[1047] _E. g._, on the stone of Gnaios: _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 315

f., no. 3; Pl. X, no. 12; Furtwaengler, _Die antiken Gemmen_, 1900, Pl.

L, no. 9, and Vol. II, p. 241; also on the gem pictured by Toelken,

_Erklaer. Verzeichn. d. ant. vertieft geschnittenen Steine d. preuss.

Gemmensammlung_, 1835, Klasse VI, 107 (= _Die ant. Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV,

no. 24, and Vol. II, pp. 213); Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 260, n. 6,

and _Mw._, p. 468, n. 4, who mentions it, believes that these gems

correspond more nearly with the Dresden than with the Petworth athlete

type.

[1048] The strigil was a curved blade hollowed out inside with both

edges sharp; the general form remained largely the same from the sixth

century B. C., down into Roman days, though the curve and the handle

changed. The commonest were of bronze or iron: see Dar.-Sagl., IV,

2, pp. 1532 f., _s. v._ _strigilis_ (S. Dorigny); K. Friederichs,

_Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Altertum_, 1871, pp. 88 f. Examples

in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, are given by Richter, in _Gk.,

Etr. and Rom. Bronzes_, nos. 855 f.; others (strigils and handles)

are in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 320-326, 665, and

2420-2454, and figs. 74-75, p. 319; on the operation, see Kuppers, _Der

Apoxyomenos des Lysippos_, 1874.

[1049] _E. g._, on an amphora in Vienna: Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt.

aus Oest._, V, 1881, p. 139, Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_,

I. p. 334, no. 25 and Pl. (right-hand fig.); on a kylix formerly in

possession of Lucien Bonaparte, now in the British Museum, E 83:

Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXVII, 2 (left-hand figure), and p. 50; Murray,

_Designs from Greek Vases_, no. 58; others on which the athlete is

cleansing the strigil and not the body are given by Hartwig in _Jh.

oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, p. 154 and figs. 178 (Peleus on krater

from Bologna), 179 (athlete on B. M. vase mentioned above, E. 83, third

figure from left, middle row), 180 (cup in Rome, Museo Gregoriano), 181

(jug, _ibid._); Hartwig, pp. 153-4, mentions an athlete on a cup in the

Museo Papa Giulio, Rome. For the motive of an apoxyomenos on a vase in

the Louvre, see Hartwig, _Die greich. Meisterchalen_, pp. 24 f. and

fig. 2a.

[1050] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, 62 and 76, respectively.

[1051] Pliny, XXXIV, 86 and 87, respectively.

[1052] A list is given by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 262, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 471,

n. 1; a gem from the Hermitage is shown in _Mp._, p. 262, fig. 109;

_Mw._, p. 471, fig. 79; = _Die antiken Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 19; _cf._

also _ibid._, no. 18; Hartwig, in the article cited in note 1 above,

adds two more gems showing an athlete in a similar position, in the

Boston Museum of Fine Arts: p. 155, figs. 183, 184. Here the youth,

as Hartwig against the interpretation of Furtwaengler makes clear, is

cleansing the strigil and not his body.

[1053] So J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, Pl. 11,

pp. 27 f.; _cf._ _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904,

Pl. 50, B. 47, and von Duhn, _Sitzb. d. Heidelberger Akad. d. W._, Abt.

6, p. 9. It is 0.09 meter high.

[1054] Von Mach, 235; F. W., 1264; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 515, 6 and 7;

_cf._ II, 2, 546, 2; etc.

[1055] _H. N._, XXXIV. 65.

[1056] _Infra_, pp. 288 f.

[1057] Amelung, _Fuehrer_, no. 25; Duetschke, III, 72 (1.93 meters

high); B. B., 523-4 (text by Arndt); Bulle, p. 116, fig. 21; _cf._

Helbig, _Guide_, I, pp. 26 f., on nos. 42 and 44 (statuettes);

Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1898, Beiblatt, pp. 66 f.; Klein,

_Praxiteles_, pp. 51 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 261-2; _Mw._, pp. 469-71;

Bloch, _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 81 F., and fig. on p. 83 and Pl. III

(head, two views). The right underarm and hand and the left underarm

and part of the hand, the vase, and the basis, are all modern

restorations.

[1058] _Die antiken Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 17, and text, II, p. 212;

_Mp._, p. 261, fig. 108; _Mw._, p. 470, fig. 78; Hartwig, in _Berl.

Phil. Wochenschr._, XVII, Jan. 2, 1897, p. 31, corrects the mistake of

Furtwaengler and Amelung that the athlete on the gem is cleansing the

thigh and not the strigil itself.

[1059] Arndt dates it about 400 B. C.; Furtwaengler ascribes it and

the Dresden torso of the _Oil-pourer_, already discussed, to an Attic

master of the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C.

[1060] Listed by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 262, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 470, n. 5.

Especially the reduced mediocre copy in the Braccio Nuovo of the

Vatican: Helbig, _Guide_, no. 45; Clarac, 861, 2183; _R. M._, VII,

1892, pp. 92 f., and fig.

[1061] Bulle, no. 60 (who dates it in the middle of the fourth

century B. C., and considers it a copy of an original statue);

Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 214 f. and fig. 68;

Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 530; _cf._ _A. J. A._, VII, 1902, pp.

352-3, figs. 1 and 2. It is 1.925 meters high (Bulle).

[1062] Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Biblioth.

Nat._, 1895, no. 934, p. 411; it is 0.075 meter high.

[1063] Discussed by P. Hartwig, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, pp.

151-9, figs. 176 and 177 (four views of statuette), and Pls. V-VI (two

views of the head). Without its base it is 0.679 meter high.

[1064] It is in the Hamilton Coll.; see _B. M. Cat. Engraved Gems_,

1888, no. 335; _cf. ibid._, no. 432, a cut scarab from the Blacas

Coll., representing a nude athlete seated on a rock, holding a lekythos

and strigil suspended from the right hand.

[1065] Bulle, no. 265; B. B., 601 (text by L. Curtius); H. Pomtow,

_Beitr. z. Topogr. v. Delphi_, Pl. XII; Homolle, _Société des

Antiquaires de France_, Centennaire 1804-1904, Pl. XII. The figures are

life-size (Bulle).

[1066] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Hic primus nervos et venas expressit_.

[1067] In the Louvre: Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du

Louvre_, I, 1868 (reprinted 1879), no. 214; de Ridder, _Les bronzes

antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 183, and pp. 34 f.; Furtw.,

_Mp._, Pl. XIII, and p. 280, fig. 119; text, pp. 279 f.; _Mw._, Pl.

XXVIII, 3 (middle), and text, pp. 492 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588,

3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, _cf._ a

statuette from Cyprus in the Cesnola Collection, Metropolitan Museum,

New York: Richter, _Gk., Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, p. 57, fig. 87

(two views). Here the left leg is the rest leg.

[1068] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; base reproduced in _Mp._, p. 279, fig.

118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85.

[1069] See list, Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 281 f.; _Mw._, p. 493; a completer

one by Lippold, _Jb._, XXIII, 1908, pp. 203-8.

[1070] Amelung, _Vat._, II, pp. 414 f., no. 251, and Pl. 46; Furtw.,

_Mp._, p. 281, fig. 120; _Mw._, p. 494, fig. 86; Clarac, 856, 2168. As

the head and torso are of different marbles, we really have parts of

two copies of the same original. In reconstructing the statue, another

copy in the Galleria delle Statue is better: Amelung, _Vat._, II, pp.

583 f., no. 392 and Pl. 56; it has a head of Septimius Severus upon

it; the position of its feet is almost exactly that of the statue of

Xenokles mentioned.

[1071] Publ. by Miss A. Walton, _A. J. A._, XXII, 1918, pp. 44 f., Pls.

I, II, and figs. 1-5 in the text; Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no.

1000; von Duhn doubts whether the head belongs to the trunk. The statue

was acquired by Wellesley College in 1905 from a Roman dealer.

[1072] Copies of the head-type are listed by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 282;

_Mw._, pp. 494-5.

[1073] Invent., 5610; _Bronzi d’Ercolano_, I, Pls. 53-54, p. 187;

Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 7, 4; Furtw.,

_Mp._, p. 284, figs. 121 a, b; _Mw._, pp. 496-7, figs. 87-8; B. B., 339

(left).

[1074] _Mp._, p. 283; _Mw._, p. 495.

[1075] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 416.

[1076] In the Museo Archeologico: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, no. 268 (and

bibliography); B. B., 274-77; Bulle, 52-53 and 204-5 (head); von Mach,

123 (front and back views); Collignon, I, pp. 479 f. and figs. 247

(statue), 248 (head); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 2; Furtw., _Mp._, p.

285, fig. 122 (head); _Mw._, p. 499, fig. 89; Robinson, _Cat. Boston

Museum of Fine Arts_, Suppl., no. 113; Springer-Michaelis, p. 272, fig.

488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle).

[1077] Ueber die Bronzestatue des sog. Idolino (_49stes Berl.

Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889), p. 10. He classed it stylistically with the

_Oil-pourer_ of Munich and the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican,

which Brunn had called Myronic. He later, however, renounced his

Myronic theory and merely called it Attic, because of its resemblance

to figures on the Parthenon frieze: _Beilage zu den amtlichen Berichten

aus den k. Kunstsamml._, XVIII, no. 5, Juli, 1897, p. 73 (quoted by

Richardson, p. 161, n. 8).

[1078] _Festschr. f. Benndorf_, p. 175: here he assigns it not to Myron

himself, but to his son.

[1079] II, p. 30; he also admits its Polykleitan features.

[1080] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, pp. 70 f., 1902; he assigns it to an

artist of the master’s circle.

[1081] _Mp._, 286; _Mw._, p. 500.

[1082] _Cronaca_, pp. 29-30, fig. 2 (= _Supplemento di Bolletino

d’Arte_, Roma, XII, Fasic. V-VIII) 1918 (Lucia Mariani). _Cf._ review

in _A. J. A._, XXIII, 1919, p. 319 and fig. 2; and also Mariani, _Rend.

della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, XXVI, 1918, pp. 125-138, and fig. in

text.

[1083] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1111; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 287;

_Mw._, p. 502.

[1084] See material collected by Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la

commiss. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1873; _cf._ Fritze, _de

Libatione veterum Graecorum_, Berl. Diss., 1893.

[1085] II, pp. 416 f.

[1086] No. 2723; Svoronos, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXI (CI is a poor copy of

it); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 240-242 (0.45 meter high; 0.57

meter broad). Staïs also regards it as an _ex voto_ to Herakles.

[1087] It is broken away, but its outline is clear.

[1088] Kabbadias, 248; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 86; Arndt-Bruckmann,

_Einzelaufnahmen_, 627 and 628 (head alone); noticed in _A. A._, 1889,

p. 147, and _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 231 (Wolters); _ibid._, XXXI,

1906, pp. 352 f. (von Salis); _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 224 f., fig. 3

(restored), and Pl. IV (Mayer). It may be one of the statues seen by

Pausanias in the temenos: I, 18.6. It is 1.50 meters high without the

plinth (Mayer).

[1089] Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 378, n. 3 (_cf._ _Mp._, p. 196, n. 1),

p. 685, n. 2 and p. 737; he ascribes it to Kalamis or his school.

[1090] _H. N._, XXXIV, 81; statue also mentioned, _ibid._, XXII, 44.

[1091] In the National Museum, no. 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp.

362, 363 and fig. (0.09 meter high); three photographs, _A. M._, XXXI,

Pl. XXII; a poor photograph in Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1878,

Pl. XIV, 3, and p. 186.

[1092] In the statuette it is bent, but its original horizontal

position is indicated by the position of the hand.

[1093] Two copies: Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. koenigl. Antikensamml._,^4

1881, nos. 70, 88; F. W., 1217; Furtw., _Mp._, pp., 310-11, figs.

131-2; _Mw._, pp. 534-5, figs. 97-8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 314, fig.

562; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 5-6; M. W., II, 39, 459; Clarac, IV,

712, 1695.

[1094] Listed, _Mp._, p. 310, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 533, n. 3; one, formerly

in the Museo Boncompagni-Ludovisi, now in the Museo delle Terme, in

Rome: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 7; B. B., 376; Helbig, _Fuehrer_,

II, 1308; Collignon, II, p. 265, fig. 131; von Mach, 197. The original

must have been of bronze.

[1095] _H. N._, XXXIV, 69. For discussion, see F. W., note on p. 421

(to no. 1217).

[1096] In the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 297; Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 509

and II, Pl. 53; Clarac, 479, 916.

[1097] _Cf._ _Beschr. d. Skulpt. zu Berlin_, no. 44; a poor torso of

the type is in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican: Amelung, _Vat._,

no. 295 and Pl. 52; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 173, 2.

[1098] Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 30; _Mp._, p.

163, fig. 65 (front), p. 162, fig. 64 (profile), from an old cast from

the Mengs Collection in Dresden; _Mw._, Pl. XVI; other replicas, _Mp._,

p. 161, n. 3.

[1099] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 214-17, and fig. 130 on p. 215.

[1100] _H. N._, XXXIV, 76: _Ctesilaus doryphoron et Amazonem volneratam

(fecit)_. Bergk long ago proposed to alter this name to Kresilas

(_Zeitschr. fuer Alterthumswissensch._, 1845, p. 962), and was

followed by Brunn (I, p. 261)—an emendation accepted by most recent

investigators. The argument derived from the _Amazon_ of Kresilas,

mentioned by Pliny, XXXIV, 53, and apparently repeated in the present

passage, is strong. Jex-Blake, however, finds the name Ktesilaos a good

Greek formation, though uncommon: see his note on p. 62.

[1101] _Mp._, pp. 161 f.; _Mw._, pp. 332 f.

[1102] It is plainly visible in the example from Petworth House, and in

the poor one lately in the possession of the Roman dealer Abbati: B.

B., 84 (from cast); _Bull. del. Inst._, 1867, p. 33 (Helbig); _Mon. d.

I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XXXVI; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, pp. 279 f. (Conze);

it is also visible in the New York copy.

[1103] As on an Attic fifth-century B. C. grave-relief from the

Peiræus: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 157 (who gives the height as

0.45 meter and the breadth as 0.32 meter); von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt.

zu Athen_, 1881, no. 171; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, p. 212; Conze, _Die

Attischen Grabreliefs_, no. 929 and Pl. CLXXX; F. W., 1017; for similar

reliefs, see _Annali_, 1862, Pl. M.

[1104] Michaelis wrongly dated the original in the fourth century B.

C.; Brunn first recognized its fifth-century character: _Annali_,

XLVII, 1875, p. 31 (_apud_ Leop. Julius).

[1105] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV; B. B., no. 248; Bulle, 167;

Collignon, II, p. 492, fig. 256; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1350; _Guide_,

1051; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, pp. 85-86; Gardner,

_Hbk._, p. 536, fig. 146; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig.

156; _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 223; _Gaz. B.-A._, XXXIII, Pér. 2, I, 1886,

fig. on p. 427; Springer-Michaelis, p. 401, fig. 743; Reinach, _Rép._,

II, 2, 550, 10; Reinach classes it as an athlete or Herakles. It is

1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1106] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 254-5.

[1107] For this reason Helbig wrongly assigned it to about 400 B. C.

[1108] _Ueber die griech. Portraetkunst_, 1894, pp. 12 f. (and fig.).

[1109] XXVII, 9.

[1110] _Philologus_, LVII (N. F., XI), pp. 1 f. and 649 f. Kleitomachos

won in Ols. 141, 142 (= 216, 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.3; Hyde, 146;

Foerster, 472, 476. _Cf._ Suidas, _s. v._ Κλειτόμαχος. His statue was

set up by his father, and his victory sung by Alkaios of Messenia: _A.

