[2170] This would explain the simple, even sketchy, treatment of the

closely cropped hair, just as in the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_.

The similarly parted lips of the Sparta head are certainly more

appropriate to an athlete represented as weary with his toil than

to a youthful Herakles. The slightly fierce expression of the face,

augmented by the already noted imperfection in the modeling of the

right eyeball, recalls the γοργόν look characteristic of boxers and

pancratiasts; _cf. supra_, p. 317, n. 2. On the threatening eyes

of contestants in general, see Xenophon, _Mem._, III, 10, 6-8, and

_supra_, p. 59.

The head appears to me to be that of a boy of about sixteen years;

its style is too early for a victor in the boys’ pankration, as this

event was not introduced at Olympia until the 145th Olympiad (= 200 B.

C.): see Paus., V, 8.11 and Ph., 13. The wrestling match for boys was

introduced in 01. 37 (= 632 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.9, and Afr. Boys

were first allowed to box in Ol. 41 (= 616 B. C.): see Paus., _ibid._

(though Philostratos, 13, gives two traditions, Ols. 41 and 60).

[2171] We have record of only one statue of a victor set up in Sparta,

that of the wrestler Hetoimokles, who won at the beginning of the sixth

century B. C.: see Paus., III, 13.9, and _cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 362,

no. 4.

[2172] In the present chapter I have partly rewritten two articles

which have appeared in the _A. J. A._; the first, entitled, Were

Olympic Victor Statues Exclusively of Bronze?, in vol. XIX, 2d Ser.,

1915, pp. 57-62; the second, The Oldest Dated Victor Statue, in vol.

XVIII, 2d Ser., 1914, pp. 156-164 and Fig. I. I am indebted to Dr. J.

M. Paton, former editor-in-chief, for permission to use them in the

present work.

[2173] On p. 16 he says: _id unum dubitari non potest quin

Olympionicarum statuae posteriorum temporum omnes ad unam aeneae

fuerint_; on p. 17 he again says: _fieri non potest quin existimemus

illas statuas omnes ex aere factas fuisse_.

[2174] _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235.

[2175] II, 2, p. 530 (note on P., VI, 1.1).

[2176] F. W., under no. 213, p. 101.

[2177] _Denkm._^3, p. 101; Engl. ed., p. 117.

[2178] VI, 1.1-18.7.

[2179] Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.; and _cf._ Brunn, I, p. 72. See

_supra_, Ch. III, School of Argos, pp. 109-110.

[2180] Brunn, I, p. 34; etc.

[2181] The inscription gives a fragmentary enumeration of various

victories: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 234, p. 346; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360

and n. 3.

[2182] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 235, pp. 346-347; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p.

360 and n. 4.

[2183] Ch. IV, pp. 254-5; _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II,

2, 2a; F. W., 322; etc.

[2184] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 11-12; Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; F. W.,

324. See _supra_, p. 255.

[2185] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a. Furtwaengler

assigned it to a statue “_freien Stiles_.” _Cf._ F. W., 325.

[2186] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 22; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, no. 63. Even the veins

are here indicated.

[2187] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 12-13; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, nos. 6, 7, 8, 10,

11, etc., and see text on p. 16. In this connection we have omitted

bronze fragments in modern museums known to have once stood in the

Altis, _e. g._, the head from Beneventum (Fig. 3) in the Louvre: B. B.,

324; von Mach, 481. These have been already discussed in Ch. II, pp. 62

f.

[2188] E. Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, 1851-2, I, p. 85; II, pp. 16 and 96,

n. 14; F. Dahn, Die Germanen in Griechenland, in _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp.

128 f. Of course, long before the barbarians entered Greece many of the

best of these statues had been removed to Italy by Roman generals and

emperors, especially Nero, and others were destroyed in various ways.

[2189] He won in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.): P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187;

Foerster, 113.

[2190] He won in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.): P., _l. c._; Hyde, 188;

Foerster, 120.

[2191] That of Rhexibios was of fig-wood and that of Praxidamas

of cypress, and consequently less decayed than the other. We know

that cypress-wood was largely used for the early ξόανα because of

its hardness and durability: _e. g._, the gilded statue in Ephesos,

mentioned by Xenophon, _Anab._, V, 3.12. Theophrastos speaks of the

durability of this wood: _de Plant. hist._, V, 4.2 (χρονιώτατα δοκεῖ τὰ

κυπαρίττινα εἶναι). _Cf._ Hehn, _Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere_^6, 1894,

pp. 276 f.; H. Bluemner, _Technologie und Terminologie d. Gewerbe und

Kuenste bei Griechen und Roemern_, 1879, II, pp. 257 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn.,

II, 2, p. 625.

[2192] VII, 27.5. Scherer also, p. 18, n. 4, adduces a passage from

the work of the second-century A. D. rhetorician Aristeides, κατὰ

τῶν ἐξορχ., II, p. 544 (ed. Dindorf), which he thinks points to the

exclusive use of metal for victor statues: τοὺς ἐπὶ στεφανιτῶν ἀγώνων

σκεψώμεθα, οἷον τὸν Δωριέα ... καὶ πάντας, ὧν εἰκόνες χαλκαί; he also

refers to a passage in Dio Chrysost., _Orat._, XXVIII, A, p. 531 R (289

M).

[2193] F. W., no. 213, p. 101; Scherer, p. 18, n. 3; Vischer,

_Aesthetik_, III, §607, p. 377; and _cf._ S. Reinach, _R. Ét. Gr._, XX,

p. 413.

[2194] See Koehler, _Gesam. Schriften_ (ed. Stephani), VI, p. 345.

[2195] VI, 1.2.

[2196] See Hyde, _op. cit._, Catalogue, pp. 3-24. There 188 victors are

listed, Philon of Corcyra appearing twice, nos. 91 and 136.

[2197] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16.

[2198] P., VI, 1.1, says that not all victors set up statues. This has

been discussed in Ch. I, p. 27.

[2199] Pliny differentiates carefully between _ars sculptura_ (_i.

e._, sculpture in stone) and _ars statuaria_ (_i. e._, in bronze):

thus Bk. XXXIV of the _H. N._ is concerned with the latter, Bk. XXXVI

with the former. In XXXVI, 15, he says that _sculptura_ is the older,

and that both bronze statuary and painting began with Pheidias in Ol.

83 (= 448-445 B. C.), a statement which is inconsistent with XXXIV,

83, where he speaks of Theodoros (of the middle or second half of the

sixth century B. C.) as casting a likeness of himself in bronze. But

it is well known that Pliny in his long work quotes from a variety of

sources, without any attempt to reconcile them.

[2200] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 414, says, less correctly,

one-sixth. Forty inscribed bases may be referred to victor statues

mentioned by Pausanias, while 63 others have been referred to victor

statues not mentioned by him: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 340 f., 353 f.

[2201] Taken from Treu’s account in _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 29-34 and

216-218.

[2202] Chapter III, _supra_, pp. 162-3; _a_ = _Bildw. v. Ol._,

Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4 (with fragments, _ibid._, 5-6, 7-8, and figs.

30-32 in the text); _b_ = _ibid._, Pl. VI, 9-10.

[2203] Textbd., p. 216, fig. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2. Furtwaengler,

despite the size and material of this torso, ascribed it to the statue

of a boy victor: _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890, pp. 147-148;

similarly Treu, _l. c._; both refer it to the fifth century B. C. and

to a Peloponnesian sculptor.

[2204] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3; F. W., 330.

[2205] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI. 4.

[2206] P. 216, n. 4 and fig. 242; _a_ = buttocks; _b_ = right upper

leg; _c_ = bent upper leg with knee; _d_ = upper arm bent at elbow.

[2207] V, 17.3; here he enumerates images of ivory and gold, the marble

_Hermes_ of Praxiteles, an _Aphrodite_ in bronze. Similarly, in II,

17.6, he mentions dedications, of different materials, in the Heraion

of Argos; in I, 26.3, he mentions a bronze statue of Olympiodoros at

Delphi dedicated by the Phokians, but says nothing of the material of

two statues at Athens, where most of the offerings were marble; in I,

28.1, he speaks of a bronze statue of Kylon on the Akropolis; etc.

[2208] P., VIII, 40.1; to be discussed in the second part of the

present chapter, pp. 326 f.

[2209] _R. Ét. Anc._, X, 1908, pp. 161 f.

[2210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLVI-XLVIII; Textbd., pp. 182

f. and Figs. 210 f.; and _Ergebnisse_, II (_Baudenkmaeler_), Pl. XCIII

(basis) and pp. 153-5; _cf._ P., V, 26.1.

[2211] P., V, 17.3 (already mentioned on p. 325, n. 3).

[2212] See Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 216. To-day marble is far commoner

than bronze for artistic work; the reverse was true in antiquity.

Many varieties of bronze—a combination of copper and tin in varying

proportions—were named from places where it was manufactured: _e. g._,

Corinthian, Delian (the favorite with Myron), Aeginetan (the favorite

with Polykleitos), etc.

[2213] _Cf._ Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 21-2; _50stes Berl.

Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 147; Reisch, p. 39. Good examples are the

Tuebingen bronze hoplitodrome discussed in Ch. IV, pp. 206 f. (Fig. 42)

and the παῖς κέλης from Dodona (Carapanos, _Dodone et ses Ruines_, Pl.

XIII. 1). For diskoboloi, see E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k.

k. Muenz- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pls, XXXV, 1, XXXVII, 4.

[2214] VIII, 40.1: Φιγαλεῦσι δὲ ἀνδριάς ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς Ἀρ<ρα>χίωνος

τοῦ παγκρατιαστοῦ, τά τε ἄλλα ἀρχαῖος καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ τῷ σχήματι· οὐ

διεστᾶσι μὲν πολὺ οἱ πόδες, καθεῖνται δὲ παρὰ πλευρὰν αἱ χεῖρες ἄχρι

τῶν γλουτῶν. πεποίηται μὲν δὴ ἡ εἰκὼν λίθου, λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ἐπίγραμμα

ἐπ’ αὐτὴν γραφῆναι. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἠφάνιστο ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου, κ. τ. λ.

On the various spellings of the name, Arrhachion, Arrhachon,

Arrhichion, etc., see critical note in Rutgers, p. 19, and Foerster,

no. 103.

[2215] Both Africanus (see Rutgers, _l. c._), and Pausanias (_l. c._)

date the third victory. Pausanias and Philostratos, 21, place the other

two victories in the Ols. just preceding. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 20, n.

1, and Foerster, nos. 98, 101, 103. The story how Arrhachion expired

at the moment of victory, throttled by his adversary, whose toe he

succeeded in putting out of joint, is told by Africanus, Pausanias

(VIII, 40.2), and Philostratos (_Imag._, II, 6 = p. 411); Pausanias

also mentions that the body was crowned.

[2216] Frazer, IV, pp. 391-2; III, pp. 40-1. The statue has otherwise

not been published. In all probability it is the same one listed by

Waldemar Deonna, in his _Les Apollons archaïques_, Geneva, 1909, p.

187, no. 79. This was seen at Phigalia in 1891 by M. Chamonard and

notices of it are to be found in the following works: _B. C. H._, XV,

1891, pp. 440 and 448; _Chroniques d’Orient_, II, p. 36; _R. Ét. gr._,

1892, p. 127; Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altoriental.

und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1906, p. 100; Rouse, p. 307.

Pausanias’ description of Arrhachion’s statue is discussed by the

following: Scherer, pp. 16 and 23; Iwan v. Mueller, _Handbuch_, VI,

p. 530: Dumont, _Mélanges d’ Arch._, p. 53; Lange, _Darstellung

des Menschen in der aelteren griech. Kunst_, 1899; Brunn, _Griech.

Kunstgesch._, II, p. 73; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III,

_Apollon_, p. 12, no. 9; Klein, p. 146; Reisch, p. 40; Collignon, I, p.

117, n. 1, and _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 321; _cf._ Deonna, _op. cit._,

p. 13, n. 4.

[2217] See Lange, _op. cit._, pp. XI f., who states the formula, which

we have already given _supra_, Ch. IV, p. 175, _cf._ Loewy, _Die

Naturwiedergabe in der aelteren griech. Kunst_, 1900, pp. 25, 27;

_id._, _Lysipp und seine Stellung in der griech. Kunst_, pp. 17-18. On

the pose, _cf._ S. Reinach, _Manuel de Philologie classique_ (ed. 2),

1907, II, p. 91 n. 2.

[2218] Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 85, says that the size of the αἰδοῖα is

an indication of archaism, as the earlier artists exaggerated them in

order to show the sex better. Figs. 7 (example from the Kerameikos) and

72 (example from Delphi), on pp. 132 and 179 respectively of his work,

resemble our statue in this feature.

[2219] I, pp. 21 f.; _cf._ _Rhein. Mus._, N. F., X, 1856, pp. 153 f.

[2220] See bibliography in Collignon, I, pp. 117-18; _cf._ G.

Kieseritzky, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 182 f.

[2221] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 55 f.

[2222] _Mw._, p. 712.

[2223] I, pp. 117-19; more fully in _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, pp. 235 f.;

_cf._ also his later treatment in _Mon. Piot_, XX, 1913, pp. 5 f.; he

assumes less influence in the corresponding archaic draped female type.

_Cf._ also, for a similar view, F. W., p. 11 (to no. 14); von Sybel,

_Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 114; Kieseritzky, _l. c._; Loewy, _Jh. oest.

arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 243 f.; _cf._ _id._, _ibid._, XIV, 1911,

pp. 1 f,; _id._, _Griech. Plastik_, 1911, p. 5. While Loewy believes

Egyptian influence reached Greece via Crete, Poulson believes that it

came via Phœnicia: see the latter’s _Der Orient u. d. fruehgriech.

Kunst_, 1912, and _cf._ his article in _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._,

XXXIV, 1914, cols. 61 f.; Richardson, p. 39; E. Kroker, _Jb._, I, 1886,

pp. 114 f.; etc.

[2224] _Gaz. B.-A._, XXI, 1899, pp. 177 f.; 313 f.; for a similar view,

see also Overbeck, I, pp. 37 f.

[2225] _Les Apollons archaïques_, pp. 21 f.; _id._, _L’Archéologie, sa

valeur, ses methodes_, II, pp. 193 f.; _id._, L’influence égyptienne

sur l’attitude du type statuaire debout dans l’archaïsme grec, in

_Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 102-142.

