arkesilas
at Olympia in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.); Foerster, 229.
[1876] P., V, 12.5; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 634; _I. G. B._, 100. Kyniska won
two chariot-victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.), and for
them also had an equestrian group set up in the Altis, the work of the
Megarian artist Apellas, which we shall discuss later: P., VI, 1.6 f.;
Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; see _infra_, p. 267.
[1877] P., VI, 12.7; Hyde, 108; Foerster, 801 (undated).
[1878] He won some time between Ols. (?) 128 and 137 (= 268 and 232 B.
C.): P., VI, 1.9; Hyde, 169; Foerster, 446; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 178.
[1879] P., VI, 17.5; _cf._ 10.6-8. In the latter passage (§8)
Pausanias says that Kleosthenes, who won in Ol. 66, was the first to
dedicate his statue together with a chariot and horses and the statue
of a charioteer. Foerster, 38, following Westermann, believes that
Archidamas is the name which has fallen out of Phlegon, fragm. 4 (= _F.
H. G._, III, p. 605), that of a victor from Dyspontion in Elis, and
therefore wrongly gives the date of the victory as Ol. 27 (= 672 B.
C.); for a refutation of this view and an indeterminate date, see Hyde,
182 and p. 62.
[1880] He won Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 8; Foerster,
233.
[1881] He won in two events, the hoplite-race and charioteering,
in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1-2; Hyde, 12;
Foerster, 211A. Perhaps one of his two statues by Myron represented
his charioteer (so Foerster), though more probably the two statues
represented the victor for his two victories.
[1882] He won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B.
C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17; Foerster, 310; his statue stood beside that
of his son Aigyptos on horseback; the latter won κέλητι about the date
of his father’s victory: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde 18; Foerster, 301. The two
monuments were by the Sikyonian Daidalos.
[1883] He won συνωρίδι καὶ τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B.
C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345.
[1884] He won some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B.
C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177.
[1885] Polykles won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde,
9; Foerster, 796 (undated). For this athletic _genre_ group, see
Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534. On children’s hoops (τρόχοι) see L. Becq
de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_^2, 1873, Ch. VIII, pp. 159 f.
[1886] 1, 96 (quoting Ephoros, fragm. 106 = _F. H. G._, 1, pp. 262-3).
Periandros won a chariot victory at Olympia at the end of the seventh
or beginning of the sixth century B. C.: Foerster, 80, who assumes that
it was a statue of Zeus, and not of Periandros.
[1887] Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): P., VI, 9.4; Hyde, 90;
Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143. This inscription on the recovered
base and another from the base of the monument of Pantarkes, who won
apparently in the chariot-race at the end of the sixth century B. C.
(_Inschr. v. Ol._, 142; Foerster, 149), are the two oldest inscriptions
known of chariot victors at Olympia.
[1888] He won Ol. 66 (= 516 B. C.): P., VI, 10.6-7; Hyde, 99; Foerster,
143.
[1889] P., VI, 10.7.
[1890] We have mentioned the inscribed relief _supra_, pp. 257 and 258,
and n. 1 on p. 258.
[1891] Line 15.
[1892] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 26. For the above examples, see also
Gardiner, p. 463.
[1893] P., VI, 2.8; he was represented on horseback.
[1894] P., III, 8.1; _cf._ VI, 1.6.
[1895] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 99; see _A. G._, XIII,
16.
[1896] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 151.
[1897] Noted in _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, p. 60.
[1898] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86: _et adornantes se feminas_. For the five
larger bronze figures, see Inv., 5604-5, 5619-21; for the smaller sixth
figure, usually known as the _Praying Child_, see Inv., 5603. All six
are pictured in E. R. Barker’s _Buried Herculaneum_, 1908, Figs. 18-19.
[1899] P., VI, 12.1; _cf._ VIII, 42.9-10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105;
Foerster, 199, 209, and 215. Pindar celebrates the victory of 476 B. C.
in his first _Olympian ode_.
[1900] P., V, 27.2. See _supra_, pp. 28, 62, and 163.
[1901] P., VI, 14.12.
[1902] _H. N._, XXXIV, 71. On the basis of this and other references,
Reisch built up a theory that there was also a fourth-century B. C.
Kalamis, the contemporary of the younger Praxiteles: _Jh. oest. arch.
Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 199 f. He was followed by Amelung (_R. M._, XXI,
1906, pp. 285 and 287) and Studniczka (_Abh. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch.
d. Wiss., philolog.-histor. Klasse_, XXV, no. IV, 1907, pp. 5 f.).
Furtwaengler has shown the weakness of such an argument and has rightly
referred the monument mentioned by Pliny to the great Kalamis and his
younger contemporary, the elder Praxiteles: _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907,
pp. 160 f.
[1903] P., VI, 18.1. Kratisthenes won Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde,
185; Foerster, 193 A.
[1904] P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 105d. The same Timon is mentioned again:
P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17. This monument may have been set up for a
second victory or even for the victory mentioned by Pausanias, VI,
2.8; however, I have classed it as an honor dedication, assuming two
monuments: Hyde, p. 45.
[1905] Lampos won some time after Ol. (?) 105 (= 360 B. C.): P., VI,
4.10; Hyde, 44; Foerster, 420. Philippi, the native city of Lampos, was
founded in Ol. 105 by Philip, father of Alexander, on the site of an
older town, Krenides.
[1906] _H. N._, XXXIV, 89; it was by the statuary Piston.
[1907] Reisch, p. 49, believes that she represented a _Nike apteros_;
Rouse, p. 164, also believes that such figures were Victories.
[1908] _H. N._, XXXV, 108.
[1909] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XLIV.
[1910] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 814; _Museum Marbles_, IX, Pl. XXXVIII,
fig. 2. A. H. Smith (_op. cit._, no. 814; _cf._ _Guide to Græco-Roman
Sculpt._, I, no. 176) also mentions another similar votive tablet in
the British Museum. It is mounted on a pilaster and represents the
visit of Dionysos to Ikarios. Such tablets seem to have been commonly
dedicated by agonistic victors.
[1911] Schoene, _Griech. Reliefs_, 1872, Pl. XVIII, fig. 80; F. W.,
1142; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 7014. Here only
the arms and wings of Nike are left.
[1912] E. Huebner, _Die antiken Bildw. in Madrid_, 1862, 241, 559;
_Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, Pl. G., and p. 103; Reisch, p. 51.
[1913] _Arch. Eph._, 1893, pp. 128 f. (Kabbadias) and Pl. IX; Rouse, p.
177.
[1914] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 49-50; Rouse, p. 176.
[1915] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, I, 437.
[1916] P., V, 17.8.
[1917] Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; etc. See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.
[1918] We have already discussed the style and date of this relief
in Ch. III, pp. 128-9. For the relief, see Dickins, no. 1342 and
illustration on p. 275; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, no.
5039; Baum., I, p. 342, fig. 359; Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, p. 265,
fig. 7; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342; B. B., 21; von Mach,
56; Collignon, I, pp. 378 f. and fig. 194; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig.