G._, IX, 588.

[1111] _Cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, XIII, 1898, pp. 93-5; this theory of

Wunderer is also rejected by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 609.

[1112] Erected about 477 B. C.; Bulle, 84 (_Aristogeiton_) and 85

(_Harmodios_); etc.

[1113] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 220-1 and n. 5 on p. 220.

[1114] See Stephanos, _Lex._, _s. vv._ ταινία, ταινίδιον, ταινόω. This

victor fillet is mentioned by Lucian in reference to the _Diadoumenos_

of Polykleitos: _Philops._, 18.

[1115] Xen., _Symp._, V, 9; Plato, _Symp._, 212 E; it appears often

on statues of Dionysos: _e. g._, on one in Furtwaengler’s _Samml.

Sabouroff_, Pl. XXIII; Dionysos is called Χρυσομίτρης in Soph., _Oed.

Tyr._, 209. The fillet was used as a breast-band for women’s dresses:

Pollux, VII, 65; etc.

[1116] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 177. In older days the athletic fillet

was called μίτρα (Lat. _mitella_): Pindar, _Ol._, IX, 84; _Isthm._,

V, 62 (of wool); Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, p. 193. In the Iliad

μίτρα was the kilt or apron worn around the waist under the cuirass

(a ζωστήρ being worn outside): IV, 137; IV, 187; V, 857; etc. It was

used also later as a wrestler’s girdle: _A. G._, XV, 44; and for

women’s headbands: Alkm., I; _cf._ Eurip., _Bacchae_, 833. Athletes on

vase-paintings representing palæstra scenes often wear the fillet: _e.

g._, the wrestlers and other athletes on the Philadelphia r.-f. kylix

pictured in Fig. 50, have red bands in their hair. Later the μίτρα

was specially used of women; if of men, it was a sign of effeminacy:

Aristoph., _Thesmophoriazusae_, 163. The home of the μίτρα appears to

have been Asia, as it was commonly worn by Asiatics: see Hdt., I, 195;

VII, 62 (headdress); Virgil, _Aen._, IV, 216. We learn from Alkman

that it came from Lydia to Greece: fragm. 23, verses 67 f. On it, see

Bekker, _Charikles_, II, pp. 393 f., and Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, p. 2033

(Bremer).

[1117] See F. W., on 322. It appears on the “Apollo” type of early

sculpture, _e. g._, on the “Apollo” of Orchomenos (Fig. 7).

[1118] _Stud. z. Parthenon_, 1902, pp. 1 f.

[1119] VI, 2.2; Lichas won the chariot victory in Ol. 90 (= 420 B. C.):

Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270.

[1120] P., V, 11.1.

[1121] Bulle, no. 207; Furtw.-Wolters, _Besch._,^2 457; B. B., 8; here

it was inlaid with silver.

[1122] This may, however, be merely the remains of a wreath of gold:

see Rayet, II, text to no. 67 (J. Martha).

[1123] Bulle, no. 202; Lechat, p. 482, fig. 44. It is 0.23 meter high

(Bulle).

[1124] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV; F. W., 322; Wolters thinks

this is scarcely a victor fillet.

[1125] This head, in the possession of Lord Leconfield, is a replica

of the same original as the one in the Metropolitan Museum (Pl. 15);

Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24. See discussion _supra_, pp. 144-5.

[1126] Noted by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 161.

[1127] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): Hyde, 9;

Foerster, 796.

[1128] _A. M._, XIX, 1894, pp. 137-9 (J. Ziehen); fig. in text. It is

now in the Museum of the Peiræus Gymnasion.

[1129] On such representations in art, see Stephani, _Comptes rendus

de la commission impériale archéologique_, St. Petersburg, 1874, pp.

214-16.

[1130] Παῖς ἀναδούμενος: VI, 4.5; _S. Q._, 757.

[1131] _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; P., V, 11.3. Robert is

followed by Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, pp. 90 f.

[1132] _Cf._ Frazer, IV, p. 11. Figures of athletes appear beneath the

throne on vases: Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, Pl. I, 9 and 16;

Gerhard, I, Pl. VII. Flasch has tried to show that the throne figure

did not represent Pantarkes: Baum., II, p. 1099, 2; _cf._ Gurlitt,

_Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 380.

[1133] VI, 10.6. Pantarkes won the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 86 (=

436 B. C.): Hyde, 98; Foerster, 254.

[1134] Amongst others it has been assumed by Loeschke, Der Tod des

Pheidias (in _Histor. Untersuch. zum Schaefer-Jubilaeum_, Bonn, 1882),

p. 36; Schoell, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1888, I, p. 37 (Der Prozess des

Pheidias). Foerster, p. 19, n. 1, is against the identification. The

παῖς ἀναδούμενος is omitted in my victor lists (_de olympionicarum

Statuis_).

[1135] The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is mentioned between victors nos. 38 and 39,

_i. e._, in the Zone of the _Eretrian Bull_, while Pantarkes (98) is

mentioned among the statues in the Zone of the _Chariots_: see _infra_,

Ch. VIII, pp. 343 and 345, and Plans A and B.

[1136] _Cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, pp. 378 f.

[1137] _Cf._ Doerpfeld, _Baudenkmaeler v. Ol._, p. 21 and n. 1; Furtw.,

_Mp._, pp. 39-40; Frazer, _l. c._

[1138] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 501; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. VI; B.

B., 271; Bulle, 49; von Mach, 117; Springer-Michaelis, p. 259, fig.

461; F. W., 509; _Annali_, L, 1878, Pl. A and pp. 20 f. (two views)

(Michaelis); Clarac, V, 858 C, 2189 A; M. W., I, Pl. 31, fig. 136;

Reinach, _Rép._, I, 524, 2. The palm-trunk shows that the Roman artist

intended to represent a victor in his copy. It is 4 ft. 10.25 in. high

(Smith); 1.48 meters (Bulle).

[1139] Brunn, following older writers such as Winckelmann, had

pronounced it Polykleitan: _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 218 f.; _cf._

Murray, I, pp. 313 f. and Pl. IX. Kekulé called it Myronian: _49stes

Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, p. 12; Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 128,

finds it unrelated to Polykleitos and defends its Attic origin.

Everything about it—except the mode of tying the fillet—differs from

the copies of Polykleitos’ statue, and especially the pose. Against

Brunn’s view, see Michaelis, _Annali_, LV, 1883, pp. 154 f.

[1140] So Bulle, Arndt (text to B. B., 271), Furtwaengler (_Mp._,

pp. 244-5; _Mw._, pp. 444-5), Zimmerman (in Knackfuss-Zimmermann,

_Kunstgesch. des Altertums und des Mittelalters_, I, p. 152), and many

others.

[1141] _Cf._ especially the resemblance of the statue to the youth on

the West frieze: Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, Pl. V, no. 9.

[1142] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, praises it equally with the

_Doryphoros_, and says that 100 talents were paid for it; in another

passage he says that a like sum was paid by King Attalos for a picture

of Dionysos by the Theban painter Aristeides: _ibid._, VII, 126; _cf._

XXXV, 24 and 100. A painting by Timomachos of Byzantium brought 80

talents: _ibid._, XXXV, 136.

[1143] _H. N._, XXXIV, 56; here he quotes Varro, who was drawing

probably from Xenokrates of Sikyon: see Jex-Blake, pp. xvi f.

[1144] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 239 f.; the torsos, by

Petersen, _B. com. Rom._, 1890, pp. 185 f.

[1145] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 500; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. IV; B.

B., 272; von Mach, 114; F. W., 508; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLIX

(3 views); Rayet, I, Pl. 30; Collignon I, p. 479, fig. 253; Murray, I,

Pl. X; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 5. Michaelis, by a comparison with

the _Doryphoros_, first showed that it was a copy of the _Diadoumenos_:

_Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 10 f. It is 6 ft. 1 in. tall (Smith).

[1146] Kabbadias, no. 1826; Bulle, 50; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 35; von

Mach, 115; _Mon. Piot_, III, 1896, pp. 137 f. (Couve), and Pls. XIV

and XV; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 84-85 and fig.; _B. C. H._,

XIX, 1895, pp. 460 f. (account of the Delian excavations by L. Couve)

and Pl. VIII (the statue in its surroundings at the excavations);

Springer-Michaelis, p. 277, fig. 498; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9.

It is 1.86 meters high without the base (Couve).

[1147] Discussed _supra_, on pp. 92-3.

[1148] _Mon. Piot_, IV, Pls. VIII-IX; von Mach, no. 116 a; Furtw.,

_Mp._, p. 241, fig. 98; _Mw._, p. 439, fig. 68 (who called it the most

beautiful of all the copies); Reinach, _Rép._, I, 475, 6. The right arm

is wrongly restored.

[1149] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 240-2; _cf._ Gardner,

_Sculpt._, pp. 125 f.

[1150] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, pp. 80 and

86; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, Pl. V, pp. 281 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._,

Pls. X and XI; _Mw._, Pl. XXV; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 36 (two views);

F. W., 511.

[1151] B. B., no. 340; Conze, _Beitraege zur Geschichte d. griech.

Pl._^2, 1869, pp. 3 f., Pl. 2 (two views); F. W., 510.

[1152] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 2729 (Addenda); _Mon. Piot_, III, p.

145 (Couve); _ibid._, IV, p. 73 (Paris); Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 37.

[1153] _J. H. S._, VI, 1885, pp. 243 f. (Murray), and Pl. LXI.

[1154] _J. H. S._, XXXIX, 1919, pp. 69 f., and Pl. 1 (two views), and

p. 232 (with illustration of the palmette head-band).

[1155] _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99 (with original head); _Mw._, p. 447, fig.

69.

[1156] Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A (headless); it

is 1.49 meters high (Michaelis). He believes that it originally was an

oil-pourer.

[1157] _Mp._, p. 246; _Mw._, p. 448. It is 12 centimeters high

(Furtwaengler).

[1158] κοτίνου στέφανος, P., VIII, 48.2; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357;

Aristoph., _Plut._, 586; Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, IV, 13.2. The custom

of using the olive crown is probably very ancient, despite Phlegon’s

statement that it was introduced in Ol. 7 (= 752 B. C.): frag. 1 (= _F.

H. G._, III, p. 604). Pindar says that it was introduced from the land

of the Hyperboreans by Herakles: _Ol._, III, 14 f; Bacchylides calls it

Aetolian: VII, 50 (γλαυκὸν Αἰτωλίδος ἄνδημ’ ἐλαίας). It probably goes

back to some form of popular magic.

[1159] B. B., no. 324; here small leaves are still remaining over the

forehead.

[1160] _Bronz. v. Ol._, II, 2 and 2 a. Here the leaves have

disappeared. See pp. 254-5.

[1161] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. III, text, pp. 65 f. (Pottier). Here is

listed a number of funerary reliefs representing athletes, which list

could easily be enlarged.

[1162] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1241; _Guide_, 977. On the motive, see

_Archaeol. Studien H. Brunn dargebr._, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1163] The λημνίσκος (Lat. _lemniscus_) was merely the woolen fillet

by which chaplets were fastened on; Hesychios says it is a Syracusan

word; in any case it is used only by Roman writers and Greek writers of

the Roman age; _A. G._, XII, 123; Plut., _Sulla_, 27; Polyb., XVIII,

46 (where στέφανοι and λημνίσκοι are differentiated, though they are

usually interchangeable); _C. I. G._, III, 5361; _C. I. A._, III, 74.

Pliny says that it was of Etruscan origin, _H. N._, XXI, 4, and that

it was at first made of wool or linden-bark and later of gold; _cf._

XVI, 25. It was used at Rome at feasts, as a sign of special honor to

guests: Plaut., _Pseudolus_, (line 1265); Livy, XXXIII, 33.2; Suet.,

_Nero_, 25. For the Roman use of the _lemniscus_ for athletic victors

and poets, _cf._ Cicero, _Or. pro Sext. Roscio Amerino_, 35, 100;

Ausonius, _Epist._, XX, 6; etc. On the _lemniscus_, see Dar.-Sagl.,

III, 2, pp. 1099-1100.

[1164] _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, no. 3.

[1165] _Mon. Piot_, XVII, 1909, Pls. II, III and pp. 29 f. (Merlin and

Poinssot).

[1166] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1754; B. B., 46; _Marbles and

Bronzes_, Pl. XXII; Collignon, I, fig. 255, on p. 500; Furtw.,

_Mp._, p. 252, fig. 105; _Mw._, p. 457, fig. 75 (back view);

Springer-Michaelis, p. 275, fig. 495; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 9.

It is 4 ft. 11 in. high (Smith), _i. e._, 1.48 meters.

[1167] Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, no. 99, Pls. 38 and 38 a; _id._,

_Fuehrer_, I, 1083; sketches of the Westmacott and Barracco copies in

Kekulé, _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, Pl. IV.

[1168] No. 254; _Arch. Eph._, 1890, pp. 207 f. (Philios) and Pls. X and

XI. Bulle, 51, gives the Westmacott and Barracco examples side by side;

in _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. II, we have the Westmacott, Barracco,

and Eleusis copies together. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 250 f., _Mw._,

pp. 453 f., Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, p. 36, and Petersen, _R.

M._, VIII, 1893, pp. 101 f., have added many more torsos and heads as

copies or variants of the original.

[1169] See Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083. Its soft expression and forms

led Furtwaengler to derive it from the Praxitelean circle, from the

period when Praxiteles was influenced by Polykleitos, and to believe

that it represented a divinity, perhaps Triptolemos: _Mp._, p. 255 and

n. 2.

[1170] _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Catalogue Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, no.

45, Pl. XXXIII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 251, fig. 103; _Mw._, p. 454, fig.

73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection.

[1171] For the Dresden head, see _A. A._, 1900, p. 107, figs. 1 a and 1

b.

[1172] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 104; _Mw._, p. 455, fig. 74.

[1173] First published by F. H. Marshall, _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp.

151-2 and figs. 1 a, b; more fully by E. A. Gardner, _ibid._, XXXI,

1911, pp. 21 f. and Pl. I and fig. 1.

[1174] Nelson head: _J. H. S._, XVIII, 1898, pp. 141 f., and Pl. XI;

B. B., 544; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIX; Capitoline _Amazon_: _Mp._,

p. 132, fig. 53 (restored); _Mw._, p. 292, fig. 39. A head of the

Capitoline type has been wrongly placed on the Pheidian Mattei torso in

the Vatican: _Mp._, p. 133, fig. 54 (head); _Mw._, Pl. XI; B. B., 350;

von Mach, 121; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 483, 1.

[1175] B. B., 128 (original and cast).

[1176] As, _e. g._, in the bronze head of a victor in Naples, already

discussed (Fig. 25); B. B., 339.

[1177] _E. g._, Furtwaengler and Collignon; the latter, I, pp. 499-500.

[1178] _Hypnos_, pp. 30 f.; accepted by Wolters (_apud_ Lepsius,

_Griech. Marmorstudien_, p. 83, no. 164), Treu (_A. A._, 1889, p. 57),

Collignon, Petersen, _l. c._, Kekulé (_Idolino_, p. 13), Furtwaengler

(_Mp._, pp. 252-3, _Mw._, pp. 458-9 and 747), and others; see Philios,

_op. cit._

[1179] _E. g._, by Philios (_op. cit._), Amelung (_Bert. Phil.

Wochenschr._, XXII, 1902, p. 273). This scraping motive is seen in the

bronze statuette in the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 934.