[2226] _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, p. 84. On

p. 324, however, he admits Oriental influence on the Greek minor arts,

especially that of Assyria on early vases.

[2227] So Pottier, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 408 f.; _cf._ Gardner,

_Hbk._, pp. 47 f.; _Sculpt._, pp. 17 f.; etc.

[2228] Schliemann, _Orchomenos_, Pl. I (restored); Perrot-Chipiez,

VIII, p. 543, fig. 220 (fragment), (restored on p. 544, fig. 221, from

Schliemann); Springer-Michaelis, p. 115, fig. 246; etc.

[2229] _E. g._, I, 42.5; II, 19.3; VII, 5.5; _cf._ IV, 32.1.

[2230] I, 98.

[2231] Bulle dates the Old Kingdom from the 30th to the 25th centuries

B. C. But early Egyptian dates are too unsettled to be discussed here.

For a tabular view of the chronology of the Egyptian dynasties as given

by different scholars—Sethe, Meyer, Petrie, Breasted, Maspero, etc.,

see _Encycl. Brit._, eleventh ed., vol. IX, p. 79 (in the article on

Egypt, Chronology and History, by R. S. Poole and F. Ll. Griffith).

Breasted, _A History of Egypt_^2, 1916, chart on p. 21, dates dynasties

I-VI, 3400-2475 B. C.; XI-XVII, 2160-1580 B. C.; XVIII-(part of) XX,

1580-1150 B. C.

[2232] Both are given by Bulle, Pl. 5; _cf._ _id._, Pl. 37 (“Apollos”

of Tenea and Volomandra); Ra-nefer, in Maspero, _Art in Egypt_, 1912,

p. 82, fig. 148; Perrot-Chipiez, I, 1882, p. 655, fig. 436; Tepemankh,

in Maspero, p. 84, fig. 155, and in Perrot-Chipiez, p. 678, fig. 461.

The statue of Ra-nefer is 1.73 meters tall, that of Tepemankh 1.66

meters.

[2233] Ka-aper in Bulle, Pls. 6 and 7 (two views of the head); von

Bissing, _Denkm. aegypt. Skulpt._, I, 1914, Pl. XI; Perrot-Chipiez,

I, p. 11, fig. 7; Maspero, _op. cit._, p. 83, figs. 151, 152; _id._,

_Manual of Egyptian Archæology_, 1895, p. 218, fig. 188, and p. 221,

fig. 191. The “wife,” in Bulle, Pl. 9 (two views); Maspero, p. 83, fig.

154; _id._, _Manual_, p. 222, fig. 192.

[2234] Breasted, _A History of Egypt_^2, _l. c._, dates dynasties

XI-XII, 2160-1788 B. C.; the Hyksos, dynasties XIII-XVII, 1788-1580 B.

C.

[2235] Bulle. Pls. 11 (two views) and 12 (head); von Bissing, _op.

cit._, I, Pl. XL, A (left); Maspero, _Art in Egypt_, p. 110, figs.

203-204.

[2236] We should add to the New Empire the Deltaic dynasties, from the

twenty-first on. Breasted, _l. c._, assigns to the New Empire dynasties

XVIII-XIX and part of XX, 1580-1150 B. C.

[2237] Bulle, Pl. 17 (left); Maspero, _Hist. anc. des peuples de

l’Orient classique_, II, p. 531; _id._, _Art in Egypt_, p. 201, fig.

390 (= the Lady Naï); _Mon. Piot_, II, 1895, Pls. II-IV.

[2238] Bulle, Pl. 17 (right); von Bissing, II, Pl. LXIV; Maspero,

_Hist._, III, pp. 503-504 and Pl. II; _id._, _Art in Egypt_, p. 238,

fig. 455; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 714, fig. 481 (profile). Though the

face is lifeless, the bust and lower trunk are delicately modeled.

[2239] We see the Egyptian treatment of the hair especially marked

in the upper part of a stone “Apollo” discovered at Eleutherna in

Crete, which is now in the Candia Museum: _Rendiconti della R. Accad.

dei Lincei_, 1891, p. 599 (Loewy); _Rev. Arch._, 1893, Pls. III-IV

(Joubin); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 147, fig. 21; Perrot-Chipiez, p. 431,

fig. 208; etc.

[2240] _E. g._, in the statue of Ra-nefer.

[2241] _E. g._, in the statue of the _Sheik-el-Beled_.

[2242] High-placed ears are common to many archaic Greek works other

than the “Apollos.” They persist even in some of the figures on the

Parthenon frieze.

[2243] On these common characteristics, see Richardson, p. 39; _cf._ H.

N. Fowler, _History of Sculpture_, 1916, pp. 59-60; etc.

[2244] Pottier, _op. cit._, p. 414, assumes a religious reason for

the left foot being advanced in both types. For another, natural

explanation, see Homolle, _de antiquiss. Dianae Simul._, p. 95, quoted

by Collignon, I, p. 118, n. 3.

[2245] The Greeks first copied the type in statuettes: _e. g._,

alabaster figurines from Naukratis: W. Flinders Petrie, _Naukratis_^2,

1888, I, Pls. 1, 3, 4; G. Kieseritzky, _Jb._, VII, 1892, Pl. VI (with

head, three views); _ibid._ p. 189 (figure in Boston). Pottier, _op.

cit._, p. 409, cites two alabaster examples from Egypt (probably

from Naukratis) which are nude, and on Pl. XVII, he reproduces four

terra-cotta draped figurines in the Louvre, of Phœnician manufacture,

similar to Egyptian works. The nudity of the “Apollos” marks the

distinction between Greek and barbarian art.

[2246] Brunn, in his _Kunst bei Homer_, 1868, quoted by Gardner,

_Hbk._, p. 47, showed by a very true analogy the way in which the Greek

artist became an imitator. The Greeks borrowed their alphabet from

Phœnicia, but wrote Greek and not Phœnician with it; just so the Greek

artist borrowed the alphabet of art from Egypt, but with it wrote his

own language of art.

[2247] _Gesch. des Materialismus_,^3 I, p. 127 (quoted by F. W., on p.

12).

[2248] This is the view of K. Kouroniotis, who carefully examined them.

I quote his words incorporated in Dr. Svoronos’ letter to me of Dec.

29, 1911: τὰ γράμματα ἐπὶ τοῦ κορμοῦ, νομίζω ὅτι δὲ ἔχουσι καμμίαν

σημασίαν, ἴσως δὲ μάλιστα εἶνε τὰ χαράγματα νέου τινός.

The inscriptions on the great majority of victor monuments found at

Olympia were engraved upon the horizontal upper face of the base in

front of the feet—at least down to the fourth century B. C.: see

_Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235. Dittenberger and Purgold have referred two

inscribed convex bronze fragments found in the Altis to the flanks of

victor statues set up in imperial times: _ibid._, nos. 234-5.

[2249] Only one other victor from Phigalia is known, Narykidas, who

won πάλῃ some time in the first half of the fourth century B. C., as

the mutilated epigram and artist’s name found upon fragments of the

pedestal of his statue at Olympia attest, a date out of the question

for our statue: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 161: _cf._ P., VI, 6, 1;

Foerster, no. 324.

[2250] P., VI, 15.8; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[2251] P., I, 28.1; _cf._ for the date, Foerster, no. 55. See _infra_,

p. 362.

[2252] P., III, 13.9; Foerster, nos. 86-90. See _infra_, p. 362.

[2253] P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6.

[2254] P., VI, 13.2; it was accordingly set up about Ols. 77-8 (=

472-468 B. C.): see Hyde, no. 111, and _cf._ p. 48; Foerster, 39,

41-46. See _infra_, p. 362.

[2255] The god was so described in the Homeric Hymn to the Delian

Apollo, v. 134, and that to the Pythian Apollo, v. 272. On the

grounds of long hair and nudity G. Koerte identified the example from

Orchomenos: see his article, Die Antiken Skulpturen aus Boeotien, _A.

M._, III, 1878, pp. 305 f.

[2256] So Vitet, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1862, p. 29.

[2257] See list in Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 13, n. 1.

[2258] _E. g._, on an amphora from Vienne: see _Annali_, XXI, 1849, Pl.

D., and pp. 159 f.; on another from Nola, now in the British Museum:

_B. M. Vases_, III, p. 230, E 336; _cf._ also _ibid._, E 313; on a

wall-painting from Pompeii: _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 58; on a marble

bas-relief in the Palazzo Corsini in Florence: Duetschke, II, p. 114,

no. 283. These examples represent the god only.

[2259] I, 98. _Cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, II, p. 76, and

_Griech. Kuenstler_, I, pp. 36-37, no. 11; Mueller, _Nacktheit und

Entbloessung in d. altorient. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss.

inaug., 1906, pp. 112 and 122; Roscher, _Lex._, I, _s. v._ Apollon, p.

450; Overbeck, I, pp. 38 and 78.

[2260] P., VIII, 53. 7-8.

[2261] P., II, 32. 5; _cf._ IX, 35. 3; described by Plut., _de Musica_,

14 (p. 1136); _cf._ _Annali_, XXXVI, 1864, p. 254; etc. Discussed

_infra_, p. 335 and n. 7.

[2262] See list in _B. M. Sculpt._, I, pp. 81 f. (from which we have

taken some of the following examples).

[2263] Petrie, _Naukratis_, I, Pl. 1, fig. 4.

[2264] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 323.

[2265] Deonna, _op. cit._, nos. 1, 2; _cf._ _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, p. 235.

[2266] See Deonna, nos. 28 f.; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 66 f.; B. B.,

12; etc.

[2267] _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 210.

[2268] _B. M. Sculpt._, nos. 202 (torso = Petrie, _Naukratis_, I, Pl.

I, fig. 9) and 204 (torso = _Naukratis_, I, Pl. I, fig. 3).

[2269] _Ibid._, no. 203 (= _Naukratis_, II, Pl. XIV, fig. 13).

[2270] See _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 304.

[2271] _See_ Rapporto d’un viaggio nella Grecia nel 1860, in _Annali_,

XXXIII, 1861, p. 80.

[2272] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, pp. 168 f., already quoted. For the

monument of Dermys and Kitylos, see _Gaz. Arch._, 1878, Pl. 29; _A.

M._, III, 1878, Pl. XIV; F. W., 44.

[2273] On the subject of hair on “Apollo” statues, see Overbeck,

_Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 14 (_cf._ note f); and _cf._

Milchhoefer, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 54, who discards this feature as

a criterion.

[2274] For examples, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 12, n. 4

and n. 5.

[2275] _Cf._ the colossal bearded statue of Dionysos found in the

quarries on Naxos (Komiaki), described by Deonna, p. 221. In a

preceding note (p. 334, n. 4) we have already listed examples of the

type of Apollo appearing on vases, etc.; see _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 82.

[2276] The date of these sculptors is fixed by that of their pupil,

the Aeginetan Kallon, who lived at the beginning of the fifth century

B. C.; _cf._ Akropolis inscription, _I. G. B._, no. 27. This statue

is mentioned by P., IX, 35. 3, as holding the _Graces_ in one hand.

Plutarch, who cites Antikles and Istros as his authorities, gives a

better description of it in _de Musica_, 14; he says that it held the

bow in the right hand and the _Graces_ playing on musical instruments

in the left. A scholion on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293,

mentions such an image of Apollo in Delphi, manifestly a copy of the

Delian one. Both the scholiast and Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, 1, 17.

13, place the bow in the left hand and the _Graces_ in the right, an

arrangement confirmed by Athenian coins which are copied from the

replica of the statue in Athens (Bekker, _Anecdota gr._, I, p. 299, ll.

8-9). Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8-9, reproduces two of these coins.

[2277] This image, known as the _Philesian Apollo_, already discussed

on pp. 118f., is described by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. It was made

between 494 and 479 B. C.: see Frazer, IV, pp. 429-30. It is copied on

Milesian coins, which represent the god nude, holding a stag in the

right hand and a bow in the left: see Overbeck, _Griech. Mythol._,

III, _Apollon_, Muenztafel I, 22 f. P., IX, 10.2, mentions a cedar

replica of the statue in Thebes. In the British Museum is a bronze, the

so-called Payne Knight statuette, a copy of the one on the coins; it is

reproduced by Frazer, _l. c._, p. 430, fig. 45 (= _B. M. Bronzes_, no.

209); Frazer mentions as other copies a statuette in Berlin, described

in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and one from the Ptoian sanctuary,

described in _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190-6, and Pl. IX. On Milesian

reliefs, see one published by Kekulé von Stradonitz, Ueber d. Apoll.

des Kanachos, _Sitzb. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss._, 1904, I, fig. on p. 787,

and p. 797, and another by Th. Wiegand, Siebenter vorlaeufiger Bericht

ueber Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma (_Abh. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss.,

Philosoph.-histor. Cl._, 1911), p. 21.

[2278] Mentioned by P., X, 24. 5, and Philochoros, in _F. H. G._, I,

fragm. 22 on p. 387. Imperial Delphic coins from the time of Hadrian on

represent the god nude with outstretched arms; such coin-types may be

copies of this statue; _cf._ Frazer, V, p. 352.

[2279] See _B. C. H._, XII, 1888, p. 468.

[2280] In the Ottoman Museum, Invent. no. 374; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1,

78, 2. It is described by Mendel, in _B. C. H._, XXVI, 1902, pp. 467

f.; _cf._ Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 226, no. 127.

[2281] See Deonna, pp. 191 f., no. 81 and figs. 84-90; _cf._ Annali,

XXXVI, 1864, p. 253 (Michaelis).

[2282] _Ibid._, pp. 185 f., no. 77 and fig. 82.

[2283] _E. g._, the two colossal statues from Cape Sounion discovered

by Staïs in 1906 in front of the ruins of the temple of Poseidon, and

now in Athens, possibly meant for the Dioskouroi: see Deonna, pp.

135-8, nos. 7-8 and figs. 14-17; for one, see _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp.

363-4; Deonna, no. 7, pp. 135 and 347; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_,

no. 2720, pp. 6-7 and fig.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 197, fig. 40; it is

3.05 meters high (Staïs); two from Delphi, called either Kleobis and

Biton, or the Dioskouroi by Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, pp. 445 =

B) and 446 (= A), and 450 f.; Homolle here has the letters changed; his

B = _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1 (= our A, = Pl. 8B); see Deonna, pp.