47; Le Bas, _Voyage archeol._ (Reinach’s ed.), pp. 50-51 and Pl. I; F.
W., 97; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 155. A small
piece of the adjacent slab to the right (found on the eastern slope
of the Akropolis in 1859-1860), fitting the main block exactly, shows
two horses’ tails and one hind leg and proves that the chariot was
represented at rest.
[1919] This fragment contains a head whose pointed beard and petasos
have been thought to indicate the god: Dickins, no. 1343; Collignon, I,
p. 378, fig. 195; von Mach, fig. 11, opp. p. 58; Conze, _Nuove Memorie
dell’ Instituto_, II, pp. 408 f. and Pl. XIII A; F. W., 96.
[1920] So O. Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f.; he is followed by
Robinson, _Cat. of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston_, no. 33. J. Braun,
_Gesch. d. Kunst_, 1858, II, pp. 188 and 549 (quoted by F. W.), Conze,
_op. cit._, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, p. 123, Helbig, _Das
homerische Epos_^2, 1887, p. 179 and n. 11, Springer-Michaelis, pp.
207-8 (and fig. 389), Dickins, and many others, also interpret the
figure as male.
[1921] This coiffure, however, appears on several female heads:
_e. g._, on the Harpy monument, F. W., 127 f. Knapp (_Nike in d.
Vasenmalerei_, p. 10), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1870, II, pp. 213
f.), W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, 1890, p. 44), Collignon,
Overbeck, Friedrichs-Wolters, Reisch (p. 49), and many others call the
figure of the charioteer female.
[1922] _E. g._, the headless draped statue, resembling the _Korai_, in
the Akropolis Museum: B. B., 551.
[1923] _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f. (especially 321) and Pls. XI, XII
(the rebuilding of the temple referred to the time of Peisistratos). He
also (p. 320) favors the well-known view of Doerpfeld (_A. M._, XII,
1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; XV, 1890, pp. 420-439) that the Hekatompedon
or Old Temple of Athena, rebuilt by the Athenians shortly after the
Persian wars, existed not only down to 406 B. C., when Xenophon says
that it was burnt (_Hell._, I, 6), but down at least to the time of
Pausanias. This view is held by J. Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments
of Ancient Athens_, 1890, pp. 505 f., Dickins, _l. c._, and many
archæologists. It has been rejected by many others, _e. g._, Petersen
(_A. M._, XII, pp. 62-72), Wernicke (_ibid._, pp. 184-189), and _in
extenso_ Frazer (_J. H. S._, XIII, 1892-1893, pp. 153-187; reprinted
in his edition of Pausanias, II, pp. 553-82). Murray, I, p. 143 and
fig. 35, referred the relief to one of the metopes of the Old Temple of
Athena.
[1924] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1906, II, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ also _ibid._,
1905, pp. 433 f.
[1925] Springer-Michaelis (_l. c._) think that it may represent a
chariot victor; similarly Purgold (_Arch. Eph._, 1885, p. 251).
Boetticher (_Die Akropolis_, 1888, pp. 85-6) believes that it
represents a Panathenaic victor.
[1926] In the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 951 and Pl. XIII;
Sir Charles Fellows, _An Account of Discoveries in Lycia_, 1841, p.
166. The Chimæra may be introduced as a heraldic device of the owner
of the tomb (Smith). Bellerophon appears on Pegasos on a relief from a
rock tomb of Pinara: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 760. We should also compare
with these the reliefs found by Fellows at Xanthos and now in the
British Museum. They show a two-horse chariot with a seated charioteer
(F. W., 131; Murray, I, Pl. IV), a two-horse chariot with a charioteer
and a seated man (F. W., 133; Murray, Pl. III), and a young rider (F.
W., 134). See Fellows, pp. 172, 176; Murray, I, pp. 124 f.
[1927] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, slabs XI-XXIII; _B. M.
Sculpt._, I, no. 325. The charioteers on slabs XII and XIV have long,
close-fitting tunics.
[1928] Michaelis, _op. cit._, slabs XXIV-XXXIV; _B. M. Sculpt._, no.
327.
[1929] Theophrastos, _ap._ Harpokr., _s. v._ ἀποβάτης), says that
it was peculiar to Athens and Bœotia, but there is evidence of its
existence elsewhere, _e. g._, at Aphrodisias in Karia (_C. I. G._, II,
no. 2758, G. col. IV, line 3, p. 507, and C. col. IV, l. 3), Naples
(_ibid._, no. 5807, l. 4), Rome (_C. I. L._, VI, 2, 10047, b, line 8
= _pedibus ad quadrigam_), etc. On the race at the _Panathenaia_, see
Michaelis, _op. cit._, pp. 324 f.; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, pp.
153 f., and _Die Feste d. Stadt Athen im Altertum_, 1898, pp. 89 f.;
and for the race in general, Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 2814 f.
[1930] For a description of the race, see Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, I,
pp. 425-6 and _Dionys. Halikarn._, VII, 73, 2-3; the former account
says that the _apobates_ mounted the chariot in full course by setting
his foot on the wheel and dismounted again; the latter only that he
dismounted in the last lap; the two are apparently describing different
moments of the same race.
[1931] National Museum, no. 1391; Svoronos, II, pp. 340-1, Tafelbd.,
Pl. LVI (right); noted in _A. M._, XII, 1887, p. 146, no. 1; Staïs,
_Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 237 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1910, pp. 251 f.;
Reisch, p. 51. Staïs gives the measurements as 0.60 meter high and 0.36
meter broad.
[1932] _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 410-14, no. 193 (Koerte); _Mon. d.
I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. 5; _Annali_, Pl. XVI, 1844, pp. 166 f. (F. J.
Welcker), and Pl. E.
[1933] A third relief from Oropos, showing the same subject, is in
Berlin (no. 725): see Furtwaengler, _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. XXVI
(and text, on the subject of the race).
[1934] _B. C. H._, VII, 1883, Pl. XVII and pp. 458 f. (Collignon);
Gardiner, p. 238, fig. 34; F. W., 1836.
[1935] Its antiquity has been questioned by Kekulé, who is quoted by F.
W.; see on no. 1838.
[1936] _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 1037, Pl. XVIII; von Mach, 231; _Ant.
Denkm._, II, 2, 1893-4, Pl. XVIII, 0; Collignon, II, p. 327, fig. 165;
Newton, _Travels and Discoveries in the Levant_, 1865, II, p. 133, Pl.
XVI; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 430, fig. 111. It is 2 feet 1.5 inches high.
[1937] For the sarcophagus, see the work of Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach,
_Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892; Text, pp. 272 f., and Pls.
XXIII-XXVIII, XXX-XXXI, XXXIV-XXXVII; also Studniczka, _Jb._, IX, 1894,
pp. 211 f. (who assigned it to Lysippos’ pupil, Eutychides); Judeich,
_ibid._, X, 1895, pp. 165 f. and figs. 1-6; _J. H. S._, XIX, 1899,
pp. 273 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 466 f. and fig. 124 (= Hamdy-Bey et
Reinach, Pl. XXIX); von Mach, 379-83; Richardson, p. 242, fig. 116;
Springer-Michaelis, p. 348, fig. 627; etc.
