Who does observe God's Ang macatuman sa mga sugo sa Dios,
commandments, will obtain the macadangat sa paghimaya nga dayon
everlasting life. sa Langit.
Which of you will accompany me? ¿Quinsa ba caniñó ang muuban
canaco?
Will you sew the shirt? Magatahi ca ba sa sinina?
I will not sew it, but my sister. Dili acó magatahi, cun dili ang
igso-on co nga babaye.
Who will read this letter? ¿Quinsa ba ang magabasa niining
sulat?
Look for a child from the school. Mangita ca ug usa ca bata sa
escuelahan.
If I know how to read or not what Cun mahibaló acó magbasa cun dili
does it concern you? ba ¿onsay labut mo niana?
Exercise X.
Can you walk, and do you not can go to Church?--I am not able to go
the Church, because I am sick--Will you can endure it?--Do not pretend
to be a learned man, because your own wit avails but little--Do you
wish to work?--I wish to work and they let me not--Where is your
wife?--I do not know--When did you see her?--I saw her at seven
o'clock in the morning--Whom are you speaking to? I am speaking to
my sister--Do you speak to her every day?--What does this man spend
his time in?--He is a good for nothing fellow; he spends his time in
drinking and playing--Who are the men that have just arrived?--They
are Russians--Is your father arrived at last?--Every body says that
he is arrived but I have not seen him yet--Has the Physician hurt
your son?--He has hurt him. for he has cut his finger.
ELEVENTH LESSON
OF THE PASSIVES.
The Bisaya dialect being almost completely passive, the study of this
speaking mood is of great importance. Three are the passives or moods
of expressing the verbs in passive voice. Passive the first or passive
of I (ee). The second passive or of On, and the third passive or of
An. The passive of I (ee) is formed by putting Gui before the root for
present and past tenses, and I (ee) for future and imperative. Passive
the second or of On, is formed by placing the particle Gui before
the root for present and past tenses; the future by duplicating the
first syllable of the root putting On after: or by placing one of
the particles of future tense before the root, and On after.
The third passive or of An is formed by putting the particle Gui
before the root and An after, for present and past tenses; the future
is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the root, and placing
before the root one of the particles of future tense and An after.
The imperative mood is formed by putting An after the root.
Conjugation of the Passives
Passive of I. (EE)
PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.
I leave him or he has been left by me. Guibilin co sia.
FUTURE AND IMPERATIVE.
He will be left, or let him be left by me. Ibilin co sia.
INFINITIVE.
When he left him. Sa pagbilin cania.
Passive of ON.
PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.
It is, or it has been written by them. Guisulat nila.
FUTURE.
Will be written by them. Susulaton or pagasulaton nila.
IMPERATIVE.
Let it be written by them. Susulaton nila.
INFINITIVE.
To be written by them. Sa pagsulat nila.
IMPERATIVE.
Write that. Sulaton mo caná.
Passive of AN.
PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.
It is or has been opened by me. Guilucaban co.
FUTURE.
Will be opened by me. Lulucaban or pagalucaban co.
IMPERATIVE.
Let it be opened by you. Lucaban mo.
IMPERSONAL IMPERATIVE.
Be that opened. Lucabi or Lucabi caná.
Rem. The other tenses are formed by means of conjunctions and adverbs
of the active conjugation. To speak well the Bisaya dialect, it is
absolutely necessary to understand when and how every one of the
passives must be used, and also the mechanism of their sentences,
which is the more difficult part, since are so many the moods and so
diverse their syntax, In order to make easy to the learners the use
of the passive tenses, we shall explain them as clearly as possible
by Examples.
Sell the plantation of Ibaligya mo ang calubihan.
cocoa-trees.
We have sold it now. Guibaligya na namo.
Count the cows. Isipon mo ang mga vaca.
We have counted them, and four are Gui-isip na namo ug culang pa ug
out of sight yet. upat ca bo-oc.
Order to have them searched at Papangitaa lamang sa madali.
one.
Water the plants, because it is Boboan mo ang mga tanóm, cay
very warm. mainit ca-ayo.
Cover the child, because it very Taboni ang bata, cay matugnao
cold. ca-ayo.
Did you go very far? ¿Halayo ba ang imong guilactan?
I am gone as far as my brother's. Guilactan co cutub sa balay sa
acong igso-on.
Exercise XI.
