ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- ), English classical scholar, was born at

Barming, near Maidstone, on the 5th of September 1834. He was educated

at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, Rugby, and Balliol College, Oxford. In

1858 he became fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and in 1870 professor

of Latin at University College, London. In 1876 he returned to Oxford,

where from 1883 to 1893 he held the university readership in Latin. In

1893 he succeeded Henry Nettleship as professor. His chief work has been

on Catullus, whom he began to study in 1859. His first _Commentary on

Catullus_ (1876) aroused great interest, and called forth a flood of

criticism. In 1889 appeared a second and enlarged edition, which placed

its author in the first rank of authorities on Catullus. Professor Ellis

quotes largely from the early Italian commentators, maintaining that the

land where the Renaissance originated had done more for scholarship than

is commonly recognized. He has supplemented his critical work by a

translation (1871, dedicated to Tennyson) of the poems in the metres of

the originals. Another author to whom Professor Ellis has devoted many

years' study is Manilius, the astrological poet. In 1891 he published

_Noctes Manilianae_, a series of dissertations on the _Astronomica_,

with emendations. He has also treated Avianus, Velleius Paterculus and

the Christian poet Orientius, whom he edited for the Vienna _Corpus

Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum_. He edited the _Ibis_ of Ovid, the _Aetna_

of the younger Lucilius, and contributed to the _Anecdota Oxoniensia_

various unedited Bodleian and other manuscripts. In 1907 he published

_Appendix Vergiliana_ (an edition of the minor poems); in 1908 _The

Annalist Licinianus_.

ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794-1872), English Nonconformist missionary, was born

in London on the 29th of August 1794. His boyhood and youth were spent

at Wisbeach, where he worked as a market-gardener. In 1814 he offered

himself to the London Missionary Society, and was accepted. During a

year's training he acquired some knowledge of theology and of various

practical arts, such as printing and bookbinding. He sailed for the

South Sea Islands in January 1816, and remained in Polynesia, occupying

various stations in succession, until 1824, when he was compelled to

return home on account of the state of his wife's health. Though the

period of his residence in the islands was thus comparatively short, his

labours were very fruitful, contributing perhaps as much as those of any

other missionary to bring about the extraordinary improvement in the

religious, moral and social condition of the Pacific Archipelago that

took place during the 19th century. Besides promoting the spiritual

object of his mission, he introduced many other aids to the improvement

of the condition of the people. His gardening experience enabled him

successfully to acclimatize many species of tropical fruits and plants,

and he set up and worked the first printing press in the South Seas.

Returning home by way of the United States, where he advocated his work,

Ellis was for some years employed as a travelling agent of the London

Missionary Society, and in 1832 was appointed foreign secretary to the

society, an office which he held for seven years. In 1837 he married his

second wife, Sarah Stickney, a writer and teacher of some note in her

generation. In 1841 he went to live at Hoddesdon, Herts, and ministered

to a small Congregational church there. On behalf of the London

Missionary Society he paid three visits to Madagascar (1853-1857),

inquiring into the prospects for resuming the work that had been

suspended by Queen Ranavolona's hostility. A further visit was paid in

1863. Ellis wrote accounts of all his travels, and Southey's praise (in

the _Quarterly Review_) of his _Polynesian Researches_ (2 vols., 1829)

finds many echoes. He was a fearless, upright and tactful man, and a

keen observer of nature. He died on the 25th of June 1872.

ELLISTON, ROBERT WILLIAM (1774-1831), English actor, was born in London

on the 7th of April 1774, the son of a watchmaker. He was educated at St

Paul's school, but ran away from home and made his first appearance on

the stage as Tressel in _Richard III._ at Bath in 1791. Here he was

later seen as Romeo, and in other leading parts, both comic and tragic,

and he repeated his successes in London from 1796. He acted at Drury

Lane from 1804 to 1809, and again from 1812; and from 1819 he was the

lessee of the house, presenting Kean, Mme Vestris and Macready.

Ill-health and misfortune culminated in his bankruptcy in 1826, when he

made his last appearance at Drury Lane as Falstaff. But as lessee of the

Surrey theatre he acted almost up to his death, which was hastened by

intemperance. Leigh Hunt compared him favourably with Garrick; Byron

thought him inimitable in high comedy; Macready praised his versatility.

Elliston was the author of _The Venetian Outlaw_ (1805), and, with

Francis Godolphin Waldron, of _No Prelude_ (1803), in both of which

plays he appeared.

ELLORA, a village of India in the native state of Hyderabad, near the

city of Daulatabad, famous for its rock temples, which are among the

finest in India. They are first mentioned by Ma'sudi, the Arabic

geographer of the 10th century, but merely as a celebrated place of

pilgrimage. The caves differ from those of Ajanta in consequence of

their being excavated in the sloping sides of a hill and not in a nearly

perpendicular cliff. They extend along the face of the hill for a mile

and a quarter, and are divided into three distinct series, the Buddhist,

the Brahmanical and the Jain, and are arranged almost chronologically.

The most splendid of the whole series is the Kailas, a perfect Dravidian

temple, complete in all its parts, characterized by Fergusson as one of

the most wonderful and interesting monuments of architectural art in

India. It is not a mere interior chamber cut in the rock, but is a model

of a complete temple such as might have been erected on the plain. In

other words, the rock has been cut away externally as well as

internally. First the great sunken court measuring 276 ft. by 154 ft.

was hewn out of the solid trap-rock of the hillside, leaving the rock

mass of the temple wholly detached in a cloistered court like a colossal

boulder, save that a rock bridge once connected the upper storey of the

temple with the upper row of galleried chambers surrounding three sides

of the court. Colossal elephants and obelisks stand on either side of

the open mandapam, or pavilion, containing the sacred bull; and beyond

rises the monolithic Dravidian temple to Siva, 90 ft. in height,

hollowed into vestibule, chamber and image-cells, all lavishly carved.

Time and earthquakes have weathered and broken away bits of the great

monument, and Moslem zealots strove to destroy the carved figures, but

these defects are hardly noticed. The temple was built by Krishna I.,

Rashtrakuta, king of Malkhed in 760-783.

ELLORE, a town of British India, in the Kistna district of Madras, on

the East Coast railway, 303 m. from Madras. Pop. (1901) 33,521. The two

canal systems of the Godavari and the Kistna deltas meet here. There are

manufactures of cotton and saltpetre, and an important Church of England

high school. Ellore was formerly a military station, and the capital of

the Northern Circars. At Pedda Vegi to the north of it are extensive

ruins, which are believed to be remains of the Buddhist kingdom of

Vengi. From these the Mahommedans, after their conquest of the district

in 1470, obtained material for building a fort at Ellore.

ELLSWORTH, OLIVER (1745-1807), American statesman and jurist, was born

at Windsor, Connecticut, on the 29th of April 1745. He studied at Yale

and Princeton, graduating from the latter in 1766, studied theology for

a year, then law, and began to practise at Hartford in 1771. He was

state's attorney for Hartford county from 1777 to 1785, and achieved

extraordinary success at the bar, amassing what was for his day a large

fortune. From 1773 to 1775 he represented the town of Windsor in the

general assembly of Connecticut, and in the latter year became a member

of the important commission known as the "Pay Table," which supervised

the colony's expenditures for military purposes during the War of

Independence. In 1779 he again sat in the assembly, this time

representing Hartford. From 1777 to 1783 he was a member of the

Continental Congress, and in this body he served on three important

committees, the marine committee, the board of treasury, and the

committee of appeals, the predecessors respectively of the navy and

treasury departments and the Supreme Court under the Federal

Constitution. From 1780 to 1785 he was a member of the governor's

council of Connecticut, which, with the lower house before 1784 and

alone from 1784 to 1807, constituted a supreme court of errors; and from

1785 to 1789 he was a judge of the state superior court. In 1787, with

Roger Sherman and William Samuel Johnson (1727-1819), he was one of

Connecticut's delegates to the constitutional convention at

Philadelphia, in which his services were numerous and important. In

particular, when disagreement seemed inevitable on the question of

representation, he, with Roger Sherman, proposed what is known as the

"Connecticut Compromise," by which the Federal legislature was made to

consist of two houses, the upper having equal representation from each

state, the lower being chosen on the basis of population. Ellsworth also

made a determined stand against a national paper currency. Being

compelled to leave the convention before its adjournment, he did not

sign the instrument, but used his influence to secure its ratification

by his native state. From 1789 to 1796 he was one of the first senators

from Connecticut under the new Constitution. In the senate he was looked

upon as President Washington's personal spokesman and as the leader of

the Administration party. His most important service to his country was

without a doubt in connexion with the establishment of the Federal

judiciary. As chairman of the committee having the matter in charge, he

drafted the bill by the enactment of which the system of Federal courts,

almost as it is to-day, was established. He also took a leading part in

the senate in securing the passage of laws for funding the national

debt, assuming the state debts and establishing a United States bank. It

was Ellsworth who suggested to Washington the sending of John Jay to

England to negotiate a new treaty with Great Britain, and he probably

did more than any other man to induce the senate, despite widespread and

violent opposition, to ratify that treaty when negotiated. By President

Washington's appointment he became chief justice of the Supreme Court of

the United States in March 1796, and in 1799 President John Adams sent

him, with William Vans Murray (1762-1803) and William R. Davie

(1756-1820), to negotiate a new treaty with France. It was largely

through the influence of Ellsworth, who took the principal part in the

negotiations, that Napoleon consented to a convention, of the 30th of

September 1800, which secured for citizens of the United States their

ships captured by France but not yet condemned as prizes, provided for

freedom of commerce between the two nations, stipulated that "free ships

shall give a freedom to goods," and contained provisions favourable to

neutral commerce. While he was abroad, failing health compelled him

(1800) to resign the chief-justiceship, and after some months in England

he returned to America in 1801. In 1803 he was again elected to the

governor's council, and in 1807, on the reorganization of the

Connecticut judiciary, was appointed chief justice of the new Supreme

Court. He never took office, however, but died at his home in Windsor on

the 27th of November 1807.

See W.G. Brown's _Oliver Ellsworth_ (New York, 1905), an excellent

biography. There is also an appreciative account of Ellsworth's life

and work in H.C. Lodge's _A Fighting Frigate, and Other Essays and

Addresses_ (New York, 1902), which contains in an appendix an

interesting letter by Senator George F. Hoar concerning Ellsworth's

work in the constitutional convention.

ELLSWORTH, a city, port of entry and the county seat of Hancock county,

Maine, U.S.A., at the head of navigation on the Union river (and about

3-3/4 m. from its mouth), about 30 m. S.E. of Bangor. Pop. (1890) 4804;

(1900) 4297 (189 foreign-born); (1910) 3549. It is served by the Maine

Central railway. The fall of the river, about 85 ft. in 2 m., furnishes

good water-power, and the city has various manufactures, including

lumber, shoes, woollens, sails, carriages and foundry and machine shop

products, besides a large lumber trade. Shipbuilding was formerly

important. There is a large United States fish hatchery here. The city

is the port of entry for the Frenchman's Bay customs district, but its

foreign trade is unimportant. Ellsworth was first settled in 1763 and

for some time was called New Bowdoin; but when it was incorporated as a

town in 1800 the present name was adopted in honour of Oliver Ellsworth.

A city charter was secured in 1869.

ELLWANGEN, a town of Germany in the kingdom of Wurttemberg, on the

Jagst, 12 m. S.S.E. from Crailsheim on the railway to Goldshofe. Pop.

5000. It is romantically situated between two hills, one crowned by the

castle of Hohen-Ellwangen, built in 1354 and now used as an agricultural

college, and the other, the Schonenberg, by the pilgrimage church of Our

Lady of Loreto, in the Jesuit style of architecture. The town possesses

one Evangelical and five Roman Catholic churches, among the latter the

Stiftskirche, the old abbey church, a Romanesque building dating from

1124, and the Gothic St Wolfgangskirche. The classical and modern

schools (Gymnasium and Realschule) occupy the buildings of a suppressed

Jesuit college. The industries include the making of parchment covers,

of envelopes, of wooden hafts and handles for tools, &c., and tanneries.

There are also a wool-market and a horse-market, the latter famous in

Germany.