[1180] This is inconsistent with the position of the hand in the

Barracco copy, which is too far from the head. This was an older view

of Helbig, _Rendiconti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, 1892, pp. 790

f.; refuted by Furtwaengler, Petersen, Helbig himself later (in the

_Fuehrer_), and others.

[1181] Quoted by E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXXI, pp. 25-6, as the

theory of E. N. Gardiner.

[1182] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; for this theory, see Mahler, _Polyklet u. s.

Sch._, p. 50.

[1183] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Block 131 (from the North

frieze).

[1184] F. W., 1665; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 256, fig. 106; _Mw._, p. 463,

fig. 76; M. W., Pl. 70, 879; etc.

[1185] For list, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 254, n. 2. For a restoration of

the original statue, see _ibid._, p. 250, fig. 102; _Mw._, p. 453, fig.

72.

[1186] VI, 4.11; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; _I. G. B._, 50.

[1187] Those of the Elean pentathlete Pythokles: _Inschr. v. Ol._,

162-3; _I. G. B._, 91; and the Epidaurian boxer Aristion: _Inschr. v.

Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92. The feet of the Aristion were both

flat upon the ground.

[1188] That of the boy wrestler Xenokles of Mainalos: _Inschr. v. Ol._,

164; _I. G. B._, 90.

[1189] In one of the Olympia _Zanes_: _I. G. B._, 95.

[1190] On the Kyniskos basis there are no traces, as on that of

Pythokles, to show that the original had been removed from the Altis

and replaced by a copy long before Pausanias visited Olympia.

[1191] _O. S._, p. 186, on the basis of the _Oxy. Pap._; followed

by Hyde, 45. Foerster’s date, Ol. (?) 86 (= 436 B. C.), follows the

earlier dating of Polykleitos by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p.

107, _i. e._, before the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus; see

Foerster, 255. Robert later dated the birth of the sculptor about Ol.

75.4 (= 477 B. C.). Thus, even if the _Kyniskos_ were his earliest

statue, it must have been erected some time after the victory.

Furtwaengler dates the original of the _Westmacott Athlete_ about 440

B. C.: _Mp._, p. 252.

[1192] Bulle, Furtwaengler, E. A. Gardner, and others find the

assumption of identity not completely convincing. Thus Furtwaengler

looks upon the identification as “no far-fetched theory,” but says:

“Unfortunately, however, absolute certainty can scarcely be attained”

(_Mp._, pp. 249-50).

[1193] VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Vitruv., _de Arch._, IX, 1 (p. 212).

[1194] Homer mentions the palm: _e. g._, Od., VI, 163; the various

kinds of palm are given by Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, II, 6.6 and 8.4.

Its fronds (σπάθαι, _cf._ Hdt., VII, 69) were formed into victory

crowns: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4, p. 723.

[1195] _H. N._, XXXV, 75.

[1196] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargehracht_, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1197] _Mp._, p. 256 and n. 1; _Mw._, p. 462 and n. 2.

[1198] _Cf._ Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 187, n. 1.

[1199] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, PI. III. See _supra_, p. 155.

[1200] So Waldstein, _l. c._, p. 186.

[1201] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic vase: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl.

48, e, g.

[1202] Mentioned by Helbig, _Guide_, 977; discussed by Arndt in _La

Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pls. XXI-IV. Arndt believes that

the right arm with the palm in the hand is modern, like the head and

left arm; they are of a different marble from the torso. The torso

is a replica of a statue in the Villa Albani, Rome: _op. cit._, fig.

13; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 738 (= god type). On representing

athletes in the act of placing wreaths on their heads with the right

hand and holding palm-branches in the left, see Milchhoefer, and

others, in the work already cited, _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebracht_,

pp. 62 f.

[1203] VI, 10.4. The scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, 1, Boeckh, p.

401, says that the hoplites ran with bronze shields.

[1204] See _supra_, pp. 105, n. 3, and 116.

[1205] P., VI, 13.7. He won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde,

117; Foerster, 184.

[1206] Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, Inscript. a. Boeckh, p. 401.

[1207] Head A: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 29 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. VI,

1-4; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, 1881, pp. 12 f., Pls. XVIII (front), XIX

(side); F. W., 316; Overbeck, I, pp. 198-9 and _cf._ p. 178. Head B:

_Bildw._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 9-10; _Ausgrab._, p. 13; Overbeck, p.

178; F. W., 315.

[1208] _Bildw._, Pl. VI, 5-6; fig. 30, on p. 30 in Textbd.; _Ausgrab._,

V, Pl. XIX, 4 and p. 12; F. W., 317.

[1209] _Bildw._, Textbd., fig. 31, on p. 30.

[1210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., fig. 32, on p. 31.

[1211] _Ibid._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 7-8; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, Pl.

XIX, 5 and p. 12; F. W., 319. Both the foot and arm are of Parian

marble, like the head.

[1212] Hyde, pp. 42-4; _cf_. Foerster, 151, 155; he also won the

stade-race at Delphi: Pindar, _Pyth._, X, 12-16. Robert accepts my

ascription: Pauly-Wissowa, VI, p. 1493. Liddell and Scott, _Lexicon_,

_s. v._ Φρικίας (= “Bristle”), believe this to be the name not of the

victor but of his horse, so called because of his long outstanding

mane; _cf_. Herrmann, _Opuscula_, VII, 166 n. This is also the

interpretation of Sandys, _Odes of Pindar_, Loeb Library, 1915, p. 291,

n. 1.

[1213] P., VI, 10.4-5; R. Foerster, _Das Portraet in d. gr. Plastik_,

1882, p. 22, n. 5.

[1214] Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f.; _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 34

and n. 2. He explained the shield device of the ram and Phrixos by the

fact that Eperastos traced his descent from that hero. _Cf._ Overbeck,

I, p. 198.

[1215] VI, 17.5; Hyde, 183 and p. 62; Foerster, 765 (undated).

[1216] _Preus. Jb._, LI, p. 382; _cf._ _Sammlung Sabouroff_, Einleitung

zu den Skulpturen, p. 5, n. 4; followed by Flasch, Baum., II, p. 1104 U

f.

[1217] V, 27.7.

[1218] Textbd., pp. 31-2.

[1219] Hyde, _l. c._ For the date, see Afr; Foerster, 144-6; he was the

first Olympic τριαστής, _i. e._, he gained victories in three events on

the same day (stade-, double stade- and hoplite-races).

[1220] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1097; here it is called a

diskobolos; Clarac, 830, 2085; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 204; _Mw._, p.

392.

[1221] Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, points out its

resemblance to the Tuebingen bronze, but because of the tree-trunk does

not regard it as a representation of a hoplitodrome. Furtwaengler, _l.

c._, regards the helmet as belonging to the head, while others believe

it alien thereto.

[1222] No. 795; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XI and pp. 58-71; Gardiner,

p. 105, fig. 17; _cf._ another in Copenhagen: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXXI.

[1223] P., VI, 3.10; he won the pentathlon some time between Ols. 94

and 103 (= 404 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347.

[1224] P., V, 26.3.

[1225] V, 27.12.

[1226] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2 and pp. 227-8 (Milchhoefer).

[1227] _Inventar_, no. 6306; mentioned by L. Gurlitt in _A. M._, VI,

1881, p. 158.

[1228] Duetschke, II, no. 22; a very similar statue, no. 25, has no

_halteres_; both are poor Roman copies.

[1229] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 217; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3.

[1230] So schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158. He

won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 60;

Foerster, 252.

[1231] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no. 1096; _J. H. S._, II,

1881, p. 342, fig. 3. Thongs appear on both forearms of the Polykleitan

statue, copies of which are in Kassel (Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig.

99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69), and on a headless one in Lansdowne House

(Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, 851, 2180 A); similarly on the

Lysippan boxer by Koblanos found at Sorrento, and now in Naples (Fig.

57; Kalkmann, Die Proport, des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst = _53stes Berl.

Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III); on the bronze statue of a boxer

from Herculaneum in Naples; and on the delle Terme _Seated Boxer_ (Pl.

16); etc.

[1232] So interpreted, and rightly, by Waldstein (_J. H. S._, I, 1880,

p. 186), and others; Juethner, pp. 68-9, thinks that the object here

represented is a victor fillet, being too short for thongs.

[1233] P. 26 and n. 2; against him, Reisch, p. 43; Hitz-Bluemn., II,

2, p. 577; etc. Oil-flasks of various kinds—_lekythoi_, _aryballoi_,

_alabastra_, _olpai_—are mentioned repeatedly by Greek writers;

_e. g._, λήκυθος, by Homer, Od., VI, 79; Aristoph., _Plutus_, 810;

ἀρύβαλλος, Aristoph., _Equites_, 1094; Pollux, VII, 166 and X, 63;

ἀλάβαστρον, Theokr., XV. 114; ὄλπη (of leather), Theokr., II, 156; etc.

[1234] VI, 14.6.

[1235] VI, 9.1. Theognetos won in the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 76

(= 746 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[1236] We have already in the present chapter mentioned this “Apollo”

in connection with the statuette from Piombino (Fig. 19); Studniczka,

_R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 99-100, believed that it represented a victor.

See _supra_, p. 119.

[1237] _E. g._, on the bronze statuette from Naxos, now in Berlin: see

_supra_, p. 119 and n. 5.

[1238] Boy wrestlers especially wore caps in the palæstræ, but not at

the games; we see them on the wrestler group in the palæstra scene on

the r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 795) already mentioned.

[1239] Stuart Jones, _Cat._, pp. 65-6, no. 8; Helbig, _Fuehrer_,

I, 769; _Guide_, 418; B. B., 527 (and fig. 6 in text, by Arndt);

Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, _Mw._, p. 392. Helbig finds it Myronian, while

Furtwaengler considers it Attic, but non-Myronic; for a copy in

Stockholm, see B. B., figs. 7, 8, 9, in the text to no. 527.

[1240] I, 17.2. Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, n. 6, shows that the Athens head

bears no resemblance to the Capitoline. Furthermore, heads on coins of

Juba differ from both and show no trace of the complicated head-dress.

A marble head from Shershel (= Cæsarea) seems to be an authentic

portrait of Juba II: see _Annali_, XXIX, 1857, Pl. E, no. 2, and p.

194; and Waille, _de Caesareae Monumentis_, 1891, title page (vignette)

and p. 92 (quoted by Helbig, _Guide_, _l. c._).

[1241] See B. B., text to no. 527, figs. 1, 2, 3.

[1242] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 972; _Guide_, 595; _B. Com. Rom._, XII,

1884, Pl. XXIII, pp. 245-253. The meaning is explained by a similar

archaistic Parian marble relief in Wilton House, Wiltshire, England,

where the youth stands before a statue of Zeus, washing his hands

preparatory to making a thank-offering to the god who gave him victory:

see Michaelis, p. 680, no. 48 and wood-cut on p. 681; Arndt, _La Glypt.

Ny-Carlsberg_, text, fig. 33; F. W., 239; its inscription is not

genuine. The same archaistic traits are seen on a votive relief to Zeus

Xenios in the Museo delle Terme: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1405; Arndt,

_op. cit._, fig. 34; this is to be dated in the first century B. C., or

A. D., because of its inscription: _I. G. Sic. et Ital._, no. 990.

[1243] See Fabretti, _de Columna Trajani_, p. 267; Gardiner, p. 433,

fig. 149; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIV, no. 8. _Cf._ Krause, I,

pp. 517 f.

[1244] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 42-3.

[1245] _Cf._ Philostr., _Heroicus_, XII b (p. 315); τὰ δὲ ὦτα κατεαγὼς

ἦν οὐχ ὑπὸ πάλης.

[1246] Thus Furtwaengler calls the Ince-Blundell head that of a boxer

statue: _Mp._, p. 173, and fig. 71 on p. 172; _Mw._, p. 348, and fig.

44 on p. 347.

[1247] _Cf._ discussion by Gardiner, pp. 425-6.

[1248] _Gorgias_, 515 E; _Protag._, 342 B. In the latter passage he

says: καὶ οἱ μὲν ὦτά τε κατάγνυνται μιμούμενοι αὐτούς, καὶ ἱμάντας

περιειλίττονται καὶ φιλογυμναστοῦσι καὶ βραχείας ἀναβολὰς φοροῦσιν,

κ. τ. λ. The boxer’s swollen ears are mentioned by Theokritos, XXII,

45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were

battered by the gloves: Aristoph., _Fragm._, 72; Pollux, II, 83

(whence Dindorf corrects the form ὠτοκαταξίας in Poll., IV, 144). For

references, see Krause, I, pp. 516-17; and _cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, p.

13.

[1249] _E. g._, on a fragment of a red-figured kylix in Berlin: _J.

H. S._, XXVI, p. 8, fig. 2; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_,

Textbd., p. 90, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 438, fig. 153. Here one of the

contestants in the pankration is bleeding at the nose.

[1250] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455; _cf._, p. 457, where he speaks

of _le detail réaliste de l’oreille tuméfiée par les coups_. For the

statue of Agias mentioned, see _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 286 f., and Pl.

28 and fig. 68. _Cf._ on this subject also Neugebauer, Studien ueber

Skopas (in _Beitraege zur Kunstgesch._, XXXIX, 1913, p. 35, n. 172).

[1251] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., IV, Pl. II, 2, 2 a; F. W., 323; etc.

[1252] See _infra_, Ch. VI., pp. 293 f.

[1253] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, Pls. LXIII-LXIV.

[1254] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV.

[1255] Duetschke, III, no. 72.

[1256] _Gaz. arch._, VIII, Pl. I, and p. 85 (Rayet); F. W., 461.

[1257] B. B., no. 8.

[1258] Bulle, no. 105 (right); and fig. 46 on p. 205.

[1259] _A. M._, XVI, 1891, Pls. IV, V (two views).

[1260] F. W., 505; Collignon, I, p. 495, fig. 252. As the swollen ears

do not occur on other copies, they are here doubtless a modification by

a late artist.

[1261] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI (= copy of fifth century B.

C.); XCIV (Herakles or athlete, from the Tyszkiewicz coll., Skopasian

in character; = Reinach, _Têtes_, Pls. CL, CLI); XCV (similar to

preceding, though later in style: _Têtes_, Pls. CLVI, CLVII); CXX (copy

of head of athlete of the fourth century B. C.).

[1262] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 228 f.; fig. 141 on p. 231. Miss

Richter points out its affinity to the _Hermes_ and assigns it to the

immediate influence of Praxiteles. This fragment of a statue appears

to have been trimmed into its present shape in modern times. Miss

Richter’s statement (p. 230) that swollen ears are a characteristic

which applies in representations of heroes to Herakles alone is

contradicted by what we shall say below about heads of Diomedes.

[1263] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., 75; von Mach, 286; F. W.,

1425; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154, 1-4. Rayet calls

the statue that of a hoplitodromos.

[1264] Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; Furtw.-Wolters,

_Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 304; B. B., 128 (left = original; right

= cast); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 147, fig. 60 (from a cast with modern

restorations omitted), and p. 150, fig. 61 (head, two views); text, pp.

146 ff.; _Mw._, Pls. XII, XIII; text, pp. 311 f.; Clarac, 871, 2219

and 633, 1438 A.; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XVII (cast). Its Kresilæan

origin has been shown by Brunn (_l. c._, pp. 660 and 673), Flasch

(_Vortraege an der 41sten Philologenversamml._, 1891, p. 9, quoted

by Furtwaengler), Loeschke and Studniczka (quoted by Furtwaengler)

and Furtwaengler. It also shows Myronic traces. It stands 1.86 meters

(without the base).

[1265] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 151, fig. 62; _Mw._, Pl. XIV and p. 313. This

and a head in private possession in England, B. B., 543 (three views),

are the best and truest copies of the lost original.