[1938] We see it, _e. g._, on the cuirass of the statue of _Augustus_
in the Vatican: von Mach, no. 418.
[1939] Von Mach, no. 232; Robinson, _Report of the Trustees of the
Museum of Fine Arts_, 1897, pp. 18-19; Klein, _Praxitelische Studien_
(= Suppl. to his _Praxiteles_), 1899, p. 1; in n. 1 Klein says that the
statue was found in the Tiber.
[1940] _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 149 f.
[1941] Noted by Klein, _op. cit._, figs. 5 and 7.
[1942] _E. g._, on the vase in the British Museum, discussed in _Guide
to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200. Here the driver stands clothed
in the regular chiton like that on the _Charioteer_ from Delphi. (Fig.
66.) We see similarly clothed charioteers on various r.-f. vases: _e.
g._, on those pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLI-CCLIII; on those
enumerated by Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 60 (including some r.-f.
ones, _e. g._, the fifth-century B. C. one from Corneto by Euxithoos
and Oltos = Baum., III, Pl. XCIII, 2 and p. 2141). Hauser also adds the
draped charioteer in the _Helios_ group from the Great Pergamene Altar
relief (pictured in Baum., II, Pl. XXXIX, and pp. 1255-6). The general
statement of W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, Goettingen, 1880, p.
44), _nam aurigae semper fere longa tunica sola vestiti sunt_, is, of
course, correct.
[1943] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori to be
mentioned _infra_, p. 276; also other examples in Reinach, _Rép._,
II, 2, 536, 6 (in Rome: _B. Com. Rom._, I, 1888, Pl. XV) and 7 (in
Athens: _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 173; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 221). We see nude
charioteers entering two four-horse chariots on a r.-f. lebes, formerly
in the collection of Lucien Bonaparte, now in Munich: Gerhard, IV, Pl.
CCLIV (below).
[1944] Von Mach, no. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 488, 7: _A. Z._,
XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f. (Friedrichs) and Pls. CXXXIII, CXXXIV; _Bonner
Jb._, XXVI, Pl. IV. It is 4 ft. 7 in. tall and represents a boy of
about 14.
[1945] Friedrichs, though at first, because of the crown on the hair,
interpreting it as a _Bonus Eventus_ (_A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f.),
later (_Beschr. d. Skulpt._, no. 4, pp. 5-6) called it a charioteer.
[1946] _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2 (pp. 335 f.);
Joubin, pp. 134 f., and fig. 40; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 973 (restored on
p. 557, fig. 29); _Guide_, 597 (restored on p. 442, fig. 28); Furtw.,
_Mp._, pp. 81-82; _Mw._, pp. 115-116; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6.
Mentioned _supra_, p. 275, n. 7.
[1947] Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, Pl.
XXII, 2.
[1948] Including the _Hestia Giustiniani_ in the Museo Torlonia, Rome:
B. B., 491; von Mach, 75; the so-called _Aspasia_ head, with copies
in Paris (Photo Giraudon, no. 1219) and Berlin (_A. Z._, XXXV, 1877,
Pl. VIII, two views), and the _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_ in Athens (Pl.
7B); he assigns the later related _Athena_ in the Villa Albani to
Praxias, the pupil of Kalamis and contemporary of Pheidias: F. W.,
524; _Mp._, p. 78, figs. 29 and 30 (head); _Mw._, pp. 112-113, figs.
19 and 20 (head). However, as Richardson points out, pp. 137 and 207,
the _Hestia_ bears a strong resemblance to the East gable figures at
Olympia, especially to those of _Sterope_ and _Hippodameia_, and to
several female statues in Copenhagen: Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_,
Pls. VII (= Joubin, p. 161, fig. 53), XXXVIII, and fig. 3 on p. 13.
[1949] _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1896, pp. 178, 186, 362, 388, and Pls. I,
II; _A. A._, 1896, pp. 173 f. (with fig.); Homolle, in _Mon. Piot_, IV,
1897, Pls. XV, XVI, pp. 169 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 579,
581-3; _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. XLIX, L (4 views); Bulle,
199 and fig. 134 on p. 460; von Mach, 60; H. B. Walters, _Art of the
Anc. Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXVIII; Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 49 f. and Pls.
VIII, IX; G. F. Hill, _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909,
pp. 7-8 and Pl. V; Springer-Michaelis, p. 225, fig. 482; Robinson,
_Cat. Mus. Fine Arts in Boston_, Suppl., pp. 1 f., no. 85; cast in
British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2688; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2,
536, 1. It is 5 feet 10.75 inches high (A. H. Smith) or 1.80 meters
(Bulle).
[1950] See Svoronos, p. 131, n. 3.
[1951] O. M. Washburn, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXV, 1905, cols.
1358 f.; _A. J. A._, X, 1906, pp. 151-3; XII, 1908, pp. 198-208.
[1952] P., X, 15.6.
[1953] _L. c._, and _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, 1905, col. 1549.
[1954] Lechat, _Rev. Arch._, XI, 1908, pp. 126 f., Furtw., _Sitzb.
Muen. Akad._, 1907, II, pp. 157 f., Studniczka, _Jb._, XXII, 1907, pp.
133 f., and others, support Washburn’s view.
[1955] P., X, 9.7-8; _cf._ VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil
of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.
[1956] So von Duhn, _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also
reached independently by E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 51.
[1957] So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in _Jh. oest. arch.
Inst._, III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, found von Duhn’s
view that the _Charioteer_ is an original work of Pythagoras untenable.
He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name,
preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective.
However, in a former article (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, pp. 129
f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze
statuette in London (_B. M. Bronzes_, 515 and Pl. XVI; _Sitzb._, _l.
c._, Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product
of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the _Charioteer_ Ionic-Attic
without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or
to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a
similar view, see Homolle, _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier
(_ap._ Homolle, _l. c._) assigned it to Kalamis. _Cf._ also Lechat,
_Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905, p. 100.
[1958] A. D. Keramopoullos, _A. M._, XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle,
_op. cit._, pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, _A. A._, 1902, pp. 12 f., had
also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.
[1959] P. 152.
[1960] See G. F. Hill, _l. c._
[1961] Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also
won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 (= 470 B. C.), and the
horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 (= 482 and 478 B. C.); he
also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban _Iolaia_ in (?) 475 B.
C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in _Pyth._, I-III; Bergk, _P.
l. G._,^5 I, pp. 175 f.
[1962] P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.) or in
Ols. 69 or 70 (= 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778
(undated).
[1963] He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 (= 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI,
13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).
[1964] They won in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121;
Foerster, 152.
[1965] So Hyde, pp. 50-1.
[1966] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.
[1967] P., VI, 12.1.
[1968] P., VI, 2.8.
[1969] Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133
(following Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180-181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in
Ol. (?) 84 (= 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.
[1970] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154; _I. G. A._, 552a; Robert, _O. S._,
pp. 179-81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue
of a runner: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the
victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown
date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος
(“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.