The Benedictine abbey of Ellwangen is said to have been founded in 764

by Herulf, bishop of Langres; there is, however, no record of it before

814. In 1460 the abbey was converted, with the consent of Pope Pius II.,

into a _Ritterstift_ (college or institution for noble pensioners) under

a secular provost, who, in 1555, was raised to the dignity of a prince

of the Empire. The provostship was secularized in 1803 and its

territories were assigned to Wurttemberg. The town of Ellwangen, which

grew up round the abbey and received the status of a town about the

middle of the 14th century, was until 1803 the capital of the

provostship.

See Seckler, _Beschreibung der gefursteten Probstei Ellwangen_

(Stuttgart, 1864); _Beschreibung des Oberamts Ellwangen_, published by

the statistical bureau (Landesamt) at Ellwangen (1888). For a list of

the abbots and provosts see Stokvis, _Manuel d'histoire_ (Leiden,

1890-1893), iii. p. 242.

ELLWOOD, THOMAS (1639-1714), English author, was born at Crowell, in

Oxfordshire, in 1639. He is chiefly celebrated for his connexion with

Milton, and the principal facts of his life are related in a very

interesting autobiography, which contains much information as to his

intercourse with the poet. While he was still young his father removed

to London, where Thomas became acquainted with a Quaker family named

Pennington, and was led to join the Society of Friends, a connexion

which subjected him to much persecution. It was through the Penningtons

that he was introduced in 1662 to Milton in the capacity of Latin

reader. He spent nearly every afternoon in the poet's house in Jewin

Street, until the intercourse was interrupted by an illness which

compelled him to go to the country. After a period of imprisonment in

the old Bridewell prison and in Newgate for Quakerism, Ellwood resumed

his visits to Milton, who was now residing at a house his friend had

taken for him at Chalfont St Giles. In 1665 Ellwood was again arrested

and imprisoned in Aylesbury gaol. When he visited Milton after his

release the poet gave him the manuscript of the _Paradise Lost_ to read.

On returning the manuscript Ellwood said, "Thou hast said much here of

Paradise lost; but what hast thou to say of Paradise found?" and when

Milton long afterwards in London showed him _Paradise Regained_, it was

with the remark, "This is owing to you, for you put it into my head at

Chalfont." Ellwood was the friend of Fox and Penn, and was the author of

several polemical works in defence of the Quaker position, of which

_Forgery no Christianity_ (1674) and _The Foundation of Tithes Shaken_

(1678) deserve mention. His _Sacred Histories of the Old and New

Testaments_ appeared in 1705 and 1709. He also published some volumes of

poems, among them a _Davideis_ in five books. He died on the 1st of

March 1714.

_The History of the Life of Thomas Ellwood: written by his own hand_

(1714) has been many times reprinted.

ELM, the popular name for the trees and shrubs constituting the genus

_Ulmus_, of the natural order Ulmaceae. The genus contains fifteen or

sixteen species widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone,

with the exception of western North America, and extending southwards as

far as Mexico in the New and the Sikkim Himalayas in the Old World.

The common elm, _U. campestris_, a doubtful native of England, is found

throughout a great part of Europe, in North Africa and in Asia Minor,

whence it ranges as far east as north Asia and Japan. It grows in woods

and hedge-rows, especially in the southern portion of Britain, and on

almost all soils, but thrives best on a rich loam, in open, low-lying,

moderately moist situations, attaining a height of 60 to 100, and in

some few cases as much as 130 or 150 ft. The branches are numerous and

spreading, and often pendulous at the extremities; the bark is rugged;

the leaves are alternate, ovate, rough, doubly serrate, and, as in other

species of _Ulmus_, unequal at the base. The flowers are small,

hermaphrodite, numerous, in purplish-brown tufts, and each with a

fringed basal bract; the bell-shaped calyx is often four-toothed and

surrounds four free stamens; the pistil bears two spreading hairy

styles. They appear before the leaves in March and April. The

seed-vessels are green, membranous, one-seeded and deeply cleft. Unlike

the wych elm, the common elm rarely perfects its seed in England, where

it is propagated by means of root suckers from old trees, or preferably

by layers from stools. In the first ten years of its growth it

ordinarily reaches a height of 25 to 30 ft. The wood, at first brownish

white, becomes, with growth, of a brown colour having a greenish shade.

It is close-grained, free from knots, without apparent medullary rays,

and is hard and tough, but will not take a polish. All parts of the

trunk, including the sapwood, are available in carpentry. By drying, the

wood loses over 60% of its weight, and has then a specific gravity of

0.588. It has considerable transverse strength, does not crack when once

seasoned, and is remarkably durable under water, or if kept quite dry;

though it decays rapidly on exposure to the weather, which in ten to

eighteen months causes the bark to fall off, and gives to the wood a

yellowish colour--a sign of deterioration in quality. To prevent

shrinking and warping it may be preserved in water or mud, but it is

best worked up soon after felling. Analyses of the ash of the wood have

given a percentage of 47.8% of lime, 21.9% of potash, and 13.7% of soda.

In summer, elm trees often exude an alkaline gummy substance, which by

the action of the air becomes the brown insoluble body termed _ulmin_.

Elm wood is used for keels and bilge-planks, the blocks and dead-eyes of

rigging, and ships' pumps, for coffins, wheels, furniture, carved and

turned articles, and for general carpenters' work; and previous to the

common employment of cast iron was much in request for waterpipes. The

inner bark of the elm is made into bast mats and ropes. It contains

mucilage, with a little tannic acid, and was formerly much employed for

the preparation of an antiscorbutic decoction, now obsolete. The bark of

_Ulmus fulva_, the slippery or red elm of the United States and Canada,

serves the North American Indians for the same purpose, and also as a

vulnerary. The leaves as well as the young shoots of elms have been

found a suitable food for live stock. For ornamental purposes elm trees

are frequently planted, and in avenues, as at the park of

Stratfieldsaye, in Hampshire, are highly effective. They were first used

in France for the adornment of public walks in the reign of Francis I.

In Italy, as in ancient times, it is still customary to train the vine

upon the elm--a practice to which frequent allusion has been made by the

poets. The cork-barked elm, _U. campestris_, var. _suberosa_, is

distinguished chiefly by the thick deeply fissured bark with which its

branches are covered. There are numerous cultivated forms differing in

size and shape of leaf, and manner of growth.

The Scotch or wych elm, _U. montana_, is indigenous to Britain and is

the common elm of the northern portion of the island; it usually attains

a height of about 50 ft., but among tall-growing trees may reach 120 ft.

It has drooping branches and a smoother and thinner bark, larger and

more tapering leaves, and a far less deeply notched seed-vessel than _U.

campestris_. The wood, though more porous than in that species, is a

tough and hard material when properly seasoned, and, being very flexible

when steamed, is well adapted for boat-building. Branches of the wych

elm were formerly manufactured into bows, and if forked were employed as

divining-rods. The weeping elm, the most ornamental member of the genus,

is a variety of this species. The Dutch or sand elm is a tree very

similar to the wych elm, but produces inferior timber. The American or

white elm, _U. americana_, is a hardy and very handsome species, of

which the old tree on Boston (Mass.) Common was a representative. This

tree is supposed to have been in existence before the settlement of

Boston, and at the time of its destruction by the storm of the 15th of

February 1876 measured 22 ft. in circumference.

ELMACIN (ELMAKIN or ELMACINUS), GEORGE (c. 1223-1274), author of a

history of the Saracens, which extends from the time of Mahomet to the

year 1118 of our era. He was a Christian of Egypt, where he was born; is

known in the east as Ibn-Amid; and after holding an official position

under the sultans of Egypt, died at Damascus. His history is principally

occupied with the affairs of the Saracen empire, but it contains

passages which relate to the Eastern Christians. It was published in

Arabic and Latin at Leiden in 1625. The Latin version is a translation

by Erpenius, under the title, _Historia saracenica_, and from this a

French translation was made by Wattier as _L'Histoire mahometane_

(Paris, 1657).

ELMALI ("apple-town"), a small town of Asia Minor in the vilayet of

Konia, the present administrative centre of the ancient Lycia, but not

itself corresponding to any known ancient city. It lies about 25 m.

inland, at the head of a long upland valley (5000 ft.) inhabited by

direct descendants of the ancient Lycians, who have preserved a

distinctive facial type, noticeable at once in the town population.

There are about fifty Greek families, the rest of the population (4000)

being Moslem. The district is agricultural and has no manufactures of

importance.

ELMES, HARVEY LONSDALE (1813-1847), British architect, son of James

Elmes (q.v.), was born at Chichester in 1813. After serving some time in

his father's office, and under a surveyor at Bedford and an architect at

Bath, he became partner with his father in 1835, and in the following

year he was successful among 86 competitors for a design for St George's

Hall, Liverpool. The foundation stone of this building was laid en the

28th of June 1838, but, Elmes being successful in a competition for the

Assize Courts in the same city, it was finally decided to include the

hall and courts in a single building. In accordance with this idea,

Elmes prepared a fresh design, and the work of erection commenced in

1841. He superintended its progress till 1847, when from failing health

he was compelled to delegate his duties to Charles Robert Cockerell, and

leave for Jamaica, where he died of consumption on the 26th of November

1847.

ELMES, JAMES (1782-1862), British architect, civil engineer, and writer

on the arts, was born in London on the 15th of October 1782. He was

educated at Merchant Taylors' school, and, after studying building under

his father, and architecture under George Gibson, became a student at

the Royal Academy, where he gained the silver medal in 1804. He designed

a large number of buildings in the metropolis, and was surveyor and

civil engineer to the port of London, but is best known as a writer on

the arts. In 1809 he became vice-president of the Royal Architectural

Society, but this office, as well as that of surveyor of the port of

London, he was compelled through partial loss of sight to resign in

1828. He died at Greenwich on the 2nd of April 1862. His publications

were:--_Sir Christopher Wren and his Times_ (1823); _Lectures on

Architecture_ (1823); _The Arts and Artists_ (1825); _General and

Biographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts_ (1826); _Treatise on

Architectural Jurisprudence_ (1827), and _Thomas Clarkson: a Monograph_

(1854).

ELMHAM, THOMAS (d. c. 1420), English chronicler, was probably born at

North Elmham in Norfolk. He became a Benedictine monk at Canterbury, and

then joining the Cluniacs, was prior of Lenton Abbey, near Nottingham;

he was chaplain to Henry V., whom he accompanied to France in 1415,

being present at Agincourt. Elmham wrote a history of the monastery of

St Augustine at Canterbury, which has been edited by C. Hardwick for the

Rolls Series (1858); and a _Liber metricus de Henrico V._, edited by

C.A. Cole in the _Memorials of Henry V._ (1858). It is very probable

that Elmham wrote the famous _Gesta Henrici Quinti_, which is the best

authority for the life of Henry V. from his accession to 1416. This

work, often referred to as the "chaplain's life," and thought by some to

have been written by Jean de Bordin, has been published for the English

Historical Society by B. Williams (1850). Elmham, however, did not write

the _Vita et Gesta Henrici V._, which was attributed to him by T. Hearne

and others.

See C.L. Kingsford, _Henry V._ (1901).

ELMINA, a town on the Gold Coast, British West Africa, in 5 deg. 4' N.,

1 deg. 20' W. and about 8 m. W. of Cape Coast. Pop. about 4000. Facing

the Atlantic on a rocky peninsula is Fort St George, considered the

finest fort on the Guinea coast. It is built square with high walls, and

has accommodation for 200 soldiers. On the land side were formerly two

moats, cut in the rock on which the castle stands. The castle is the

residence of the commissioner of the district and other officials. The

houses in the native quarter are mostly built of stone, that material

being plentiful in the vicinity.

Elmina is the earliest European settlement on the Gold Coast, and was

visited by the Portuguese in 1481. Christopher Columbus is believed to

have been one of the officers who took part in this voyage. The

Portuguese at once began to build the castle now known as Fort St

George, but it was not completed till eighty years afterwards. Another

defensive work is Fort St Jago, built in 1666, which is behind the town

and at some distance from the coast. (In the latter half of the 19th

century it was converted into a prison.) Elmina was captured by the

Dutch in 1637, and ceded to them by treaty in 1640. They made it the

chief port for the produce of Ashanti. With the other Dutch possessions

on the Guinea coast, it was transferred to Great Britain in April 1872.

The king of Ashanti, claiming to be ground landlord, objected to its

transfer, and the result was the Ashanti war of 1873-1874. For many

years the greatest output of gold from this coast came from Elmina. The

annual export is said to have been nearly L3,000,000 in the early years

of the 18th century, but the figure is probably exaggerated. Since 1900

the bulk of the export trade in gold has been transferred to Sekondi

(q.v.). Prempeh, the ex-king of Ashanti, was detained in the castle

(1896) until his removal to the Seychelles. (See ASHANTI: _History_, and

GOLD COAST: _History_.)