[1266] Froehner, _Notice_, 128; Bouillon, _Musée des antiques_

(statues), Pls. II and III; Clarac, 314, 1438.

[1267] Duetschke, II, no. 163; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; B. B., 361;

F. W., 458. It will be discussed further on in Ch. IV, pp. 180 f. The

Berlin replica is given in _Mp._, p. 167, fig. 67; _cf._ text, p. 165,

n. 2.

[1268] Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2163, fig.; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p.

155, n. 2.

[1269] _R. M._, IV, 1889, P. 197, no. 12 (B. Graef).

[1270] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1731, and Pl. V, fig. 2; _Marbles and

Bronzes_, Pl. XXI; _Museum Marbles_, II, Pl. XLVI; _Specimens_, I, Pl.

LX; Collignon, II, p. 240, fig. 120; Wolters, _Jb._, I, 1886, Pl. V,

fig. 2 and p. 54. Two other copies of the same original are the one

in the Capitoline Museum, Rome, and one found in 1876 on the Quirinal

and now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori there. B. Graef, _R. M._, IV,

1889, p. 189 f, and Pls. VIII (Capitoline bust) and IX (Quirinal bust),

attributes the type to Skopas; he is followed by Collignon, II, p. 240,

n. 1; _cf._ S. Reinach, _Gaz. d. B-A._, 3d Per., III, 1890, pp. 338 and

340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity

between these heads and that of the _Lansdowne Herakles_ (Pl. 30 and

fig. 71), which we ascribe to Lysippos in Ch. VI, pp. 298, 311, is

easily apparent.

[1271] Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and II, Pl. 79; Helbig,

_Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341,

fig. 146; p. 342, fig. 147 (head, two views); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109

and p. 577, fig. 110.

[1272] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr., d. Glypt._,^2 no. 245 (the so-called

Lenbach head); Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. und roem. Portraets_, Pls.

335-6. See Furtw.-Wolters, for replicas in the Louvre, etc.

[1273] B. B., 338; Helbig, _Guide_, 69 (= boxer).

[1274] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883,

Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 f. and fig. 95; _Mw._, pp. 428 f.

and fig. 65. Both Furtwaengler (_l. c._) and B. Graef (_R. M._, IV,

1889, pp. 215 and 202) have shown the Polykleitan origin of the type.

The former believes that it may have been copied from a statue of

Herakles by the master, which is mentioned by Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV,

56) as at Rome. For other replicas of the type, see Furtw., _Mp._, p.

234, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 429, n. 1.

[1275] _A. A._, 1889, pp. 57-8 (Treu, who referred it to Polykleitos);

Furtw., _Mp._, p. 92 and fig. 40; _Mw._, p. 124 and Pl. VI (he called

it Pheidian).

[1276] _Museo Torlonia_, Pl. 26, no. 104.

[1277] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 272; Arndt-Amelung,

nos. 832 and 833 (text by Flasch).

[1278] _Chabrias_, 3: _Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterique

artifices his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur, in quibus

victoriam essent adepti_; _cf._ Diod., XV, 33, 4 (who speaks of

“statues”). This statue was erected in Athens after his campaign to

aid Thebes against Agesilaos in 378 B. C.: Xen., _Hell._, V, 4.38 f.

(though here Chabrias is not mentioned by name); Diod., XV, 32-33;

Demosth., _Contra Lept._, 75-76 (p. 479); _cf._ Aristotle, _Rhet._,

III, 10.7. Chabrias seems to have been the first to order his troops to

assume a kneeling posture when receiving the charge of the enemy. These

tactics when used against Agesilaos were so favorably regarded by the

Athenians that his statues were represented in the attitude of kneeling.

[1279] _E. g._, Reisch, p. 43.

[1280] See Joubin, p. 46. It probably took place under the restored

democracy of Kleisthenes. The assassination of Hipparchos took place in

514 B. C. Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 17, says that the group was set up in

the year in which the kings were expelled from Rome (= 509 B. C.).

[1281] P., I, 8.5; _cf._ _Marmor Parium_, l. 70 (= _C. I. G._, II,

2374; _F. H. G._, I, pp. 533 f., etc.), and Lucian, _Philopseudes_, 18.

[1282] Arrian, _Anab._, III, 16.18 (he says it was of bronze); Pliny,

_H. N._, XXXIV, 70; restored by Seleukos: Val. Max., II, 10, Extr. 1;

by Antiochos: P., I, 8.5.

[1283] B. B., nos. 326 (_Aristogeiton_), 327 (_Harmodios_), and 328

(head of _Harmodios_, two views); Bulle, 84, 85; von Mach, 58 (both

statues) and 59 (_Aristogeiton_); Collignon, I, pp. 367 f. and figs.

189 (group) and 190 (head of _Harmodios_); relief from Athens showing

the group, _ibid._, p. 369, fig. 88; Overbeck, I, p. 155, fig. 27;

Baum., I. p. 340, fig. 357; Lechat, pp. 444-5, figs. 36, 37 (restored

by Michaelis); _R. M._, XXI, 1906, Pl. XI; F. W., 121-4; Reinach,

_Rép._, I, 530, 3 (_Harmodios_), and 5 (_Aristogeiton_); _cf._ II,

2, 541, 5 (group); Clarac V, 869, 2202 and 870, 2203 A; head of

_Harmodios_, _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. G. The height is about 2 meters

(Bulle).

[1284] _A. M._, XV, 1890, pp. 1 f.; followed by Overbeck, I, pp. 152

f.; Frazer, II, p. 98. The difference is not only noticeable in the

head structure and treatment of the hair, but in the whole character of

the work. While Antenor’s work is stiff and lifeless, the Naples group

is full of vigor. For the statue of Antenor (in the Akropolis Museum),

see _Ant. Denkm._, I, 5, 1890, Pl. 53, and pp. 42 f. (Wolters);

Overbeck, I, Pl. 25, opp. p. 152; _Les Musées d’Athènes_, I, Pl. VI;

_Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 135 f. (Studniczka), and Pl. X, 1 (head); von

Mach, 28; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. II.

[1285] However, some archæologists still favor Antenor for this group:

_e. g._, Wachsmuth, _Die Stadt Athen_, I, pp. 170 f.; II, 393-8;

Collignon; Lechat, _op. cit._, and _cf._ _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, pp.

485-9.

[1286] _Rhet. praecept._, 9: ἀπεσφιγμένα καὶ νευρώδη καὶ σκληρά, καὶ

ἀκριβῶς ἀποτεταμένα ταῖς γραμμαῖς. See Brunn, pp. 101-5; _cf._ Pliny,

_H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[1287] The best restoration is that of Meier in bronzed plaster in

the Ducal Museum in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 172, figs. 38, a, b, c; here

Aristogeiton has received a bearded head. For another restoration, in

the Museum of Strasbourg, see Springer-Michaelis, p. 216, fig. 402, a,

b.

[1288] _Bulletin of Museum of Fine Arts_, III, 27; _R. M._, XIX, 1904,

p. 163, Pl. VI (Hauser).

[1289] A vase by Douris shows a warrior similar to _Aristogeiton_, but

his onset is fiercer: Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, Pl.

XXI, and Textbd., pp. 206 f. For other representations in art of the

_Tyrannicides_, see Frazer, II, pp. 94 f.

[1290] _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelt. griech. Kunst_, 1899, p.

xi; _cf._ Richardson, p. 120, n. 2.

[1291] _Cf._ Dickins, p. 265 (quoting the view of Furtwaengler).

[1292] Furtwaengler, _Sammlung Somzée_, 1897, Pl. III. He ascribes it

to Mikon and identifies it with the statue of the pancratiast Kallias

at Olympia whose base has been found: _Bildw. v. Ol._ 146; Hyde,

50; see _infra_, in the section on _Pancratiasts_, p. 251. For the

_Pelops_, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2, and XI, 1 (head).

[1293] I, 23.9. The inscribed base has been found: _C. I. A._, I, 376;

_I. G. B._, 39.

[1294] P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137.

[1295] Ols. 72 to 76 (= 492 to 476 B. C.); Hyde, p. 42.

[1296] _Cf._ Bulle, p. 493, on no. 225.

[1297] On the origin and early development of motion figures in Greek

art, see Bulle, pp. 157 f., and the works cited on p. 674 (notes to p.

158); especially, J. Langbehn, _Fluegelgestalten der aeltesten griech.

Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1881; F. Studniczka, _Die Siegesgoettin, Gesch.

einer antiken Idealgestalt_, 1898; E. Curtius, _Die knieenden Figuren

d. alt. griech. Kunst_ (_29stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1869);

Eadweard Muybridge, _Human Figure in Motion_, 1907; _cf._ also J.

Lange, _op. cit._

[1298] In the Museo Archeologico, Florence: Bulle, no. 10.

[1299] _Cf._ the realistic scenes of wrestling, boxing, and running,

in relief on the archaic Attic tripod vase from Tanagra now in Berlin,

dating from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: _A. Z._, XXXIX,

1881, pp. 30 f. (Loeschke) and Pls. 3 and 4. _Cf._ also scenes from

the pentathlon on a Panathenaic amphora of the sixth century B. C. in

Leyden: _ibid._, Pl. 9; etc.

[1300] _B. C. H._, III, 1879, pp. 393 f. and Pls. VI-VII (Homolle), and

V, 1881, pp. 272 f. (Homolle, on the artist and his father Mikkiades);

von Mach, no. 32 (restored in the text opp. p. 26, fig. 1); Richardson,

p. 51, fig. 15; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 300-1, figs. 122-3 and

Treu’s restoration, p. 303, fig. 125; restored in Springer-Michaelis,

p. 187, fig. 358; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 389, 5. Though first called

an _Artemis_ by Homolle (because of its resemblance to the so-called

Oriental winged _Artemis_ on a bronze relief from Olympia, von Mach,

text, opp. p. 36, fig. 5), it has generally been called a _Nike_ since

its first ascription by Furtwaengler (_A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 324 f.),

and brought into connection with a base in two parts found near the

statue on Delos in 1880 and 1881, inscribed with the names of Archermos

and his father Mikkiades. If the connection with the base were certain,

the statue should be referred to the beginning of the sixth century

B. C.; B. Sauer (_A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 182 f.), and others, have

disputed the connection.

[1301] Now in the National Museum, Athens: Kabbadias, no. 1; von Mach,

20; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 340; Richardson, p. 43, fig. 11;

Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 645, 1. Its inscription should date it about

600 B. C. It is over 6 feet in height (including the base: von Mach).

[1302] Bulle, pp. 157-8, fig. 33; de Ridder, no. 808. It is 0.123 meter

high (Bulle). _Cf._ similar bronzes _ibid._, nos. 799-814, and also

a flying harpy on a sixth-century B. C. Ionic vase in the University

Museum in Wuerzburg: Bulle, pp. 159-160, fig. 34; Furtw.-Reichhold,

_Griech. Vasenmalerei_, I, pp. 209 f. and Pl. 41; _cf._ also the very

similar pose on the small bronze statuette in the British Museum of a

winged _Nike_ represented in violent motion: von Mach, 33; the marble

torso of another in Athens: _id._, text, opp. p. 26, fig. 2; and the

bronze winged _Gorgon_ from Olympia (0.12 meter high): _Bronz. v. Ol._,

Pl. VIII, no. 78, text, p. 25 (and for the type, _cf._ Roscher, _Lex._,

art. Gorgonen in der Kunst, I, 2, p. 1710, ll. 67 f.).

[1303] _Nike of Archermos_, 1891.

[1304] Salzmann, _Nécropole de Camiros_, Pl. LIII; Bulle, pp. 161-2,

fig. 35; _cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 142. Its

diameter is 0.385 meter (Bulle).

[1305] See R. Kekulé and H. Winnefeld, _Bronzen aus Dodona in den

koenigl. Museen zu Berlin_, Pl. II and pp. 13 f.; _A. Z._, XL, 1882,

Pl. I and pp. 23-27 (Engelmann); Rayet, I, Pl. 17 (S. Reinach); Bulle,

83 (right). As the figure is only 0.143 meter tall, it seems to have

decorated the rim of a bronze bowl. It may be later than the Tuebingen

bronze (Fig. 42) and is certainly of a different school. The presence

of a breastplate proves that it is meant for a warrior and not for a

hoplitodrome.

[1306] For a full discussion of this sculptor, see Lechat, _Pythagoras

de Rhegion_, 1905; _cf._ _S. Q._, §§ 489-507.

[1307] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1308] VI, 4.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[1309] VI, 6.1; Hyde, 48; Foerster, 200.

[1310] VI, 6.4 f.; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[1311] VI, 7.10; Hyde, 69; Foerster, 183, 189.

[1312] VI, 13.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59; Hyde, 110;

Foerster, 176-7; 181-2; 187-8; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 145.

[1313] VI, 13.7; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1314] VI, 18.1; Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193a.

[1315] Reisch, p. 43, n. 4, wrongly assumed this to be one of the

oldest statues of Pythagoras, since the same sculptor made the statue

of the son Kratisthenes; but the son’s victory was probably only two

Olympiads later than that of the father, as we have seen.

[1316] VIII, 47; _S. Q._, 507. Diogenes repeats the tradition that

there were two sculptors of the name, one from Rhegion, the other from

Samos; also Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59-60.

[1317] _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 332 f.; _cf._ his _Essays on the Art

of Pheidias_, 1885, p. 323. The recovered base of Euthymos’ statue

has no footmarks: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144. Waldstein is followed in his

ascription of the statues to Euthymos by Urlichs, _Arch. Analekt._,

1885, p. 9.

[1318] B. B., no. 542 (two views); Furtw. _Mp._, p. 171, fig. 70; _A.

M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 313 f. and Pls. IV, and V (two views), (P. Hermann).

[1319] _Mp._, pp. 171-2; _Mw._, pp. 345-6.

[1320] _Mon. d. I_., X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874,

Pl. L. Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, p. 62, doubts if the head

belongs to the torso.

[1321] Duetschke, II, no. 77 (= one of two statues); _Mon. d. I._,

VIII, 1864-68, Pl. XLVI, 6-8, and _Annali_, XXXIX, 1867, pp. 304 f.

(Benndorf); Arndt-Amelung, nos. 96-98; _cf._ _A. Z._, XXVII, 1869, pp.

106 f. and Pl. 24, 2 (Benndorf, _Tyrannicides_ on a Panathenaic amphora

in the British Museum, etc.), and XXXII, 1875, pp. 163 f. (Duetschke,

group of two statues); Reinach, _Rép._ II, 2, 541, 6. Both Duetschke

(_A. Z._, _l. c._) and Furtwaengler (_Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, VIII,

1888, p. 1448) have shown that it represents an athlete.

[1322] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 36; Clarac, V, 856, 2180. Furtwaengler

believes the statue later in style than the Louvre boxer.

[1323] _E. g._, P. Hermann, _op. cit._, pp. 332-3; Arndt, text to B.

B., no. 542.

[1324] B. B., no. 361; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; Duetschke, II, 163;

Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 165 f. and fig. 66 (two views); _Mw._, pp. 339 f.

and Pl. XVII (from a cast); F. W., 458. For three replicas of the

Riccardi type, see Arndt, text to B. B., 542. Furtwaengler believed

this head a prototype of the _Diomedes_ of Kresilas known to us from

copies in Munich (Pl. XXI); _Mw._, pp. 311 f. and Pls. XII, XIII;

_Mp._, pp. 146 f. and figs. 60 (body), and 61 (head, two views); B. B.,

128; Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; in Paris: Froehner,

_Notice_, no. 128; Clarac, 314, 1438; and elsewhere. See _supra_ p. 169.