176-8, nos. 65-6, figs. 66-9; see list of statues from sanctuaries of

Apollo and other gods, _ibid._, pp. 18-19.

[2284] See Milchhoefer, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 54-55.

[2285] See Loeschke, _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 304; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _A.

Z._, XL, 1882, p. 57; Hiller von Gaertringen, _Thera_, III, 1904, p.

285; Ross, _Reisen auf d. griech. Inseln des Aegaeischen Meeres_, I,

1840, p. 8.

[2286] See Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, pp. 238-9, no. 141; _B.

M. Sculpt._, 207 (= torso).

[2287] Deonna, p. 247, no. 155. This is one of the most recent of the

series and belongs to the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth

century B. C.: Orsi, _Monumenti antichi_, I, pp. 789 f.

[2288] Bulle, 37 (left).

[2289] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28; see _supra_, pp. 106-7. Scherer,

_op. cit._, pp. 23 ff., thought that this statue conformed with the

type of the _Apollo_ of Kanachos already mentioned. Reisch, p. 40,

rightly believes that it had “_noch geschlossene Beine, aber geloeste

Arme_,” _i. e._, like the _Apollo_ of Tektaios and Angelion already

discussed.

[2290] Arndt, _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, pp. 1-2 and Pls. I-II;

Deonna, pp. 143-4, no. 21. It has been ascribed to different artists

of the last quarter of the sixth century B. C.: Lechat, _Au Musée de

l’Acropole_, pp. 359-60; Klein, I, p. 246 f.; we have already discussed

it on pp. 127-8. E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 190, refers

some of the statues found at the Ptoian sanctuary to athletes, but

Holleaux believes that these statues represent Apollo: _B. C. H._, X,

1886, p. 68; _cf._ also Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 8. W. Vischer,

_Kleine Schriften_, II, 1878, p. 307, admits that some of the “Apollos”

can be athletes, as Conze and Michaelis had done: _Annali_, XXXIII,

861, p. 80.

[2291] See Deonna, p. 253.

[2292] Thus Scherer, p. 22, n. 3, and Reisch, p. 40, leave the question

unsettled; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 98, n. 1, thinks that the material for

a decision as to a given statue, whether of this god or that, or of a

worshiper or athlete, hardly exists; Collignon, _Mythol. figurée de la

Grèce_, p. 84, recognizes that these statues stood for both gods and

athletes; Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 1, p. 262, think that the type passes

equally well for gods and sepulchral statues; Overbeck, I, pp. 114-115,

and F. W., p. 11, believe that it represents a general scheme for

athletes, sepulchral statues, and Apollos.

[2293] The first part of this chapter appeared, under the title The

Positions of Victor Statues at Olympia, in _A. J. A._, XVI, 2d Ser.,

1912, pp. 203-229, with Plan; the second part, entitled, Greek Literary

Notices of Olympic Victor Monuments outside Olympia, appeared in

_Trans. Amer. Philol. Assn._, XLII, 1912, pp. 53-67. I am indebted

to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief of the _A. J. A._, for

permission to use the former, and to Prof. Clarence Bill, the present

secretary of the American Philological Association, for permission to

use the latter. Only slight changes have been made in the original

articles for the present work. The summary of the last section,

Statistics of Olympic Victor Statuaries, is revised from my note

published in _Proceedings of the American Philological Association_,

XLIV, 1913, pp. xxx-xxxi. I am also indebted to Professor Bill for

permission to use it in the present work.

[2294] ἵππων ἀγωνιστῶν ... καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀθλητῶν τε καὶ ἰδιωτῶν ὁμοίως (VI, 1.1).

[2295] VI, Chs. 1-16. 169 in my _de olympionicarum Statuis_: Philon of

Kerkyra, who had two statues, is there named twice, under nos. 91 and

136.

[2296] VI, Chs. 17-18.

[2297] See _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Karten u. Plaene, 1899, III, IV

(Doerpfeld); _cf._ also H. Luckenbach, _Olympia und Delphi_, 1904, p.

11, fig. 5 (= _A. J. A._, XVI, 1912, p. 204, fig. 1).

[2298] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 119 f. (and Sketch-plan).

[2299] Pp. 45 f.

[2300] In Baum., II, pp. 1094 f.

[2301] _Olympia, Ergebnisse_, Textbd., I (_Topographie und

Geschichte_), pp. 87 f.; _cf._ _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 335 f.

[2302] _De olymp. Stat._, Ch. III, pp. 63 f. The outline therein forms

the basis of the present treatment. The numbers of the victors from the

catalogue of that work, showing the order of presentation by Pausanias,

are here retained in parentheses: _e. g._, Telemachos (122). A letter

after the number indicates either that an adjacent “honor” statue,

_e. g._, Philonides (154a), stood next to a victor statue, _e. g._,

Menalkeas (154), or that no statue is mentioned.

[2303] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, p. 88.

[2304] _E. g._, nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 were Eleans; 7-9 and 11-14 were

Spartans; 17-18 and 23-26 were Eleans; 45 and 48-49, 51, 54, 57 were

Arkadians; 6-9 and 11-14 were victors in chariot-races; 30, 34, 37, 40

were pancratiasts; 25-28 had statues by Sikyonian artists; 39-40 had

statues by Athenian artists; 59-63 formed a family group; etc.

[2305] _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 393.

[2306] The lack of continuity in describing the altars led R. Heberdey,

_Eranos Vindobonensis_, 1893, pp. 39 f., (Die Olympische Altarperiegese

des Pausanias), to conclude wrongly that Pausanias took over bodily

from an earlier work his enumeration of the altars, only here and

there interposing a remark of his own, as _e. g._, V, 15. 2, where he

parenthetically describes the Leonidaion.

[2307] _E. g._, the statue of the Akarnanian boxer (10) stood among

those of Spartan victors (7-14); Eukles (52), a grandson of Diagoras,

had his statue away from his family group (59-63); the two statues of

Timon (17 and 105 d) stood in different parts of the Altis.

[2308] VI, 1.3.

[2309] So Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 146; Treu, _ibid._,

p. 207; Flasch, Hirschfeld, and Scherer, in the works already cited.

[2310] So Doerpfeld, _l. c._, p. 88; Michaelis, _A. Z._, XXXIV, 1876,

p. 164; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 531; etc.

[2311] Hyde, p. 64. I here append three such passages: in V, 24.3, in

speaking of the statue of the _Zeus_ of the Lacedæmonians, he says

that it τοῦ ναοῦ δέ ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ μεγάλου Ζεὺς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς

ἡλίου, _i. e._, at the southeast corner of the temple near where

the pedestal was found (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 252, and _Olympia,

Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 86); in V, 26.2, in speaking of the offerings

of Mikythos, he says that they stood παρὰ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου τὴν

ἐν ἀριστερᾷ πλεύραν, _i. e._, on the northern side of the temple of

Zeus, where most authorities find their foundations (_cf._ _Inschr. v.

Ol._, 267-269, and Flasch, _op. cit._, p. 1093); in VIII, 38.2, he says

that Mount Lykaion is ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς Δεσποίνης, _i. e._,

to the north of that temple. _Cf._ also V, 21.2. Professor Bluemner,

reviewing my monograph _de olymp. Stat._, in the _Berl. Philol.

Wochenschr._, XXIV, 1904, col. 1382, objects to my interpretation of ἐν

δεξιᾷ, and admits not one but three possibilities: (_a_) of the temple

_pro persona_, _i. e._, its south side; (_b_) of a spectator facing

the chief, _i. e._, east front, the northern half of the space before

it; (_c_) of a spectator with his back to this front, _i. e._, the

southern half of this space. But if Pausanias had meant either of the

two latter, he would have said πρὸ τοῦ ναοῦ, as in VIII, 37.2, κατὰ τὸν

ναόν, _cf._ V, 15.3, or ἀντικρὺ τοῦ ναοῦ, _cf._ V, 27.1.

[2312] For locations of bases, see _Insch. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos),

160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). Because of the finds in the Prytaneion

both Hirschfeld and Scherer started this ἔφοδος west of the Heraion.

[2313] From the unfinished condition of the back of the Lysippan marble

head from the statue of Philandridas (10), as well as its excellent

surface preservation (Frontispiece and Fig. 69), we have already argued

that some of these early statues may have stood along the southern

steps of the temple against the columns of the peristyle: _supra_, p.

300.

[2314] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 248; _cf._ P., V, 27.9.

[2315] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 161 (Narykdas); 146 (Kallias); 159

(Eukles); 144 (Euthymos); 156 (Charmides); 155 (Hellanikos). Other

bases of statues which must have stood in this vicinity have also been

found, far from their original positions: _i. e._, those of Athenaios

(36), 56 meters west of the Leonidaion; of Polydamas (47), fragments

26 meters southeast of the Echo Hall; of Diagoras (59), five fragments

near the Metroon; of Damagetos (62), in the Leonidaion; of Dorieus

(61), near the _Victory_ of Paionios; of Kyniskos (45), inside the

Byzantine church; of Damoxenidas (54), near the Heraion. See _Inschr.

v. Ol._, nos. 168 (Athenaios), 151 (Diagoras), 152 (Damagetos), 153

(Dorieus), 149 (Kyniskos), 158 (Damoxenidas); for the sculptured base

of Polydamas (47), see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., PI. LV, 1-3; Textbd.,

pp. 209 f.

[2316] Argum., Boeckh, pp. 157-8. Pausanias names them in the order:

Diagoras, Akousilaos, Dorieus, Damagetos, Peisirhodos. The scholiast

names them in the order: Diagoras, Damagetos, Dorieus, Akousilaos,

Eukles, Peisirhodos.

[2317] See for Aristotle, _F. H. G._, II, p. 183, fragm. 264. Apollas

Ponticus is little known: _cf._ _F. H. G._, IV, p. 307, fragm. 7; he

probably copied from Aristotle’s work.

[2318] This is Dittenberger’s explanation, _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 151

and 159; and also that of Robert, _O. S._, p. 195, Scherer, p. 49, and

Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 411; Purgold, however, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p.

262, has tried to reconcile the two accounts on the theory of no change.

[2319] However, Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, p. 90, thinks that

the two groups of Diagoras and Alkainetos stood apart.

[2320] The base of the statue of Pythokles was found between the

Heraion and the Pelopion: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-163.

[2321] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 412, assumed the possibility of

the existence of two different statues of Lysandros, one 35 a, and the

other somewhere after Charmides (58) in the family group of Diagoras;

Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 105 and note 4, explains the discrepancy

between the scholiast and Pausanias on the theory that the latter

borrowed from older lists; Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_,

pp. 238 f., assumed but one statue of Lysandros.

[2322] Scherer, p. 51 (_cf._ Plan opposite p. 56), and Flasch, _l. c._,

p. 1095, note 1, proposed a route south from the Heraion to the west of

the so-called Great Altar site, while Hirschfeld, _l. c._, p. 119, made

it run to the east of it. Doerpfeld, _op. cit._, p. 88, starting east

of the Heraion, made the route run first to the west along the south

side of the temple, and thence around the western side of the Pelopion,

and so across to the _Eretrian Bull_; Michaelis, _l. c._, p. 164, with

the same starting-point, had it bear first to the east parallel with

the Treasury Terrace, and thence south. See Plans A and B.

[2323] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 259, and _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II,

pp. 153-155, etc.; _cf._ P., V, 26.1.

[2324] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 157 (So[si]krates; for the

restoration of the name, see Hyde, p. 37); 167 (Kritodamos); 164

(Xenokles). The plate from the pedestal of the statue of the unknown

Arkadian victor (79) was found far away from this point, in the

Palaistra. We have shown (_supra_, pp. 244-5,) that the statue of

Philippos (79a), mentioned by Pausanias as the work of Myron (_cf._ VI,

8.5), was probably only that of this older unknown Arkadian, later used

for Philippos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304

and 280 B. C.); see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 174; _cf._ Hyde, _op. cit._,

pp. 39-41.

[2325] On the name, see Hyde, p. 42.

[2326] See _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 86, and _cf._ II, p. 78. A

slit in the lower step of the base of the _Zeus_ may have contained the

tablet mentioned by P., V, 23.4. Three of the four inscribed blocks

of Gelo’s chariot base were found in the Palaistra: _Inschr. v. Ol._,

under no. 143.

For Doerpfeld’s identification of the Council-house (Bouleuterion) with

the tripartite building south of the temple of Zeus just outside the

South Altis wall, see _Ausgrab. zu Ol._, IV, 1878-1879, pp. 40-46, and

_Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 76-79. Others, on the basis of a

passage in Xenophon’s _Hell._, VII, 4.31, wrongly place it near the

Prytaneion in the northwestern part of the Altis. _Cf._ Frazer, III,

pp. 636 f., and Doerpfeld, _l. c._, pp. 78 f. See Plans A and B.

[2327] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 177. It stands on the south edge of

the South Terrace wall between its gateway and the later East Byzantine

wall of the Altis.

[2328] Hyde, pp. 49 f., where I assume that the passage VI, 13.8 is a

digression, and that the name of a victor has dropped out at the end

of 13.7. There I have inserted, from a recovered inscription, the name

of Akestorides of Alexandria Troas, placing his statue next to that of

Agemachos (118) of similar date, the only other Asiatic in this part

of the Altis. Foerster, 501, dates Akestorides wrongly in the second

century B. C. (on the basis of Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 30,

n. 2, end), although the inscription from the base is referred by

Dittenberger to the end of the third; Agemachos won in Ol. 147 (= 192

B. C.); I have therefore dated Akestorides tentatively between Ol. (?)

142 and Ol. (?) 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.).

[2329] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148 (Tellon, inscription renewed in

the first century B. C.); 165 (Aristion); 184 (Akestorides).

Roehl (_I. G. A._, no. 355 and Add., p. 182) referred an inscription

on two marble fragments found in 1879 (_cf._ _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p.

161, no. 312), one found near the Heraion, the other east of the temple

of Zeus, to the victor Agiadas (103); Dittenberger (_cf._ _Inschr.

v. Ol._, no. 150) and others have rightly rejected this ascription.

Similarly the inscribed base of the statue of Areus (105 b), son of

Akrotatos, King of Sparta, found in the Heraion (see _Inschr. v.