[1971] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75 and 78 (_celetizontes pueri_).
[1972] Pliny, XXXIV, 71.
[1973] _B. M. Vases_, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a
Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92
(left).
[1974] Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (=
356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3; Foerster, 360. _Cf._ a similar jockey on
horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, _Guide to the Principal Gold and
Silver Coins ... in the British Museum_, Pl. XXIV, 7.
[1975] _B. M. Vases_, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half);
Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.
[1976] See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.
[1977] Mentioned in _J. H. S._, XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).
[1978] III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, _Introd. à
l’Étude des vases_, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, _e. g._,
_Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834-38, Pl. XXXII
(bottom).
[1979] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This
and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.
[1980] F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.
[1981] Von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 307.
[1982] Von Duhn, in _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (_cf._ no. 88).
[1983] On the North frieze, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Tafelbd.,
slabs XXIV-XLII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze,
Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; _B. M. Sculpt._, 326, pp.
179-80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; _B.
M. Sculpt._, 327, pp. 181-85.
[1984] _C. I. A._, IV, 2, 373, line 99; _cf._ Studniczka, _Arch. Eph._,
1887, p. 146.
[1985] _Vit. X Orat._, 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the
ball-court of the maidens known as _arrephoroi_. Pausanias, I, 18.8,
also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.
[1986] Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1;
Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 527, 1.
[1987] Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 242.
[1988] Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of
fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische
Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 135-156, figs.
13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358-9, figs. 180 and 181;
Schrader, _Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909, p.
81, figs. 72-3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no.
700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = _ibid._, p. 637,
fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such
archaic horse monuments.
[1989] See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._,
1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56-59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters
high.
[1990] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb_, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29;
it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in
Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque
Nationale_, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze
and marble, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 527-533.
[1991] The race is described by P., V, 9.2; _cf._ Plutarch, _Quaest.
conviv._, V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see
Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 532-3.
[1992] _E. g._, on a silver stater of the early third century B. C.
from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).
[1993] _Les_ ἱππεῖς _athéniens_, 1902 (_Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad.
des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, Vol. XXXVII). _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 71-2.
[1994] _Heralds_ (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists
(αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them
(κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: _e. g._,
at Oropos, _C. I. G. G. S._, I, nos. 419-20; at Tanagra, _ibid._, 540;
at Plataiai, _ibid._, 1667; at Thespiai, _ibid._, 1760 and 1773; on
Mt. Helikon, _ibid._, 1776; at Akraiphia, _ibid._, 2727; at Koroneia,
_ibid._, 2871; etc. _Cf._ Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see
inscription discussed in _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, p. 150.
[1995] Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are
not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of
various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of
heralds at Olympia: _de morte Peregrini_, 32.
[1996] V, 22.1.
[1997] Nestor (_F. H. G._, II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p.
415a) says that he was _periodonikes_ ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89)
says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time
between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 (= 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos.
395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.
[1998] Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).
[1999] Amarantos of Alexandria, _apud_ Athen., _l. c._, says that he
was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, _l. c._, four ells. Athenæus relates
examples of his voracity.
[2000] For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see _Inschr.
v. Ol._, 232; _cf._ Foerster, 815-19 (undated). The inscription appears
to belong to the first century A. D.
[2001] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, pp. 146-7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; _cf._
_A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.
[2002] _B. M. Bronzes_, 223 (quoted by Dickins, _l. c._).
[2003] See P., X, 9.2.
[2004] Fragm. 65 (= _F. H. G._, I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C.
260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, _l. c._,
Clemens Alexandr., _Protrept._, I, p. 2, and poetically in _A. G._, VI,
54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.
[2005] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 52.
[2006] IX, 30. 2 f.
[2007] In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a
prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of
him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, _cf._ also P., IV, 33. 3 and
7.
[2008] For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25.
7.
[2009] In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at
Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 (= 585 B.
C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first
to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this
tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).
[2010] XIV, 24 (p. 629a).
[2011] _C. I. A._, I, 357.
[2012] Froehner, _Notice_, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13,
46; etc.
[2013] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.
[2014] V, 7.10; _cf._ Plutarch, _de Musica_, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p.
154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors
by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the
music of the flute.
[2015] P., V, 17. 10.
[2016] Ph., 55.
[2017] Plut., _l. c._
[2018] See Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867, pp. 97 f.
[2019] He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 (= 548 and 532 B.
C.): P., VI, 14.9-10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories
at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: _cf._ P., _l. c._ and Ph., 55.
[2020] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand,
of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius
Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome:
Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 19; _cf._ Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, I, p. 289.
[2021] _E. g._, to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to
Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 293;
etc.
[2022] The first part of the present chapter appeared under the
caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in _A. J. A._, 2d Series, XI,
1907, pp. 396-416, and figs. 1-6; the second part, entitled, The Head
of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared _ibid._, XVIII, 1914,
pp. 462-478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author
is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for
permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.
[2023] First noted by Homolle, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, III Sér., pp.
452 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; _id._, _ibid._,
XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; _id._, _Rev. Arch._, 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner,
_J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For
a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group
(without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith,
_A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).
[2024] The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those
of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and
Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator,
and one unknown: _B. C. H._, XXI, pp. 592 f.; _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._,
1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45-46.
[2025] _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, p. 452: “_un des meilleures exemples de
la manière de Lysippe_.”
[2026] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598.
[2027] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 470-1: “_L’auteur de la statue
d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans
sa dépendance immédiate...._” On p. 472 he says that in the _Agias_ we
have a statue “_qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de
Lysippe_.”
[2028] _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck_, 1900; for the inscription
referring to the statue of Agias, see _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp.
592-593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the
inscriptions on the bases of the group.
[2029] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV
(head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= _B. C.
H._, XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX). For the
_Agias_, see also _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views)
and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596;
Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower
legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has
now become usual.
[2030] Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760-1836) visited Pharsalos
in September 1811.
[2031] In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl.
XI; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 23; _Guide_, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head
= 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on
a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, _ibid._,
pp. 117-18, fig. 22, a, b, c (_cf._ _Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst._,
1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; _Mon. d. I._,
V, 1849-53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck,
II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs,
_Denkm._, Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107-10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig.
603; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W.,
1264; etc.
[2032] _Cf._ F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun
(_Annali_, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with
Lysippos’ _Apoxyomenos_; _cf._ also Brunn (_Bulletino d. Inst._, 1851,
p. 91).
[2033] _Cf._ Becker, _Gallus_,^3 III, p. 108; and especially J.
Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in _Progr. des Bonner Gymnas._,
1869.
[2034] _H. N._, XXXIV, 62.
[2035] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 65.
[2036] Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s
criticism of the master: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 65.
[2037] _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, p. 39.
[2038] Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned _infra_, p.
290, n. 4.
[2039] _Cf._ Tarbell, _Congress of Arts and Sciences_, St. Louis, 1904,
III, p. 614.
[2040] _De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt._, _Orat._ II, 2 (p. 335, b, c);
_S. Q._, no. 1479.