ELMIRA, a city and the county-seat of Chemung county, New York, U.S.A.,

100 m. S.E. of Rochester, on the Chemung river, about 850 ft. above

sea-level. Pop. (1890) 30,893; (1900) 35,672, of whom 5511 were

foreign-born (1988 Irish and 1208 German); (1910 census) 37,176. It is

served by the Erie, the Pennsylvania, the Delaware, Lackawanna &

Western, the Lehigh Valley, and the Tioga Division railways, the last of

which connects it with the Pennsylvania coalfields 48 m. away. The city

is attractively situated on both sides of the river, and has a fine

water-supply and park system, among the parks being Eldridge, Rorick's

Glen, Riverside, Brand, Diven, Grove, Maple Avenue and Wisner; in the

last-named is a statue of Thomas K. Beecher by J.S. Hartley. The city

contains a Federal building, a state armoury, the Chemung county court

house and other county buildings, the Elmira orphans' home, the Steele

memorial library, home for the aged, the Arnot-Ogden memorial hospital,

the Elmira free academy, and the Railway Commercial training school.

Here, also, is Elmira College (Presbyterian) for women, founded in 1855.

This institution, chartered in 1852 as Auburn Female University and then

situated in Auburn, was rechartered in 1855 as the Elmira Female

College; it was established largely through the influence and persistent

efforts of the Rev. Samuel Robbins Brown (1810-1880) and his associates,

notably Simeon Benjamin of Elmira, who gave generously to the newly

founded college, and was the first distinctively collegiate institution

for women in the United States, and the first, apparently, to grant

degrees to women. The most widely known institution in the city is the

Elmira reformatory, a state prison for first offenders between the ages

of sixteen and thirty, on a system of general indeterminate sentences.

Authorized by the state legislature in 1866 and opened in 1876 under the

direction of Zebulon Reed Brockway (b. 1827), it was the first

institution of the sort and has served as a model for many similar

institutions both in the United States and in other countries (see

JUVENILE OFFENDERS). Elmira is an important railway centre, with large

repair shops, and has also extensive manufactories (value of production

in 1900, $8,558,786, of which $6,596,603 was produced under the "factory

system"; in 1905, under the "factory system," $6,984,095), including

boot and shoe factories, a large factory for fire-extinguishing

apparatus, iron and steel bridge works, steel rolling mills, large valve

works, steel plate mills, knitting mills, furniture, glass and boiler

factories, breweries and silk mills. Near the site of Elmira occurred on

the 29th of August 1779 the battle of Newtown, in which General John

Sullivan decisively defeated a force of Indians and Tories under Sir

John Johnson and Joseph Brant. There were some settlers here at the

close of the War of Independence, but no permanent settlement was made

until 1788. The village was incorporated as Newtown in 1815, and was

reincorporated as Elmira in 1828. A city charter was secured in 1864. In

1861 a state military camp was established here, and in 1864-1865 there

was a prison camp here for Confederate soldiers.

ELMSHORN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of

Schleswig-Holstein, on the Kruckau, 19 m. by rail N.W. from Altona. Pop.

(1905) 13,640. Its industries include weaving, dyeing, brewing,

iron-founding and the manufacture of leather goods, boots and shoes and

machines. There is a considerable shipping trade.

ELMSLEY, PETER (1773-1825), English classical scholar. He was educated

at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, and having inherited a fortune

from his uncle, a well-known bookseller, devoted himself to the study of

classical authors and manuscripts. In 1798 he was appointed to the

chapelry of Little Horkesley in Essex, which he held till his death. He

travelled extensively in France and Italy, and spent the winter of 1818

in examining the MSS. in the Laurentian library at Florence. In 1819 he

was commissioned, with Sir Humphry Davy, to decipher the papyri found at

Herculaneum, but the results proved insignificant. In 1823 he was

appointed principal of St Alban's Hall, Oxford, and Camden professor of

ancient history. He died in Oxford on the 8th of March 1825. Elmsley was

a man of most extensive learning and European reputation, and was

considered to be the best ecclesiastical scholar in England. But it is

chiefly by his collation of the MSS. of the Greek tragedians and his

critical labours on the restoration of their text that he will be

remembered. He edited the _Acharnians_ of Aristophanes, and several of

the plays and scholia of Sophocles and Euripides. He was the first to

recognize the importance of the Laurentian MS. (see Sandys, _Hist. of

Class. Schol._ iii. (1908).

ELNE, a town of south-western France in the department of

Pyrenees-Orientales, 10 m. S.S.E. of Perpignan by rail. Pop. (1906)

3026. The hill on which it stands, once washed by the sea, which is now

over 3 m. distant, commands a fine view over the plain of Roussillon.

From the 6th century till 1602 the town was the seat of a bishopric,

which was transferred to Perpignan. The cathedral of St Eulalie, a

Romanesque building completed about the beginning of the 12th century,

has a beautiful cloister in the same style, with interesting sculptures

and three early Christian sarcophagi. Remains of the ancient ramparts

flanked by towers are still to be seen. Silk-worm cultivation is carried

on. Elne, the ancient _Illiberis_, was named _Helena_ by the emperor

Constantine in memory of his mother. Hannibal encamped under its walls

on his march to Rome in 218 B.C. The emperor Constans was assassinated

there in A.D. 350. The town several times sustained siege and capture

between its occupation by the Moors in the 8th century and its

capitulation in 1641 to the troops of Louis XIII.

EL OBEID, chief town of the mudiria (province) of Kordofan,

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and 230 m. S.W. by S. of Khartum in a direct

line. Pop. (1905) about 10,000. It is situated about 2000 ft. above the

sea, at the northern foot of Jebel Kordofan, in 13 deg. 11' N. and 30

deg. 14' E. It is an important trade centre, the chief articles of

commerce being gum, ivory, cattle and ostrich feathers. A considerable

part of the trade of Darfur with Egypt passes through El Obeid.

El Obeid, which appears to be a place of considerable antiquity and the

ancient capital of the country, was garrisoned by the Egyptians on their

conquest of Kordofan in 1821. In September 1882 the town was assaulted

by the troops of the mahdi, who, being repulsed, laid siege to the

place, which capitulated on the 17th of January 1883. During the Mahdia

the city was destroyed and deserted, and when Kordofan passed, in 1899,

into the possession of the Anglo-Egyptian authorities nothing was left

of El Obeid but a part of the old government offices. A new town was

laid out in squares, the mudiria repaired and barracks built. (See

KORDOFAN, and SUDAN: _Anglo-Egyptian_.)

ELOI [ELIGIUS], SAINT (588-659), apostle of the Belgians and Frisians,

was born at Cadillac, near Limoges, in 588. Having at an early age shown

artistic talent he was placed by his parents with the master of the mint

at Limoges, where he made rapid progress in goldsmith's work. He became

coiner to Clotaire II., king of the Franks, and treasurer to his

successor Dagobert. Both kings entrusted him with important works, among

which were the composition of the bas-reliefs which ornament the tomb of

St Germain, bishop of Paris, and the execution (for Clotaire) of two

chairs of gold, adorned with jewels, which at that time were reckoned

_chefs-d'oeuvre_. Though he was amassing great wealth, Eloi acquired a

distaste for a worldly life, and resolved to become a priest. At first

he retired to a monastery, but in 640 was raised to the bishopric of

Noyon. He made frequent missionary excursions to the pagans of the Low

Countries, and also founded a great many monasteries and churches. He

died on the 1st of December 659. A mass of legend has gathered round the

life of St Eloi, who as the patron saint of goldsmiths is still very

popular.

His life was written by his friend and contemporary St Ouen

(Audoenus); French translations of the _Vita S. Eligii auctore

Audoeno_ were published by L. de Montigny (Paris, 1626), by C.

Barthelemy in _Etudes hist., litt. et art._ (_ib._ 1847), and by

Parenty, with notes (2nd ed., ib. 1870). For bibliography see

Potthast, _Bibliotheca hist. med. aevi_ (Berlin, 1896), s.v. "Vita S.

Eligii Noviomensis," and Ulysse Chevalier, _Rep. des sources hist.,

Bio-bibl._ (Paris, 1894), s. "Eloi."

ELONGATION, strictly "lengthening"; in astronomy, the apparent angular

distance of a heavenly body from its centre of motion, as seen from the

earth; designating especially the angular distance of the planet Mercury

or Venus from the sun, or the apparent angle between a satellite and its

primary. The greatest elongation of Venus is about 45 deg.; that of

Mercury generally ranges between 18 deg. and 27 deg.

EL PASO, a city, port of entry, and the county-seat of El Paso county,

Texas, U.S.A., on the E. bank of the Rio Grande, in the extreme W. part

of the state, at an altitude of 3710 ft. Pop. (1880) 736; (1890) 10,338;

(1900) 15,906, of whom 6309 were foreign-born and 466 were negroes;

(1910 census) 39,279. Many of the inhabitants are of Mexican descent. El

Paso is an important railway centre and is served by the following

railways: the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, of which it is the S.

terminus; the El Paso & South-Western, which connects with the Chicago,

Rock Island & El Paso (of the Rock Island system); the Galveston,

Harrisburg & San Antonio, of which it is the W. terminus; the Mexican

Central, of which it is the N. terminus; the Texas & Pacific, of which

it is the W. terminus; a branch of the Southern Pacific, of which it is

the E. terminus; and the short Rio Grande, Sierra Madre & Pacific, of

which it is the N. terminus. The city is regularly laid out on level

bottom lands, stretching to the table-lands and slopes to the N.E. and

N.W. of the city. Opposite, on the W. bank of the river, is the Mexican

town of Ciudad Juarez (until 1885 known as Paso del Norte), with which

El Paso is connected by bridges and by electric railway. The climate is

mild, warm and dry, El Paso being well known as a health resort,

particularly for sufferers from pulmonary complaints. Among the city's

public buildings are a handsome Federal building, a county court house,

a city hall, a Y.M.C.A. building, a public library, a sanatorium for

consumptives, and the Hotel Dieu, a hospital maintained by Roman

Catholics. El Paso is the seat of St Joseph's Academy and of the El Paso

Military Institute. Three miles E. of the city limits is Fort Bliss, a

U.S. military post, with a reservation of about 2 sq. m. El Paso's

situation on the Mexican frontier gives it a large trade with Mexico; it

is the port of entry of the Paso del Norte customs district, one of the

larger Mexican border districts, and in 1908 its imports were valued at

$2,677,784 and its exports at $5,661,901. Wheat, boots and shoes, mining

machinery, cement, lime, lumber, beer, and denatured alcohol are among

the varied exports; the principal imports are ore, sugar, cigars,

oranges, drawn work and Mexican curios. El Paso has extensive

manufactories, especially railway car shops, which in 1905 employed

34.5% of the factory wage-earners. Just outside the city limits are

important lead smelting works, to which are brought ores for treatment

from western Texas, northern Mexico, New Mexico and Arizona. Among the

city's manufactures are cement, denatured alcohol, ether, varnish,

clothing and canned goods. The value of the city's total factory product

in 1905 was $2,377,813, 96% greater than that in 1900. El Paso lies in a

fertile agricultural valley, and in 1908 the erection of an immense dam

was begun near Engle, New Mexico (100 m. above El Paso), by the U.S.

government, to store the flood waters of the Rio Grande for irrigating

this area. Before the Mexican War, following which the first United

States settlement was made, the site of El Paso was known as Ponce de

Leon Ranch, the land being owned by the Ponce de Leon family. El Paso

was first chartered as a city in 1873, and in 1907 adopted the

commission form of government.

ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859), Indian statesman and historian,

fourth son of the 11th Baron Elphinstone in the peerage of Scotland, was

born in 1779. Having received an appointment in the civil service of the

East India Company, of which one of his uncles was a director, he

reached Calcutta in the beginning of 1796. After filling several

subordinate posts, he was appointed in 1801 assistant to the British

resident at Poona, at the court of the peshwa, the most powerful of the

Mahratta princes. Here he obtained his first opportunity of distinction,

being attached in the capacity of diplomatist to the mission of Sir

Arthur Wellesley to the Mahrattas. When, on the failure of negotiations,

war broke out, Elphinstone, though a civilian, acted as virtual

aide-de-camp to General Wellesley. He was present at the battle of

Assaye, and displayed such courage and knowledge of tactics throughout

the whole campaign that Wellesley told him he had mistaken his

profession, and that he ought to have been a soldier. In 1804, when the

war closed, he was appointed British resident at Nagpur. Here, the times

being uneventful and his duties light, he occupied much of his leisure

in reading classical and general literature, and acquired those studious

habits which clung to him throughout life. In 1808 he was appointed the

first British envoy to the court of Kabul, with the object of securing a

friendly alliance with the Afghans; but this proved of little value,

because Shah Shuja was driven from the throne by his brother before it

could be ratified. The most valuable permanent result of the embassy was

the literary fruit it bore several years afterwards in Elphinstone's

great work on Kabul. After spending about a year in Calcutta arranging

the report of his mission, Elphinstone was appointed in 1811 to the

important and difficult post of resident at Poona. The difficulty arose

from the general complication of Mahratta politics, and especially from

the weak and treacherous character of the peshwa, which Elphinstone

rightly read from the first. While the mask of friendship was kept up

Elphinstone carried out the only suitable policy, that of vigilant

quiescence, with admirable tact and patience; when in 1817 the mask was

thrown aside and the peshwa ventured to declare war, the English

resident proved for the second time the truth of Wellesley's assertion

that he was born a soldier. Though his own account of his share in the

campaign is characteristically modest, one can gather from it that the

success of the British troops was chiefly owing to his assuming the

command at an important crisis during the battle of Kirkee.

The peshwa being driven from his throne, his territories were annexed to

the British dominions, and Elphinstone was nominated commissioner to

administer them. He discharged the responsible task with rare judgment

and ability. In 1819 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Bombay and

held this post till 1827, his principal achievement being the

compilation of the "Elphinstone code." He may fairly be regarded as the

founder of the system of state education in India, and he probably did

more than any other Indian administrator to further every likely scheme

for the promotion of native education. His connexion with the Bombay

presidency was appropriately commemorated in the endowment of the

Elphinstone College by the native communities, and in the erection of a

marble statue by the European inhabitants.

Returning to England in 1829, after an interval of two years' travel,

Elphinstone retained in his retirement and enfeebled health an important

influence on public affairs. He twice refused the offer of the

governor-generalship of India. Long before his return he had made his

reputation as an author by his _Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its

Dependencies in Persia and India_ (1815). Soon after his arrival in

England he commenced the preparation of a work of wider scope, a history

of India, which was published in 1841. It embraces the Hindu and

Mahommedan periods, and is still a work of high authority. He died on

the 20th of November 1859.

See J.S. Cotton, _Mountstuart Elphinstone_ ("Rulers of India" series),

(1892); T.E. Colebrooke, _Life of Mountstuart Elphinstone_ (1884); and

G.W. Forrest, _Official Writings of Mountstuart Elphinstone_ (1884).

ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514), Scottish statesman and prelate,

founder of the university of Aberdeen, was born in Glasgow, and educated

at the university of his native city, taking the degree of M.A. in 1452.

After practising for a short time as a lawyer in the church courts, he

was ordained priest, becoming rector of St Michael's church, Trongate,

Glasgow, in 1465. Four years later he went to continue his studies at

the university of Paris, where he became reader in canon law, and then,

proceeding to Orleans, became lecturer in the university there. Before

1474 he had returned to Scotland, and was made rector of the university,

and official of the see of Glasgow. Further promotion followed, but soon

more important duties were entrusted to Elphinstone, who was made bishop

of Ross in 1481. He was a member of the Scots parliament, and was sent

by King James III. on diplomatic errands to Louis XI. of France, and to

Edward IV. of England; in 1483 he was appointed bishop of Aberdeen,

although his consecration was delayed for four years; and he was sent on

missions to England, both before and after the death of Richard III. in

1485. Although he attended the meetings of parliament with great

regularity he did not neglect his episcopal duties, and the fabric of

the cathedral of Aberdeen owes much to his care. Early in 1488 the

bishop was made lord high chancellor, but on the king's death in the

following June he vacated this office, and retired to Aberdeen. As a

diplomatist of repute, however, his services were quickly required by

the new king, James IV., in whose interests he visited the kings of

England and France, and the German king, Maximilian I. Having been made

keeper of the privy seal in 1492, and having arranged a dispute between

the Scotch and the Dutch, the bishop's concluding years were mainly

spent in the foundation of the university of Aberdeen. The papal bull

for this purpose was obtained in 1494, and the royal charter which made

old Aberdeen the seat of a university is dated 1498. A small endowment

was provided by the king, and the university, modelled on that of Paris

and intended principally to be a school of law, soon became the most

famous and popular of the Scots seats of learning, a result which was

largely due to the wide experience and ripe wisdom of Elphinstone and of

his friend, Hector Boece, the first rector. The building of the college

of the Holy Virgin in Nativity, now King's College, was completed in

1506, and the bishop also rebuilt the choir of his cathedral, and built

a bridge over the Dee. Continuing to participate in public affairs he

opposed the policy of hostility towards England which led to the

disaster at Flodden in September 1513, and died in Edinburgh on the 25th

of October 1514. Elphinstone was partly responsible for the introduction

of printing into Scotland, and for the production of the _Breviarium

Aberdonense_. He may have written some of the lives in this collection,

and gathered together materials concerning the history of Scotland; but

he did not, as some have thought, continue the _Scotichronicon_, nor did

he write the _Lives of Scottish Saints_.

See Hector Boece, _Murthlacensium et Aberdonensium episcoporum vitae_,

edited and translated by J. Moir (Aberdeen, 1894); _Fasti

Aberdonenses_, edited by C. Innes (Aberdeen, 1854); and A. Gardyne,

_Theatre of Scottish Worthies and Lyf of W. Elphinston_, edited by D.

Laing (Aberdeen, 1878).

EL RENO, a city and the county-seat of Canadian county, Oklahoma,

U.S.A., on the N. fork of the Canadian river, about 26 m. W. of Oklahoma

City. Pop. (1890) 285; (1900) 3383; (1907) 5370 (401 were of negro

descent and 7 were Indians); (1910) 7872. It is served by the Chicago,

Rock Island & Pacific, the Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf (owned by the

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific), and the St Louis, El Reno & Western

railways, the last extending from El Reno to Guthrie. El Reno lies on

the rolling prairie lands, about 1360 ft. above the sea, in an Indian

corn, wheat, oats and cotton-producing and dairying region, and has a

large grain elevator, a cotton compress, and various manufacturing

establishments, among the products being flour, canned goods and

crockery. El Reno has a Carnegie library, and within the city's limits

is Bellamy's Lake (180 acres), a favourite resort. Near the city is a

Government boarding school for the Indians of the Cheyenne and the

Arapahoe Reservation. Fort Reno, a U.S. military post, was established

near El Reno in 1876, and in 1908 became a supply depot of the

quartermaster's department under the name of "Fort Reno Remount Depot."

The first settlement here, apart from the fort, was made in the autumn

of 1889; in 1892 El Reno received a city charter.

ELSFLETH, a maritime town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Oldenburg,

in a fertile district at the confluence of the Hunte with the Weser, on

the railway Hude-Nordenham. Pop. 2000. It has an Evangelical church, a

school of navigation, a harbour and docks. It has considerable trade in

corn and timber and is one of the centres of the North Sea herring

fishery.

ELSINORE (Dan. _Helsingor_), a seaport of Denmark in the _amt_ (county)

of Frederiksborg, on the east coast of the island of Zealand, 28 m. N.

of Copenhagen by rail. Pop. (1901) 13,902. It stands at the narrowest

part of the Sound, opposite the Swedish town of Helsingborg, 3 m.

distant. Communication is maintained by means of a steam ferry. Its

harbour admits vessels of 20 ft. draught, and the roadstead affords

excellent anchorage. There are shipbuilding yards, with foundry,

engineering shops, &c.; the chief export is agricultural produce;

imports, iron, coal, cereals and yarn. Helsingor received

town-privileges in 1425. In 1522 it was taken and burnt by Lubeck, but

in 1535 was retaken by Christian II. It is celebrated as the Elsinore of

Shakespeare's tragedy of _Hamlet_, and was the birthplace of Saxo

Grammaticus, from whose history the story of Hamlet is derived. A pile

of rocks surrounded by trees is shown as the grave of Hamlet, and

Ophelia's brook is also pointed out, but both are, of course,

inventions. On a tongue of land east of the town stands the castle of

Kronberg or Kronenberg, a magnificent, solid and venerable Gothic

structure built by Frederick II. towards the end of the 16th century,

and extensively restored by Christian IV. after a fire in 1637. It was

taken by the Swedes in 1658, but its possession was again given up to

the Danes in 1660. From its turrets, one of which serves as a

lighthouse, there are fine views of the straits and of the neighbouring

countries. The Flag Battery is the "platform before the castle" where

the ghost appears in _Hamlet_. Within it the principal object of

interest is the apartment in which Matilda, queen of Christian VII. and

sister of George III. of England, was imprisoned before she was taken to

Hanover. The chapel contains fine wood-carving of the 17th century.

North-west of the town is Marienlyst, originally a royal chateau, but

now a seaside resort.

ELSSLER, FANNY (1810-1884), Austrian dancer, was born in Vienna on the

23rd of June 1810. From her earliest years she was trained for the

ballet, and made her appearance at the Karntner-Thor theatre in Vienna

before she was seven. She almost invariably danced with her sister

Theresa, who was two years her senior; and, after some years' experience

together in Vienna, the two went in 1827 to Naples. Their success

there--to which Fanny contributed more largely than her sister, who used

to efface herself in order to heighten the effect of Fanny's more

brilliant powers--led to an engagement in Berlin in 1830. This was the

beginning of a series of triumphs for Fanny's personal beauty and skill

in dancing. After captivating all hearts in Berlin and Vienna, and

inspiring the aged statesman Friedrich von Gentz (q.v.) with a

remarkable passion, she paid a visit to London, where she received much

kindness at the hands of Mr and Mrs Grote, who practically adopted the

little girl who was born three months after the mother's arrival in

England. In September 1834 Fanny Elssler appeared at the Opera in Paris,

a step to which she looked forward with much misgiving on account of

Taglioni's supremacy on that stage. The result, however, was another

triumph for her, and the temporary eclipse of Taglioni, who, although

the finer artist of the two, could not for the moment compete with the

newcomer's personal fascination. It was conspicuously in her performance

of the Spanish _cachuca_ that Fanny Elssler outshone all rivals. In 1840

she sailed with her sister for New York, and after two years' unmixed

success they returned to Europe, where during the following five years

Fanny appeared in Germany, Austria, France, England and Russia. In 1845,

having amassed a fortune, she retired from the stage and settled near

Hamburg. A few years later her sister Theresa contracted a morganatic

marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia, and was ennobled under the

title of Baroness von Barnim. Fanny Elssler died at Vienna on the 27th

of November 1884. Theresa was left a widow in 1873, and died on the 19th

of November 1878.

ELSTER, the name of two rivers of Germany. (1) The Schwarze (Black)

Elster rises in the Lausitz range, on the southern border of Saxony,

flows N. and N.W., and after a course of 112 m. enters the Elbe a little

above Wittenberg. It is a sluggish stream, winding its way through sandy

soil and frequently along a divided channel. (2) The Weisse (White)

Elster rises in the north-western corner of Bohemia, a little north of

Eger, cuts through the Vogtland in a deep and picturesque valley,

passing Plauen, Greiz, Gera and Zeitz on its way north to Leipzig, just

below which city it receives its most important tributary, the Pleisse.

At Leipzig it divides, the main stream turning north-west and entering

the Saale from the right a little above Halle; the other arm, the Luppe,

flowing parallel to the main stream and south of it enters the Saale

below Merseburg. Total length, 121 m.; total descent, 1286 ft.

ELSTER, a spa and inland watering-place of Germany, in the kingdom of

Saxony, on the Weisse Elster, close to the Bohemian frontier on the

railway Plauen-Eger, and 20 m. S. of the former. It has some industries

of lace-making and weaving, and a population of about 2000, in addition

to visitors. The mineral springs, saline-chalybeate, specific in cases

of nervous disorders and feminine ailments, have been lately

supplemented by baths of various kinds, and these, together with the

natural attractions of the place as a climatic health resort, have

combined to make it a fashionable watering-place during the summer

season. The number of visitors amounts annually to about 10,000.