Ol._, no. 308), belongs rather to the second statue of Areus (148 a)

dedicated by Ptolemy Philadelphus; _cf._ Hyde, pp. 44-45. I have also

referred the second inscription of the artist Pythagoras (_Inschr. v.

Ol._, no. 145) found in the Leonidaion, to the statue of Astylos (110),

because of its similarity to that on the base of the statue of Euthymos

(56) likewise by Pythagoras: _ibid._, pp. 47-48.

[2330] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 169 (Aristophon), 154 (Xenombrotos

and Xenodikos), following Robert’s ascription, _O. S._, 1900, pp.

179 f.; a second epigram referring to Xenombrotos alone (_Inschr. v.

Olymp._, no. 170) must belong to a second monument not mentioned by

Pausanias; _cf._ Hyde, p. 53.

[2331] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 140 (quoted by

Dittenberger); Frazer, IV, p. 43.

[2332] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 176 (Aischines; see Foerster, no.

451), 173 (Archippos), 186 (Epitherses), 304 (Antigonos); [a fragment

of the base of the statue of Demetrios (147 e) was also found, the

exact location not being recorded, no. 305]; 276 (Philonides; a second

mutilated copy of this inscription was found nearby built into a late

wall north of the Byzantine church; see no. 277); Pausanias (VI, 15.10)

mentions two statues of Kapros. For the bronze foot (Fig. 62) of one of

them, see _supra_, p. 255 and n. 3.

[2333] VI, 18.7. He gives this honor to Praxidamas and Rhexibios

(187-188), who won in Ols. 59 and 61 (= 544 and 536 B. C.)

respectively. We have already pointed out that the statue of Oibotas

(29), who won in Ol. 6 (= 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 (= 460 B.

C.) by the Achæans (VI, 3.8).

[2334] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 294 (Leonidas; _cf._ _A. M._, XIII,

1888, p. 322, note 1, Treu); 183 (Seleadas; this is my own ascription;

see Hyde, p. 58; Dittenberger wrongly restored the name as Σέλευκος);

632 (Polypeithes and Kalliteles); 171 (Deinosthenes); 178 (Glaukon;

his monument was a little bronze chariot, not a statue, thus imitating

earlier sixth-century victor dedications, like that of Kyniska (7);

no. 296 is another inscription from a statue of Glaukon dedicated by

Ptolemy Euergetes).

The pedestal of the statue of Paianios (167) was found behind the south

side of the Echo Colonnade and therefore far removed (_Inschr. v. Ol._,

no. 179); Pausanias again mentions Paianios in VI, 15.10. Another

pedestal (no. 632), found south of the west end of the Byzantine

church, has been referred by Purgold to the statue of Lysippos (162):

_cf._ _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 85 f., no. 387. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2,

p. 615, and others have rejected the ascription.

[2335] Διέστηκε δὲ ἀγυιὰν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς πομπικῆς, τοὺς γὰρ δὴ ὑπὸ

Ἀθηναίων καλουμένους στενωποὺς ἀγυιὰς ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι.

[2336] See _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 327-336 and Pl. VII (Die Altis

Mauer in Olympia). On the west of the Altis are the ruins of two

parallel walls, the inner Greek, the outer Roman; the original South

wall of the Altis ran along the line of the South Terrace wall, the

later Roman wall (dating from Nero’s time) to the south of it. Thus

in Pausanias’ day, the ἔσοδος πομπική was opposite the Leonidaion.

In two other passages, however, it appears to be at the southeast

corner of the Altis (V, 15.7; VI, 20.7). R. Heberdey (in _Eranos

Vindobonensis_, 1893, pp. 34-47) explains this discrepancy by saying

that Pausanias, in mentioning the southwestern entrance, is writing

from his own observation after the Roman extension, and in the other

passages is copying from other writers who wrote before that extension.

Doerpfeld’s explanation, however, is better: in the Roman extension a

gate was built at the southwest corner of the new West wall superseding

the older southeast entrance. Processions still passed along the same

way, but were now _inside_ the Altis, the great gateway of Nero at the

southeast corner being given up after his death. _Cf._ Frazer, III, pp.

570-572; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 375-6.

[2337] P., VI, 17.1.

[2338] _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 317-326 (Die Bauinschrift des

Leonidaions zu Olympia); and _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 651, and

_Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II, _Die Baudenkmaeler_, pp. 83-93, and

Tafelbd., Pls. LXII-LXVI (R. Borrmann).

[2339] _E. g._, K. Lange, _Haus und Halle_, 1885, pp. 331 f;

Hirschfeld, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 121; Flasch, in Baum., II, pp.

1095 and 1104 K. Others placed it elsewhere: _e. g._, Curtius-Adler,

_Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, pp. 23 f.; Scherer, _op. cit._, pp. 55 f.

(and Plan), identified it with the “_South-east Building_,” where he

had this second ἔφοδος begin.

[2340] V, 13.9. For full account of the altar, see V, 13.8-11.

[2341] Thus Curtius, Altaere v. Ol., _Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad.

d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1882, p. 4 (= _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, 1894,

II, pp. 42 f.); Adler, _A. A_., 1894, p. 85; _ibid._, 1895, pp. 108

f. (_cf._ his reconstruction in _Olympia, Ergebn._, Tafelbd., II,

Pl. CXXXII and Textbd., II, pp. 210 f.); Curtius-Adler, _Olympia u.

Umgegend_, p. 35; Flasch, _op. cit._, p. 1067 (_cf._ _Funde v. Ol._,

pp. 238-239); Boetticher, _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 190 f. (and Plan);

Furtwaengler, _Bronzen v. Olympia_, p. 4; Hirschfeld, _op. cit._, p.

119 (= Plan); Scherer, _op. cit._, p. 56 (with Plan); Trendelenburg,

_Der grosse Altar des Zeus in Olympia_, 1902, pp. 17 f.; Doerpfeld,

_Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II (_Baudenkmaeler_) p. 162, (_cf._ I,

p. 82, where he admits the possibility that it may have stood further

northwest, nearer the Heraion); Frazer, III, p. 556; etc.

[2342] See _A. M._, XXXIII, 1908, pp. 185-192 (Olympia in

praehistorischer Zeit); _cf._ _Year’s Work in Classical Studies_, III,

1908, p. 12.

[2343] For Puchstein’s location and form of the altar of Zeus, see _A.

A._, 1893, p. 22; _ibid._, 1895, p. 107; _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 53 f.

(with “oblong” reconstruction by Koldewey, pp. 76-77); for Wernicke’s

view, see _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 93 f. This view was already refuted

by Adler, _A. A._, 1895, p. 108, and Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._,

Textbd., II, pp. 162 f. Doerpfeld later referred these remains also to

prehistoric houses (_cf._ preceding note)

[2344] V, 13.8. The exact site of the Pelopion is given in V, 13.1 (see

Plans A and B). Wernicke, (_l. c._, pp. 94 f.) placed the older altar

of Zeus (who was at first worshiped in common with Hera) between the

Heraion and Pelopion (as Puchstein also did). He believed that later,

however, after the building of the temple of Zeus and the Pelopion,

the altar was moved east of both and stood somewhere northwest of the

elliptical depression, where Pausanias saw it. He explained the lack

of remains on the theory that the Christians would completely destroy

this, the chief pagan altar. But it is difficult to see why the few

Christian settlers in this out of the way place should have shown any

such anger. Doerpfeld (_Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., II, _Baudenkmaeler_,

p. 163) suggested that it may have stood south of the _Exedra_ of

Herodes Attikos, where its site must certainly be sought.

[2345] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, p. 359, rightly say that the words of

Pausanias point to a place in the Altis where there are neither

foundations nor ashes. Since it is incredible that the Christians

should have destroyed it so completely, they assume that Pausanias

made a mistake in his directions. Their conclusion that the elliptical

depression best fits the conditions is untenable now.

[2346] _Op. cit._, p. 164.

[2347] See _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 335-336, and _Ergebn._, Textbd., I,

p. 88. In the latter he says: “_Zu unserer Verwunderung sehen wir, dass

der zweite Teil die ununterbrochene Fortsetzung des ersten Teiles ist,

also in Wirklichkeit nur eine Ephodos, nur ein einziger Rundgang._”

[2348] This pillar stood between the Great Altar and the temple of

Zeus: P., V, 20. 6.

[2349] Ἀνδριάντας δὲ ἀναμεμιγμένους οὐκ ἐπιφα<νέ>σιν ἄγαν ἀναθήμασιν,

κ. τ. λ., (VI, 17.7); again in VI, 18.2 he says that he discovered the

statue of Anaximenes “by searching” (ἀνευρών).

[2350] Similarly, on arriving at the statue of Telemachos, he

moved first to the east and then returned (passing the chariot of

Kleosthenes) before proceeding west, without mentioning it: see

_supra_, p. 345.

[2351] On analogy with V, 15.1. See Hyde, p. 68.

[2352] The Terrace wall can still be traced before the western front

of the temple and also to the north-east of it; _cf._ Treu, _A. Z._,

XXXVI, 1878, p. 36: “_So umgab denn vermutlich einst den ganzen Tempel

eine statuenbekroente Terrasse._” Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 619, suppose

such a road to the west and north of the temple, but would interpret it

as being ἐν ἀριστερᾷ.

[2353] _Cf._ Hyde, p. 70. Hitz.-Bluemn. (see preceding note) rejected

this textual change of mine as unnecessary, and followed Hirschfeld and

Doerpfeld in having Pausanias return along the south side of the temple

of Zeus. I proposed this change by analogy with the text of V, 24.1, V,

21.2, and other passages.

[2354] The bronze tablet of Demokrates (170), found south of the

southwest corner of the temple of Zeus, did not belong to his victor

statue, but to a base which stood probably inside the temple: _Inschr.

v. Ol._ no. 39. Also the archaic marble helmeted head and arm with

the remains of a shield attached (see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl.

VI, 1-4, and 5-6), the head being found west of the temple and the

arm before the gate of the Pelopion, wrongly ascribed by Treu (_A.

Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f., and _Bildw. v. Ol._, III, pp. 33-34)

and Overbeck (I, pp. 198 f., and p. 178) to Eperastos (183), I have

referred to an older hoplite, Phrikias of Pelinna (Foerster, nos. 151,

155): see Hyde, p. 43, and _supra_, Ch. III, pp. 162-3 and Fig. 30a, b.

[2355] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 293.

[2356] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-269. The supposed foundation was

found thirty feet north of the temple; _cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 646 f.;

etc.

[2357] V, 20.6 f. A large foundation, between the pedestal of Dropion,

King of the Paionians, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 303, (see Plans A and B),

and the pedestal of the _Eretrian Bull_, may have formed part of the

house of Oinomaos (_cf._ Curtius-Adler, _op. cit._, p. 40; Flasch, _l.

c._, p. 1074). Wernicke, (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 95), however, refers it

to the oval depression called the Great Altar site. Doerpfeld (_Ergebn.

v. Ol._, Textbd., I, p. 82) is opposed to this view and places it

further north, near the Metroon.

[2358] This is Kalkmann’s theory (_op. cit._, p. 89), who calls this

section (VI, 18.7) the “_letzter Trumpf_,” an addition having no

connection with the second ἔφοδος. He compares it with V, 24.9, where

Pausanias, after ending the _periegesis_ of the altars, adds one more,

that of “Zeus Horkios,” which stood in the Council House, though he had

already passed this point twice without mentioning the fact. Kalkmann

also compares it with V, 27.12 (the transition to the account of the

victor statues). Gurlitt (_op. cit._, p. 392) explains this last

section, _i. e._, V, 27.12, as due to a later revision of Pausanias’

work.

[2359] VI, 19.1.

[2360] See the Catalogue in my _de olymp. Stat._, (pp. 3 f.) for dates;

and _cf. ibid._, Ch. IV, pp. 72 f., for results. The summaries are

made only on the basis of the 153 monuments which can be exactly or

approximately dated.

[2361] Eutelidas (148), Praxidamas (18), Rhexibios (188), Polypeithes

and Kalliteles (160-161).

[2362] On the date of the temple of Zeus (?468-456 B. C.), _cf._

Doerpfeld, _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 19. f.

[2363] Enation (176) is simply called an Arkadian by P., VI, 17.3.

[2364] VI, 1.2, and _cf._ his words in VI, 17.1.

[2365] The last dated victor statue at Olympia, known from

inscriptions, is that of Valerios Eklektos of Sinope, four times victor

as herald, winning in Ols. 256, 258, 259, 260 (= 245, 253-261 A.

D.): Foerster, 741-744. Philoumenos of Philadelphia in Lydia, victor

in wrestling (?) in Ol. (?) 288 (= 373 A. D.), Foerster, 750, had a

statue, as we learn from the conclusion of an epigram preserved by

Panodoros in Cramer’s _Anecd. gr. Parisiensia_, 1839-41, II, p. 155, 17

f.; _cf._ _Inscr. Graecae metricae_, ed. Preger, 1891, no. 133. It may

have been in Olympia.

[2366] On his use of older lists of victors and especially of the Elean

register, see P. Hirt, _de Fontibus Pausaniae in Eliacis_ (Greifswald,

1878), pp. 12 f.; Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae_ (Rostock, 1888),

pp. 17 f.; Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, pp. 72 f. and 103 f.;

Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 426, note 43; Robert, _Hermes_, XXIII,

1888, pp. 444 f.; Hirschfeld, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 105 and 111; J.

Juethner, _Philostratos ueber Gymnastik_, pp. 60-74 (Elean register),

and 109 f.; Gardiner, p. 50. Pausanias frequently mentions such

sources himself, especially the Elean register: _e. g._, III, 21.1; V,

2.19; VI, 2.3. Hirschfeld (_l. c._, pp. 105 and 113) and others have

unreasonably doubted whether Pausanias ever visited Olympia at all.

[2367] Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476; P., VI, 15.3 f.

[2368] Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; P., VI, 15.10 (two statues).

[2369] Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; P., VI, 13.7, and

_Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.

[2370] Hyde, 42; Foerster, 800; P., VI, 4.9.

[2371] Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494; P., VI, 4.5.

[2372] Hyde, 152; Foerster, 391; P., VI, 16.2.

[2373] Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515; P., VI, 6.7.