Are you pleased with your servant?--I am much pleased with him, for he
is lit for any thing--Has your brother returned at last from Spain?--He
has returned thence, and has brought you a fine horse--Has he told his
groom to bring it to me?--He has told him to bring it to you--¿What do
you think of that horse?--I think that it is a fine and good one, and
beg you to lead it to my brother's that he may see it--In what did you
spend your time yesterday?-I went to my father's in law, and afterwards
to the ball--When did that man go down in to the well?--He went down
into it this morning--Has he come up again yet?--He came up an hour
ago--Where is your brother?--He is in his room--Will you tell him to
come down (nga manaug sia)?--I will tell him so, but he is not dressed.
TWELFTH LESSON
SOME RULES UPON THE PASSIVES AND THEIR SENTENCES.
Passive of I. (ee)
This passive is made use of when the agent person exercises its action
removing from itself the patient person.
The sentences of this passive are formed by putting Gui before the
root for the present and past tenses, and I (ee) for the future and
imperative. This passive points out the harm, detriment, obsequiousness
or favour made to another, placing the receiver person in nominative
case, the donor in genitive, and in accusative with ug or sa the
favour or harm.
Passive of ON.
It is employed when the agent person attracts towards itself to
the patient person. When it is spoken by means of this passive, the
present and past tenses are formed by placing Gui before the root;
the future doubling the first syllable of the root and putting On
after, and the imperative mood by placing On after the root.
Passive of AN.
It is employed when the agent person exercises its action upon a place
or quasi-place, putting the said place or quasi-place in nominative
case. The present and past tenses are formed with gui, before the
root and An after it; the future, by duplicating the first syllable
of the root and by adding An to it, and the imperative mood by putting
An after the root. Examples:
Pull off that herb. Ibton mo canang balili.
Wherever they may place me I will Bisan asa acó ibutang nila,
follow my own mind. macatuman acó sa acong pagbu-ut.
I imitate him. Guipanig-ingnan co sia.
Speak to him. Pamolongan mo sia.
I gave him the book. Guihatag co na cania ang libro.
Please accept that. Daoato caná.
Please to explain it to me. Sagdi acó.
Exercise XII.
On what lived our ancestors?--They lived on fish and game, for they
went a hunting and a fishing every day--You have learned your lesson:
why has not your sister learned hers?--She has taken a walk with
my mother, so that she could not learn it, but she will learn it
to-morrow--When will you correct my exercises?--I will correct them
when you bring me those of your sister--Do you think you have made
faults in them?--I do not know--If you have made faults, you have
not studied your lessons well; for the lessons must be learned well
to make no faults in the exercises--It is all the same; if you do not
correct them to day--I shall not learn them before to-morrow--You must
not make any faults in your exercises, for you have all you want in
order to make none--Who is there?--It is I--Who are those men?--I do
not know--Of what country are they?--They are Americans--Why do you
sit near the fire?--My hands and feet are cold; that is the reason
why I sit near the fire--Are your sister's hands cold?--No; but her
feet are cold--What is the matter with your cousin?--fem.--Her leg
hurts her--What is the matter with this woman?--Her tongue hurts her.
THIRTEENTH LESSON
OF THE PARTICLES
NAGA.
l.a The particle Naga, the most usual in the Bisaya dialect has the
same signification as the root to which is joined. Its tenses are
formed with naga for the present time, nag for past; maga for the
future; and mag for the imperative mood. they all before the root. As:
To write. Pagsulat.
I write. Acó nagasulat.
You wrote. Icao nagsulat.
They will, or shall write. Sila magasulat.
Write. (pl.) Magsulat camó.
2.a This particle admits the three above mentioned passives, and its
tenses are formed by placing some times before, and some times after,
the particles at 12th. Lesson mentioned. They may be also formed
by putting Paga before the root for future tense, and Pag for the
imperative. Examples:
PRESENT AND PAST.
I write or wrote. Guisulat co.
FUTURE.
I will or shall write. Sulaton or pagasulaton co.
IMPERATIVE.
Write. Sulaton or pagsulaton mo.
3.a This particle signifies to do what the root to which precedes
points out, but in many ways, as we shall demonstrate.
4.a Placing it before the nouns of dress, garment or garb, signifies
to use them or to put on them. thus:
He wears shoes. Sia nagasapin.
Put on your hat. Magcalo ca.
5.a Before roots of musical instruments, signifies to play on them, as:
Play you on the guitar? ¿Nagasesta ca ba?
She harps. Sia naga-arpa.
Play on the piano. Magpiano ca.