[2041] _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner,
_Sculpt._, pp. 220-1.
[2042] See Ada Maviglia, _L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita
su nuova base_, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see _supra_, pp. 136-137.
[2043] In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was
another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: _A. M._, II, 1877,
pp. 57-8, Pl. IV; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the
left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also
dry and hard in its technique.
[2044] That of Emil Braun, in _Annali_, L, 1850, p. 249.
[2045] _E. g._, Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler,
_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the _Agias_
“_dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht_,” and assigns it to an Athenian
artist.
[2046] Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, _J. H. S._,
XXIII, 1903, pp. 130-131 (where he identifies the _Apoxyomenos_ with
the _Perixyomenos_ of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work
mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 87); _ibid._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234
f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the _Apoxyomenos_ just
after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of
Lysippos); _id._, _Class. Rev._, 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._,
p. 222; _Hbk._, p. 443. T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 292,
makes the _Agias_ the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others
who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are
cited by Wolters, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3.
See also F. Paulson, _Delphi_, 1920, pp. 288-289.
[2047] _E. g._, Collignon, _Lysippe_, p. 31; Amelung, _R. M._, XX,
1905, pp. 144 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, p. 87 (where he says that the
_Agias_ offers the closest analogies in style to the _Apoxyomenos_);
Michaelis, _Die archaeol. Entdeckungen des 19ten Jahrh._, 1906, p. 276;
_A Century of Archæological Discoveries_ (transl. of preceding, by
Bettina Kahnweiler, 1908), p. 323; _id._, Springer-Michaelis, p. 335;
for others, _cf._ Wolters, _l. c._, n. 2.
[2048] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 61 (= S. Q. no. 1444), quotes Douris
as saying that Lysippos was the pupil of no artist. He tells how
the painter Eupompos advised the sculptor as a boy _naturam ipsam
imitandam, esse non artificem_. Such a judgment, of course, can not be
literally true, as every artist is to a large extent a child of his age
and circumstances. _Cf._ Jex-Blake, pp. xlviii f., for the anecdotal
character of Pliny’s statement. That the statement comes, perhaps, from
Eupompos is the view of Kalkmann, _Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des
Plinius_, 1898, p. 165.
[2049] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598; _id._, XXIII, 1899, p. 471; _cf._
T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, _l. c._ On the relation of Skopas to Lysippos,
see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 126 f., and E. A. Gardner,
_Sculpt._, p. 198. The influence of Skopas is especially observable
in Lysippos’ treatment of forehead and eyes and in the consequent
intensity of expression.
[2050] _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 172-3.
[2051] See Wolters, _l. c._, pp. 45 f. Most scholars have followed the
contention of Preuner that the statue at Pharsalos was the older: _e.
g._, Kern, _I. G._, IX, 2, 249.
[2052] _Cf._ Hill, _op. cit._, p. 39.
[2053] _Mp._, p. 364 and n. 2; _Mw._, p. 597 and n. 3; for the Berlin
athlete, see _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 471; for a copy of the
Berlin head in the Museo delle Terme, Rome, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_,
II, 1380 _bis_; _Jb._, XXVI, 1911, p. 278, n. 1; and _cf._ _R.
M._, XX, 1905, pp. 147 f., figs. 5-7; for the Dresden statues, see
Hettner, _Bildw. d. kgl. Antiken-samml._, nos. 245-6; one of these
has a beardless head, which is analogous to a more beautiful head in
Copenhagen: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 1072. Of this head, which
is earlier than that of the _Apoxyomenos_, Furtwaengler says that it
is “one of the finest and most purely Lysippan works in existence.”
In _Mp._, p. 338, he mentions a bronze statuette of Hermes from
Athens now in Berlin (Invent. 6305) “in the swinging posture of the
_Apoxyomenos_,” and says that it is of the purest Lysippan style.
[2054] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 239-40 and Pl. XVI; Duetschke, IV,
151.
[2055] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 240; Mahler ascribes this work to
Lysippos: _Polykl. u. s. Sch._, 1902, p. 153, n. 1.
[2056] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1747, p. 102; _Mp._, p. 298 and fig. 126;
_Mw._, pp. 515 and 517 and fig. 93; _cf._ Mrs. Strong, in _Strena
Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 297. It is 6 ft. 8 in. high without the plinth
(Smith).
[2057] A better copy is the torso in the Louvre, _Photo Giraudon_, no.
1289; a head is in the Lateran, no. 891.
[2058] _De olymp. Stat._, Halle, 1902, and enlarged, 1903, pp. 27 f.
[2059] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV, 3-4, and Textbd., p. 209,
fig. 237; _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, 1881, Pl. XX.
[2060] VI, 2.1.
[2061] The head is still exhibited at Olympia in the same room as the
_Hermes_.
[2062] _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114; _cf._, _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, pp.
13-14.
[2063] _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 343 f. and Pl. XVI (right).
[2064] _Restauration d’Olympie_, 1889, p. 137.
[2065] In Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, _s. v._ Herakles, p. 2166.
[2066] _E. g._, Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226, especially p.
217; von Sybel, in _Luetzow’s Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, N. F., II,
pp. 253 f.
[2067] _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 209 and n. 1.
[2068] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 456-7.
[2069] _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 149.
[2070] Preuner (_op. cit._, p. 12) dates the dedication
339-331 B. C.; Homolle (B. C. H., XVIII, 1899, p. 440) more closely,
338-334 B. C. Preuner dates Agias’ victory about 450 B. C.
[2071] Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208, gives these measurements: height
with neck, 0.270 meter; height of head alone, 0.215 meter; breadth of
face, 0.127 meter; height of face, 0.155 meter.
[2072] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.
[2073] The hair, however, of the _Apoxyomenos_ is an exception, for,
even if worked out with some care, it is devoid of expression.
[2074] The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian _Hermes_, but is
not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is it common in the first half of the
fourth century B. C.: _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.
[2075] So Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208 (though formerly in _A. Z._,
XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called it a pancratiast with Herakles
features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00;
Furtwaengler, in Roscher’s _Lex._, _s. v._ Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc.
[2076] See pp. 75 and 94.
[2077] _E. g._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 208 f.
[2078] _Supra_, pp. 167 f.
[2079] Michaelis, pp. 451 f., no. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XL;
Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 297, fig. 125, _Mw._, p. 516, fig. 92; Graef,
_R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189 f., and Pls. VIII-IX; Springer-Michaelis, p.
336, fig. 600; Clarac, V, 788, 1973; etc. It was found in 1790 in the
ruins of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli.
[2080] VI, 1.4.
[2081] VI, 2.1.
[2082] VI, 5.1.
[2083] VI, 4.6.
[2084] VI, 17.3.
[2085] East of the temple of Zeus; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342, n. 4.
[2086] See list in Hyde, pp. 3 f. Here nos. 91 and 136 refer to the
same victor.
[2087] VI, 1.3.
[2088] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209. See Plans A and B.
[2089] P., VI, 1.4.
[2090] P., VI, 1.6.
[2091] P., VI, 3.2.
[2092] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172
(Sophios). See Plans A and B.