See Flechsig, _Bad Elster_ (Leipzig, 1884).

ELSWICK, a ward of the city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, in the

western part of the borough, bordering the river Tyne. The name is well

known in connexion with the great ordnance and naval works of Sir W.G.

Armstrong, Mitchell & Co. Elswick Park, attached to the old mansion of

the same name, is now a public recreation ground.

EL TEB, a halting-place in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan near the coast of

the Red Sea, 9 m. S.W. of the port of Trinkitat on the road to Tokar. At

El Teb, on the 4th of February 1884, a heterogeneous force under General

Valentine Baker, marching to the relief of the Egyptian garrison of

Tokar, was completely routed by the Mahdists (see EGYPT: _Military

Operations_).

ELTON, CHARLES ISAAC (1839-1900), English lawyer and antiquary, was born

at Southampton on the 6th of December 1839. Educated at Cheltenham and

Balliol College, Oxford, he was elected a fellow of Queen's College in

1862. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1865. His remarkable

knowledge of old real property law and custom helped him to an extensive

conveyancing practice and he took silk in 1885. He sat in the House of

Commons for West Somerset in 1884-1885 and from 1886 to 1892. In 1869 he

succeeded to his uncle's property of Whitestaunton, near Chard, in

Somerset. During the later years of his life he retired to a great

extent from legal practice, and devoted much of his time to literary

work. He died at Whitestaunton on the 23rd of April 1900. Elton's

principal works were _The Tenures of Kent_ (1867); _Treatise on Commons

and Waste Lands_ (1868); _Law of Copyholds_ (1874); _Origins of English

History_ (1882); _Custom and Tenant Right_ (1882).

ELTVILLE (ELFELD), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of

Hesse-Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine, 5 m. S.W. from Wiesbaden,

on the railway Frankfort-on-Main-Cologne, and with a branch to

Schlangenbad. Pop. 3700. It has a Roman Catholic and a Protestant

church, ruins of a feudal castle, a Latin school, and a monument to

Gutenberg. It has a considerable trade in the wines of the district and

two manufactories of sparkling wines. Eltville (originally _Adeldvile_,

Lat. _Altavilla_) is first mentioned in a record of the year 882. It was

given by the emperor Otto I. to the archbishops of Mainz, who often

resided here. It received town rights in 1331 and was a place of

importance during the middle ages. In 1465 Gutenberg set up his press at

Eltville, under the patronage of Archbishop Adolphus of Nassau, shortly

afterwards handing over its use to the brothers Heinrich and Nikolaus

Bechtermunz. Several costly early examples of printed books issued by

this press survive, the earliest being the _Vocabularium

Latino-Teutonicum_, first printed in 1467.

ELTZ, a small river of Germany, a left bank tributary of the Mosel. It

rises in the Eifel range, and, after a course of 5 m., joins the latter

river at Moselkern. Just above its confluence stands the romantic castle

of Eltz, crowning a rocky summit 900 ft. high, and famous as being one

of the best preserved medieval strongholds of Germany. It is the

ancestral seat of the counts of Eltz and contains numerous antiquities.

See Roth, _Geschichte der Herren und Grafen zu Eltz_ (2 vols., Mainz,

1889-1890).

ELVAS, an episcopal city and frontier fortress of Portugal, in the

district of Portalegre and formerly included in the province of

Alemtejo; 170 m. E. of Lisbon, and 10 m. W. of the Spanish fortress of

Badajoz, by the Madrid-Badajoz-Lisbon railway. Pop. (1900) 13,981. Elvas

is finely situated on a hill 5 m. N.W. of the river Guadiana. It is

defended by seven bastions and the two forts of Santa Luzia and Nossa

Senhora da Graca. Its late Gothic cathedral, which has also many traces

of Moorish influence in its architecture, dates from the reign of

Emmanuel I. (1495-1521). A fine aqueduct, 4 m. long, supplies the city

with pure water; it was begun early in the 15th century and completed in

1622. For some distance it includes four tiers of superimposed arches,

with a total height of 120 ft. The surrounding lowlands are very

fertile, and Elvas is celebrated for its excellent olives and plums, the

last-named being exported, either fresh or dried, in large quantities.

Brandy is distilled and pottery manufactured in the city. The fortress

of Campo Maior, 10 m. N.E., is famous for its siege by the French and

relief by the British under Marshal Beresford in 1811--an exploit

commemorated in a ballad by Sir Walter Scott.

Elvas is the Roman _Alpesa_ or _Helvas_, the Moorish _Balesh_, the

Spanish _Yelves_. It was wrested from the Moors by Alphonso VIII. of

Castile in 1166; but was temporarily recaptured before its final

occupation by the Portuguese in 1226. In 1570 it became an episcopal

see. From 1642 until modern times it was the chief frontier fortress S.

of the Tagus; and it twice withstood sieges by the Spanish, in 1658 and

1711. The French under Marshal Junot took it in March 1808, but

evacuated it in August, after the conclusion of the convention of Cintra

(see PENINSULAR WAR).

ELVEY, SIR GEORGE JOB (1816-1893), English organist and composer, was

born at Canterbury on the 27th of March 1816. He was a chorister at

Canterbury cathedral under Highmore Skeats, the organist. Subsequently

he became a pupil of his elder brother, Stephen, and then studied at the

Royal Academy of Music under Cipriani Potter and Dr Crotch. In 1834 he

gained the Gresham prize medal for his anthem, "Bow down thine ear," and

in 1835 was appointed organist of St George's chapel, Windsor, a post he

filled for 47 years, retiring in 1882. He took the degree of Mus. B. at

Oxford in 1838, and in 1840 that of Mus. D. Anthems of his were

commissioned for the Three Choirs Festivals of 1853 and 1857, and in

1871 he received the honour of knighthood. He died at Windlesham in

Surrey on the 9th of December 1893. His works, which are nearly all for

the Church, include two oratorios, a great number of anthems and

services, and some pieces for the organ. A memoir of him, by his widow,

was published in 1894.

ELVIRA, SYNOD OF, an ecclesiastical synod held in Spain, the date of

which cannot be determined with exactness. The solution of the question

hinges upon the interpretation of the canons, that is, upon whether they

are to be taken as reflecting a recent, or as pointing to an imminent,

persecution. Thus some argue for a date between 300 and 303, i.e. before

the Diocletian persecution; others for a date between 303 and 314, after

the persecution, but before the synod of Arles; still others for a date

between the synod of Arles and the council of Nicaea, 325. Mansi,

Hardouin, Hefele and Dale are in substantial agreement upon 305 or 306,

and this is probably the closest approximation possible in the present

state of the evidence. The place of meeting, Elvira, was not far from

the modern Granada, if not, as Dale thinks, actually identical with it.

There the nineteen bishops and twenty-four presbyters, from all parts of

Spain, but chiefly from the south, assembled, probably at the

instigation of Hosius of Cordova, but under the presidency of Felix of

Accis, with a view to restoring order and discipline in the church. The

eighty-one canons which were adopted reflect with considerable fulness

the internal life and external relations of the Spanish Church of the

4th century. The social environment of Christians may be inferred from

the canons prohibiting marriage and other intercourse with Jews, pagans

and heretics, closing the offices of _flamen_ and _duumvir_ to

Christians, forbidding all contact with idolatry and likewise

participation in pagan festivals and public games. The state of morals

is mirrored in the canons denouncing prevalent vices. The canons

respecting the clergy exhibit the clergy as already a special class with

peculiar privileges, a more exacting moral standard, heavier penalties

for delinquency. The bishop has acquired control of the sacraments,

presbyters and deacons acting only under his orders; the episcopate

appears as a unit, bishops being bound to respect one another's

disciplinary decrees. Worthy of special note are canon 33, enjoining

celibacy upon all clerics and all who minister at the altar (the most

ancient canon of celibacy); canon 36, forbidding pictures in churches;

canon 38, permitting lay baptism under certain conditions; and canon 53,

forbidding one bishop to restore a person excommunicated by another.

See Mansi ii. pp. 1-406; Hardouin i. pp. 247-258; Hefele (2nd ed.) i.

pp. 148 sqq. (English translation, i. pp. 131 sqq.); Dale, _The Synod

of Elvira_ (London, 1882); and Hennecke, in Herzog-Hauck,

_Realencyklopadie_ (3rd ed.), s.v. "Elvira," especially bibliography.

(T. F. C.)

EL WAD, a town in the Algerian Sahara, 125 m. in a straight line S.S.E.

of Biskra, and 190 m. W. by S. of Gabes. Pop. (1906) 7586. El Wad is one

of the most interesting places in Algeria. It is surrounded by huge

hollows containing noble palm groves; and beyond these on every side

stretches the limitless desert with its great billows of sand, the

encroachments of which on the oasis are only held at bay by ceaseless

toil. The town itself consists of a mass of one-storeyed stone houses,

each surmounted by a little dome, clustering round the market-place with

its mosque and minaret. By an exception rare in Saharan settlements,

there are no defensive works save the fort containing the government

offices, which the French have built on the south side of the town. The

inhabitants are of two distinct tribes, one, the Aduan, of Berber stock,

the other a branch of the Sha`ambah Arabs. El Wad possesses a curious

currency known as _flous_, consisting of obsolete copper coins of

Algerian and Tunisian dynasties. Seven flous are regarded as equal to

the French five-centime piece.

El Wad oasis is one of a group known collectively as the Suf. Five miles

N.W. is Kuinine (pop. 3541) and 6 m. farther N.W. Guemar (pop. 6885), an

ancient fortified town noted for its manufacture of carpets. Linen

weaving is carried on extensively in the Suf. Administratively El Wad is

the capital of an annexe to the territory of Tuggurt.

ELWOOD, a city of Madison county, Indiana, U.S.A., on Duck Creek, about

38 m. N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. (1880) 751; (1890) 2284; (1900) 12,950

(1386 foreign-born); (1910) 11,028. Elwood is served by the Lake Erie &

Western and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis railways, and

by an interurban electric line. Its rapid growth in population and as a

manufacturing centre was due largely to its situation in the natural gas

region; the failure of the gas supply in 1903 caused a decrease in

manufacturing, but the city gradually adjusted itself to new conditions.

It has large tin plate mills, iron and steel foundries, saw and planing

mills, wooden-ware and furniture factories, bottling works and

lamp-chimney factories, flour mills and packing houses. In 1905 the

value of the city's factory product was $6,111,083; in 1900 it was

$9,433,513; the glass product was valued at $223,766 in 1905, and at

$1,011,803 in 1900. There are extensive brick-yards in the vicinity, and

the surrounding agricultural country furnishes large supplies of grain,

live-stock, poultry and produce, for which Elwood is the shipping

centre. The site was first settled under the name of Quincy; the present

name was adopted in 1869; and in 1891 Elwood received a city charter.

ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854- ), American economist, was born at Ripley,

New York, on the 13th of April 1854. Educated at Columbia and Heidelberg

universities, he held the professorship of economics at Johns Hopkins

University from 1881 to 1892, and was subsequently professor of

economics at Wisconsin University. Professor Ely took an active part in

the formation of the American Economic Association, was secretary from

1885 to 1892 and president from 1899 to 1901. He published a useful

_Introduction to Political Economy_ (1889); _Outlines of Economics_

(1893); _The Labour Movement in America_ (1883); _Problems of To-day_

(1888); _Social Aspects of Christianity_ (1889); _Socialism and Social

Reform_ (1894); _Monopolies and Trusts_ (1900), and _Studies in the

Evolution of Industrial Society_ (1903).

ELY, a cathedral city and market-town, in the Newmarket parliamentary

division of Cambridgeshire, England, 16 m. N.N.E. of Cambridge by the

Great Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 7713. It stands on

a considerable eminence on the west (left) bank of the Ouse, in the Isle

of Ely, which rises above the surrounding fens. Thus its situation,

before the great drainage operations of the 17th century, was

practically insular. The magnificent cathedral, towering above the town,

is a landmark far over the wide surrounding level. The soil in the

vicinity is fertile and market-gardening is carried on, fruit and

vegetables (especially asparagus) being sent to the London markets. The

town has a considerable manufacture of tobacco pipes and earthenware,

and there are in the neighbourhood mills for the preparation of oil from

flax, hemp and cole-seed. Besides the cathedral Ely has in St Mary's

church, lying almost under the shadow of the greater building, a fine

structure ranging in style from Norman to Perpendicular, but in the main

Early English. The sessions house and corn exchange are the principal

public buildings. The grammar school, founded by Henry VIII. in 1541,

occupies (together with other buildings) the room over the gateway of

the monastery, known as the Porta, and the chapel built by Prior John de

Cranden (1321-1341) is restored to use as a school chapel. A theological

college was founded in 1876 and opened in 1881.