[2374] Hyde, 125a; Foerster, 651; P., VI, 14.2.

[2375] Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648-650; P., VI, 13.3.

[2376] Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654-6, 659, 660, 662-664; P., VI, 13.3.

[2377] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16. See _supra_, pp. 27 and 54.

[2378] _Cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235. P., VI, 1.1, distinctly states

that not all victors had statues, adding that some of the most

distinguished had none.

[2379] Thus the epigram on the base of a monument of Xenombrotos (133;

_cf._ P., VI, 14.12) states that it was a portrait of the victor:

_Inschr. v. Ol._, 170. We have, however, aside from this inscription,

no record that he was a victor more than once. See _supra_, pp. 54-5.

On the basis of three or more victories, several victors should have

had portrait statues: _e. g._, Foerster, 60, 86, 144, 351, 358, 495,

603, 741, 815.

[2380] Discussed _supra_, Ch. II, p. 58.

[2381] For dates, places of finding, and contests, references are

constantly made by number to Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._; the number

of each victor is given also from Foerster’s lists, which, though

incomplete, are the best that have yet appeared. Where the exact dates

are known they are cited from Foerster; otherwise, the probable dating

of the inscription as given by Dittenberger is followed. See Plans A

and B.

[2382] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 142 (Pantares, son of Menekrates of Gela);

Foerster, 149, = Ol. (?) 67 (= 572 B. C.); Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B.

C.): Foerster, 180.

[2383] Phrikias won twice, in Ols. 68 and 69 (= 508 and 504 B. C.):

Foerster, 151 and 155. Phanas was three times victor on the same day

(τριαστής), in the στάδιον, δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης, in Ol. 67 (= 512 B.

C.): Foerster, 144-146. For the ascriptions, see _supra_, pp. 162-3.

[2384] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 150. Roehl (_I. G. A._, 355 and Add., p. 182)

wrongly ascribed it to Agiadas (103), boy boxer of Elis, whose statue

was by the Aeginetan Serambos (P., VI, 10.9). His victory should fall

between Ols. 72 and 74 inclusive (= 492 and 484 B. C.): Hyde, p. 44.

Foerster, 519, following Roehl and Gurlitt (_op. cit._, pp. 369 and

419), who placed Serambos in the second century B. C., referred the

victory of Agiadas to Ol. (?) 161 (= 136 B. C.). Robert, _O. S._, p.

181, identifies the inscription with Epitimiadas mentioned in the _Oxy.

Pap._ as victor in παγκράτιον in Ol. 78 (= 468 B. C.). Dittenberger and

Loewy (latter in _I. G. B._, 416) refer the inscription to the first

half or middle of the fifth century B. C.

[2385] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 170; _cf._ Hyde, p. 53.

[2386] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 175; Foerster, 375. Foerster’s proposed

dating of this victor, Ol. 110 (= 340 B. C.), is wrong.

[2387] _Ibid._, no. 180.

[2388] _Ibid._, no. 181.

[2389] _Ibid._, no. 182.

[2390] _Ibid._, no. 185.

[2391] _Ibid._, no. 187.

[2392] _Ibid._, no. 188.

[2393] _Ibid._, no. 189.

[2394] This Greek building dates from the first half of the fifth

century B. C. _Cf._ F. Adler, _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II (_Die

Baudenkmaeler_), pp. 93-105 (especially 98 f.), and Flasch, in Baum.,

pp. 1070-1 and 1104 M f., both of whom identify it with the workshop of

Pheidias (P., V, 15.1); Curtius, Die Altaere v. Ol., _Abhandl. d. k.

Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1882, p. 20 (= _Gesamm. Abhandl._,

1894, II, pp. 57 f.), refers it to the Theekoleon, generally identified

with the easternmost of the two buildings further north. See Plans A

and B.

[2395] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 190.

[2396] _Ibid._, no. 192.

[2397] _Ibid._, no. 193.

[2398] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 194; Foerster, 484.

[2399] _Ibid._, no. 195.

[2400] _Ibid._, no. 196.

[2401] _Ibid._, no. 197; Foerster, 808 (undated).

[2402] _Ibid._, no. 191; Foerster, 807 (undated).

[2403] _Ibid._, nos. 198-204; see Foerster, 542-547; one of the group,

Telemachos, son of Leon, had another statue at Olympia: _Inschr. v.

Ol._, 406.

[2404] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 205; Foerster, 822 (undated).

[2405] _Ibid._, no. 206; Foerster, 828 (undated).

[2406] _Ibid._, no. 207.

[2407] _Ibid._, no. 208.

[2408] _Ibid._, no. 209; Foerster, 482.

[2409] _Ibid._, no. 210.

[2410] _Ibid._, no. 211.

[2411] _Ibid._, no. 212.

[2412] _Ibid._, no. 213; Foerster, 614, 619.

[2413] _Ibid._, nos. 214, 215.

[2414] _Ibid._, nos. 216, 217; Foerster, 550.

[2415] _Ibid._, no. 218; Foerster, 535 (= Ol. ? 171 = 96 B. C.).

[2416] _Ibid._, no. 219; Foerster, 593; he won in Ol. 190 (= 20 B. C.).

[2417] _Ibid._, no. 220; Foerster, 601, who dates the victory in Ol.

(?) 194 (= 4 B. C.).

[2418] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 221; Foerster, 612. He won τεθρίππῳ in Ol.

199 (= 17 A. D.); his statue was set up by M. Antonios Peisanos.

[2419] _Ibid._, no. 222; Foerster, 585, 587. He won two victories

(perhaps after 17 A. D.) in an unknown contest; Foerster dates them

Ols. (?) 184 and 185 (= 44 and 40 B. C.).

[2420] _Ibid._, no. 223; Foerster, 568; his statue was erected by his

mother, Klaudia Kleodike.

[2421] _Ibid._, no. 224; Foerster, 823 (undated); his statue was set up

by his native state.

[2422] _Ibid._, no. 225; Foerster,632. The base contained two epigrams

by T. Klaudios Thessalos, of Kos: E. Cougny, _Epigramm. Anth. Pal._,

III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 169.

[2423] _Ibid._, 226; Foerster, 634. His statue was erected by L.

Betilenos Phloros, of Elis.

[2424] _Ibid._, no. 227; Foerster, 666; he won Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.).

His brother Diodoros set up the statue. The victor was an ἔφεδρος; see

A. E. J. Holwerda, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 171 f.

[2425] _Ibid._, 228; Foerster, 671.

[2426] _Ibid._, nos. 229, 230 (newer inscription); _I. G. B._, 125;

Foerster, 624-625. He was a περιοδονίκης and won in Ols. (?) 205 and

207 (= 41 and 49 A. D.).

[2427] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 231; Foerster, 595 and 597. Foerster dates

his two Olympic victories in Ols. (?) 191 and 192 (= 16 and 12 B. C.).

Hermas was περιοδονίκης twice, and also gained victories besides at the

Nemean and other games.

[2428] _Ibid._, no. 232; Foerster, 815-819 (undated). He was twice

περιοδονίκης and won besides at the Isthmus, Nemea, and at other

games—eighty victories in all.

[2429] _Ibid._, no. 234 and p. 346; he won in either πάλη or παγκράτιον.

[2430] _Ibid._, no. 235 and pp. 346-347. These bronze fragments have

been noted in our list of surviving fragments of victor statues, Ch.

VII, p. 322.

[2431] _Ibid._, no. 233 (name restored from no. 440, line 4). On her

father, see Foerster, under no. 634.

[2432] _Ibid._, 236; Foerster, 686. Both Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 421,

and Foerster think that this monument is mentioned by P., V, 20.8 (that

of a Roman senator). Dittenberger is against this view, and the place

of finding also is against it. On the victor’s full name and that of

his father, see Foerster, _l. c._

[2433] _Ibid._, no. 237; Foerster, 692. He won at Olympia in Ol. 229 (=

137 A. D.), and the inscription names many other victories elsewhere.

[2434] _Ibid._, no. 238; Foerster, 679 and 681, who dates the victories

in Ols. (?) 224 and 225 (= 117 and 121 A. D.), while Dittenberger dates

them in the next century. He was twice περιοδονίκης: see Foerster, _l.

c._

[2435] _Ibid._, no. 239; Foerster, 746 (date = end of second or third

centuries B. C.). For the epigram, see also Cougny, Epigramm. Anth.

Pal., III (_Appendix nova_), p. 46, n. 284.

[2436] _Ibid._, nos. 242-243; Foerster, 741-744. He was a τρισπερίοδος,

_i. e._, three times περιοδονίκης. For his other victories outside

Olympia, see Foerster, _l. c._

[2437] _Ibid._, nos. 240-241; Foerster, 739. Asklepiades won the

πένταθλον in Ol. 255 (= 241 A. D.).

[2438] Philinos, son of Hegepolis of Kos (173), won 24 victories, 5

at Olympia, 4 at Delphi, 4 at Nemea, 11 at the Isthmus, mostly in the

στάδιον, he was, therefore, four times περιοδονίκης. He won in Ols. 129

and 130 (= 264 and 260 B. C.): _cf._ P., VI, 17.2 and Foerster, 441 and

442; Leonidas of Rhodes (111c) was τριαστής in the four different Ols.

154-157 (= 164-152 B. C.), winning 12 races: _cf._ P., VI, 13.4, and

Foerster, 495-497, 498-500, 502-504, 507-509.

[2439] Omitting the votive bronze diskos of the victor P. Asklepiades

of Corinth mentioned above.

[2440] Foerster, pp. 26-30, records the names of 634 Olympic victors

who are known to us from all available sources.

[2441] Sepulchral monuments are either entirely excluded or mentioned

only incidentally. The tombs of nine Olympic victors are known from

various sources.

[2442] The dating of victories in the present section will necessitate

certain repetitions of dates already given elsewhere in this work.

While heretofore dates have been referred usually to the compilations

of Foerster and Hyde, the original authorities for them will be cited

in this section.

[2443] Chionis, (= Charmis in Afr.), according to P., III, 14.3, won

seven victories at Olympia: four in the στάδιον, in Ols. 28 to 31 (=

668 to 656 B. C.); 1-4 = Afr.; 1 = P., IV, 23.4; 2 = IV, 23.10; 3 =

VIII, 39.3; three in the δίαυλος, probably in Ols. (?) 29-31: see

Rutgers, p. 11, n. 4, and pp. 10-11; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39,

41-46.

[2444] Kylon won the δίαυλος in Ol. 35 (= 640 B. C.): Afr.; _cf._

Rutgers p. 13; Foerster, 55.

[2445] Hdt., V, 71; Thukyd., I, 126; Plut., _Solon_, 12.

[2446] _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 27 and n. 1. Kuhnert, _Jahrb. f. classische

Philol._, Supplbd., XIV, 1885, pp. 278 f., and n. 2, agrees with

Furtwaengler, and thinks that it was set up long after the death of

Kylon, and that it is possible that the name of the conspirator became

mixed with that of an Athenian victor of the same name, but of later

date.

[2447] _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, pp. 183 f.; he is followed by Frazer, II,

p. 348.

[2448] Thukyd., I, 134.

[2449] Loeschke, _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 295, n. 1.

[2450] See also Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, pp. 299-300.

[2451] His six victories in πάλη are mentioned by P., III, 13.9; he won

πάλη παίδων in Ol. 37 (= 632 B. C.): P., V, 8.9; Afr.; πάλη ἀνδρῶν in

Ols. 39-43 (= 624-608 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73.

He is mentioned by Ph., I.

[2452] See Wide, _Lakonische Kulte_, 1893, pp. 38 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., I,

2, pp. 792-3.

[2453] Pausanias, III, 13.9, mentions his five victories in πάλη. He

must have won after his father’s victories, and so at the beginning of

the sixth century B. C. Rutgers, pp. 109 f., conjectures that the first

victory was πάλη παίδων; Foerster, 86-90.

[2454] Arrhachion (on various spellings of the name, _cf._ Rutgers, p.

19) won thrice in the παγκράτιον in Ols. 52-54 (= 572-564 B. C.). The

third victory is recorded by Afr. and P., VIII, 40.1; the first two by

P., _l. c._ _Cf._ also Ph., 21. Foerster, 98, 101, 103. See _supra_,

pp. 326 f.

[2455] He had the nickname _Koalemos_: Plut., _Cimon_, 4. He won two

victories τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 62 and 64 (= 532 and 524 B. C.); his horses,

under the name of Peisistratos, won in the same event in Ol. 63 (= 528

B. C.): Hdt., VI, 103; they were buried in front of the city beyond

the so-called “Hollow Way,” opposite the tomb of Kimon; Hdt., _l. c._;

Plutarch, _Cato Major_, 5. _Cf._ Aelian, _de Animal._, XII, 40, where

he says that the mares of Miltiades—meaning Kimon—were buried in the

Kerameikos. See Foerster, 124, 128 and 132.

[2456] _Var. Hist._, IX, 32.

[2457] Hdt., VI, 103.

[2458] IV, 33.

[2459] On _Nubes_, 64.

[2460] Foerster, 85.

[2461] He won in an unknown contest. He accompanied Dorieus, the

younger brother of Kleomenes I of Sparta, on his futile expedition to

Sicily, and died there: Hdt., V, 47. Kleomenes began to reign in 519

B. C., and the Sicilian expedition occurred about 510 B. C.; Foerster,

138, therefore dates the victory of Philippos about Ol. 65 (= 520 B.

C.).

[2462] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath., on Iliad, Bk. III (p. 383, 43).

[2463] Astylos (on variations of the name, see Rutgers, pp. 32 f.) won

victories in στάδιον and δίαυλος in three successive Ols.: P., VI,

13.1: στάδιον in Ols. 73-75 (= 488-480 B. C.): 1 = Afr., and Dionys.

Hal., VIII, 1; 2 = Afr., and Dionys., VIII, 77; 3 = Afr., Dionys., IX,

1, and Diod. Sic., XI, 1. So the victories in δίαυλος, 1, 2, 3, must

have been in the same Ols. The _Oxy. Pap._ also names Astylos a victor

twice as ὁπλίτης, in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.). So Grenfell

and Hunt thought that P. had mixed the victories in δίαυλος and as

ὁπλίτης; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 163 f., however, supports P., and thinks

that Astylos won eight victories, the victories in δίαυλος and στάδιον

all preceding Ol. 76, as other names appear here in the _Oxy. Pap._

Astylos, therefore, won three victories in Ol. 75, one in Ol. 76, and

the other four in Ols. 73-74. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 32, 34-35; Foerster,

176-177, 181-182, 187-188; Hyde, 110.