[2093] This fact, together with its place of finding not far from the
Great Gymnasion, led Treu to believe that the statue once adorned the
interior of the exercise-place of the athletes: _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209.
[2094] The Praxitelian _Hermes_ similarly shows an unfinished treatment
of the back hair; in fact the entire back of the statue is carelessly
done (_Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 203, fig. 233), though chisel-rasps show
a subsequent attempt to better it. This condition led Treu at first
(_Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, p. 10; followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p.
308, n. 7; _Mw._, p. 531, n. 3) to believe that the statue was made
at Olympia with regard to its position in the Heraion. Later (_Bildw.
v. Ol._, pp. 204-5) Treu believed that this merely indicated that the
statue was intended to stand against a wall; and since the present
base is not the original one (see Bulle, _apud_ Purgold, _Ergebnisse
v. Ol._, II, pp. 157 f.), that the statue was not originally meant for
the temple, but was moved thither, perhaps in Nero’s day; _cf._ also
Wernicke, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 108 f. For the _Hermes_, mentioned by
P., V, 17.3, and found in the cella of the Heraion on May 8, 1877, see
_Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLIX-LIII; Textbd., pp. 194 f. and
figs. 225-234.
[2095] However, Lysippos made the statue of Polydamas of Skotoussa,
who won the pankration in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.), many years after the
victory: see P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; H. L. von Urlichs,
_Ueber Griech. Kunstschriftsteller_, Diss. inaug., 1887, p. 26.
[2096] P. 27.
[2097] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; _cf._ P., VI, 1. 4 (both victories
wrongly in Ol. 102); Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345.
[2098] Date given by P., VI, 4.2. See Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.
[2099] For the earlier dating of Lysippos, see Winter, _Jb._, VII,
1892, p. 169 (who begins the artist’s activity with the seventies),
Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 211, and Milchhoefer, _Arch. Stud. fuer H.
Brunn_, p. 66, n. 2; see also Hyde, pp. 26-7, (who gives the sculptor’s
artistic activity as Ols. 103-115 = 368-320 B. C.); E. A. Gardner,
_Sculpt._, pp. 216-217, who dates his activity 366-316 B. C.; P.
Gardner, _infra_, next note.
[2100] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 243-249; on p. 245 he says: “There is
some evidence for work by Lysippos at a later date than B. C. 320. And
if he were born, as seems probable, about B. C. 390, he may well have
accepted commissions, to be executed mainly by his pupils, for several
years after 320.”
[2101] P., VI, 4, 6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392, who, on the
basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75, to no. 93b, dates the victories Ols. (?)
112 and 113 (= 332 and 328 B. C.).
[2102] _L. c._, p. 246.
[2103] P., VI, 17, 3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (= Ols. ? 113
and 114, = 328 and 324 B. C. on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75).
[2104] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, who gives 350-300 B. C. as the period of
his artistic activity: _Mw._, p. 523, n. 3.
[2105] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598 (and copied in XXIII, 1899, p.
422). The _Agias_ is but slightly later than the _Hermes_, if we
accept Furtwaengler’s dating for the latter, about 343 B. C.: _Mp._,
pp. 307-308; _Mw._, pp. 529-531. Brunn had regarded the _Hermes_ as
a youthful work of Praxiteles: _Deutsche Rundschau_, VIII, 1882, pp.
188 f. Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_, pp. 233 f., and S.
Reinach, _Gaz. Arch._, 1887, p. 282, n. 9, had assigned it to the year
363 B. C.
[2106] _H. N._, XXXIV, 37.
[2107] _Ibid._, 61 f.
[2108] The two are contrasted in XXXV, 156: _[Varro] laudat et
Pasitelen qui plasticen matrem caela turae et statuariae scalpturaeque
(= sculpturae) dixit_, etc. _Cf. infra_, Ch. VII, p. 324, n. 4. They
are also contrasted in XXXVI, 15. _Sculptura_ is the modern title of
Bk. XXXVI.
[2109] II, p. 150. See also Bulle, p. 137. Amongst recent writers who
oppose this view are Koepp, _Ueber d. Bildnisse Alex. d. Gr._, p. 29,
and Preuner, _op. cit._, pp. 46-7.
[2110] Thus the Sikyonian Kanachos worked in marble, bronze, gold and
ivory, and cedar-wood: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 75; XXXVI, 41; P.,
II, 10.5; IX, 10.2; etc.
[2111] F. Spiro, _Woch. f. kl. Philologie_, XXI, 1904, col. 792 (in his
review of my _de olymp. Stat. a Paus. commem._).
[2112] See _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 1-3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.
[2113] This is substantially Preuner’s view: _op. cit._, pp. 39-40 and
46-47; the later view of P. Wolters that the Delphi group was older
than the statue at Pharsalos has already been mentioned _supra_, p.
292; see _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 44-45.
[2114] In _A. J. A._, XI, 1907, pp. 414-16, I argued that the statue of
Agias was an original and not a copy; in the present work this view is
somewhat modified.
[2115] So Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 445 and 459; S.
Reinach, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1900, pp. 8 f.; H. Lechat, _Rev. des
Études anciennes_, II, 1900, pp. 195 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 441;
P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 127; _cf._ Preuner, _op. cit._,
p. 38; etc. Homolle, _l. c._, p. 471, says that if the _Agias_ is a
copy, “_c’est celui d’une copie authentique immédiate, contemporaine
du modèle_.” The view that the Delphi group was not original is well
expressed by P. Wolters, _l. c._, p. 50, who says that “_niemand die
delphischen Statuen fuer Originale des Lysippos erklaeren wird_.”
[2116] _Hbk._, p. 441, n. 2; only two small marble props, reaching to
the calves, support the ankles.
[2117] This treatment gives the impression of texture and profusion;
see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.
[2118] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 69-71 (list of bronze works).
[2119] Mechanically exact copies were unknown in the fourth century
B. C. Furtwaengler has shown that such copies began to be made in the
second century B. C., or possibly at the end of the third, and became
common only in the first: _Ueber Statuencopien im Altertum_, 1896.
[2120] It is mentioned by Pausanias, IX, 35.3, and the Surname
“_Oulios_” by Strabo, XIV, 1.6 (C. 635); it is described by Plutarch,
_de Musica_, 14 (= 1136 A), and Macrobius, _Sat._, I, 1713.
[2121] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293.
[2122] Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, p. 299, 8-9; _cf._ Athen., X, 24 (p. 424
f.). It appears on Athenian coins also: see Frazer, V, p. 174, figs.
8-9.
[2123] P., VIII, 46.3; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. _Cf._ Brunn, I, pp.
74 f.
[2124] P., IX, 10.2.
[2125] _Op. cit._ The transference to the minor arts—reliefs, coins,
gems and vase-paintings—was, of course, especially common at all times.
See also F. Hauser, _Die neu-attischen Reliefs_, 1889, and Flasch, _A.
Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 119.
[2126] P., VI, 8.5 and VII, 27.5. He won the pankration in Ol. 94 (=
404 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286.
[2127] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 616-20 (Homolle).