The foundation of the present cathedral was laid by its first Norman

abbot, Simeon, in 1083. But the reputation of Ely had been established

long before Etheldreda (Aethelthryth), daughter of Anna, king of East

Anglia, was married to Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, against her will,

as she had vowed herself wholly to a religious life. Her husband opposed

himself to her vow, but with the help of Wilfrid, archbishop of York,

she took the veil, and found refuge from her husband in the marsh-girt

Isle of Ely. Here she founded a religious house, in all probability a

mixed community, in 673, becoming its first abbess, and giving the whole

Isle of Ely to the foundation. In 870 the monastery was destroyed by the

Danes, as were also the neighbouring foundations at Soham, Thorney,

Crowland and Peterborough, and it remained in ruins till 970, when

Aethelwold, bishop of Winchester, founded a new Benedictine monastery

here. King Edgar in 970 endowed the monks with the former possessions of

the convent and also granted them the secular causes of two hundreds

within and of five hundreds without the marshes, all charges belonging

to the king in secular disputes in all their lands and every fourth

penny of public revenue in the province of Grantecestre. The wealth and

importance of Ely rose, and its abbots held the post of chancellors of

the king's court alternately with the abbots of Glastonbury and of St

Augustine's, Canterbury. But Ely again became a scene of contest in the

desperate final struggle against William the Conqueror of which Hereward

"the Wake" was the hero. Finally, in 1071, the monks agreed to surrender

the Isle of Ely to the king on condition of the confirmation of all the

possessions and privileges, held by them in the time of Edward the

Confessor. Abbot Simeon (1081-1094), who now began the reconstruction of

the church, was related to William and brother to Walkelin, first Norman

bishop of Winchester. Under Abbot Richard (1100-1107) the translation

from the Saxon church of the bodies of St Etheldreda and of the two

abbesses who had followed her, and their enshrinement in the new

edifice, took place; and it was due to the honour in which the memory of

the foundresses was held that Ely maintained the position of dignity

which it kept henceforth until the dissolution of the monasteries. The

feast of St Etheldreda, or St Awdrey as she was generally called, was

the occasion every year for a large fair here, at which "trifling

objects" were sold to pilgrims by way of souvenirs; whence the word

"tawdrey," a contraction of St Awdrey. In 1109 the Isle of Ely, most of

Cambridgeshire, and the abbeys of Thorney and Cetricht were separated

from the diocese of Lincoln, and converted into a new diocese, Ely being

the seat of the bishopric, and after the dissolution of the monasteries

Henry VIII. converted the conventual church into a cathedral (1541). The

diocese is extensive. It covers nearly the whole of Cambridgeshire,

Huntingdonshire and Bedfordshire, part of Suffolk, and small portions of

Essex, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire.

The cathedral is a cruciform structure, 537 ft. long and 190 ft. across

the great transepts (exterior measurements). A relic of the Saxon

foundation is preserved in the cross of St Osyth (c. 670), and a

pre-Norman window is kept in the triforium, having been dug up near the

cathedral. Of the work of the first two Norman abbots all that remains

is the early Norman lower storey of the main transept. The foundations

of Abbot Simeon's apse were discovered below the present choir. The

nave, which is Norman throughout, is 208 ft. in length, 72 ft. 9 in. to

the top of the walls, and 77 ft. 3 in. broad, including the aisles. The

upper parts of the western tower and the transept were begun by Bishop

Geoffrey Ridel (d. 1189), and continued by his successor William

Longchamp, chancellor of England. The tower, which is 215 ft. high, is

surmounted by a Decorated octagon with partly detached side turrets, and

underwent alteration and strengthening in the Perpendicular period. The

north-western transept wing is in ruins; it is not known when it fell.

The Galilee, or western porch, by which the cathedral is entered, is the

work of Bishop Eustace (d. 1215), and is a perfect example of Early

English style. In 1322 the Norman central tower, erected by Abbot

Simeon, fell. Alan of Walsingham, sacrist of the church, designed its

restoration in the form of the present octagon, a beautiful and unique

conception. Instead of the ordinary four-arched central crossing, an

octagon is formed at the crossing, the arches of the nave aisles and

choir aisles being set obliquely. Both without and within, the octagon

is the principal feature in the unusual general appearance of the

cathedral, which gives it a peculiar eminence among English churches.

The octagon was completed in 1328, and upon the ribbed vaulting of wood

above it rose the lofty lantern, octagonal also, with its angles set

opposite those of the octagon below. The total height of the structure

is 170 ft. 7 in. Alan of Walsingham was further employed by Bishop John

of Hotham (d. 1337) as architect of the Lady chapel, a beautiful example

of Decorated work, which served from 1566 onward as a parish church. Of

the seven bays of the choir the four easternmost, as well as the two

beyond forming the retrochoir, were built by Bishop Hugh of Northwold

(d. 1254). The three western bays were destroyed by the fall of the

tower in 1321, and were rebuilt by Alan of Walsingham. The earlier

portion is a superb example of Early English work, while the later is

perhaps the best example of pure Decorated in England. The wooden

canopies of the choir stalls are Decorated (1337) and very elaborate.

The Perpendicular style is represented by windows and certain other

details, including supporting arches to the western tower. There are

also some splendid chantry chapels and tombs in this style--the chapels

of Bishop John Alcock (d. 1500) and Bishop Nicolas West (d. 1534), in

the north and south choir aisles respectively, are completely covered

with the most delicate ornamentation; while the tomb of Bishop Richard

Redman (d. 1505) has a remarkably beautiful canopy. Among earlier

monuments the canopied tomb of Bishop William de Luda (1290-1298) and

the finely-carved effigy of Bishop Northwold (1254) are notable. Between

1845 and 1884 the cathedral underwent restoration under the direction of

Sir Gilbert Scott. The work included the erection of the modern reredos

and choir-screen, both designed by Scott, and the painting of the nave

roof by Styleman le Strange (d. 1862), who was succeeded by Gambier

Parry. Parry also richly ornamented the octagon and lantern in the style

of the 14th century.

Remains of the monastic buildings are fragmentary but numerous. Mention

has been made of the Ely "Porta" or gateway (1396), which is occupied by

the grammar school, and of Prior John de Cranden's beautiful little

Decorated chapel. But many of the remains, the bulk of which are

incorporated in the deanery and canons' and other residences to the

south of the cathedral, are of much earlier date. Thus the fine early

Norman undercroft of the prior's hall is probably of the time of Abbot

Simeon. Another notable fragment is the transitional Norman chancel of

the infirmary chapel. The remnants of the cloisters show a

reconstruction in the 15th century, but the prior's and monks' doorways

from the cloisters into the cathedral are highly decorated late Norman.

The bishop's palace to the west of the cathedral has towers erected by

Bishop Alcock at the close of the 15th century. In the muniment room of

the chapter is preserved, among many ancient documents of great

interest, the _liber Eliensis_, a history of the monastery by the monk

known as Thomas of Ely (d. c. 1174), of which the first part, which

extends to the year 960, contains a life of St Etheldreda, while the

second is continued to the year 1107.

Ely, which according to Bede (_Hist. eccl._ iv. 19) derives its name

from the quantity of eels in the waters about it (A.S. _ael_, eel, _-ig_,

island), was a borough by prescription at least as early as the reign of

William the Conqueror. It owed its importance entirely to the monastery,

and for a long time the abbot and afterwards the bishop had almost

absolute power in the town. The bailiff who governed the town was chosen

by the bishop until 1850, when a local board was appointed. Richard I.

granted the bishop of Ely a fair there, and in 1319-1320 John of

Hotham, a later bishop, received licence to hold a fair on the vigil and

day of Ascension and for twenty days following. The markets are claimed

by an undated charter by the bishop, who also continues to hold the

fairs. In 1295 Ely sent two members to parliament, but has never been

represented since.

See C.W. Stubbs, _Ely Cathedral_ (London, 1897); _Victoria County

History, Cambridgeshire._

ELYOT, SIR THOMAS (c. 1490-1546), English diplomatist and scholar. His

father, Sir Richard Elyot (d. 1522), who held considerable estates in

Wiltshire, was made (1503) serjeant-at-law and attorney-general to the

queen consort, and soon afterwards was commissioned to act as justice of

assize on the western circuit, becoming in 1513 judge of common pleas.

Thomas was the son of his first marriage with Alice Fynderne, but

neither the date nor place of his birth is accurately known. Anthony a

Wood claimed him as an _alumnus_ of St Mary Hall, Oxford, while C.H.

Cooper in the _Athenae Cantabrigienses_ put in a claim for Jesus

College, Cambridge. Elyot himself says in the preface to his

_Dictionary_ that he was educated under the paternal roof, and was from

the age of twelve his own tutor. He supplies, in the introduction to his

_Castell of Helth_, a list of the authors he had read in philosophy and

medicine, adding that a "worshipful physician" read to him Galen and

some other authors. In 1511 he accompanied his father on the western

circuit as clerk to the assize, and he held this position until 1528. In

addition to his father's lands in Wiltshire and Oxfordshire he inherited

in 1523 the Cambridge estates of his cousin, Thomas Fynderne. His title

was disputed, but Wolsey decided in his favour, and also made him clerk

of the privy council. Elyot, in a letter addressed to Thomas Cromwell,

says that he never received the emoluments of this office, while the

barren honour of knighthood conferred on him when he was displaced in

1530 merely put him to further expense. In that year he sat on the

commission appointed to inquire into the Cambridgeshire estates of his

former patron, Cardinal Wolsey. He married Margaret Barrow, who is

described (Stapleton, _Vita Thomae Mori_, p. 59, ed. 1558) as a student

in the "school" of Sir Thomas More.

In 1531 he produced the _Boke named the Governour_, dedicated to King

Henry VIII. The work advanced him in the king's favour, and in the close

of the year he received instructions to proceed to the court of the

emperor Charles V. to induce him to take a more favourable view of

Henry's projected divorce from Catherine of Aragon. With this was

combined another commission, on which one of the king's agents, Stephen

Vaughan, was already engaged. He was, if possible, to apprehend William

Tyndale. It is probable that Elyot was suspected, as Vaughan certainly

was, of lukewarmness in carrying out the king's wishes, but this has not

prevented his being much abused by Protestant writers. As ambassador

Elyot had been involved in ruinous expense, and on his return he wrote

to Thomas Cromwell, begging to be excused from serving as sheriff of

Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, on the score of his poverty. The

request was not granted. He was one of the commissioners in the inquiry

instituted by Cromwell prior to the suppression of the monasteries, but

he did not obtain any share of the spoils. There is little doubt that

his known friendship for Thomas More militated against his chances of

success, for in a letter addressed to Cromwell he admitted his

friendship for More, but protested that he rated higher his duty to the

king. William Roper, in his _Life_ of More, says that Elyot was on a

second embassy to Charles V., in the winter of 1535-1536, when he

received at Naples the news of More's execution. He had been kept in the

dark by his own government, but heard the news from the emperor. The

story of an earlier embassy to Rome (1532), mentioned by Burnet, rests

on a late endorsement of instructions dated from that year, which cannot

be regarded as authoritative. In 1542 he represented the borough of

Cambridge in parliament. He had purchased from Cromwell the manor of

Carleton in Cambridgeshire, where he died on the 26th of March 1546.