[1325] Michaelis, p. 367, no. 152; _Mp._, p. 172, fig. 71; _Mw._, p.

347, fig. 44; A. Z., XXXI, 1874, Pl. III; F. W., 459. Kekulé was the

first to class it as Myronian: _Ueber d. Kopf des Praxitel. Hermes_, p.

12, 1 (quoted by F. W., _l. c._). Graef curiously found it Pheidian:

_Aus d. Anomia_, p. 69, 63.

[1326] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58; _cf._ _Mp._, p. 173.

[1327] _La Glypt._ _Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI and p. 60; the other,

unpublished, is mentioned _ibid._ He also adds the cast of a lost

original statue of a boxer in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in

Copenhagen, whose head belongs stylistically to the same series:

_ibid._, pp. 60-61, and figs. 30 (head), 31-32 (body). If the head and

body belong together it is the only statuary type of the group.

[1328] Kieseritzky, _Kat. d. Ermitage_, 1901, p. 27, no. 68; Furtw.,

_Mp._, p. 177, fig. 74; _Mw._, p. 353 fig. 46 (two views).

[1329] _Mp._, p. 176, fig. 73; _Mw._, Pl. XX (two views).

[1330] Text to B. B., no. 542; _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pl.

XXXVI, p. 60.

[1331] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1603, Pl. V, fig. 1; B. B., 224; F. W., 460.

[1332] _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 193 f., and Pl. VII (Athleten Kopf in

Athen).

[1333] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1334] Brunn, pp. 133-4, connected _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and believed

that only one statue was meant by Pliny’s sentence, identical with

Pausanias’ statue of Mnaseas. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc.

Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895, p. 57, makes

two alterations in Pliny’s text, inserting _et_ between _Libyn_ and

_puerum_, and replacing _tabellam_ of the MSS. with _flagellum_. The

boy holding the whip, then, is Mnaseas’ son Kratisthenes, the chariot

victor mentioned by P., VI, 18.1. Stuart Jones follows Furtwaengler

(_Jahrbuecher fuer Class. Philol._, 1876, p. 509) in having Pliny

translate παῖδα of his Greek authority by _puerum_ instead of _filium_.

[1335] P. 44.

[1336] Cat. no. 51; Benndorf, _Griech. und Sicilische Vasenbilder_, I,

pp. 13 f. and Pl. IX.

[1337] In his _Chrestomathia Pliniana_, 1857, p. 320.

[1338] _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, pp. 264 f.

[1339] Antigonos of Karystos, _apud_ Zen., V, 82 (passage given by

Jex-Blake, p. xxxix and n. 2).

[1340] Ancient writers differed as to the authorship of the statue.

Thus P. (I, 33.3), Mela (_de Situ orbis_, II, 3.6), Tzetzes (S. Q.,

838-9), and Zenobios (_l. c._), say that it was Pheidias, while Pliny

(_H. N._, XXXVI, 17) and Strabo (IX, I. 17, C. 396) say Agorakritos. A

fragment of the colossal head of the statue came to the British Museum

in 1820: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 460; also fragments of the figure on

the base, described by P., I, 33.7, were found in 1890 and are now in

the National Museum in Athens: Kabbadias, 203-14; Frazer, II, p. 457,

fig. 40.

[1341] See his Ueber einige Werke des Kuenstlers Pythagoras, in

_Verhandl. d. 40sten Versamml. deutscher Philologen u. Schulmaenner in

Goerlitz_, Leipsic, 1890 (pp. 329-336), p. 334.

[1342] _Archaeolog. Analekten_, 1885, p. 9. Lucian, _Anachar._, 9, says

that apples formed a part of the Delphic prize; Dromeus is also known

to us as a Pythian victor. In _Chrest. Plin._, p. 320, L. von Urlichs

had identified the _nudus_ as Meilanion or Hippomenes with the apples

with which he had beaten Atalanta; see _S. Q._, § 499, note a.

[1343] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Syracusis autem claudicantem, cuius ulceris

dolorem sentire etiam spectantes videntur_. Gronovius, following

Lessing, _Laokoön_, Ch. 2, identified it with a wounded Philoktetes:

see Bluemner, _Comm. zu Lessing’s Laokoön_, pp. 508 f.; the words

_cuius ... videntur_ seem to have been derived from _A. Pl._, IV, 112,

1.4 (which refers to a bronze statue of Philoktetes): _cf._ Brunn, p.

134 and Jex-Blake, _ad loc._

[1344] _Cf._ Benndorf, _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, p. 92; von Sybel,

_Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 139.

[1345] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; Kallias won Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy.

Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1346] In the Plinian passage Leontiskos figures rather as an artist,

probably through Pliny’s misunderstanding of some Greek sentence in his

authority; see L. von Urlichs, _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, p. 261.

[1347] P. 44.

[1348] L. von Sybel, _Athena und Marsyas, Bronzemuenze des Berliner

Museums_, 1879.

[1349] This characteristic is expressed by the word αὐτάρκεια; _cf._

Plato, _Phil._, 67 A; Aristotle, _Eth. Nicom._, 1, 7.5-6 (= 1097 b);

etc.

[1350] Marble copy of the _Marsyas_ was found in 1823 on the Esquiline

and is now in the Lateran Museum, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1179;

Rayet, I, Pl. 33; B. B., 208; Bulle, 95; von Mach, 65a; Baum., II, p.

1002, fig. 1210; Collignon, I, pp. 467 f. and fig. 234; F. W., 454;

Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 15, 6. It is 1.95 meters high (Bulle). It is

wrongly restored and only the head can be considered approximately

faithful to the original. _Cf._ another copy of the head of Parian

marble in the Museo Barracco, Rome: Helbig, I, 1104; Reinach, _Têtes_,

pp. 53 f. and Pls. LXVI-LXVII; F. W., 455. A fourth-century B. C.

bronze statuette from Patras, now in the British Museum, appears also

to give the motive of the original group in Athens mentioned by Pliny,

_H. N._, XXXIV, 57, and P., I, 24. 1: _B. M. Bronzes_, 269; _Gaz.

Arch._, 1879, Pls. XXXIV-V and pp. 241 f.; _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl.

VIII (two views), pp. 91 f.; Rayet, I, Pl. 34; von Mach, 656; Reinach,

_Rép._, II, 1, 51, nos. 5 and 7. It is 0.75 meter high. For other

representations, see G. Hirschfeld, Athena und Marsyas, _32stes Berl.

Winckelmannsprogr._, 1872, Pls. I and II. For a copy of the head of

Athena in Dresden, see B. B., 591 (three views).

[1351] Walter Pater, in his _Greek Studies_ (in the essay on The Age of

Athletic Prizemen), ed. 1895, pp. 309 f., calls the _Diskobolos_ a work

of _genre_. However, the _Diskobolos_ can hardly be called a decorative

statue, _i. e._, “a work merely imitative of the detail of actual

life.” On p. 313 he rightly classes the _Doryphoros_ as an “academic”

work.

[1352] It was formerly in the Palazzo Massimi alla Colonna, and hence

is often called the Massimi _Diskobolos_: B. B., no. 567, _cf._ 256

(head from cast); von Mach, 63; Collignon, I, Pl. XI, opp. p. 472; H.

B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXX; Gardner, _Sculpt._,

Pl. XIII (head from cast); Overbeck, I, fig. 74, opp. p. 274; Reinach,

_Rép._, I, 527, 1; for description, see M. D., 1098.

[1353] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 168 f., _Mw._, pp. 341 f., lists three

other copies of the head: one in Basel (_cf._ Kalkmann, Proport. des.

Gesichts., _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 73-74); one at

Catajo (_Mp._, fig. 68; _Mw._, fig. 43; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 54-55); and

one in Berlin (_Mp._, fig. 69).

[1354] H. N., XXXIV, 58: _(Myron) videtur ... capillum quoque et pubem

non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas instituisset._

[1355] B. B., nos. 631, 632 (restored from bronzed cast; text by

Rizzo); Bulle, 98; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1363; _Boll. d’Arte_, I,

1907, pp. 1 f. and Pls. I-III; _cf._ _Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_,

1907, pp. 185 f. It is pieced together from fourteen fragments; the

fragment of the right lower leg was found in 1910. Height to right

shoulder, 1.53 meters (Bulle).

[1356] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 326; _Guide_, 333; von Mach, 62;

Collignon, I, p. 473, n. 1; F. W., 451; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 5.

[1357] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 250; von Mach. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl.

XXIX; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. XLIV; _Marbles and Bronzes of the

British Museum_, Pl. XLVII; F. W., 452; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 5;

Clarac, V, 860, 2194 B. It is 5 feet 5 inches tall (Smith).

[1358] H. Stuart Jones, _Museo Capitolino Cat._, 1912, no. 50, p. 123,

and Pl. 21; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 788; _Guide_, 446; Clarac, V, 858 A,

2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand

(Jones).

[1359] B. B., no. 566; von Mach, 64; Gardner, _Sculpt._, PI. XI;

Gardiner, p. 96, fig. 13 (from a copy of the Munich cast in the

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford).

[1360] Pl. no. 97; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XII, and

Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, Pl. XXXIII.

[1361] _Philopseudes_, 18; _S. Q._, §544; translation of H. Stuart

Jones, _Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the

History of Greek Sculpture_, p. 69.

[1362] For the late Roman one in the Munich Antiquarium, see B. B.,

text to Pl. 567, fig. 1; F. W., 453; for the one in Arolsen, see F. W.,

1786.

[1363] _B. M. Gems_, no. 742, Pl. G; also given in _B. M. Sculpt._, I,

p. 91, fig. 5.

[1364] _Inst. orat._, II, 13.10: _Quid tam distortum et elaboratum

quam est ille discobolos Myronis? si quis tamen, ut parum rectum,

improbet opus, nonne ab intellectu artis abfuerit, in qua vel praecipue

laudabilis est ipsa illa novitas ac difficultas?_

[1365] Translation by G. F. Hill, in his _One Hundred Masterpieces of

Sculpture from the Sixth Century B. C. to the Time of Michelangelo_,

1909, p. 10.

[1366] Enumerated above in Ch. III (Attic Sculptors), p. 129, n. 7. The

Spartan Lykinos had two statues: P., VI, 2.1. As he won in both the

hoplite-race and chariot-race, Foerster, 211 a, assumed that the two

statues represented victor and charioteer, and that they stood upon

the quadriga, which Pausanias does not mention. I follow Robert, _O.

S._, p. 172, however, in assuming that the two statues represented the

victor in the two events.

[1367] _H. N._, XXXIV, 57.

[1368] VI, 8.5; Hyde, 79 (Arkadian) and 79a (Philippos), and commentary

on pp. 39 f.

[1369] The interpretation of Murray, _Class. Rev._, I, 1887, pp. 3-4.

[1370] The emendation of Loeschke, _Dorpaterprogr._, 1880, p. 9;

accepted by Reisch, p. 44, n. 3, Richardson, p. 151, and others.

[1371] _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, p. 89, n.

30.

[1372] Quoted by Jex-Blake, Add. to p. 46, 1.

[1373] _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History

of Gk. Sculpt._, p. 66.

[1374] Mayer, in _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 246 f., showed that on

vase-paintings of Myron’s time and on coins of Elaia, Aeolis, a woman

is often represented as standing in the chest, while two men, Perseus

and the carpenter, stand beside it.

[1375] _E. g._, the statue of the boy boxer Athenaios of Ephesos was

represented in motion, _i. e._, in the act of sparring, as we see from

the footprints on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168; he won

some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI,

4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1376] See Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxyrhynchus Papyrus_, II, 1899, pp. 222

f.; Robert, _O. S._, Beilage, opp. p. 192; Diels, _Hermes_, XXXVI,

1901, pp. 72 f.; Koerte, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Weniger,

_Klio_ (_Beitraege zur alten Gesch._), IV, pp. 125 f.; V, pp. 1 f. and

184 f.

[1377] Late inscriptions mention “Pythian” and “Isthmian boys”: see F.

M. Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae ad Olympia pertinentes_, Diss. inaug.,

1888, p. 48; Dittenberger, _Sylloge_,^2 II, nos. 677-8; the ἀγένειοι

and ἄνδρες at Nemea are mentioned by Pindar, _Ol._, VIII, 54. The boys

in these contests were probably aged 12-16, the ἀγένειοι, 16-20 (_cf._

Roberts-Gardner, _Greek Epigraphy_, II, p. 166), and the men over 20

years old.

[1378] For Olympia, see P., VI, 2.10; 6.1; 14.1-2; etc.

[1379] _C. I. G._, I, 1590.

[1380] Dittenberger, _op. cit._, II, no. 524: ἐφήβων νεωτέρων, μέσων,

πρεσβυτέρων.

[1381] _I. G._, II, 444. For the _Panathenaia_, see Suidas, _s. v._

Παναθήναια; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, p. 141; etc.

[1382] P., V, 16.2.

[1383] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C, D.

[1384] _C. I. G._, inscriptions relating to ephebes, _e. g._, I, 232;

1590; Dittenberger, _de Ephebis atticis_, 1863, p. 24; Dumont, _Essai

sur l’Ephébie attique_, 1876, pp. 215-16. This classification is

followed by E. Pottier, _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 69.

[1385] Bussemaker, in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 1, _s. v._ _athleta_, p. 517

(also quoted by Pottier), proposed the division into παῖδες, 12-16

years old, ἀγένειοι, 16-20, and ἄνδρες, from 20 on. Pollux, VIII, 105,

and Harpokration, _s. v._ ἐπιδιετές, give the ephebe age as 18-20;

Xen., _Cyr._, 1, 2.8, puts the age at 16 or 17 for the Persians.

[1386] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 56. On the whole subject, see Krause, pp.

262 f., especially p. 263, n. 3; Gardiner, pp. 271-2.

[1387] VI, 1.3 to VI, 18.7. We also know of 61 other victors with 63

monuments from inscribed base fragments recovered at Olympia; these

will be treated _infra_ in Ch. VIII, pp. 353 f.

[1388] See Ch. VIII, _infra_, p. 339 and notes 3-4.

[1389] On _Ol._, IX, 150, Boeckh, p. 228; _cf._ _Etym. magn._, _s. v._

στάδιον, p. 743, 25.

[1390] Thus Apollo beat Hermes in running at Olympia, P., V, 7.10;

the Idæan Herakles instituted a race among his brothers, P., V,

7.7; and Endymion set his sons to run, and so instituted the boys’

running race there, P., V, 1.4. The running race appears in the Boread

legend, Ph.,3; pseudo-Dio Chrysost., XXXVII, p. 296 (Dindorf); it was

represented on the Kypselos chest: P., V, 17.10, and appears on many

archaic vases. On the age of the event, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und

Unterricht_, I, 1864, p. 310 and III, 1881, p. 199. The Cretans and the

Lacedæmonians sacrificed to Apollo δρομαῖος: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._,

VIII, 4.4.

[1391] See Ph., 3, for the four running races; _cf._, Plato, _de Leg._,

833 A, B.

[1392] Iliad, XXIII, 740 f.; Od., VIII, 120 f. (in l. 121 it is

called δρόμος). In some historic games, the stade-race remained the

only event; _e. g._, at the _Hermaia_ on Salamis: _C. I. G._, I, 108.

For the stade-race, see P., I, 44.1; III, 14.3; IV, 4.5, etc. On its

origin, see Ph., 5.

[1393] Schol. on Aristoph., _Aves_, 292 (ed. J. W. White, 1914); P., V,

8.6. On its origin, see Ph., 6 and _cf._ Krause, pp. 345 f.

[1394] Ch. 4.