6.a When it is joined to the nouns of nations and in is inserted
between the first two syllables of the root, signifies to speak or to
translate into that nation's language, and in this case, the second
passive will be employed; but when addressing a person, the third
must be used, Ex:
Speak to me in Latin. Maglinatin ca canaco.
Translate that book into Bisaya. Binisayaon mo or pagbinisayaon mo
canang libro.
Speak not to me in Spanish. Dili acó nimo quinatchilaan.
Time to. Tiempo sa.
Courage to. Gahúm sa.
To be right in. Catarungan sa.
To be wrong in. Ualay catarungan sa.
Afraid to. Cahadluc sa.
Wish or mind to. Nahagugma or gugma sa.
To work. Pagbuhat.
To speak. Pagsulti, pagpolong.
To buy. Pagpalit.
To tear. Pagguisi.
To break. Pagbo-ong.
I have a mind to work. Nahagugma acó magbuhat.
Have you time to work. ¿Duna ba camó ug tiempo sa pagbuhat?
We have time but not mind to Dunay tiempo, apan dili camé
work. mahagugma.
Have you a mind to buy my horse? Nahagugma ba camó mupalit sa acong
cabayo?
I am afraid to break the glass Nahadluc acó magbo-ong sa vaso.
Exercise XIII.
One of the valet de Chambres of Louis XIV requested that prince, as
he was going to bed, to recommend to the first President a lawsuit
which he had against his father-in-law, and said in urging him:
"Alas; Sire, you have but to say one word." "Well," said Louis XIV,
"it is not that which embarrasses me, but tell me, if thou wert in
thy father-in-law's place, and thy father-in-law in thine; wouldst
thou be glad, if I said that word?"--If the men should come, it would
be necessary to give them something to drink--If he could do this
he would do that--I have always flattered myself, my dear brother,
that you loved me as much as I love you; but I now see that I have
been mistaken--I have heard, my sister, that you are angry with me,
because I went a-walking without you; but I assure you that had
I known that you were not sick, I should have come for you; but I
inquired at your physician's after your health, and he told me that
you had been keeping your bed the last eight days.
FOURTEENTH LESSON
OF THE IMPERATIVE, CALLED IMPERSONAL.
1.a The second and third passives have a second imperative called
impersonal, because does not mention the person: wherefore, their
sentences are called impersonals. The imperative of the second passive
ends by a, and that of the third by i. Their sentences are formed
by placing the object in nominative case, and the verb in imperative
mood, Ex:
Kill the dog. Patia ang iró.
Put an end to that. Hudta cana.
Help us. Tabañgi camé.
Write it. Sulata.
Read that book. Basaha canang libro.
Call to Mr. Louis. Taoga si Sr. Louis.
Wait for me. Hulata acó.
Light the globe. Dagcuti ang globo.
2.a When the sentence is negative, the English not, is translated
into Bisaya by Ayao or uala Ex:
It was not met. Uala hiquiti.
Be not turbulent. Ayao pagsamoca.
Cry not to me. Ayao pagsinggiti.
Put not out the candle. Ayao pagpalnga ang candela.
3.a The impersonal imperative of the passive of an, is not compounded
with the particle Pag, Ex:
Pay what you owe, and comfort Bayri ang mga utang niñó ug lipayon
the afflicted. niñó ang mga tao nga ana-a sa
calisud.
Love God and your neighbour as Higugmaon niño ang Dios ng ang
yourselves. isigcatao niñó maingon caniñó.
Let us love and practise virtue, Higugmaon ug buhaton ta ang
and we shall be happy both in catarungan ug mapaladan quitá niini
this life and in the next. ug sa umalabut nga quinabuhi.
PRESENT PARTICIPLES OR GERUNDS.
We have said, that the Bisaya conjugation has but four tenses, but
in order to make the scholar acquainted with the tenses, the English
conjugation must be referred to, we make use of all the tenses. The
sentences of present participle are formed some times by placing sa
and Pag before the root. Examples:
This morning when you was Canina sa pag-oali mo nagduladula
preaching, were the children ang mga bata.
playing.
Our Lord spent his night-time in Ang Guinoo ta guicabuntagan sa
praying pag-ampo.
3.a The Gerunds are formed also with the adverb labon nga, and the
verb in future or in subjunctive, as:
The sinners despise to our Guipasaipad-an sa mga macasasalá ang
Lord, seeing they should adore atong Guino-o, labon nga
him. pagasingbahon nila unta.