Sir Thomas Elyot received little reward for his services to the state,

but his scholarship and his books were held in high esteem by his

contemporaries. The _Boke named the Governour_ was printed by Thomas

Berthelet (1531, 1534, 1536, 1544, &c.). It is a treatise on moral

philosophy, intended to direct the education of those destined to fill

high positions, and to inculcate those moral principles which alone

could fit them for the performance of their duties. The subject was a

favourite one in the 16th century, and the book, which contained many

citations from classical authors, was very popular. Elyot expressly

acknowledges his obligations to Erasmus's _Institutio Principis

Christiani_; but he makes no reference to the _De regno et regis

institutione_ of Francesco Patrizzi (d. 1494), bishop of Gaeta, on which

his work was undoubtedly modelled. As a prose writer, Elyot enriched the

English language with many new words. In 1534 he published _The Castell

of Helth_, a popular treatise on medicine, intended to place a

scientific knowledge of the art within the reach of those unacquainted

with Greek. This work, though scoffed at by the faculty, was appreciated

by the general public, and speedily went through many editions. His

Latin _Dictionary_, the earliest comprehensive dictionary of the

language, was completed in 1538. The copy of the first edition in the

British Museum contains an autograph letter from Elyot to Thomas

Cromwell, to whom it originally belonged. It was edited and enlarged in

1548 by Thomas Cooper, bishop of Winchester, who called it _Bibliotheca

Eliotae_, and it formed the basis in 1565 of Cooper's _Thesaurus linguae

Romanae et Britannicae_.

Elyot's translations include:--_The Doctrinal of Princes_ (1534), from

Isocrates; _Cyprianus, A Swete and Devoute Sermon of Holy Saynt

Ciprian of the Mortalitie of Man_ (1534); _Rules of a Christian Life_

(1534), from Pico della Mirandola; _The Education or Bringing up of

Children_ (c. 1535), from Plutarch; and _Howe one may take Profite

of his Enymes_ (1535), from the same author is generally attributed to

him. He also wrote: _The Knowledge which maketh a Wise Man_ and

_Pasquyll the Playne_ (1533); _The Bankette of Sapience_ (1534), a

collection of moral sayings; _Preservative agaynste Deth_ (1545),

which contains many quotations from the Fathers; _Defence of Good

Women_ (1545). His _Image of Governance, compiled of the Actes and

Sentences notable of the most noble Emperor Alexander Severus_ (1540)

professed to be a translation from a Greek MS. of the emperor's

secretary Encolpius (or Eucolpius, as Elyot calls him), which had been

lent him by a gentleman of Naples, called Pudericus, who asked to have

it back before the translation was complete. In these circumstances

Elyot, as he asserts in his preface, supplied the other maxims from

different sources. He was violently assailed by Humphrey Hody and

later by William Wotton for putting forward a pseudo-translation; but

Mr H.H.S. Croft has discovered that there was a Neapolitan gentleman

at that time bearing the name of Poderico, or, Latinized, Pudericus,

with whom Elyot may well have been acquainted. Roger Ascham mentions

his _De rebus memorabilibus Angliae_; and Webbe quotes a few lines of

a lost translation of the _Ars poetica_ of Horace.

A learned edition of the _Governour_ (2 vols., 1880), by H.H.S. Croft,

contains, besides copious notes, a valuable glossary of 16th century

English words.

ELYRIA, a city and the county-seat of Lorain county, Ohio, U.S.A., on

the Black river, 8 m. from Lake Erie, and about 25 m. W.S.W. of

Cleveland. Pop. (1890) 5611; (1900) 8791, of whom 1397 were

foreign-born; (1910 census) 14,825. It is served by the Baltimore &

Ohio, and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railways. Elyria is about

720 ft. above sea-level, and lies at the junction of the two forks of

the Black river, each of which falls about 50 ft. here, furnishing

water-power. Among the city's manufactures are oxide of tin and other

chemicals, iron and steel, leather goods, automobiles and bicycles,

electrical and telephone supplies, butted tubing, gas engines, screws

and bolts, silk, lace and hosiery. In 1905 the city's factory products

were valued at $2,933,450--140.2% more than their value in 1900.

Flagging, building-stones and grindstones, taken from quarries in the

vicinity (known as the Berea Grit quarries), are shipped from Elyria in

large quantities. Elyria was founded about 1819 by Heman Ely, in whose

honour it was named; it was selected as the site for the county seat in

1823, and was chartered as a city in 1892.

ELYSIUM, in Greek mythology, the Elysian fields, the abode of the

righteous after their removal from earth. In Homer (_Od._ iv. 563) this

region is a plain at the farthest end of the earth on the banks of the

river Oceanus, where the fair-haired Rhadamanthys rules, and where the

people are vexed by neither snow nor storm, heat nor cold, the air being

always tempered by the zephyr wafted from the ocean. It is no dwelling

of the dead nor part of the lower world, but distinguished heroes are

translated thither without dying, to live a life of perfect happiness.

In Hesiod (_W. and D._ 166) the same description is given of the Islands

of the Blessed under the rule of Cronus, which yield three harvests

yearly. Here, according to Pindar, Rhadamanthys sits by the side of his

father Cronus and administers judgment (_Ol._ ii. 61, _Frag. 95_). All

who have successfully gone through a triple probation on earth are

admitted to share these blessings. In later accounts (_Aeneid_, vi. 541)

Elysium was regarded as part of the underworld, the home of the

righteous dead adjudged worthy of it by the tribunal of Minos,

Rhadamanthys and Aeacus. Those who had lived evil lives were thrust down

into Tartarus, where they suffered endless torments.

ELZE, KARL (1821-1889), German scholar and Shakespearian critic, was

born at Dessau on the 22nd of May 1821. Having studied (1839-1843)

classical philology, and modern, but especially English, literature at

the university of Leipzig, he was a master for a time in the Gymnasium

(classical school) at Dessau, and in 1875 was appointed extraordinary,

and in 1876 ordinary, professor of English philology at the university

of Halle, in which city he died on the 21st of January 1889. Elze began

his literary career with the _Englischer Liederschatz_ (1851), an

anthology of English lyrics, edited for a while a critical periodical

_Atlantis_, and in 1857 published an edition of Shakespeare's _Hamlet_

with critical notes. He also edited Chapman's _Alphonsus_ (1867) and

wrote biographies of Walter Scott, Byron and Shakespeare; _Abhandlungen

zu Shakespeare_ (English translation by D. Schmitz, as _Essays on

Shakespeare_, London, 1874), and the excellent treatise, _Notes on

Elizabethan Dramatists with conjectural emendations of the text_ (3

vols., Halle, 1880-1886, new ed. 1889).

ELZEVIR, the name of a celebrated family of Dutch printers belonging to

the 17th century. The original name of the family was Elsevier, or

Elzevier, and their French editions mostly retain this name; but in

their Latin editions, which are the more numerous, the name is spelt

Elzeverius, which was gradually corrupted in English into Elzevir as a

generic term for their books. The family originally came from Louvain,

and there Louis, who first made the name Elzevir famous, was born in

1540. He learned the business of a bookbinder, and having been compelled

in 1580, on account of his Protestantism and his adherence to the cause

of the insurgent provinces, to leave his native country, he established

himself as bookbinder and bookseller in Leiden. His _Eutropius_, which

appeared in 1592, was long regarded as the earliest Elzevir, but the

first is now known to be _Drusii Ebraicarum quaestionum ac responsionum

libri duo_, which was produced in 1583. In all he published about 150

works. He died on the 4th of February 1617. Of his five sons, Matthieu,

Louis, Gilles, Joost and Bonaventure, who all adopted their father's

profession, Bonaventure, who was born in 1583, is the most celebrated.

He began business as a printer in 1608, and in 1626 took into

partnership Abraham, a son of Matthieu, born at Leiden in 1592. Abraham

died on the 14th of August 1652, and Bonaventure about a month

afterwards. The fame of the Elzevir editions rests chiefly on the works

issued by this firm. Their Greek and Hebrew impressions are considered

inferior to those of the Aldi and the Estiennes, but their small

editions in 12mo, 16mo and 24mo, for elegance of design, neatness,

clearness and regularity of type, and beauty of paper, cannot be

surpassed. Especially may be mentioned the two editions of the New

Testament in Greek ([Greek: He kaine diatheke], _Novum Testamentum_,

&c.), published in 1624 and 1633, of which the latter is the more

beautiful and the more sought after; the _Psalterium Davidis_, 1653;

_Virgilii opera_, 1636; _Terentii comediae_, 1635; but the works which

gave their press its chief celebrity are their collection of French

authors on history and politics in 24mo, known under the name of the

_Petites Republiques_, and their series of Latin, French and Italian

classics in small 12mo. Jean, son of Abraham, born in 1622, had since

1647 been in partnership with his father and uncle, and when they died

Daniel, son of Bonaventure, born in 1626, joined him. Their partnership

did not last more than two years, and after its dissolution Jean carried

on the business alone till his death in 1661. In 1654 Daniel joined his

cousin Louis (the third of that name and son of the second Louis), who

was born in 1604, and had established a printing press at Amsterdam in

1638. From 1655 to 1666 they published a series of Latin classics in

8vo, _cum notis variorum_; _Cicero_ in 4to; the _Etymologicon linguae

Latinae_; and a magnificent _Corpus juris civilis_ in folio, 2 vols.,

1663. Louis died in 1670, and Daniel in 1680. Besides Bonaventure,

another son of Matthieu, Isaac, born in 1593, established a printing

press at Leiden, where he carried on business from 1616 to 1625; but

none of his editions attained much fame. The last representatives of the

Elzevir printers were Peter, grandson of Joost, who from 1667 to 1675

was a bookseller at Utrecht, and printed seven or eight volumes of

little consequence; and Abraham, son of the first Abraham, who from 1681

to 1712 was university printer at Leiden.

Some of the Elzevir editions bear no other typographical mark than

simply the words _Apud Elzeverios_, or _Ex officina Elseveriana_, under

the _rubrique_ of the town. But the majority bear one of their special

devices, four of which are recognized as in common use. Louis Elzevir,

the founder of the family, usually adopted the arms of the United

Provinces, an eagle on a cippus holding in its claws a sheaf of seven

arrows, with the motto _Concordia res parvae crescunt_. About 1620 the

Leiden Elzevirs adopted a new device, known as "the solitary," and

consisting of an elm tree, a fruitful vine and a man alone, with a motto

_Non solus_. They also used another device, a palm tree with the motto,

_Assurgo pressa_. The Elzevirs of Amsterdam used for their principal

device a figure of Minerva with owl, shield and olive tree, and the

motto, _Ne extra oleas_. The earliest productions of the Elzevir press

are marked with an angel bearing a book and a scythe, and various other

devices occur at different times. When the Elzevirs did not wish to put

their name to their works they generally marked them with a sphere, but

of course the mere fact that a work printed in the 17th century bears

this mark is no proof that it is theirs. The total number of works of

all kinds which came from the presses of the Elzevirs is given by

Willems as 1608; there were also many forgeries.

See "Notice de la collection d'auteurs latins, francais, et italiens,

imprimee de format petit en 12, par les Elsevier," in Brunet's _Manuel

du libraire_ (Paris, 1820); A. de Reume, _Recherches historiques,

genealogiques, et bibliographiques sur les Elsevier_ (Brussels, 1847);

Paul Dupont, _Histoire de l'imprimerie_, in two vols. (Paris, 1854);

Pieters, _Annales de l'imprimerie Elsevirienne_ (2nd ed., Ghent,

1858); Walther, _Les Elseviriennes de la bibliotheque imperiale de

St-Petersbourg_ (St Petersburg, 1864); Alphonse Willems, _Les

Elzevier_ (Brussels, 1880), with a history of the Elzevir family and

their printing establishments, a chronological list and detailed

description of all works printed by them, their various typographical

marks, and a plate illustrating the types used by them; Kelchner,

_Catalogus librorum officinae Elsevirianae_ (Paris, 1880); Frick, _Die

Elzevirschen Republiken_ (Halle, 1892); Berghman, _Etudes sur la

bibliographie Elzevirienne_ (Stockholm, 1885), and _Nouvelles etudes,

&c._ (_ib._ 1897).

EMANATION (Lat. _emanatio_, from _e-_, out, _manare_, to flow), in

philosophy and theology, the name of one of the three chief theories of

existence, i.e. of the relation between God and men--the One and the

Many, the Universal and the Particular. This theory has been propounded

in many forms, but the central idea is that the universe of individuals

consists of the involuntary "outpourings" of the ultimate divine

essence. That essence is not only all-inclusive, but absolutely perfect,

while the "emanated" individuals degenerate in proportion to the degree

of their distance from the essence. The existence of evil in opposition

to the perfect goodness of God, as thus explained, need not be

attributed to God's agency, inasmuch as the whole emanation-process is

governed by necessary--as it were mechanical--laws, which may be

compared to those of the physical universe. The doctrine of emanation is

thus to be distinguished from the cosmogonic theory of Judaism and

Christianity, which explains human existence as due to a single creative

act of a moral agent. The God of Judaism and Christianity is

essentially a _person_ in close _personal_ relation to his creatures;

emanation is the denial of personality both for God and for man. The

emanation theory is to be contrasted, on the other hand, with the theory

of evolution. The two theories are alike in so far as both recognize the

existence of individuals as due to a necessary process of

differentiation and a scale of existence. They differ, however,

fundamentally in this respect, that, whereas evolution regards the

process as from the indeterminate lower towards the determinate higher,

emanation regards it as from the highest to the indefinitely lower.