[1395] Suidas, _s. v._ δόλιχος; schol. on Aristophanes, _Aves_, 292 (=

seven stadia); Boeckh, _C. I. G._, I, no. 1515, p. 703 (= ordinarily

seven stadia); schol. on Soph., _Electra_, 691. See Krause, I, p. 348,

n. 13; Grasberger, _op. cit._, I, pp. 312 f.

[1396] Poll., III, 151; schol. on Aristoph., _Acharn._, 214; etc.

[1397] P., _passim_; _Oxy. Pap._; etc.

[1398] Ph., 7. For two theories of its origin, see _ibid._

[1399] P., X, 7.5; Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, pp. 136

f.

[1400] _Cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, I, p. 625 E. Thus the Cretans Ergoteles

and Sotades won the distance race twice each; Ergoteles in Ols. 77

and 79 (= 472 and 464 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 46;

Foerster, 206, 213; Sotades in Ols. 99, 100 (= 384, 380 B. C.): P., VI,

18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323. The Cretan Philonides, courier

of Alexander the Great, had an honor statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.5;

Hyde, 154a. At the games at Trapezous over sixty Cretans entered: Xen.,

_Anab._, IV, 8, 27; _cf._ Krause, pp. 352 f.

[1401] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C.

[1402] V, 16.3.

[1403] V, 8.6; _cf._ IV, 4.5; VIII, 26.4. His statement about the

antiquity of the event is corroborated by Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._,

V, 2.12, Ph. (= only event until Ol. 14), and Eusebios, _Chronika_, I,

p. 193 (ed. Schoene). Gardiner, p. 52, believes that if the Olympic

games developed from a single event, it was probably not from the

stade-race, but from either the fight in armor or the chariot-race.

[1404] P., V, 8.6, etc.; Foerster, 1.

[1405] Discussed by Gardiner, pp. 52 and 272-3.

[1406] III, 8 (= Dorieus of Rhodes, who won his second victory in Ol.

88 (= 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 260); V, 49 (=

Androsthenes of Mainalos, who won his first victory in Ol. 90, = 420 B.

C.: P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 51; Foerster, 267).

[1407] Dittenberger, _Sylloge_^2, I, no. 256 (= Agesidamos of Messenia,

who won in Ol. 140, = 220 B. C.).

[1408] V, 8.6; confirmed by Ph., 12, and Eusebios, _Chron._, I, p. 193

(ed. Schoene).

[1409] _L. c._; corroborated by Ph., 12.

[1410] P., V, 8.9; Eusebios agrees with Pausanias, but Philostratos

says Ol. 46 (= 596 B. C.), _l. c._

[1411] P., V, 8.10; _cf._ III, 14.3. It was introduced at Delphi in 498

B. C.: see Gardiner, p. 70.

[1412] On running races, see Krause, I, pp. 337 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIII,

pp. 270 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, pp. 1643 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung

und Unterricht_, I, pp. 312 f.; etc.

[1413] Fig. 37 left = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 6b; _cf.

ibid._, 4b, and X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, f, and Panathenaic amphora

in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1643, fig. 2229. Fig. 36A = Gerhard, IV,

Pl. CCLIX, 1. Also _cf._ a sixth-century B. C. amphora in Munich,

no. 498: _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, m; Gardiner, p. 281, fig.

52; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (right); a fourth-century

Panathenaic amphora: Gardiner, p. 283, fig. 53, from Stephani, _Comptes

rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1876, Atlas, Pl. I.

[1414] Ph., 32: οἷον πτερούμενοι ὑπο τῶν χειρῶν.

[1415] The first = _B. M. Vases_, B 609; Gardiner, p. 280, fig. 51;

_Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 4; G. F. Hill, _Illustrations

of School Classics_, 1903, fig. 390; the second (Fig. 37, right) =

_Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 7b; Gardiner, p. 279, fig. 50;

Dar.-Sagl., p. 1644, fig. 2230. _Cf._ another in _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl.

XLVIII, f, 6.

[1416] National Museum, no. 761.

[1417] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 46.

[1418] On this mode of representing runners, see Schmidt in _Muenchener

archaeol. Studien zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler dargebracht_, 1909, pp.

249 f. (especially p. 257).

[1419] See Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 56 f, and fig. 4, p. 56 (=

Gerhard, IV, 256; Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, V, 18) two

runners; the interior of the same vase also represents such a runner:

p. 61, fig. 7. _Cf._ also p. 58, fig. 5 (= Murray, X, 37; _Mon. d. I._,

IV, 1844-48, Pl. XXXIII), representing Hermes on a r.-f. vase of the

severe style; also p. 59, fig. 6; etc. Also _cf._ Juethner, p. 41, fig.

36a (a later r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 803 A), showing a pentathlete

running with an _akontion_. The following b.-f. vases, which show

representations of such archaic runners, are taken from Perrot-Chipiez,

X, 1914: the proto-Attic amphora of Nettos, p. 71, fig. 63 (= _Ant.

Denkm._, I, Text, p. 46); cup from Aegina, p. 77, fig. 68 (= _A. Z._,

XL, 1882, Pl. IX); Corinthian amphora, p. 103, fig. 74 (= Pottier,

_Vases antiques_, Pl. LIX, E 855); the Gorgon on the François Vase,

p. 165, fig. 108 (from Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pls.

I-III); on neck of an amphora by Pamphaios in the Louvre, p. 388, fig.

233 (= Pottier, _op. cit._, Pl. LXXXVIII).

[1420] Discussed (wrongly, I think, as Etruscan) by G. H. Chase: _A. J.

A._, XII, 1908, pp. 287 f., Pls. VIII-XVIII (especially XII-XVIII); Pl.

XV = Richardson, p. 69, fig. 27.

[1421] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 46, fig. on

p. 30; _Museum Bull._, 1911 (April), pp. 92 f., and fig. 5 (Richter);

it is 4-5/8 inches tall.

[1422] No. 1959. It will be discussed in our treatment of hoplitodromes

_infra_, p. 209 and n. 2.

[1423] Richter, no. 16, fig. on p. 10; _Mus. Bull._, 1909 (May), p. 78

(Robinson); it is 2-7/8 inches tall.

[1424] Richter, no. 62, fig. on p. 43; Mus. Bull., 1913 (Dec.), pp. 268

f. and fig. 7 (Richter); it is 3-1/16 inches tall.

[1425] _Op. cit._, pp. 65 and 74.

[1426] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, Pl. XCVI, nos. 32 and 3; in

the Glyptothek these are nos. 78 and 82; see von Mach, Pl. 78 (middle).

[1427] The Lapith G and the boy P: Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 117 f.,

Pl. V (= Q and F in the new arrangement on Pl. VI); Kalkmann, _op.

cit._, p. 75.

[1428] Bulle, 180; it is 0.79 meter high.

[1429] _Ant. Denkm._, I, Pt. 5, 1890, Pl. LVI (text, pp. 45-46, by

Winter); B. B., no. 249; Bulle, 92 (two views) and 93; von Mach, 226;

Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1353; _Guide_, 1063; Collignon, II, p. 361,

fig. 184; Gardiner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXIII; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 419,

7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle).

[1430] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 46 f., Pl. I and fig. I

in text; he defends this view, _ibid._, XI, 1896, pp. 197 f.

[1431] To the fifth by Kalkmann, Bulle, Furtwaengler (_Sitzb. Muen.

Akad._, 1907, Pt. II, pp. 219-220, = Hadrianic copy), and others;

to the fourth by Winter, Collignon, and von Mach; Collignon, II,

pp. 359 f., connects it stylistically with the so-called _Ilioneus_

of the Glyptothek, represented in a similar pose (= Furtw.-Wolters,

_Beschr._,^2 270; B. B., 432; F. W., 1263), and with the _Hypnos_ in

the Prado, Madrid (= Huebner, _Die ant. Bildw. in Madrid_, no. 39;

Furtw., _Mw._, pp. 648 f.; Collignon, II, p. 357, fig. 181; F. W.,

1287; for small replicas in bronze, see Winnefeld, _Hypnos_, p. 8, n.

2), and assigns all three to the fourth century B. C. and to Skopaic

art. Amelung assigns the Subiaco youth to Hellenistic times: _Mus. and

Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 60.

[1432] For a list of ten such interpretations, see de Ridder, _Rev.

arch._, XXXI, Sér. 3, 1897, p. 265, n. 5; and B. Sauer, Der Knabe von

Subiaco, _Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 143 f., and note

1 on p. 143.

[1433] _E. g._, by Bulle; Brizio, _Ausonia_, I, 1906, p. 21; _cf._

Winter, _l. c._; etc. If a Niobid, he was probably wounded in the neck

(_cf._ the one in Milan) and formed part of a group.

[1434] By Lucas, _Neue Jahrbuecher f. kl. Altertum_, V, 1902, pp. 427

f; _cf._ _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 273 f.

[1435] Formerly by G. Koerte, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 11 f.; _cf._ the

Pompeian wall-painting, _ibid._, p. 15, fig. 2; he has since given up

this view: see Sauer, _l. c._

[1436] De Ridder, _op. cit._, the hands seem to have been placed wrong

for this interpretation, though Helbig and Amelung find it possible.

[1437] Petersen, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 202 f.; such a motive was unknown

to antiquity and is based on the wrong assumption that a marble hand

holding a rope-like object, which was found in the same excavations,

belongs to the statue: see Helbig, _l. c._

[1438] Sauer, in the publication mentioned, believes the riddle best

solved by assuming that the figure formerly was part of a gable group;

see the reconstruction (by Luebke), p. 145, fig. 4. He dates it in the

second half of the fifth century B. C., contemporary with the _Idolino_.

[1439] The fleetness of Ladas was often extolled, especially by late

Greek and Roman writers: P, III, 21.1; Plut., _Praecip. ger. reip._,

10; Catullus, LV, 25; Juvenal, XIII, 97; Martial, II, LXXXVI, 8, and

XC, 5; Seneca, _Ep._, LXXXV, 4; Solinus, 7; etc.

[1440] _A. Pl._, IV, no. 53; here line 3 was added by Jacobs, and line

4 by Benndorf, from two parodies of the epigram in _A. G._, XI, 86

and 119; in the first parody ἄλλος stands for Λάδας and Περικλῆς for

κάμνων. See Benndorf, _de anthologiae Graecae Epigrammatis quae ad

artes spectant_, Diss. inaug., 1862, pp. 13 f., and Kalkmann, _Jb._,

X, 1895, pp. 76-77 and notes. Studniczka (see next note) reads line 4:

Λάδας, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι δάκτυλον οὐ προέβαν.

[1441] _A. Pl._, IV, 54. Benndorf corrects the Mss. reading of the

last half of l. 2 as νεῦρα ταθεὶς ὄνυχι; others read the whole line:

θυνὸν [= δρόμον] ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ σκάμματι θεὶς ὄνυχα. On the two epigrams,

see Studniczka, Myron’s Ladas, _Ber. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss.,

Philolog.-histor. Cl._, 52, 1900, pp. 329 f. (especially pp. 333 f.).

[1442] Reading φυσῶν ... θυμόν for φεύγων ... Θῦμον, “flying from

wind-footed Thymos,” of Jacobs. On possible readings, see Studniczka,

_l. c._, pp. 337 f.

[1443] _Sculpt._, p. 69.

[1444] See Kalkmann, _op. cit._, pp. 77-8; Reisch, p. 44; _cf._ Gercke,

_Jb._, VIII, 1893, p. 115, on the meaning of the words πνεῦμα and ἆσθμα.

[1445] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 17; von Mach, no. 289; B. B., 354.

[1446] No. 249, 249 a; he fixes his victory in Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B.

C.), because of the late dating of Myron by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49

(_floruit_ Ol. 90 = 420 B. C.: _cf._ Brunn, I, 142 f.); Furtwaengler

dated his activity within the first half of the fifth century B. C.:

_Mp._, p. 182; Robert provisionally dates the victory of Ladas in

Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.), though he finds that Ols. 80 and 81 (= 460

and 456 B. C.) are possible: see _O. S._, p. 184; here he dates the

sculptor (?) 476-444 B. C.

[1447] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 365, n. 1.

[1448] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 913, 914; _Guide_, 573, 574; _B. Com.

Rom._, IV, 1876, Pls. IX-X, pp. 68 f.; B. B., 353 (right and left);

Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 4, and for the torso, see II, 2, 541, 3 (=

_B. Com. Rom._, Pl. XI).

[1449] Helbig, 914.

[1450] Helbig, 913.

[1451] So Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 128, n. 1, _Mw._, p. 285, n. 3, and

Helbig (3d ed.); on the other hand, Reisch (p. 46), B. B., and formerly

Helbig (in the first edition of his _Guide_), have regarded them as

wrestlers.

[1452] The statuette and relief are pictured in _Mon. ant._, XI, 1901,

Pl. XXVI, 2, and pp. 402 f. The statuette also in Arndt-Amelung,

_Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 552, and Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 6.

[1453] _Mp._, pp. 126 f., and fig. 51; _Mw._, pp. 284 f., fig. 38; here

the restored parts have been removed and his own restoration is given

in an outline drawing. See also B. B., no. 129; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I,

322; Clarac, 837, 2099.

[1454] Mentioned by P., I, 28.2 and I, 25.1; the inscribed base has

been found (see Lolling, Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, p. 35, n. 2).

The _Perikles_ is exemplified by two inscribed copies: a terminal bust

in London: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 549 and fig. 23 on p. 289; _Ancient

Marbles in the British Museum_, 1815, Pl. XXXII; _A. Z._, XXVI, 1868,

Pl. II, fig. 1 and pp. 1 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 117 f., Pl.

VII and fig. 46 (profile); _Mw._, Pl. IX and pp. 270 f.; F. W., 481;

a terminal bust in the Vatican: Visconti, _Iconogr. gr._, 1824-26,

I, Pl. XV and p. 178; B. B., no. 156; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 276;

Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 413, 414: Bernouilli,

_Griech. Ikonogr._, I, Pl. XI, p. 108; etc.

[1455] _H. N._, XXXIV, 74; in this passage Pliny also mentions an

_Olympius Pericles_. The Naples statue has been wrongly restored as a

gladiator; it is pictured, minus the restorations, in _Mp._, p. 125,

fig. 50; _Mw._, p. 282, fig. 37; _cf._ Clarac, 870, 2210 and 872, 2210.

Furtwaengler connects this statue with the bronze one of a certain

Diitrephes pierced with arrows, which Pausanias saw on the Akropolis,

I, 23.3; a basis found there, inscribed with the name Kresilas,

supported a votive offering of Hermolykos, the son of Diitrephes, to

Athena: _I. G. B._, 46; _C. I. A._, I, 402 (Kirchhoff, who opposes the

connection); _cf._ p. 373. The base shows that a figure stood upon it

in the pose of another figure, which appears on a white-faced Attic

lekythos in the Cab. des Médailles in Paris (_Mp._, p. 124, fig. 48),

which Furtwaengler believes a free rendering of the Kresilæan statue.

[1456] In Ols. 83, 84, 85 (= 448-440 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 239, 245,

248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._,

VIII, 840 A; Aristophanes of Byzantion (_apud_ Zonaras, I, p. 451, and

_apud_ Hesych., _s. v._ Γρίσων); Plut., _de adul. et amici Discr._, 16;

and _de Tranqu. anim._, 12; etc.

[1457] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 157. He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P. VI,

8.1; Hyde, 71; Foerster, 280.