4.o By means of verbal nouns are formed also gerunds called of time
or causals, and their sentences are formed by placing the leading
verb in nominative with Pag before the root, and the subordinate is
formed with the particle Na or Maoy and the particle of future Iga Ex:
When seeing you, my heart was Ang pagtan-ao co canimo, nalipay ang
gladded. casing-casing co.
When you departed he grew sad. Ang pag-guican mo namingao sia.
Exercise XIV.
Would you have money if your father were here?--Should have some if
he were here--A French officer having arrived at the court of Vienna,
the Empress Theresa asked him if he believed that the Princess of
N. whom he had seen the day before, was really the handsomest woman
in the world, as was said: Madam, replied the officer, I thought
so yesterday--What has become of your uncle?--I will tell you what
has become of him: here is the chair upon which he often sat--Is he
dead?--He is dead--When did he die?--He died three weeks ago--I am
very sorry at it--Why do you not sid down?--If you will sit down to
my side, I will sit down also; but if you go, I shall go along with
you--WIll you tell me what has become of your sister?--I will tell
you what has become of here.--Is she dead?--She is not dead--What
has become of her?--She is gone to Manila--What has become of your
sisters?--I can not tell what has become of them, for I have not seen
them six years ago.
FIFTEENTH LESSON
INFINITIVE SENTENCES.
1.a The infinitive sentences are composed of leading verb and
subordinate verb, the latter in infinitive mood, as:
I want to sew. Bu-ut acó magtahi.
I want to take a wife Bu-ut acó mangasaoa.
2.a When the sentences have between both leading and subordinate verbs
a relative pronoun, express or tacit, this pronoun is translated into
Bisaya by nga, and the subordinate verb must be placed in subjunctive
mood or in future, either active or passive. In a same way are they
formed, when between leading and subordinate verbs, is the conjunction
if, which is translated into Bisaya by cun. Ex:
It is not suit you go to the Dili Angay nga muadto ca sa
cock-fight bulungan.
My teacher told me, that I must Mi-ingon ang Magtoto-on canaco nga
learn to count. magto-on acó sa pagisip.
I wish you to talk Bu-ut acó nga mulacao ca.
I wish you to write me. Nagatinguhá acó nga musulat ca
canaco.
I doubt that I can make it. Ambut cun macabuhat acó niana.
3.a When the leading verb is the verb to be, the sentences are also
of to be, and the subordinate verb, is used as a substantive with
the particle pag or pagca in nominative, preceded by the article ang,
to wit:
Is it decent to dance? ¿Maayo ba ang pagsayao?
It is necessary to go to school Quinahanglan ang pagadto sa
escuelahan.
It is indecorous to bathe before Mangil-ad man ang pagcaligo sa
people. atubangan sa mga tao.
4.a In this manner are formed these sentences with the neuter verbs,
Example:
The excessive rain does not suit. Dili angay ang hinlabihan nga
pag-ulan.
5.a When the governed verb is preceded by the propositions to, for,
in order to, these sentences are called finals, and are translated into
Bisaya by cay aron, being the governed verb translated by subjunctive
mood, active or passive, Examples:
I did come here for visiting my Mianhi acó cay aron magduao acó sa
uncle. oyo-an co.
We have been ordered by the Nadaoat namo ug orden ni Amba cay
Governor to carry (pay) the tax. aron ihatud namo ang buhis.
I pray to be loved by the people. Nangadye acó cay aron higugmaon acó
sa mga taoo.
6.a When the leading verb is one of the auxiliary may, can or to be
able, it is translated by the potential Naca. Signifying to incite,
to invite, is rendered by Naquig; when to implore, to be fond of or
to give one's mind to, is translated by Naqui; when signifies to
have made, to bespeak, by Naga and Pa; and when to allow, to let,
must be rendered by Napa; which particles before the root include in
themselves the signification of the governed verb, Examples:
Did you can go up to the belfry? ¿Nacasacá ca ba sa campanario?
Will you be able to carry away that ¿Macadalá ca ba nianang baluyot
rice bag? sa bugás?
The children incite me to speak Ang mga bata naquigsulti canaco
into church. sa Singbahan.
Mother, Anthony is inviting me to Nanay, si Antonio naquigsayao
dance. canaco.
Francis begs me to have pity on Si Francisco naquimalooy canaco.
him.
I have got the rice plantation Guipatanóm co na ang basacan.
made.
Bespeak a cane for me. Pabuhaton mo ug usa ca songcod
canaco.
When do you intend to have my ¿Anus-a ba icao magapatahi sa
habits sewed? acong mga hábito?