[2464] Rutgers, p. 34, n. 1 (_cf._ Robert, _O. S._, p. 164)

has shown that the tyrant named Hiero by Pausanias should be Gelo;

_cf._ Hertzberg, _Gesch. v. Hellas u. Rom_, I, 1879, p. 181; Foerster,

181-2.

[2465] I, pp. 409-410; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59, calls the statue of

Astylos that of a _stadiodromos_.

[2466] Euthymos won πύξ three times in Ols. 74, 76, and 77 (= 484, 476,

and 472 B. C.): 1 = P., VI, 6.5; 2 and 3 = P., VI, 6.6 and _Oxy. Pap._

_Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 34, 38, 41; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; Robert, _O.

S._, pp. 167, 184 f.; Hyde, 56.

[2467] Inscribed base found: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144; _I. G. B._, 23;

_I. G. A._, 1882, 388.

[2468] See Kallimachos, _apud_ Plin., _H. N._, VII, 152.

[2469] Strabo, VI, 1.5 (= C. 255); Aelian, _Var. Hist._, VIII, 18;

Suidas, _s. v._ Εὔθυμος; P., VI, 6. 7-11. _Cf._ also E. Curtius on the

Olympia base, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 83, no. 127. On the legend of

the statue, see Eusebios, _Praep. evang._, V, 34.7.

[2470] Theagenes won πύξ in Ol. 75 (= 480 B. C.): P., VI, 6.5;

_Oxy.Pap._; and παγκράτιον in Ol. 76 (= 476 B. C.): P., VI, 11.4; _Oxy.

Pap._; he was twice περιοδονίκης and won many victories elsewhere,

carrying off 1400 crowns, according to P., VI, 11.5, and 1200,

according to Plut., _Praec. reipub. ger._, 15, p. 811 D. _Cf._ Rutgers,

pp. 36, 38; Foerster, 191, 196; Hyde, 104. Dio Chrys., _Orat._, XXXI,

p. 339 M, wrongly mentions three Olympic victories.

[2471] _Op. cit._, p. 340 M.

[2472] _Praep. evang._, V, 34.7.

[2473] _Deor. Conc._, 12; _cf._ P., VI, 11.9.

[2474] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1900, p. 332, n. 2.

[2475] Ladas won δόλιχος in Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.): Robert, _O.

S._, p. 165, because of an older dating for Myron, 480-444 B. C.,

necessitated by the _Oxy. Pap._ (see also _ibid._, p. 184). Foerster,

249, has given Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B. C.) as the date of the victory, on

the basis of the earlier dating of Myron, 460-420 B. C.; _cf._, _e. g._,

Brunn, 1, p. 142; Bergk, _P. l. G._, III, p. 473, no 125 and note, and

Rutgers p. 107.

[2476] _A. Pl._, nos. 53, 54; see _supra_, Ch. IV, pp. 196-197.

[2477] Foerster assumed that the statue by Myron stood in

Olympia. Against this view, see Furtwaengler (_Mw._, p. 379, n. 5),

Kalkmann (_Jb._, X, 1895, p. 56, and XI, 1896, p. 197), Studniczka

(article cited in note on Theagenes preceding), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen.

Akad._, 1880, pp. 474 f.). Benndorf (_de anthol. Gr. Epigram._, 1862,

15, n. 1) thought it more probable that the statue stood formerly at

Olympia, but in the time of Pausanias was in Rome. Thus it is best

to assume two statues, the one in Argos not by Myron. Brunn (p. 475)

showed that Ladas was a Spartan because of P., III, 21. I and VIII,

12.5; Benndorf (_op. cit._, p. 13) thought that he was an Argive.

Kuhnert (_Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., XIV, p. 269 n. 13)

argued that the Argive statue was set up by the Argive state, an

improbable assumption if Ladas were a Spartan. A different Ladas is the

stade runner from Aigion, mentioned by P., III, 21.1, and X, 23.14.

[2478] Kallias won παγκράτιον in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P. V, 9.3.

He was περιοδονίκης: _C. I. A._, I, 419. _Cf._ Foerster, 208; Hyde,

50. Three other Athenian victors at Olympia named Kallias are known:

Kallias, son of Pheinippos, won κέλητι in Ol. 54 (= 564 B. C.):

Foerster, 104; Rutgers, p. 21; Kallias, son of Hipponikos, grandson of

preceding, won τεθρίππῳ thrice in Ol. (?) 74, and Ols. 83, 84 (= 484,

448, 444 B. C.): Foerster, 186 a, 242, 247; Rutgers, p. 142; Kallias,

mentioned by Polyb., XXVIII, 16, won παγκράτιον in the second century

B. C.: _cf._ Foerster, under no. 208.

[2479] Inscribed base found: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41.

[2480] _C. I. A._, I, 419. The painter Mikon, mentioned by Pliny, _H.

N._, XXXV, 59, is also named by him as a sculptor of athlete statues:

_op. cit._, XXXIV, 88; he is also known from an inscription found on

the Akropolis at Athens: _C. I. A._, I, 418; _I. G. B._, 42.

[2481] Diagoras won πύξ in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): schol. on Pindar,

_Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 157, and _Oxy. Pap._ He was

περιοδονίκης, and his other victories are mentioned by Pindar and the

scholiast on the ode cited. On Diagoras, see H. van Gelder, _Geschichte

der alten Rhodier_, 1900, p. 435; on Kallikles, see Robert, _O. S._,

pp. 194 f. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 43; Foerster, 220; Hyde, 59.

[2482] Boeckh, p. 157 and _cf._ p. 159; _F. H. G._, IV, p. 410 (=

Gorgon, fragm. 3).

[2483] Agias was περιοδονίκης. The date of his victory in the

παγκράτιον at Olympia can not be determined exactly. Although the

dedication of Daochos occurred in the latter half of the fourth century

B. C., the time of Lysippos (Preuner = between 339 and 331 B. C.: see

_Ein delphisches Weihgeschenk_, 1900, p. 12; Homolle dates it more

closely between 338 and 334 B. C.; _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, 440), the

victory of Agias fell over a century earlier. Homolle proposed 428

B. C. as the _floruit_ of Agias, but gave no date for his victory at

Olympia; Preuner (p. 17) sets the victory before the middle of the

fifth century B. C.; K. K. Smith (_Class. Phil._, 1910, pp. 169-174)

has proposed Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.), the only lacuna for παγκράτιον in

the _Oxy. Pap._; however, Robert (_O. S._, p. 183) has placed Timodemos

of Acharnai in that place. Foerster, 214, dates Timodemos Ol. (?) 78 (=

468 B. C.).

[2484] _Pharsalos_, p. 28. See _supra_, pp. 286-287.

[2485] Cheimon won πάλη in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; _cf._

Robert, _O. S._, pp. 171 and 191; Hyde, no. 88. Foerster, 285, had

proposed Ol. (?) 94 (= 404 B. C.), on the basis of the older dating of

Naukydes = 423-390 B. C. (see Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 107).

Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, p. 192, n. 1, thought that

the statue at Olympia and the one at Rome were identical; Gurlitt,

_Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, pp. 374 and 423, n. 38 a, has shown that the

assumption is unfounded.

[2486] The temple of Peace was built by Vespasian (between A. D. 70 and

75) east of the _Forum Augusti_. Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 84, and XXXV,

102) mentions works of art in it; Josephus (_de Bell. Judaico_, VII,

5.7) also describes it.

[2487] Leon, according to Eustathius, on Iliad, II, 851 (= p. 361,

10), won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.). This date is followed by

Schubart, Pausanias und seine Anklaeger, _Jb. f. cl. Philol._, XXX,

1884, p. 99, and Preger, _Inscript. Gr. metricae ex scriptoribus

praeter anthologiam collectae_, (Lipsiae, 1891), on no. 128. He won

in Ol. 89 (= 424 B. C.), according to Polemon (fragm. 22), the date

followed by Foerster, 264 and 264 N. Foerster places Arkesilaos of

Sparta (= 250) as victor τεθρίππῳ in Ol. (?) 85; Hyde (13) places

Arkesilaos either in Ol. 86 or Ol. 87, leaving Ol. 85 free for Leon.

Polemon (fragm. 22) calls Leon the “father of Antikleidas”; Preger,

_op. cit._, p. 49, proposes the “son of Antikleidas,” thus having Leon

win with his father’s chariot. Bergk, _P. l. G._, III, p. 40, note,

changed the name to Antalkidas.

[2488] Fragm., 22 (= schol. on Euripides, _Hippolytus_, 230); see _F.

H. G._, III, p. 122; _cf._ _P. l. G._, _l. c._

[2489] Eubotas (on the name, _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 573-574)

won στάδιον in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.): Afr.; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.10;

Diodoros, XIII, 68.1; and τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 104 (= 304 B. C.): P., VI,

8.3 and _cf._ VI, 4.2; Foerster, 277, 350; Hyde, 75. Pausanias (VI,

8.3) says that his Olympia statue was made before his victory. Ol. 104

was a non-Olympiad; see on no. 28 _infra_ (Xenodamos), p. 369 and notes.

[2490] Aelian, _Var. Hist._, X, 2.

[2491] Promachos won παγκράτιον in Ol. 94 (= 404 B. C.): see Rutgers,

p. 56, n. 4, who gives this date on the basis of P., VII, 27.6, and

Ph., 22. _Cf._ Foerster, 286; Hyde, 81.

[2492] He won in an unknown contest, either in the fifth or the

fourth century B. C.: Preger, _op. cit._, no. 144, on the basis of

the epigram. _Cf._ Foerster, 293a; Foerster, in another place, under

no. 159, wrongly refers this same epigram (which he there ascribes to

Simonides) to another unknown victor of Argos who won in some gymnic

contest, some time between Ols. 65 and 76 (= 527 and 476 B. C.), the

dates of Simonides’ sojourn in Greece (_cf._ K. Sittl, _Gesch. d.

griech. Litt._, 1884-1887, III, pp. 59 f.). It can, however, refer to

but one victor.

[2493] I, 7, p. 1365a and I, 9, p. 1367b.

[2494] _Ap._ Eustath., on Od., XIV, 350 (= p. 1761, 25).

[2495] See G. Kaibel, Quaestiones Simonideae, _Rhein. Mus._, XXVIII,

1873, pp. 452-3. _Cf._ _P. l. G._, III, p. 503; fragm. 163 (Simonides).

[2496] Kyniska won τεθρίππῳ twice in Ols. (?) 96 and 97 (= 396 and 392

B. C.): see Hyde, 7, on the basis of Robert, _O. S._, p. 195; Foerster,

326 and 333, proposed Ols. (?) 100 and 101 (= 380 and 376 B. C.) on the

basis of the inscription found at Olympia (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; _I.

G. B._, no. 99 and p. XXI). _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 143-144.

[2497] She won συνωρίδι some time near the middle of the fourth century

B. C.; Foerster, 344, dates the victory Ol. (?) 103 (= 368 B. C.).

[2498] Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, 1852, p. 313, n. 29; for King

Pausanias, see Thukyd., I, 134.

[2499] Archias won as κῆρυξ in three successive Olympiads: Pollux, IV,

92; the epigram says (ὃς τρὶς ἐκάρυξεν). Foerster, 351, 356, 361; he

proposes (see under no. 351) Ols. (?) 104-106 (= 364-356 B. C.).

[2500] _A. Pl._, 372; also in Pollux, IV, 92.

[2501] [Phil]okrates won συνωρίδι about the middle of the fourth

century B. C. (see Koehler on the inscription cited in the following

note). Foerster, 365, proposes Ol. (?) 107 (= 352 B. C.)

[2502] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1303; see L. Ross, _Die Demen von Attika_,

1846, pp. 80 and 111.

[2503] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1319; Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_, I,

_Attique_, no. 595. The inscription appears to belong to the fourth

century B. C.

[2504] Phorystas won as κῆρυξ some time toward the end of the fourth

century B. C., _i. e._, in the time of the artist Kaphisias: see Loewy,

on the inscription cited in the following note. Foerster, 405, proposes

Ol. (?) 117 (= 312 B. C.).

[2505] _C. I. G._, I, 1582; Kaibel, _Epigr. Gr. ex lapid. conlecta_,

1878, no. 938; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 119; Collitz and Bechtel, _Samml. d.

gr. Dialekt-Inschr._, 1883-90, no. 945.

[2506] _I. G. B._, 120. See Foerster, under no. 405.

[2507] Aristophon won παγκράτιον some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130

(= 320 and 260 B. C.), as we infer from the date of the inscription

from the base of his statue at Olympia: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 169.

_Cf._ Hyde, 123 and p. 51. Foerster, 758 (following Rutgers, p. 122)

had left the victory undated.

[2508] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1475. See Ross, _Die Demen von Attika_, no.

70; Le Bas, _Attique_, no. 115.

[2509] Strabo, XII, 4.2 (= C. 624).

[2510] Attalos won ἅρματι πώλων some time during the reign of his older

brother Philetairos, founder of the Attalid dynasty, _i. e._, between

Ols. 124 and 129 (= 284 and 264 B. C.): see Foerster, 436. An epigram

of the philosopher Arkesilaos of Pitane (mentioned by Foerster),

celebrating the chariot-race of this Attalos, is preserved by Diog.

Laert., IV, 6.30; _cf._ Fraenkel on the inscription, no. 10 (see next

note).

[2511] _Inschr v. Pergamon_ (ed. Fraenkel), 1890, I, nos. 10-12; _cf._

_I. G. B._, no. 157.

[2512] He won παγκράτιον ἀνδρῶν in Ol. 211 (= 67 A. D.): P., X, 36.9.

[2513] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 110.

[2514] P., VI, 22.2.

[2515] _Ibid._

[2516] P., VI, 22.3; 4.2; _cf._ 8.3 (where Eubotas won τεθρίππῳ, no. 17

_supra_).

[2517] V, pp. 454-455; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 2, p. 829.

[2518] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, V, 7.

[2519] Suetonius, _Nero_, 24; Dio Cassius, LXIII, 14. Foerster, 642-647.