[1458] B. B., no. 321; Bulle, 164, and fig. 93 on pp. 361-2 (cast

on round base in Erlangen); von Mach 72; Collignon, I, p. 417, fig.

215; Rayet, I, Pl. 35; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617;

Zielinski, _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIX, 1884, pp. 116 f. (who refers the

original possibly to Strongylion); F. W., 215. For replicas, see _Gaz.

Arch._, 1881, p. 130; Rayet, text to Pl. 35; and Furtwaengler, _Der

Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, pp. 7 f; Reinach,

_Rép._, 1, 344, 6. It was called a runner first by Visconti, _Opere

varie_, 1827-31, IV, Pl. XXIII, pp. 163 f., who has been followed by

Collignon, Zielinski, Rayet, Reisch (p. 46), Richardson (p. 144), and

others. It is 0.80 meter high (Bulle).

[1459] _E. g._, Overbeck, II, pp. 182-185, and notes 10-24 on p. 186.

On p. 183, fig. 186, he gives illustrations of the three principal

copies—the marble one in the British Museum (a), the bronze statuette

in Baron Rothschild’s collection in Paris (b), and the Capitoline

bronze in Rome (c). He brings it into relation with the sculptor

Boëthos, who is known to have made seated _genre_ figures of boys, _e.

g._, one in the Heraion at Olympia, P., V., 17. 4 (= S. Q., 1596).

[1460] Von Mach, no. 86; _cf._ Kekulé, _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, p. 244, and

F. W., 215.

[1461] See _B. M. Sculpt._, III, pp. 109-110.

[1462] See K. Woelke, Dornauszieher-Maedchen, _Jb._, XXIX, 1914, pp.

17-25, figs. 1, 2, etc.

[1463] _E. g._, bronze statuettes, formerly in the Dreyfus collection

in Paris, dating from the second half of the fifteenth century: Bulle,

p. 364, fig. 94; _Mon. Piot_, XVI, 1909, Pl. XII, 3 (nos. 2, 3 =

Italian bronzes of the same subject in the Louvre and in the collection

of Charles Haviland; see text, by G. Migeon, pp. 95 f.).

[1464] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1755 and Pl. VIII; _Mon. d. I._, X,

1874-78, Pl. XXX; _Annali_, XLVIII, 1876, Pl. N (and pp. 124 f); _A.

Z._, XXXV, 1877, p. 127, and XXXVII, 1879, p. 19, Pls. II, III; Rayet,

Pl. 36; von Mach, 284; Bulle, p. 365, fig. 95; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1,

144, 2. It is 0.63 meter high (Bulle).

[1465] _Gaz. arch._, 1881, Pls. IX-XI; Collignon, I, p. 420, fig. 216;

Rayet, text to no. 36; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 143, 7. It is 9.5 inches

tall.

[1466] See Lange, _Das Motif des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 9

f.; Reisch, p. 46, n. 5; B. B., no. 67 (Paris copy); von Mach, 238a

(Munich copy), 238b (Louvre copy). See _supra_, pp. 86-87.

[1467] See E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 281; on the

race, see Gardiner, pp. 285-91, and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 280 f.;

Krause, I, pp. 353-359; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1644; etc.

[1468] At Olympia, P., III, 14.3; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 5;

Artemidoros, _Oneirokritika_, I, 63; Heliod., _Aethiop._, IV., _init._;

_Oxy. Pap._; at Delphi, Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_,

1841, p. 26, no. 4; at the _Panathenaia_, Mommsen, _Feste d. Stadt

Athen_, 1898, p. 70. On its origin, see Ph., 7.

[1469] P., II, 11.8; X, 34.5. In the first passage Pausanias speaks

of a victor who won the _diaulos_ twice—once γυμνός, the second time

σὺν τῇ ἀσπίδι. De Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f., discusses

Hauser’s futile argument (_Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.) that the

hoplite-runner covered the stadion four times, the first and fourth

with helmet and shield, the second and third without the shield, and

conclusively shows that the race was a _diaulos_. For Athens, see

Aristoph., _Aves_, 291 f., and scholion. The race was four stades long

at Nemea: _cf._ Ph., 7, and Juethner’s note (p. 196).

[1470] Ph., 8; _cf._ also 24.

[1471] VI, 10.4. In V, 12.8 he says that 25 shields for this race were

officially kept in the nave of the temple of Zeus.

[1472] We see shield, helmet, and greaves on the vase pictured in

Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; Baum., III, p. 2110, fig. 2360;

on the b.-f. vases in Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLVII, CCLVIII, and CCLXIII;

on the b.-f. vases pictured in Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII,

figs. 3 (sixth century B. C., = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVIII) and 5 (=

amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, II, B 608); we see no

greaves on the r.-f. kylix in Berlin (Fig. 41); _cf._ Krause, pp. 354 f.

[1473] _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.; X, 1895, pp. 199 f.

[1474] P., VI, 10.4.

[1475] P., X, 34.5. Mnesiboulos won stade- and hoplite-races at Olympia

in Ol. 235 (= 161 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 712-713; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn.,

II, 2, p. 582. He was also περιοδονίκης in both events.

[1476] _E. g._, by Ph., 7.

[1477] A bronze helmet found at Olympia, recently in the possession of

the Bishop of Lincoln, is pictured in _J. H. S._, II, 1881, Pl. XI, 1.

[1478] _E. g._, on the vase in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; on

the Panathenaic vase in the British Museum, already mentioned, dating

from the second half of the fourth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, II,

B. 608; = Gardiner, p. 290, fig. 58; = _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl.

XLVIII, e, 3; = Baum, III, p. 2110, fig. 2361; here the runners are

running with the feet flat on the ground.

[1479] In the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale, no.

523; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, pp. 132-142, Pls. XV,

2 and XVI; Gardiner, p. 286, fig. 54, and _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 278,

fig. 7; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 427, no. 58.

[1480] No. 2307; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXI; _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 277,

fig. 6; Gardiner, p. 288, fig. 56; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1644, fig.

2232; _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 105; _cf._ similar runners on a r.-f. kylix

in the British Museum, E 22: Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, no.

18; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 372, no. 21.

[1481] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 278, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 287, fig.

55. It was formerly in Berlin.

[1482] E 818; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 285, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 289,

fig. 57; noted by Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 373, no. 8;

Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 134, no. 69.

[1483] For a reconstruction of the various phases of the armed-race

from vase-paintings, see _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 279, fig. 9.

[1484] See Gardiner, p. 291 and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 284 f. Perhaps

this is the explanation of a kylix in Berlin (no. 4039), reproduced by

Furtwaengler in _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. LIII.

[1485] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 1240); _J. H. S._,

_l. c._, p. 284, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 292, fig. 59. This painting

represents a palæstra scene, as is shown by the sponges on the wall.

[1486] 291.

[1487] _H. N._, XXXV, 71.

[1488] I, 23.9. In 1838 the inscribed base of this statue was found,

the inscription being: Ἐπι[χ]αρῖνος [ἀνέ]θηκεν ὁ ... Κριτίος καὶ

Νησ[ι]ώτης ἐπο[ιησ]άτην: _C. I. A._, I, 376; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 39.

This shows that Pausanias got his information about the pose from the

statue itself and not from the inscription. It also gives us the right

spelling of the artist’s name.

[1489] First published, long after it had passed from the possession

of Herr Tux to the University Collection, by Gruneisen in Schorn’s

_Kunstblatt_, 1835, pp. 21 f., and separately the same year. See also

Hauser in _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95-107; L. Schwabe, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp.

163 f., Pl. IX (= three views); de Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp.

211 f. (reviewed in _A. J. A._, II, 1898, pp. 268 f.); Collignon, I, p.

305, fig. 152; Bulle, no. 89 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 217,

fig. 403a; Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, 1893, II, p. 249 f.; F. W.,

90; Rouse, p. 174, n. 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 5.

[1490] Bulle, no. 86.

[1491] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 165-70 and Pl. IV (three

views). It was probably made in Campania. It is 0.07 meter high.

[1492] M. D., 1097; Clarac, 830, 2085.

[1493] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 392, and n. 4. He

believes that the helmet is not alien to the statue as some think, but

points out that the head, which is much restored and is akin to the

_Perseus_, is wrongly attached to the body. Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p.

101, n. 24, because of the tree-trunk, does not believe that the statue

represents a hoplite-runner; but Furtwaengler shows that the tree-trunk

offers no objection to restoring a shield to the statue.

[1494] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., no. 75; Bulle, 88; von

Mach, 286; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154 1-4; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; F.

W., 1425; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XLIX; Gardner,

_Hbk._, p. 513, fig. 136; J. Six, _De Beteekenis van het Leelijke in

de Grieksche Kunst_, p. 29; his theory has been contested by Kalkman,

_Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64 and n. 50. The statue is 1.55 meters high (Bulle).

[1495] Bulle, and also Klein (III, pp. 265 f.), believe that Agasias

was no mere copyist, while Amelung (Becker-Thieme, _Lex. d. bild.

Kuenstler_, I, 113) classes him as one. The inscription on the base of

the statue dates it about 100 B. C.

[1496] No. 1959; _Arch. Eph._, 1904, pp. 43-56 (Philios) and Pl. I;

Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 648-51 and fig. 333; Staïs, _Marbres et

Bronzes_, Pl. on p. 20; Svoronos, I, pp. 89-96, and Tafelbd., I, Pl.

XXVI (upper left corner); Bulle, 263; E. Schmidt, _Muenchner archaeol.

Stud. zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler_, p. 254 and fig. 351; Lechat, p.

206, fig. 25. Its dimensions are 1.01 meters high and 0.72 meter broad.

See p. 194.

[1497] Bulle dates it loosely after the middle of the sixth century B.

C.

[1498] He shows that a similar type appears on Athenian dekadrachmai,

which were struck soon after the date of the battle of Marathon, in any

case before 480 B. C.; _cf._ Babelon, _Journ. Int. d’arch. Num._, 1905.

[1499] _A. Pl._, I, 3, v. 2, and _P. l. G._, III, no. 153, p. 500.

_Cf._ also the epigram quoted by Eustathius, in the scholion on the

Iliad, XXIII, 621, p. 1320, and one by Lucilius, _A. G._, XI, no. 84.

The five events are repeatedly mentioned by Greek writers: Ph., 3,

11, etc.; Artemidoros, _Oneir._, I, 55; many scholiasts, _e. g._, on

Pindar, _Isthm._, 1, 35, Boeckh, p. 519, and Soph., _Electra_, 691.

On the event, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, I, pp. 210 f.; Gardiner,

Ch. XVII, pp. 359 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 54 f. (The

Method of Deciding the Pentathlon); E. Myers, _J. H. S._, II, 1881,

pp. 217 f.; F. Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1888, and _Ueber

den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1889; Heinrich, _Ueber das Pentathlon d.

Griechen_, 1892; Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867;

Krause, I, pp. 476-497, and 921 f.; Bluemner, in Baum., I, pp. 512 f;

Legrand, in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, pp. 804 f., _s. v._ _Quinquertium_. On

the order of events and method of deciding the victory, see Gardiner,

pp. 362 f.

[1500] _Isthm._, I, 26-27.

[1501] Od., VIII, 103. In line 129 he mentions the diskos. Boxing was

never a part of the later pentathlon.

[1502] P., V, 8.7; Philostratos, 12; in Ch. 3 he says that it was

introduced by Jason.

[1503] P., V, 9.1.

[1504] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX. See _supra_, p. 192.

[1505] It represents jumping, javelin-throwing, and diskos-throwing; it

is a Panathenaic vase of the sixth century B. C. in the British Museum:

B 134; _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, Pl. XVIII; Gardiner, p. 360, fig.

107; _cf._ these three events pictured on another amphora of similar

date in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig.

108. A gymnasium scene (_i. e._, figures of a jumper, diskobolos, and

apparently an akontistes) appears on a r.-f. vase-painting by Douris:

see Pottier, _Douris et les Peintres de Vases grecs_, 1904 (engl. ed.

1909), fig. 6; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 549, fig. 315.

[1506] In addition to those cited we may add the vase in the British

Museum, B 142 (= diskos-throwing and javelin-throwing); one in Munich,

no. 656 (= javelin-throwing and jumping); two others in the British

Museum, B 136 and 602 (= diskos-throwing); another there, B 605 (=

javelin-throwing); etc.

[1507] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162, 163; _I. G. B._, 91; upper surface

outlined in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 263, fig. 110; _Mw._, p. 472, fig. 80.

For the discussion of Pythokles, see _Mp._, pp. 262 f.

[1508] Furtwaengler believed in the first century B. C.; Dittenberger

and Purgold, in the first century A. D.: _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 284.

[1509] Gatti, _B. Com. Rom._, XIX, 1891, pp. 280 f., Pl. X, 1; _cf._

Petersen, _R. M._, VI, 1891, pp. 304 f.

[1510] Statuette in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig,

_Fuehrer_, I, 32; _Guide_, 43; Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 101 on p. 116,

and Pls. XVI, XVII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 264, fig. 111; _Mw._, p. 474,

fig. 81; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 2; Clarac, 861, 2184; a black

marble statue found at Porto d’ Anzio in 1758, now in the Glyptothek:

Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 458; Clarac, 858,

2175; it is 1.54 meters high.

[1511] _Wiener Studien_, XXIV, 1902, pp. 398 f.; he is, therefore,

against the Pythokles ascription; see also Studniczka in _Jh. oest.

arch. Inst._, 1906, p. 131.

[1512] _Cf._ also Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 570 f.

[1513] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. kgl. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, no. 90

(= a doryphoros); Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XII (whence our plate) and fig.

112 (head from cast, two views), on p. 267; discussion, pp. 265 f;

_Mw._, Pls. XXVI, XXVII (the head from a cast and the restored left

forearm omitted) and text, pp. 475 f.; Clarac, 948, 2437. Furtwaengler

mentions three other copies of the statue and three of the head.

[1514] On a fourth-century B. C. Panathenaic prize vase we see an

athlete in a similar pose holding a diskos in his left hand: _Mon. d.

I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, g, 10 (quoted by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p.

266, n. 6).

[1515] Formerly in the Coll. Pourtalès, and then in the Coll. Gréau: W.

Froehner, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Collection Gréau_, 1885, Pl.

XXXII, p. 204, no. 964; de Ridder, _Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I,

1913, Pl. 19, no. 184, and p. 34; Mahler, _Polyklet und seine Schule_,

pp. 57 f. and fig. 13; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 278, _Mw._, p. 490;

Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 3. It is 0.218 meter high. Froehner had

interpreted the statuette as that of an oil-pourer, though the position

of the hands is against it.

[1516] P., VI, 14.13; Hyde, 139 and pp. 54-55; Foerster, 451, 456;

_Inschr. v. Ol._, 176.

[1517] Od., VIII, 103 and 128. On jumping, see Krause, I, pp. 383 f.;

Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f.; etc.

[1518] IV, 465 f.

[1519] _Cf._ Stesichoros, _apud_ Athenaeum, IV, 72 (pp. 172 f.).

[1520] _De Incessu animalium_, Ch. 3 (p. 705 a).

[1521] As, _e. g._, on the statues at Olympia of the Elean pentathlete

Anauchidas (P., V, 27.12) and Hysmon (P., VI, 3.10). See _supra_, p.

164.

[1522] Juethner, _Antike Turngeraete_, pp. 3-13; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp.

295 f. and _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 179 f., (especially pp. 181 f.).

The following section is taken chiefly from these two sources. _Cf._

also _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 180-1; Pinder, _A. A._, 1864, pp. 230 f.

[1523] National Museum, no. 9075; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 190;

Juethner, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 298, fig. 60. The inscription = _C. I.