There is considerable superficial similarity between evolution and

emanation, especially in their formal statements. The process of

evolution from the indeterminate to the determinate is often expressed

as a progress from the universal to the particular. Thus the primordial

matter assumed by the early Greek physicists may be said to be the

universal substance out of which particular things arise. The doctrine

of emanation also regards the world as a process of particularization.

Yet the resemblance is more apparent than real. The universal is, as

Herbert Spencer remarked, a subjective idea, and the general forms,

existing _ante res_, which play so prominent a part in Greek and

medieval philosophy, do not in the least correspond to the homogeneous

matter of the physical evolutionists. The one process is a logical

operation, the other a physical. The theory of emanation, which had its

source in certain moral and religious ideas, aims first of all at

explaining the origin of mental or spiritual existence as an effluence

from the divine and absolute spirit. In the next place, it seeks to

account for the general laws of the world, for the universal forms of

existence, as ideas which emanate from the Deity. By some it was

developed into a complete philosophy of the world, in which matter

itself is viewed as the lowest emanation from the absolute. In this form

it stands in sharp antithesis to the doctrine of evolution, both because

the former views the world of particular things and events as

essentially unreal and illusory, and because the latter, so far as it

goes, looks on matter as eternal, and seeks to explain the general forms

of things as we perceive them by help of simpler assumptions. In certain

theories known as doctrines of emanation, only mental existence is

referred to the absolute source, while matter is viewed as eternal and

distinct from the divine nature. In this form the doctrine of emanation

approaches certain forms of the evolution theory (see EVOLUTION).

The doctrine of emanation is correctly described as of oriental origin.

It appears in various forms in Indian philosophy, and is the

characteristically oriental element in syncretic systems like

Neoplatonism and Gnosticism. None the less it is easy to find it in

embryo in the speculations of the essentially European philosophers of

Greece. Plato, whose philosophy was strongly opposed to the evolution

theory, distinctly inclines to the emanation idea in his doctrine that

each particular thing is what it is in virtue of a pre-existent idea,

and that the particulars are the lowest in the scale of existence, at

the head of, or above, which is the idea of the good. The view of

Xenocrates is based on the same ideas. Or again, we may compare the

Stoic doctrine of [Greek: aporroiai] (literally "emanations") from the

divine essence. It is, however, only in the last eclectic period of

Greek philosophy that the emanation doctrine was definitely established

in the doctrines, e.g. Plotinus.

See especially articles EVOLUTION, NEOPLATONISM, GNOSTICISM.

EMANUEL I. [Portuguese _Manoel_] (1469-1521), fourteenth king of

Portugal, surnamed the Happy, knight of the Garter and of the Golden

Fleece, was the son of Duke Ferdinand of Vizeu and of Beatrice of Beja,

grandchildren of John I. of Portugal. He was born at Alcochete on the

3rd of May 1469, or, according to Barbosa Machado, on the 1st of June.

His early education was directed by a Sicilian named Cataldo. In 1495 he

became king in succession to his cousin John II. In 1497 he married

Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, who had

previously been married to Alphonso, the heir of John II. She died in

the next year in giving birth to a son named Miguel, who until his death

two years later was considered heir to the entire Iberian Peninsula.

Emanuel's next wife was Maria, another daughter of Ferdinand and

Isabella, whom he married in 1500. Two of their children, John and

Henry, later became kings of Portugal. Maria died in 1516, and in 1518

her niece Leonora, a sister of the emperor Charles V., became Emanuel's

third wife. Emanuel's reign is noteworthy for the continuance of the

Portuguese discoveries and the extension of their chain of

trading-posts, Vasco da Gama's opening an all-sea route to India,

Cabral's landing in Brazil, Corte-Real's voyage to Labrador, the

exploration of the Indian seas and the opening of commercial relations

with Persia and China, bringing Portugal international prominence,

colonial pre-eminence and a hitherto unparalleled degree of national

prosperity. His intense religious zeal variously manifested itself in

his persecutions of the Jews, whom at the beginning of his reign he had

been disposed to tolerate, his strenuous endeavours to promote an

international crusade against the Turks, his eager missionary enterprise

throughout his new possessions, and his erection of twenty-six

monasteries and two cathedrals, including the stately monastic church of

the Jeronymos at Belem (see LISBON). His jealously despotic character

was accentuated by the enormous increase the Indies furnished to his

personal wealth, and exemplified in his assumption of new titles and in

a magnificent embassy to Pope Leo X. He died at Lisbon on the 13th of

December 1521.

The best authorities for the history of Emanuel's reign are the

contemporary 16th-century _Chronica d'el Rei D. Manoel_, by Damiao de

Goes, and _De rebus Emanuelis_, by J. Osorio. _El Rei D. Manoel_, by

M.B. Branco (Lisbon, 1888), is a valuable but ill-arranged biography.

See also the _Ordenacoes do S.R.D. Manoel_ (Coimbra University Press,

1797). For further bibliography see Barbosa Machado, _Bibliographica

Lusitana_, vol. iii. pp. 161-166.

EMBALMING (Gr. [Greek: balsamon], balsam; Ger. _Einbalsamiren_; Fr.

_embaumement_), the art of preparing dead bodies, chiefly by the use of

medicaments, in order to preserve them from putrefaction and the attacks

of insects. The ancient Egyptians carried the art to great perfection,

and embalmed not only human beings, but cats, crocodiles, ichneumons,

and other sacred animals. It was at one time suggested that the origin

of embalming in Egypt was to be traced to a want of fuel for the purpose

of cremation, to the inadvisability or at some times impossibility of

burial in a soil annually disturbed by the inundation of the Nile, and

to the necessity, for sanitary reasons, of preventing the decomposition

of the bodies of the dead when placed in open sepulchres. As, however,

the corpses of the embalmed must have constituted but a small proportion

of the aggregate mass of animal matter daily to be disposed of, the

above explanation would in any case be far from satisfactory; and there

is no doubt (see MUMMY) that embalming originated in the idea of

preserving the body for a future life. According to W.H. Prescott, it

was a belief in a resurrection of the body that led the ancient

Peruvians to preserve the air-dried corpses of their dead with so much

solicitude (see _Conquest of Peru_, bk. i. chap. iii.). And J.C.

Prichard (_Egyptian Mythology_, p. 200) properly compared the Egyptian

practice with the views which rendered "the Greeks and Romans so anxious

to perform the usual rites of sepulture to their departed warriors,

namely, ... that these solemnities expedited the journey of the soul to

the appointed region, where it was to receive judgment for its former

deeds, and to have its future doom fixed accordingly." It has been

supposed by some that the discovery of the preservation of bodies

interred in saline soils may have been the immediate origin of embalming

in Egypt. In that country certain classes of the community were

specially appointed for the practice of the art. Joseph, we are told in

Gen. l. 2, "commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his father."

Herodotus (ii. 86) gives an account of three of the methods of embalming

followed by the Egyptians. The most expensive of these, which cost a

talent of silver (L243: 15s.), was as follows. The brains were in part

removed through the nostrils by means of a bent iron implement, and in

part by the injection of drugs. The intestines having been drawn out

through an incision in the left side, the abdomen was cleansed with

palm-wine, and filled with myrrh, cassia and other materials, and the

opening was sewed up. This done, the body was steeped seventy days in a

solution of litron or natron.[1] Diodorus (i. 91) relates that the

cutter ([Greek: paraschistes]) appointed to make the incision in the

flank for the removal of the intestines, as soon as he had performed his

office, was pursued with stones and curses by those about him, it being

held by the Egyptians a detestable thing to commit any violence or

inflict a wound on the body. After the steeping, the body was washed,

and handed over to the swathers, a peculiar class of the lowest order of

priests, called by Plutarch _cholchytae_, by whom it was bandaged in

gummed cloth; it was then ready for the coffin. Mummies thus prepared

were considered to represent Osiris. In another method of embalming,

costing twenty-two minae (about L90), the abdomen was injected with

"cedar-tree pitch" ([Greek: kedria]), which, as it would seem from Pliny

(_Nat. Hist._ xvi. 21), was the liquid distillate of the pitch-pine.

This is stated by Herodotus to have had a corrosive and solvent action

on the viscera. After injection the body was steeped a certain number of

days in natron; the contents of the abdomen were allowed to escape; and

the process was then complete. The preparation of the bodies of the

poorest consisted simply in placing them in natron for seventy days,

after a previous rinsing of the abdomen with "syrmaea." The material

principally used in the costlier modes of embalming appears to have been

asphalt; wax was more rarely employed. In some cases embalming seems to

have been effected by immersing the body in a bath of molten bitumen.

Tanning also was resorted to. Occasionally the viscera, after treatment,

were in part or wholly replaced in the body, together with wax figures

of the four genii of Amenti. More commonly they were embalmed in a

mixture of sand and asphalt, and buried in vases, or _canopi_, placed

near the mummy, the abdomen being filled with chips and sawdust of cedar

and a small quantity of natron. In one jar were placed the stomach and

large intestine; in another, the small intestines; in a third, the lungs

and heart; in a fourth, the gall-bladder and liver. Porphyry (_De

abstinentia_, iv. 10) mentions a custom of enclosing the intestines in a

box and consigning them to the Nile, after a prayer uttered by one of

the embalmers, but his statement is regarded by Sir J.G. Wilkinson as

unworthy of belief. The body of Nero's wife Poppaea, contrary to the

usage of the Romans, was not burnt, but as customary among other nations

with the bodies of potentates, was honoured with embalmment (see

Tacitus, _Ann._ xvi. 6). The body of Alexander the Great is said to have

been embalmed with honey (Statius, _Silv._ iii. 2. 117), and the same

material was used to preserve the corpse of Agesipolis I. during its

conveyance to Sparta for burial. Herodotus states (iii. 24) that the

Ethiopians, in embalming, dried the body, rubbed it with gypsum (or

chalk), and, having painted it, placed it in a block of some transparent

substance. The Guanches, the aborigines of the Canaries, employed a mode

of embalming similar to that of the Egyptians, filling the hollow caused

by the removal of the viscera with salt and an absorbent vegetable

powder (see Bory de Saint Vincent, _Essais sur les Iles Fortunees_,

1803, p. 495). Embalming was still in vogue among the Egyptians in the

time of St Augustine, who says that they termed mummies _gabbarae_

(_Serm._ 120, cap. 12).

In modern times numerous methods of embalming have been practised. Dr

Frederick Ruysch of Amsterdam (1665-1717) is said to have utilized

alcohol for this purpose. By William Hunter essential oils, alcohol,

cinnabar, camphor, saltpetre and pitch or rosin were employed, and the

final desiccation of the body was effected by means of roasted gypsum

placed in its coffin. J.P. Boudet (1778-1849) embalmed with tan, salt,

asphalt and Peruvian bark, camphor, cinnamon and other aromatics and

corrosive sublimate. The last-mentioned drug, chloride and sulphate of

zinc, acetate and sulphate of alumina, and creasote and carbolic acid

have all been recommended by various modern embalmers.

See MUMMY; Louis Penicher, _Traite des embaumements_ (Paris, 1669); S.

Blancard, _Anatomia reformata, et de balsamatione nova methodus_

(Lugd. Bat., 1695); Thomas Greenhill, _The Art of Embalming_ (London,

1705); J.N. Marjolin, _Manuel d'anatomie_ (Paris, 1810); Pettigrew,

_History of Mummies_ (London, 1834); Gannal, _Traite d'embaumements_

(Paris, 1838; 2nd ed., 1841); Magnus, _Das Einbalsamiren der Leichen_

(Brunsw., 1839); Sucquet, _Embaumement_ (Paris, 1872); Lessley,

_Embalming_ (Toledo, Ohio, 1884); Myers, _Textbook of Embalming_

(Springfield, Ohio, 1900); Rawlinson, _Herodotus_, vol. ii. p. 141; G.

Elliot Smith, _A Contribution to the Study of Mummification in Egypt_

(Cairo, 1906).