[2520] _Cf._ also Schubart, Pausanias u. seine Anklaeger, _Jb. f. cl.

Philologie_, XXIX, 1883, pp. 472 f.; Brunn, _ibid._, XXX, 1884, p. 24;

and Foerster, 641 and under no. 638.

[2521] T. Phlabios Artemidoros won παγκράτιον twice. He was also

περιοδονίκης. The _Magna Capitolia_, in which he was also victor, were

instituted by Domitian in 86 A. D.; Foerster, 657, 661, proposes Ols.

(?) 215 and 216 (= 81 and 85 A. D.) for the two victories.

[2522] _C. I. G._, III, 5806; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._,

1890, no. 746.

[2523] T. Phlabios Metrobios won δόλιχος, first of his countrymen, in

Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): _cf._ Boeckh on the inscription (see next note)

and Rutgers, p. 91, n. 2; Foerster, 665. He was also περιοδονίκης and

won δόλιχος at the _Capitolia_ in Rome, as “first of all men.”

[2524] _C. I. G._, II, 2682.

[2525] Sarapion won πὺξ παίδων in Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): P., VI, 23.6.

_Cf._ Foerster, 667; Rutgers, p. 91, n. 3, who doubts whether Sarapion

was an Olympic victor, though Pausanias says that he was.

[2526] _I. e._, Sarapion, from Alexandria, who won στάδιον in Ol. 204

(= 37 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 620; Rutgers, p. 86; another Sarapion,

from Alexandria, who, Pausanias (V. 21.18) says, came to Olympia in

Ol. 201 (= 25 A. D.) to enter the παγκράτιον, but ran away the day

before the contest and was fined for cowardice; Sarapion of Magnesia

ad Sipylum, victor in an unknown contest and at an unknown date, known

from an inscription from Tralles: _C. I. G._, II, 2933; Foerster, 824;

Rutgers, p. 156.

[2527] M. Aurelios Demetrios won παγκράτιον some time before his son’s

victory in the same contest in Ol. 240 (= 181 A. D.), as we learn from

the inscription mentioned in the next note; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 96;

Foerster, 719. Foerster, 682, therefore proposes Ol. (?) 225 (= 121 A.

D.) for the father’s victory; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 122. Both father and

son were περιοδονῖκαι. The father was called ὁ παράδοξος.

[2528] _C. I. G._, III, 5912, 5913, and 5914; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr.

Sicil. et Ital._, 1102-1104.

[2529] This victor won πάλη ἀνδρῶν, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 229

(= 137 A. D.); date from the inscription (see next note); Foerster, 691.

[2530] _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, pp. 80 f. (P. Foucart).

[2531] Kranaos won στάδιον in Ol. 231 (= 145 A. D.): Afr.; and

πένταθλον twice, δίαυλος once, and as ὁπλίτης once, according to

Pausanias (II, 11.8), but in unknown Olympiads: Foerster, 697, 702-703,

707-708. He dates the four last victories in Ols. (?) 232 and 233 (=

149 and 153 A. D.).

Most writers have identified the Granianos of Pausanias with Kranaos

of Africanus, as both are from Sikyon; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 94 and n. 1.

Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, p. 74, note 6, however, is doubtful

of the identification.

[2532] T. Ailios Aurelios Apollonios won as κῆρυξ during the reign of

Antoninus Pius (= 138-161 A. D.): _cf._ Dittenberger on the inscription

(see next note). Foerster, 700, proposes Ol. (?) 231 (= 145 A. D.). He

was περιοδονίκης.

[2533] _C. I. A._, III, 120 (Dittenberger).

[2534] Mnasiboulos won στάδιον in Ol. 235 (= 161 A. D.): Afr., and P.,

X, 34.5; and as ὁπλίτης in Ol. 235: P., _ibid._ He was περιοδονίκης

in both events: Foerster, nos. 712-713. His son of the same name had

a statue in the temple of Athena Kranaia at Elateia, whose marble

inscribed plate has been recovered: see _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, p. 342,

no. 13 (P. Paris).

[2535] Aurelios Toalios won (?) παγκράτιον twice in the time of

Alexander Severus (= 222-235 A. D.): see Holleaux and Paris on the

inscription (see next note). Foerster, 735-736, proposes Ols. (?) 251

and 252 (= 225 and 229 A. D.).

[2536] _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 233 f., no. 13.

[2537] Aurelios Metrodorus won παγκράτιον about the time of Alexander

Severus (see Boeckh, on the inscription mentioned in the next note).

Foerster, 737, proposes Ol. (?) 253 (= 233 A. D.).

[2538] _C. I. G._, III, 3676.

[2539] Valerios Eklektos won as κῆρυξ four times in Ols. 256, 258, 259,

and 260 (= 245, 253, 257, and 261 A. D.): see inscription mentioned

in the next note; Foerster, 741-744. He was περιοδονίκης thrice (=

τρισπερίοδος), and won 80 crowns in various games.

[2540] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 242-243; _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 164 f.,

no. 369.

[2541] _C. I. A._, III, 129 (Dittenberger).

[2542] Klaudios Rhouphos won (?) πάλη or (?) πύξ or (?) παγκράτιον

near the beginning of the fourth century A. D. (see Kaibel and the

inscription mentioned in the next note); Foerster, 748-749, and

Rutgers, p. 154. He was twice περιοδονίκης.

[2543] _C. I. G._, III, 5910; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._,

no. 1107, p. 299.

[2544] Philoumenos won (?) πάλη, according to Rutgers, p. 98, n. 3,

either in Ol. 288 (= 373 A. D.) or _certe non multo prius_ (on the

basis of the passage in Panodoros cited in the following note). He

is also mentioned in a Roman inscription given by Rutgers, _ibid._

Foerster, 750.

[2545] _Ap._ Cramer, _Anecd. gr. Parisiensia_, 1839-41, II, p. 155, 17

(quoted by Foerster); Preger, _Inscr. Gr. metricae_, no. 133.

[2546] Ainetos was victor in πένταθλον. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 112;

Foerster, 754, who wrongly gives the contest as πύξ.

[2547] Nikokles, according to Pausanias, _l. c._, won five prizes

in running δρόμος in two Olympiads. Foerster, under nos. 788-792,

explains these words by arranging victories in δίαυλος, δόλιχος, and as

ὁπλίτης in one Olympiad, and two of these contests in the next; none

of them could have been in στάδιον, since his name does not appear in

Africanus. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 105-106, 107, and 126. Le Bas long ago

(_R. arch._, II, 1845, p. 220) connected a restored inscription with

this victor.

[2548] Aigistratos won πάλη παίδων: Foerster, 806.

[2549] _C. I. G._, II, 2527.

[2550] He won in an unknown contest and was three times περιοδονίκης,

gaining 35 crowns at various games. _Cf._ Foerster, 825-827.

[2551] _C. I. G._, I, 1715.

[2552] Ross, _Arch. Aufsaetze_, 1855-1861, I, pp. 163 f; _C. I. A._,

I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39; E. S. Roberts, _An Introduction to Greek

Epigraphy_, I, 1887, 68a.

[2553] _Rhein. Mus._, XVI, 1861, p. 224.

[2554] _Hermes_, XII, 1877, p. 345 and n. 29.

[2555] _E. g._, by R. Schoell, _Hermes_, XIII, 1878, p. 437; _cf._

Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, pp. 158 f., Loewy on the inscription, and

Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, p. 261.

[2556] IX, 105.

[2557] _C. I. A._, I, 402; _I. G. B._, 46; Ross, _Arch. Aufsaetze_,

I, pp 168 f. This is possibly to be connected with the statue of the

_Volneratus deficiens_ mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 74. See

_supra_, p. 199. However, the lettering is not later than 444 B. C.,

while Diitrephes is known to have been living as late as 411: Thukyd.,

VIII, 64.

[2558] Th. Bergk, _Zeitschr. f. d. Altertumswissensch._, III, 1845,

pp. 961 f.; Wilamowitz, _Hermes_, XII, 1877, p. 346; Furtwaengler, _A.

M._, V, 1880, p. 28 and n. 2; _cf._, however, Gurlitt, _op. cit._,

pp. 159 f.; Robert, Die Marathonschlacht in der Poikile und Weiteres

ueber Polygnot, _18stes Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr._, 1895, p. 22;

Hitz.-Bluemn., I, I, pp. 255 f. and 262 f.

[2559] II, p. 289; _cf. ibid._, pp. 275 f.

[2560] _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 185 f. _Cf._ the remarks of Gercke,

_ibid._, VIII, 1893, pp. 113 f.

[2561] III, 75; IV, 119 and 129.

[2562] _Mw._, pp. 278 f.

[2563] _Vit. X Orat._, IV (Isokrates), 42, (p. 839 c.) It was in the

ball-court of the Arrephoroi. The same author, IV, 41, (839b), also

mentions a bronze statue (with inscription) of Isokrates set up by the

orator’s adopted son Aphareus. See _supra_, pp. 24 and 281. I assume

that these two passages refer to one and the same monument.

[2564] Three victors, Ladas (no. 11), Agias (no. 14), and Sarapion (no.

30), had two statues each. Theagenes (no. 10) had several, according to

Pausanias, who, however, mentions only one definitely. We have omitted

from our total the statue set up by T. Phlabios Artemidoros (28a) to

his father.

[2565] We have here included the tablet of Chionis at Sparta (no. 1),

a victor of the seventh century B. C., whose monument, however, was

erected in the fifth century B. C.

[2566] Including the two Lysippan statues of Agias, a victor of the

fifth century, B. C.

[2567] Of the 192 monuments referred to 187 victors mentioned by

Pausanias in his victor _periegesis_ at Olympia, only 153, belonging

to 148 victors, can be exactly or approximately dated. Of these, 33

monuments (referred to 32 victors) belong to the epoch prior to the

approximate date of the founding of the temple of Zeus, _i. e._, prior

to Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.); 51 monuments (referred to 50 victors) from

this date on, to the approximate date of the battle of Aigospotamoi

(B. C. 404), _i. e._, down to Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.); 36 monuments

(referred to 34 victors) from then on, to about the time of the birth

of Alexander the Great, _i. e._, to Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.); and 33

monuments (referred to 32 victors) from that date, to the close of the

description of the athlete _periegesis_, i_. e._, from Ols. 107 to 149

(= 352 to 184 B. C.). See Hyde, _op. cit._, Ch. IV, pp. 72 sq., and

_supra_, pp. 352-3. (In my victor lists, _op. cit._, pp. 3-24, I have

enumerated 188 victors; however, Philon of Kerkyra is listed twice,

nos. 91 and 136, for two different statues.) Of these 153 monuments,

nearly one-half (_i. e._, 74) belong properly to the fifth century

(Ols. 70 to 94 = 500 to 404 B. C.).

[2568] Pausanias mentions 192 (referred to 187 victors, as above);

we have found in the present chapter that 63 others (referred to 61

victors) are known from inscribed base fragments found at Olympia; and

that 47 (referred to 44 victors) are known from literary sources as

having stood elsewhere. If we deduct 10 victors who had monuments both

at Olympia and elsewhere, we have a grand total of 282 victors, in

whose honor these 302 monuments of various kinds were erected.

[2569] See Hyde, pp. v-vi, for an alphabetic list of sculptors

mentioned by Pausanias, or known from the recovered bases of statues at

Olympia. See _supra_, p. 339, n. 1, end.

[2570] Lysippos made two statues _honoris causa_ for Pythes, son of

Andromachos, of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134a. Mikon made two

statues for King Hiero of Syracuse, one represented on foot and the

other on horseback, which I have classed as “honor” statues: P., VI,

12.2; Hyde, 105a. All the “honor” statues at Olympia named by Pausanias

are listed in the work cited, on p. v.

[2571] _H. N._, Bk. XXXIV, _passim_. One other sculptor, Kratinos,

named by Pausanias, is noted by Pliny as a painter only: _ibid._, XXXV,

140 and 147.

INDEX.

Aberdeen head, 87.

Academy, festival in honor of Athenian soldiers at the, 11.

Achæans, games among, 20;

in Homer, 1, 7;

origin of sports among, 1.

Achaia, erects victor statue at Olympia, 30;

Pausanias’ account of, 323.

_Achilleae_, definition of, 92, note 6;

statues, 87, 226.

Achilles, casts _solos_ at games of Patroklos, 218;

fights with Telephos, on Tegea pediment, 306, 307;

shield of, 5;

yields prize to Agamemnon, 8.

Acrobats, among Athenians, 5;

in Crete, 2, 3;

in Homer, 5;

in modern Italy, 5;

in Thessaly, 5;

at Tiryns, 2, 3;

on Vapheio cups, 5.

Actors, statues of victorious, at Olympia, 285.

_Adlocutio_, gesture of, 132.

Admetos, boxing match with Mopsos, on chest of Kypselos, 285.

Adonis(?), statue of, 74.

_Adorantes se feminae_, statues by Apellas, 131.

Adoration and prayer, as athletic motives, 130f.

Aegean civilization, 1f.;

unathletic character of, 7.

Aegina, games on, 20;

date of gable statues from temple of Aphaia, 125;

gable statues from temple of Aphaia, 123f.;

influence of sculptors on “Apollo” statues, 102;

kneeling Herakles, from East gable, 195;

movement in gable statues, 176;

observation of nature in, 244;

runners, from West gable, 195;

sculptors from, 122f.;

sculptors in favor at Olympia, 264;

temple of Aphaia on, 123f.

Aeginetans, at battle of Salamis, 125.

Aelian, on bronze horses of Kimon, 363.

Aesthetic judgments of classical writers, 58.

Africanus, list of stade victors in, 191;

on omission of 211th Olympiad, 369.

Agamemnon, prize of, 8;

the _Agamemnon_ of Aischylos, 75.

Agasias, sculptor, 208.

Agathinos, statue at Olympia, 345.

Age, classification of Greek athletes by, 189;

in Plato’s _Republic_, 189.

Ageladas; see Hagelaïdas, 190.

Agenor, statue at Olympia, 30, 118.

Agesarchos, statue at Olympia, 129.

Agiadas, statue at Olympia, 123.