A._, IV, 422^4. This weight is 4.5 inches long with concave sides and

weighs 4 lbs. 2 oz.

[1524] _E. g._, one of lead, in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXIV,

1904, p. 182; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 c. It weighs 2 lbs. 5 oz.

[1525] V, 26.3; the group dates from the second half of the fifth

century B. C.: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-9.

[1526] _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 104; Juethner, fig. 8; Gardiner,

p. 300, fig. 62; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, fig. 10. It is 10

inches long. (The illustrations show one weight seen from three sides.)

[1527] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 180, fig. 1101; Juethner, fig. 9; Gardiner,

p. 299, fig. 61a (from cast in the British Museum). It is probably of

diorite and is 11.5 inches long, and weighs over 10 pounds.

[1528] Ch. 55; _cf._ Lucian, _Anach._, 27 (καὶ μολυβδίνας χειροπληθεῖς

ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν ἔχοντες, _i. e._, cylindrical); _Etym. magn._, p. 71, 20.

[1529] Such is the limestone _halter_ from Kameiros, Rhodes, in the

British Museum; _B. M. Guide to Gk. and Rom. Life_, 1908, fig. 41;

Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 b. It is 7.5 inches long.

[1530] Juethner, fig. 11.

[1531] Duetschke, II, 22.

[1532] _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV,

1863, pp. 397 f.; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1533] See Caelius Aurelianus, _de Morb. acut. et chron._, V, 2.38

(= of the early ? fifth century A. D.). The imperial physicians

recommended them: see Galen and Antyllos, _apud_ Oribasium, _Coll.

Medicin._, ed. Bussemaker et Daremberg, 1851, VI, 14 and 34,

respectively; see Krause, I, pp. 395 f., and Juethner, p. 16.

[1534] Ch. 55.

[1535] _De Incessu anim._, Ch. 3 (p. 705a).

[1536] Made by E. O. Gourdin, in Cambridge, U. S. A., July 23, 1921.

[1537] See _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 218, n. 1; the jump took place at

Chester in 1854; here is also recorded a standing jump of 13 ft. 7 in.

with 23-lb. weights, at Manchester in 1875.

[1538] Mentioned by Pinder, _Ueber d. Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_ (quoted

by Juethner, p. 16).

[1539] So Fedde, p. 22. A record of 49 ft. 3 in. (hop, skip, and jump)

was made at Harwich in 1861: _J. H. S._, II, p. 281, n. 1.

[1540] _A. Pl._, 297; _cf._ schol. on Aristophanes, _Acharn._, 213, and

other evidence gathered by Gardiner, in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 70

f.

[1541] Rutgers, p. 11.

[1542] On the controversy about these jumps, see Gardiner, Fedde, _ll.

cc._, and _A. A._, 1900, pp. 104-6 (Kueppers, Diels, and Stengel). On

Greek jumping, see also Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Pinder, pp. 108 f.;

Fedde, pp. 14 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 303

f.; Girard, _L’éducation athénienne_, 1889, pp. 200 f.; etc.

[1543] See Gardiner’s summary in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 189.

[1544] _E. g._, on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_,

E 427; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 185, fig. 6; etc.

[1545] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in Copenhagen (?): _Annali_, XVIII,

1846, Pl. M; Gardiner, p. 303, fig. 64; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 185,

fig. 7 (left-hand figure).

[1546] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Bologna: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p.

186, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 304, fig. 65; Juethner, fig. 16; on interior

of an early r.-f. vase, signed by Chelis, in the Louvre, G 15: Pottier,

_Vases antiques_, Pl. 89; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 366, fig. 211.

[1547] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix from Orvieto, formerly in the

Bourguignon Coll. in Naples, but now in Boston: _A. Z._, XLII, 1884, p.

243 (Meier), Pl. XVI, 2b; Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 454, 1,

5, 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 305, fig. 66

(interior showing diskobolos, _ibid._, p. 326, fig. 80 = _J. H. S._,

XXVII, 1907, p. 20, fig. 9); Juethner, p. 15, fig. 14; Girard, _L’éduc.

athén._, pp. 201, 207, figs. 22 and 27; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f.

Vases_, p. 423, no. 44; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 5, fig. 3691, IV, 2, p.

1055, fig. 6083.

[1548] _E. g._, on a b.-f. imitation Corinthian amphora in the British

Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 48; middle figure is given in _J. H. S._,

_l. c._, p. 183, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 306, fig. 67; Juethner, fig. 15

(three figures).

[1549] Inghirami, _Mus. Chius._, Pl. CXXV (quoted by Gardiner).

[1550] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Leyden: _J. H. S._,

XXVII, 1907 p. 260; on a later r.-f. kylix of Euphronios: Klein,

_Euphronios_^2, 1887, p. 306; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 188, fig. 9;

Gardiner, p. 307, fig. 68.

[1551] _B. M. Bronzes_, 248, p. 26, fig. 10 (right); _Gaz. arch._,

1875, Pl. XXXV, p. 131; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, no. 15;

Murray, _Hbk. Gk. Archæology_, 1892, p. 123, fig. 53. The diskos is

8.25 inches in diameter and is to be dated about 500 B. C. On the

other side is represented a jumper, with measuring cord in his hands,

measuring his leap. A similar figure appears on a metrological relief

at Oxford: _J. H. S._, IV, 1883, Pl. XXXV, p. 335.

[1552] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 81, fig. on

p. 54 (three views); _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_,

1904, p. 46, no. 37; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 345, 9.

[1553] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 7 (quoted by Miss Richter).

[1554] _E. g._, the jumper with _halteres_ on the British Museum pelike

already mentioned, E 427; see p. 216, n. 10; a still closer resemblance

is found in a jumper without _halteres_ on a r.-f. pelike discussed in

_J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 272; Gardiner, p. 309, fig. 69.

[1555] Krause, I, pp. 439 f. _E. g._, Apollo unintentionally slays

Hyakinthos while contending with him in diskos-throwing: Euripides,

_Helena_, 1469 f.; etc.

[1556] Iliad, XXIII, 826 f. Later imitators of Homer use the word also:

_e. g._, Apoll. Rhod., III, 1366.

[1557] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 717; _I. G. A._, 370; Juethner, pp. 22-23. A

larger block of volcanic rock weighing 480 kilograms has been found at

Santorin with an inscription dating from about 500 B. C. stating that

one Eumastas lifted it from the ground: _I. G._, XIII, no. 449. See _J.

H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 2. Such a scene is depicted on the interior of

a r.-f. kylix in the Louvre, G 96; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, fig. 1.

[1558] Od., IV, 626 and VIII, 186 f. The diskos-throw was well known

as a measure: _e. g._, Il., XXIII, 431. Scholiasts tried to show the

difference between the _solos_ and the diskos: see Juethner, pp. 19 f.

[1559] _Ol._, X, 72; _Isthm._, I, 25.

[1560] _E. g._, on a b.-f. amphora in the British Museum: _B. M.

Vases_, B 271; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. I; Gardiner, p. 314, fig. 71;

_cf._ the Panathenaic amphora, B 134 (= Fig. 44); _J. H. S._, XXVII,

Pl. XVIII.

[1561] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 3207; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73; _Rev.

arch._, XVIII, 1891, Pl. XVIII, p. 45. It is 6.5 inches in diameter.

The inscription is written retrograde.

[1562] See list of fifteen in _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 6; Gardiner, p.

316; eight of these are from Olympia.

[1563] I, 35.5.

[1564] Furtwaengler shows that there are numerous representations of

Myron’s _Diskobolos_ on gems: _Die antiken Gemmen_, _e. g._, Pls. XLIV,

nos. 26, 27, and LXVI, 8; _cf._ also a gem in the British Museum: _B.

M. Gems_, 742 and Pl. 11.

[1565] _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 1 f., Pls. I-III, summary on p. 36;

_Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XV, pp. 313 f. _Cf._ also E. Pernice, _Jb._,

XXIII, 1908, Zum Diskoswurf, pp. 94 f., who corrects and augments the

evidence furnished by Gardiner’s article in the _J. H. S._ On the

diskos and mode of casting, see also Juethner, pp. 18-36; Krause, I,

pp. 442 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 321 f.;

_Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 f. (J. Six); Dar.-Sagl., II, 1, pp. 277

f.; Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf der Hellenen_, pp. 37 f.; Girard, _L’éduc.

athén._, pp. 201 f.; Kietz, _Der Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892,

pp. 15 f.

[1566] _E. g._, on a lekythos from Eretria: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 23,

fig. 12.

[1567] _E. g._, on a b.-f. Attic lekythos in the British Museum: _B. M.

Vases_, B 576; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. II; Gardiner, p. 328, fig. 82;

on a r.-f. kylix: _J. H. S._, p. 26, fig. 15; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXCIV,

no. 6.

[1568] _E. g._, on the reverse of a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum

signed by Pheidippos: _B. M. Vases_, III, Pl. I, E 6; _J. H. S._, _l.

c._, p. 13, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 323, fig. 76; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p.

368, fig. 214; on a b.-f. kelebe in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_,

E 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77; on an Attic b.-f. panel-amphora in

the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: _Museum Journal_,

VI, No. 4 (Dec., 1915), fig. 90, p. 170; _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440,

fig. 4; (the obverse of this vase, representing a boxing scene, is

given in our Fig. 56); on a b.-f. amphora pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pl.

CCLX., and Pernice, _l. c._, fig. on p. 98. The left foot is generally

forward in this position: _e. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 795;

_J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 26, fig. 14; the right is forward on two b.-f.

vases: Gerhard, Pls. CCLIX, 2 (= our Pl. 36 B), and CCLX. On a r.-f.

amphora in Naples (Pernice, fig. on p. 96), a youth is represented

holding the diskos with the right hand on the shoulder, against which

his face is silhouetted as in the famous archaic relief from the

Dipylon gate discussed _supra_, Ch. III, p. 127.

[1569] _E. g._, on the amphora pictured by Pernice, p. 99.

[1570] The left is forward on a r.-f. krater of Amasis from

Corneto: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 16, fig. 5; Hartwig, _Die griech.

Meisterschalen_, p. 416, fig. 56a; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 78; the right

is forward on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E

395; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 325, fig. 79. The left

is drawn back in a fifth-century B. C. bronze: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p.

18, fig. 7; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, Pl.

L. Another example is found on a r.-f. kylix in Paris: _J. H. S._, _l.

c._, p. 27, fig. 17; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIII,

2; Gardiner, p. 331, fig. 85.

[1571] For variations, see early fifth-century B. C. coins of Kos in

the British Museum: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 30, fig. 19; Gardiner, p.

332, fig. 86.

[1572] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Naples: _J. H. S._, XXVII,

1907, p. 32, fig. 20; Juethner, fig. 31; Gardiner, p. 333, fig. 87; on

a b.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._,

_l. c._, p. 32, fig. 21; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88.

[1573] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Boulogne: _J. H. S._, _l. c._,

p. 34, fig. 23; Gardiner, p. 335, fig. 89; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f.

Vases_, I, p. 370, no. 11; _cf._ Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer.

Mus._, 1918, no. 19 (= ascribed to Euergides).

[1574] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned (the figure to the right).

[1575] _E. g._, the archaic Pourtalès bronze: Panofka, _Cabinet

Pourtalès_, Pl. XIII, 3; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 3; _cf._ also

another in the Antiquarium in Berlin: _Inventar_, no. 8570; _A. A._,

1904, p. 36, n. 7 and fig. on p. 35. The latter is 0.10 meter high.

[1576] _Mus. Bull._, III, Feb., 1908, pp. 31-36; Richter, _Greek,

Roman, and Etruscan Bronzes_, no. 78, p. 49 (three views); _Cat. Class.

Coll._, pp. 89-90, figs. 52 and 53 (side views); Gardiner, p. 329, fig.

83. It is 9.25 inches tall.

[1577] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no.

561; on another in Munich: _cf._ J. D. Beazley, _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911,

Pl. VIII, 2; both quoted by Miss Richter, _l. c._

[1578] In the National Museum, no. 7412; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_,

p. 321 and fig. on p. 270. It was found in the sanctuary of the

Kabeiroi in Bœotia and is 0.19 meter high. _Cf._ a similar position

on a r.-f. amphora in Munich painted by Euthymides: no. 374;

published by Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, 1917, Pl. II;

Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. LXXXI.

[1579] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 675; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 22, fig. 11;

Murray^2, 1, p. 274, fig. 59; Gardiner, p. 330, fig. 84; Reinach,

_Rép._, II, 2, 544, 10. It is 6.5 inches tall.

[1580] _Cf._ also two very rude bronzes in the British Museum

representing diskoboloi: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 502 (diskos held up in

right hand), 504 (diskos in right hand), the first 3.37 inches tall,

the other 4.87 inches; the latter has a fillet in the hair and so

represents a victor.

[1581] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 559; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 17, fig. 6. As

the whole lebes is only 18.5 inches tall, this lid figure is very small.

[1582] _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, fig. 8. _Inventar_, no. 8569. It is 0.115

meter high.

[1583] Published by H. G. E. White in _J. H. S._, XXXVI, 1916, pp. 16

f., Pls. I, II and 3 figs, in text. Pl. I is the more archaic: Museum

no. 6615; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 86; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p.

267; de Ridder, pp. 281-2, no. 757, and fig. 265. Pl. II is the less

archaic: Museum no. 6614; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 46; _J. H. S._, X,

1889, pp. 268-9 (E. A. Gardiner); Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 267; de Ridder,

pp. 275-7, no. 750, and fig. 257.

[1584] Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 201, traces its origin to Aetolus, son of

Mars. Phrastor won a victory in such a contest at Olympia: Pindar,

_Ol._, X, 71. See Krause, pp. 465 f.; Juethner, pp. 36 f.; Gardiner,

Ch. XVI, pp. 338 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 258 f.;

Dar-Sagl., I, 1, pp. 226 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 1183 f. (Reisch);

Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 203 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und

Unterricht_, I, pp. 327 f., and III, pp. 168 f.; etc. In the following

account we are chiefly indebted to Juethner and Gardiner.

[1585] See Stassoff _apud_ Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér.

archaéol._, St. Petersburg, 1872, p. 302. _Cf._ Juethner, _Ph._, p. 64.

[1586] Iliad, XXIII, 884 f.; _cf._ 637.

[1587] The athletic style appears on many vases, especially on r.-f.

ones; see _infra_, pp. 223-4 and notes.

[1588] The javelin is held horizontally by the warrior on the interior

of a b.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 380; _J. H.

S._, XXVII, p. 252, fig. 2; Gardiner, p. 342, fig. 93. It was commonly

held slopingly over the shoulder level with the head in representations

of the athletic style; _e. g._, the second athlete from the left in the

sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum

(Fig. 44): _B. M. Vases_, B 134; _cf._ also a similar figure on the

sixth-century B. C. amphora in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX;

Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108.

[1589] At Athens as early as the fifth century B. C. there were

practical javelin contests from horseback with a target, and such

contests kept up in Thessaly to the time of Hadrian: Gardiner, pp.

356-8. Throwing the javelin at a target from horseback is seen on a

Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 357, fig. 106;

_J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XX. Pindar mentions javelin-throwing three

times, and in each case the throw was for distance: _Nem._, VII, 70-1;

_Isthm._, II, 35; _Pyth._, I, 44. Lucian, in a passage referring to

the pentathlon at Olympia, says that athletes competed for distance:

_Anacharsis_, 27. On this question, see Juethner, pp. 54 f.

[1590] Hesychios calls it ἀποτομάς, _s. v._; see also Pollux, X, 64.

[1591] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2, and _cf._ p. 228 (Milchhoefer).