[2128] See Amelung, _R. M._, IX, 1894, pp. 162 f. and Pl. VII. _Cf._,
Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 190-191, and fig. 222 B, on pp. 188-189.
[2129] _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2, fig. 1 a and b (F. H.
Marshall).
[2130] XIII, 1909, pp. 151-7, with Pl. IV and figs. 1-3 (A head of
Heracles in the style of Scopas.)
[2131] _Ibid._, pp. 156 and 157.
[2132] _Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin_, VIII, no. 46 (Aug., 1910), p. 26.
[2133] II, 10.1.
[2134] F. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner, p. 30 (reprinted from articles
which appeared in the _J. H. S._, VI-VIII, 1885-1887).
[2135] Discussed by Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226. For the
coin, see _ibid._, pp. 212-14.
[2136] For the two heads of heroes, see Kabbadias, pp. 154 f., nos.
179, 180; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 33; B. B., no. 44; Collignon,
II, pp. 239, figs. 118 and 119; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 3, 1888, Pl. XXXV,
2-3, 4-5 (from casts); Milchhoefer, _A. M._, IV, 1879, pp. 133-4, nos.
24-25; G. Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 98 f.; Luetzow, _Zeitschr.
f. bild. Kunst_, XVII, 1882, pp. 322 f.; Baum., III, pp. 1667 f. and
figs. 1733 and 1734; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, pp. 255 f.;
Springer-Michaelis, p. 306, figs. 544, a, b; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 412,
fig. 105; von Mach, 469.
[2137] VIII, 45.6-7; see Mendel, _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, pp. 257 f.,
and Pls. IV, V (= head of Atalanta?), VI (= torso of Atalanta?), VII,
VIII (= heads of Herakles); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 416, fig. 106, has
reconstructed the _Atalanta_ from Pls. IV and VI just mentioned.
[2138] _L. c._, p. 259. The head has been restored by a German
sculptor, and the chin appears to have been made too retreating: see
_Encyl. Brit._, 11th ed., vol. XII, _s. v._ “Greek Art,” Pl. III, fig.
63.
[2139] From his Atalanta of Tegea, in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp.
172-3, quoted in part by Dr. Bates, _l. c._, pp. 155-6.
[2140] It was chiefly the preponderance of the lower part of the face
over the upper, in consequence of the large chin and strongly marked
cheek-bones, that led Treu to predicate Peloponnesian rather than Attic
influence in the Tegea heads: _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 408. He found
them Polykleitan in character, as did also Graef, _l. c._, p. 210,
Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 523, and Collignon, II, p. 238. L. R. Farnell,
however, long ago combated the theory of Peloponnesian influence, and
found analogies in fifth-century Attic works of the time of Pheidias,
as well as in works from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.: see
_J. H. S._, VII, 1886, pp. 114 f.
[2141] _Descriptiones stat._, B (in _Philostrati opera_, ed. Kayser,
p. 891). He also says (_ibid._) that Skopas ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος ἐπιπνοίας
κινηθεὶς εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀγάλματος δημιουργίαν τὴν θεοφορίαν ἐφῆκε.
The words with which Diodoros (Fragm. 1, Bk. XXVI) characterized
Praxiteles, as ὁ καταμίξας ἄκρως τοῖς λιθίνοις ἔργοις τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς
πάθη, apply much better to Skopas, for Praxiteles’ “emotions of the
soul” are mood and temperament rather than emotion and passion.
[2142] _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, Pls. IV-V.
[2143] The same overhanging masses of flesh, which we see in the male
heads, are, however, visible in several other female heads attributed
to Skopas: _e. g._, in the colossal one called _Artemisia_ from the
Eastern pediment of the Mausoleion: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIX; in the
head of an _Aphrodite_ found in the sea off Laurion: _J. H. S._, XV,
1895, pp. 194f. and fig. (Aphrodite?); in the head of a goddess found
south of the Akropolis (and in the copy of it in Berlin): Gardner,
_Hbk._, p. 457, fig. 119; and in the Dresden statuette of a _Mænad_:
Treu, _Mélanges Perrot_, Pl. V; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LII; etc.;
they are also plainly visible in the _Demeter of Knidos_: Gardner,
_Sculpt._, Pl. LIII; etc. These heads are discussed by Gardner,
_Sculpt._, pp. 190f., and are ascribed by him to Skopas.
[2144] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 174. Gardner (_ibid._) does not
explain this contrast in expression between the _Atalanta_ and the
surrounding heroes on the analogy of the contrast in the calmness of
_Apollo_ among the struggling _Lapiths_ from the Olympia pediment,
since the action in the torso of _Atalanta_ shows that she was no mere
spectator. He finds the explanation rather in the sex and youth of the
heroine; for this reason he thinks that the sculptor did not represent
her as sharing equally with the others the passion of the combat. He
finds a truer analogy in the contrast between calm and passion in the
_Lapiths_ and _Centaurs_ of the Parthenon metopes, where the human and
bestial are thus distinguished; just so the heroine-goddess is here
distinguished from her human companions. He also supposes that Skopas
was not ready thus early in his career (just after 395 B. C., when the
temple of Athena Alea was destroyed by fire) to apply his new extreme
of expression to female heads. However, it must not be overlooked that
these male heads—because of their marked individuality—presuppose
a more mature genius, and so can just as well be assigned to the
period of the Arkadian revival of 370 B. C. It has recently been
seriously disputed whether the _Atalanta_ should be assigned at all
to the Eastern pediment, where the French excavators placed it; thus
Cultrera has looked upon it as an akroterion figure, while Thiersch
and Neugebauer have identified it with a single figure representing
_Nike_. See Cultrera, _Atti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei_, 1910, pp. 22f.;
H. Thiersch, Zum Problem des Tegeatempels, _Jb._, XXVIII, 1913, p.
270; Neugebauer, _Studien ueber Skopas_, Leipsic, 1913; the latter has
argued that the head and torso do not belong together, while Dugas has
maintained the older view, that the turn and position of the neck fit
the torso: _Rev. de l’art anc. et mod._, 1911, pp. 9f.
[2145] The effect in the Tegea heads is heightened by the abrupt
transition from the brow to the socket—the outer end of the upper lid
being almost hidden.
[2146] Kabbadias, I, p. 416, no. 869; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_,
pp. 168 f. and fig.; Conze, _Griech. Grabreliefs_, IX, 1897, no. 1055
and Pl. CCXI; B. B., 469; Bulle, 267; von Mach, 369; P. Gardner,
_Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, Pl. XIV and p. 152; Gardner,
_Sculpt._, Pl. LXV and p. 208; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 199 f.;
von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, fig. 204; _id._, _Zeitschr. f. bild.
Kunst_, N. F., II, p. 293; _cf._ Wolters, _A. M._, XVIII, 1893, p. 6.
It is 1.68 meters in height and 1.07 in breadth (Staïs). The likeness
of the head of the athlete in this relief to that of the _Agias_ is
striking.