Agias, statue at Delphi, 46, 365, 366;

statue at Pharsalos, 366;

careless finish of Delphian statue, 304;

compared with _Apoxyomenos_ of Vatican, 289;

compared with _Farnese Herakles_, 253;

epigram on base of statue, 328;

as example of assimilation, 94;

fillet on, 150;

as statue “double,” 304;

as statue of a pancratiast, 292;

supplants _Apoxyomenos_ as norm of Lysippos, 290, 291f.;

swollen ear of, 168;

why considered copy, 303f., 316.

Agids, tomb in Sparta, 362.

Agilochos, statue at Olympia, 357.

_Agon_ (_Contest_), figure in group of Mikythos, 164, 215.

Agorakritos, sculptor, 182.

Agrippa, M., removes the _Apoxyomenos_ to Rome, 289.

Aiakos, games in honor of, 20.

Aigion, boy from, chosen as priest for his beauty, 57.

Aigistratos, Olympic victor statue at Lindos, 372.

Aigospotamoi, battle of, 352;

memorial at Delphi, 278.

Aigyptos, equestrian monument at Olympia, 120, 267, 279.

Ainetos, statue at Amyklai, 371.

Aischines, statue at Olympia, 29, 214, 346.

Aischylos, on ἀγώνιοι θεοί, 75;

_Agamemnon_ of, 75.

Aischylos, victor relief, in honor of the Dioskouroi, 96, 97.

Ajax, acrobatic feat of, 3;

combat with Diomedes, 8;

on r.-f. Etruscan stamnos, 132.

Akarnania, 318.

Akastos, games of, depicted on chest of Kypselos and on throne

of Apollo at Amyklai, 12.

Akestorides, statue at Olympia, 345, 354.

Akontistai; see Javelin-throwers.

Akousilaos, statue at Olympia, 130, 165.

Akragas, bronze statue dedicated at Olympia by people of, 130;

decadrachm of, 48.

Akropolis at Athens, Aeginetan bronze head from, 123;

Argive bronze head from, 114, 115;

athlete statue from, 115, 127;

chariot-race relief from, 128;

ephebe head, yellow-haired, from, 116;

excavations of, 126;

Hermes relief from, 270;

Korai from, 115, 126;

_la petite boudeuse_ from, 115;

pre-Persian sculptures from, 126f.;

Old Temple of Athena on, 128, 271.

_Akroteria_, winged figures as, 177.

Aktion, “Apollos” from, 103, 334.

Alabastron, on statue of Milo at Olympia, 107.

Alexander the Great, bust of, from Alexandria, 316;

coin of, showing Herakles, 253;

funeral games in honor of, 11;

head of, in Copenhagen, from sarcophagus, 95;

institutes funeral games for Hephaistion, 11;

portraits of, 56;

portraits of, by Lysippos, 290, 311, 316;

pensiveness in portraits of, 318;

statue of, by Lysippos, 73.

_Alexander Sarcophagus_, so-called, in Constantinople, 275.

Alexinikos, statue at Olympia, 122.

Alkainetos, statue at Olympia, 343, 352.

Alkamenes, and _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ type, 89;

_Enkrinomenos_ of, 134;

and Olympia gable statues, 113;

and _Standing Diskobolos_, 76.

Alkandridas, P. Ailios, statue at Olympia, 360.

Alketos, statue at Olympia, 120, 344.

Alki, temple of Apollo at, 336.

Alkibiades, victor at Olympia, 257;

so-called _Alkibiades_ of the Vatican, 199.

Alkibios, base of statue of, from Akropolis, 284.

Alkinoos, King of Scheria, 210.

Alkmena, 10.

Alpheios, river at Olympia, 49, 258.

Altars, at Olympia: of Aphrodite, 351;

near Stadion, 283;

of Nymphs, 351;

of Seasons, 351;

scattered positions of, 341;

of Zeus; see Great Altar of Zeus.

Altis at Olympia, East Byzantine wall of, 345, 357;

erection of statues in, 27, 99;

excavation of, 24;

honor statues in, 339;

location of earliest statues in, 299;

North Byzantine wall of, 359;

_periegesis_ of Pausanias in, 151, 298;

positions of victor statues in, 339f.;

processional entrance of, 347;

processional way of, 348;

Roman enlargement of, 348;

routes (ἔφοδοι) of Pausanias in, 339f.;

South Terrace wall of, 346;

South wall of, 339, 341, 345, 347, 352, 357;

Southwest gate of, 360;

statues “within,” 347;

topography of, 339;

West Byzantine wall of, 358;

West wall of, 347, 355f.

Alypos, sculptor, 120.

Amaltheia, ivory horn of, at Olympia, 264, 265.

Amastris, coin of, showing figure of Hermes, 78.

Amazon, of Polykleitos, 159;

torso of Atalanta from Tegea pediment, draped as, 306.

Ambrakia, 105.

Amelung, W., on supposed absence of libation-pouring in athletic art,

140;

on head in Turin, 93;

on statuette in Vatican, 212, 244.

Amenartas; see Amenerdis.

Amenerdis, Egyptian queen, statue of, 331.

Amenemhat III, co-regent of Horfuabra, 330.

Amentum; see Thong.

Amertas, statue of, at Olympia, 117.

Amphiaraos vase, in Berlin, 13, 269, 280;

Amphiaraos, on chest of Kypselos, 269;

reliefs in honor of, 273.

Amphiareion, at Oropos, 272, 273.

Amphidamas, games of, 19.

Amphiktyonic League, 17.

Amphion, sculptor, 277.

Amphipolis, games at, 11.

Amyklai, temple of Apollo at, 19.

Amykos, boxing match of, with Polydeukes, 269;

invention of boxing-gloves ascribed to, 236.

Amyntas, statue at Olympia, 129, 354.

Analogy, in Greek art, 66.

Anatomy, knowledge of, in Greek sculpture, 56;

in Aeginetan gable statues, 124;

in Ligourió bronze, 111;

studied in Alexandria, 289.

Anauchidas, statue at Olympia, 341.

Anaxandros, statue at Olympia, 130, 266.

Anaxilas, as dedicator of Delphi _Charioteer_, 278.

Ancestors, worship of, in Greece, 14.

Ancient writings of the Eleans, 15.

Andokides, vase-painter, 229, 230.

Andreas, sculptor, 118.

Angelion, sculptor, 122, 304, 334.

See also Tektaios.

Aniconic statues, 58.

Anochos, statue at Olympia, 110, 111.

Anointing, as athletic motive, 133f.

Antaios, bout with Herakles, on proto-Attic amphora, 13.

Antenor, sculptor, 174, 175.

Anthologies, Greek, 43, 239, 368.

Anthropometry in Greek sculpture, 68.

Antidotos, painter, 29, 233.

Antigenes, statue at Olympia, 357.

Antignotos, sculptor, 136.

Antigonos, statue at Olympia, 346.

Antikythera, bronze statue of youth from sea near, 80f.;

statuette from sea near, 78, 79.

Antioch, date of founding of, 121.

Antipatros, statue at Olympia, 118;

father of, bribed by Syracuse, 33.

Antoninus Pius, coins of, showing pine, 21.

Apellas, sculptor, 131, 267, 367.

Aphaia, temple of, on Aegina, 123f.

Aphrodeisios, Tiberios Klaudios, statue at Olympia, 359;

victor in horse-race, 262.

Aphrodite, altar at Olympia, 351;

statue in Heraion at Olympia, 326;

temple at Naukratis, 334.

_Apobates_, chariot-race, 272f.;

armor worn in, 272, 273;

known at Athens and in Bœotia, 273;

preserves tradition of Homeric warfare, 272;

on reliefs, 272;

_apobates_, horse-race, at Olympia, 282f.

Apollas, lost work of, on Olympic victors, 45, 130, 343.

Apollo, as athlete, 88;

beaten in running, 76;

beats Ares in boxing, 88, 235, 285;

beats Hermes in running, 88, 285;

as charioteer, 129, 270;

combat with Herakles, 88, 89;

cult statue of, represented on vases, 335;

as god of boxing at Delphi, 235;

as god of boxing in Homer, 235;

as god of contests, 75;

as god of youth, 88;

hymn to, 25;

on coins of Athens, 90;

on relief in Capitoline, 89;

on relief with Artemis and Leto, in Louvre, 284;

tripods in worship of, 19.

Statues: _Apollo Alexikakos_, by Kalamis, 90;

from temple of Apollo at Alki, 336;

from Delos, 334, 335;

colossal, from Delos, 336;

from Mausoleion, 311;

colossal, from Olympia, 91;

_Philesian Apollo_, by elder Kanachos, 107, 118, 336;

from Porto d’Anzio, 144;

Praxitelian, in Medici Gardens, Rome, 313;

from West gable, Olympia, 114-116.

Statuettes: bronze from Naxos, in Berlin, 74, 119;

Payne Knight bronze, British Museum, 108, 119;

bronze, from Piombino, Louvre, 118;

Sciarra bronze, Rome, 119.

Temples: of Apollo Lykios, 364;

at Bassai, 327;

at Naukratis, 334.

“Apollo,” type of, in sculpture, 100f.;

Aeginetan influence on, 102;

_Choiseul-Gouffier_, 89f., 91, 148;

funerary in character, 336, 337;

“grinning” and “stolid” groups, 100;

name “Apollo,” 337;

name rightly applied to statues found in sanctuaries of Apollo, 334-336;

nudity of, 48;

represents early victor statues, 334f.;

_on-the-Omphalos_, 89f., 168.

Statues of: from Aktion, 103, 334;

from Cyprus, 337;

from Delphi, 148;

colossal, from Megara, 336;

from Melos, 100f.;

from Mount Ptoion, 100-103, 120, 123, 334;

from Naukratis, 334;

from Naxos, 328, 334;

from Orchomenos, 100, 101, 103, 328, 334;

from Pompeii, 111;

from Tenea, 100f., 127, 148, 327, 328, 336;

from Thera, 100f., 327, 337;

from Volomandra, 100, 104, 337.

Apollonia, head from, 157.

Apollonios, sculptor, 168, 224;

quoted by Philostratos, 107.

Apollonios, T. Ailios Aurelios, Olympic victor, statue at Athens, 370.

Apollonios, victor at Olympia, fined by the umpires, 34.

_Apoxyomenos_, the, after Lysippos, 74;

statue in Vatican, 136, 288f.;

pose of, 81, 99;

regarded formerly as center of stylistic treatment of Lysippos, 288;

so regarded by some scholars now, 291;

present doubts of, 290;

display of anatomical knowledge in, 289;

compared with the _Agias_, 289f.;

as work of Lysippos’ school, 292;

of third century B. C., 292;

_Apoxyomenos_ of Polykleitos, 136;

statue in Uffizi as, 136, 137, 168.

Apples, prizes at Delphi, 21, 107, 182.

Aratos, statesman, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

Aratos, victor, painting of, 29.

Archaism, break with, in the statue of the ephebe from the Akropolis,

115.

Archedamos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Archemoros, 10.

Archery, in Homer, 8.

Archiadas, statue at Olympia, 358.

Archias, victor statue at Delphi, 368.

Archidamas, chariot victor, statue at Olympia, 265.

Archidamas III, King of Sparta, statues at Olympia, 42.

Archippos, statue at Olympia, 346.

Ares, beaten by Apollo in boxing, 235, 285;

_Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos converted into Ares, 74;

head of, in Munich, 170;

helmeted head of, in Louvre, 170;

Ludovisi statue of, 170;

swollen ears on heads of, 170.

Argeiadas, sculptor, 110.

Argive “Apollos” from Delphi, 104, 106;

Argive and Sikyonian canons, 68.

Argos, canon of early sculptors of, 68;

characteristics of sculptors of, 116;

Nemean games held at, 17;

prizes at, 20;

public chariot of, victorious at Olympia, 31, 257;

public horse of, victorious at Olympia, 31, 257;

school of sculptors from, 58, 109f., 105;

schools of Argos and Sikyon, 109f.;

square shoulders of canon of sculptors from, 112.

Arion, victor statue on Helikon, 284.

Aristarchos, statue at Olympia, 358.

Aristeides, the Elder, painter, 29.

Aristeus, statue, at Olympia, 344.

Aristion, statue at Olympia, 46, 88, 117, 159 and note 3, 240, 345.

Aristion, stele of, 124, 127.

See Aristokles.

Aristodamos, statue at Olympia, 356.

Aristodemos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Aristogeiton, statue of, 173f.

See also Harmodios and _Tyrannicides_.

Aristokles, Cretan sculptor of Sikyon, 118, 120.

Aristokles, sculptor of Aristion stele, 127.

Ariston, of Rhegion, kitharoidos, 284.

Ariston, P. Kornelios, statue at Olympia, 359.

Aristonikos of Egypt, beaten at Olympia, 147.

Aristonikos of Karystos, ball-player, 84.

Aristophanes, 36, 246;

scholia on, 110, 363.

Aristophanes, of Byzantion, 367.

Aristophon, statue at Olympia, 31, 345, 368;

at Athens, 368.

Aristotimos, 42.

Aristotle, honor statue at Olympia, 42;

lost work of, on Olympic victors, 45, 130, 343;

on inscribed base of statue of unknown Olympic victor, 367;

on jumping, 214;

on jumping-weights, 216;

in praise of “mimetic” arts, 58.

Arkadia, funeral games in, 9, 20;

Pausanias’ description of, 326;

statue of unnamed boxer from, at Olympia, 245.

Arkas, father of Azan, 9.

Arkesilaos, of Sparta, statue at Olympia, 29.

Arkesilas IV, of Kyrene, chariot victor at Olympia 257;

chariot model at Delphi, 24, 265, 267;

as dedicator of the Delphi _Charioteer_, 277.

Arm, right, of boy victor, from Olympia, 46;

bronze right arm from statue of Olympic victor, 322.

Armed contest, in early Greek art, 8-9.

Armor, race in; see Hoplite-race.

Arndt, P., on so-called _Jason_, of Louvre, 87;

on the Perinthos and allied heads, 180.

Arolsen, statuette of diskobolos in, 187.

Arrhachion, crowned after death, 247;

statue at Phigalia, 100, 325, 326f., 328, 335, 337, 363;

inscription on, 333;

one of oldest victor statues, 327, 333;

three victories of 327;

throttled by adversary, 247.

_Ars statuaria_, defined by Pliny, 302.

Artemas, P. Ailios, statue at Olympia, 360.

Artemidoros, Olympic victor, 354.