[2147] It was formerly in the Sala di Meleagro, but was later removed
to the Sala degli animali; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 128, and Nachtrag;
_Guide_, I, p. 78, no. 133; Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 33, no. 10, and
Pls. II and XII; B. B., 386; von Mach, 216; _id._, _Greek Sculpture,
Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, pp. 279 f.; Bulle, p. 484, fig. 145;
_Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 1a, 1b (head); Graef, _R. M._, IV,
pp. 218 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 479, 2; Clarac, 805, 2021. It is 2.10
meters high (Amelung).
[2148] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 28.
[2149] _Mp._, 296 f.; _cf._ Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p.
450, n. 2. Furtwaengler thought that the head was Attic and believed
that it was the direct successor of the Munich _Oil-pourer_ (Pl.
11), the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican (Pl. 6), the Florence
_Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 12), and analogous to the Ilissos relief (Fig. 74),
two bronze heads from Herculaneum (a = F. W., 1302, and Comparetti e de
Petra, _La Villa Ercol._, Pl. VII, 3; b = _ibid._, Pl. X, 2), and other
works; Graef, _op. cit._, p. 199, and Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 198-9,
regard it as Skopasian; Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr.
Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 60, n. 3, believes that it
shows Polykleitan influence.
[2150] _Ancient Marbles in Great Britain_, p. 451.
[2151] P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 128 (_cf._ XXV, 1895, p.
240), has called it “definitely a Lysippic work”; similarly Cultrera,
Una Statua di Ercole, _Mem. della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, p. 188;
recently, T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, pp. 297-298.
[2152] _Op. cit._, pp. 219 f.
[2153] Von Mach, 214; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 484, 1; another in
Copenhagen: Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXII (opp. p. 98); a head is
also in the Ny-Carlsberg collection there: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_,
no. 362 and Pl. 100.
[2154] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 2a, 2b, p. 29 (Petersen);
Collignon, II, p. 250, fig. 127; Bulle, 212 and fig. 144, on p. 481;
Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XV. For the _Apollo_ torso, see M. D., I, no. 215.
[2155] Mentioned in _Not. Scav._, 1895, p. 196, and figs. 1-2, and in
_R. M._, X, p. 92 (Petersen); briefly described by R. Norton, _Harvard
Graduates’ Magazine_, VIII, 1900 (June), pp. 485 f.; von Mach, 215;
Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 555, 6. _Cf._ _A. J. A._, IV, 1900, p. 275
and V, 1901, pp. 29 f. (latter = abstract of paper by von Mach). The
Cambridge copy was found about 300 feet from the spot where the Berlin
copy was discovered.
[2156] _H. N._, XXXIV, 66; in the text, _et Alexandrum Thespiis
venatorem_, it is best to understand _venatorem_ as an appositive,
therefore indicating a statue of Alexander as hunter. As the boar (in
the bronze original no support was necessary) is a Roman accessory
like the chlamys, it is best to call the work under discussion not
_Meleager_, but merely hunter and dog (so Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, _l.
c._). It was probably dedicated by a successful hunter to Artemis, or
else it was a grave-monument, as such figures are common on sarcophagi:
see Robert, _Ant. Sarcoph. Reliefs_, IV, Pls. XLVII, 154, and XLIX,
155, pp. 188 f.; and also on Attic grave-reliefs: _e. g._, on the
Ilissos relief mentioned above (Fig. 74).
[2157] Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 304-5; Furtw.-Urlichs, Amelung, Helbig, von
Mach, Arndt, E. Sellers-Strong (see introduction to Furtw., _Mp._, p.
XIII), etc.
[2158] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 128-129.
[2159] _Sculpt._, p. 219.
[2160] _Cf._ P. Gardner, _Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XII, 16.
[2161] Pl. LXIX in _Six Greek Sculptors_. E. A. Gardner (p. 226) is
doubtless right in believing that this form of brow was a personal
peculiarity of Alexander, as it recurs so often in his portraits. It
is seen in the head of Alexander on the sarcophagus from Sidon (either
by a pupil of Lysippos or by some sculptor under his influence), the
reliefs from which portray the same subject as the bronze group by
Lysippos in Delphi mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 64, dedicated
by Krateros on the occasion narrated by Plutarch, _Vita Alex. Magni_,
40, who states that the group was executed conjointly with Leochares:
see Hamdy Bey et Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892,
Pl. XXXIII, no. 6 (reproduced by Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXI). So
far as I know, it occurs in Lysippan work to a prominent degree
only in likenesses of Alexander. We know that Lysippos created the
Alexander-type of head, as he alone could reproduce his manly and
leonine air (_cf._ Plut., _de Alex. M. fortuna aut virtute_, _oratio_
II, 2, = p. 335). It is, to a less extent, present in the Azara
head in the Louvre, which, owing to its likeness to the head of the
_Apoxyomenos_, used to be taken as the nearest copy of the original by
Lysippos.
[2162] It should be observed that the axis of the right eye in the head
from Sparta droops slightly, which causes the eyeball to turn in. This
seems to me to be merely the result of imperfect skill in modeling. It
has a tendency to give to the face a look of greater intensity.
[2163] See _supra_, pp. 295-6.
[2164] _B. C. H._ XXIII, 1899, p. 455. Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._,
pp. 10 f., has shown that it was a favorite device to represent boxers
and pancratiasts with a sombre look (“_der finstere Blick_”).
[2165] 1102: κοὐδεὶς τροπαῖ’ ἔστησε τῶν ἐμῶν χερῶν.
[2166] In the passage already cited from _de Alex. Magn. fort. aut
virtute_, Orat. II, 2, (= p. 385c); ... καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων τὴν διάχυσιν
καὶ ὑγρότητα, κ. τ. λ.; _cf._ also his _Vita Alex. Magni_, IV (= p.
666), ... τὴν ὑγρότητα τῶν ὀμμάτων.
[2167] The hair of the head from Sparta, like that of the _Agias_ and
the _Philandridas_, has not the expression displayed in some Lysippan
heads (notably in portraits of Alexander), nor the detail which we
should expect from Pliny’s statement that Lysippos excelled in his
treatment of hair (_H. N._, XXXIV, 65; see next note). But the _Agias_
and the _Philandridas_ represent pancratiasts, and here we should not
expect such expression. In the _Agias_, the hair, even if lacking in
detail, is treated carefully and with variety.
[2168] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65: _propriae huius videntur esse argutiae
operum custoditae in minimis quoque rebus_. Here the word _argutiae_
means “subtlety,” rather than “animation,” as given in Harper’s Latin
Dictionary.
[2169] I need hardly add that such an idealizing tendency should be
carefully distinguished from the deification of mortals which came into
prominence after the time of Alexander, but existed in Greece from the
early fifth century B. C., at least. The case of heroizing the Thasian
Theagenes, who won at Olympia in boxing and the pankration in Ols. 75
and 76 (= 480 and 475 B. C.), has been discussed with similar ones in
Ch. I, p. 35. But the fact that a victor wanted his statue to be more
or less assimilated to the ideal type of the hero, whom he regarded as
his athletic prototype and ideal, does not mean that he had any idea of
looking upon himself as a god.