Will you consent to be deceived by Palimbong ca ba nianang bacacon?
that liar?
Allow not your daughter to go to Ayao mapasayao sa imong anac.
the ball.
Remark upon the change of letters.
The most important changes which the scholar is advised attentively
to study to avoid ambiguity are these:
l.a Roots beginning by c or qu, changes in composition these letters
into g, as: To see, Quita nan-gita.
2.a When the first syllable is b or p, it is changed into m, and
those beginning with m, retain this letter, but the particle drops
the final n, as: To make--Buhat, namuhat: To speak, Po-long, namolong:
To grow dark--Molat, namolat.
3.a When the initials are d, s, or t, change the said syllables into
n, and the component particle drops the n, thus: To be angry, Tuyo,
nanuyo.--To cry, Singgit, naninggit--To visit, Duao, nanuao.
Exercise XV.
Why do you open the door?--Do you not see how it smokes here?--I see
it, but you must open the window instead of opening the door--The
window does not open easily; that is the reason why I open the
door--When will you shut it?--I will shut it as soon as the smoke is
gone--Is it useful to speak much?--When we wish to learn a foreign
language it is useful to speak a great deal--Is it as useful to write
as to speak?--It is more useful to speak than to write; but in order
to learn a language one must do both--Is it useful to write all that
one says?--That is useless--Where did you take this book from?--I took
it out of the room of your friend--Is it right to take the books of
other people?--It is not right, I know; but I wanted it, and I hope
that your friend will not be displeased, for I will return it to him
as soon as I have read it.
SIXTEENTH LESSON
OF THE PARTICLES PA AND IGA.
PA.
The particle Pa which is also an adverb of time and mood, and signifies
yet, still, notwithstanding, has a very important place in the Bisaya
dialect, and is sometimes used only redundantly, to give more force
to the sentence.
For the benefit of learners, we shall explain it here, before speaking
of the verbals particles to which is joined to form the sentences.
l.a Before some verbs has the signification of to wish, to try,
to desire and to allow that the signification of the root may take
place on the subject, as:
The haughty wishes to be requested Ang palabilabihon pa-ampo
by everybody. guihapon.
Father, give me only the Pahilog lamang acó, Pare.
Extremaunction.
I want to have some money so as to Pahatag man acó ug salapi nga
buy a fine shirt, and they give me igapalit co ug usá ca maanindat
not, for they say, it is vanity. nga sinina, ug dili acó taga-an
cay parayeg conó.
2.a Before nouns of place signifies to go there, as:
Where are you going? ¿Asa icao paingon?
I turn to home. Pauli acó sa amo.
Where will you go, when you die? Sa pagcamatay mo, asa icao pa-ingon?
I shall ascend into heaven. Palangit acó gayud.
3.a It is employed also as a joining conjunction, and in this case,
is used to exaggerate the phrase, placing the thing or the object
refers to, before; thus:
You also deceive me? Icao pa nagalimbong canaco?
He is a gambler and thief. Sia sugarol man ug caoatan pa.
He is sick and does play. Nagalingaolingao sia ug nasaquit pa man.
4.a Bisan pa ngani, answers to the English conjunctions though,
notwithstanding, for all that &.
Ex:
Although they allow me not to Bisan pa ngani dili acó pa sugal
play, I will play. nila. musugal acó gayud.
Although they may punish me, I Bisan pa ngani latuson acó nila,
will have not answer. dili acó mutingog.
5.a Serves also to point out the beginning and the end of an action,
Ex:
I was called, when I had just Igo pa acó miabut, guitaoag acó
arrived. nila.
IGA or ICA.
These particles signify the instrument, tool, or mean with which a
thing is done. They answer to the future of the passive mood, Ex:
This is the axe with which you Mao quini ang oasay nga iga or
have to cut the tree. icaputul mo sa cahuy.
But for. Ug dili pa unta.
But for he is a gambler this man Quining tao maingoningon ug bu-utan
would be so good as your sa igsoon mo, ug dili pa unta sia
brother. nga sugarol.
If you allow me, I will teach Acoy magato-on canimo ug quinachila,
you Spanish. ug tugutan pa acó.
Exercise XVI.
This man has altered a great deal--Where did you be born?--I will
not to answer you--If you do not make your appearance before him,
I will not speak to him--How is this said?--That can not be said
in Bisaya--Children must be accustomed early to the labor--I am
accustomed to write--I cannot express myself in Bisaya. because
I am not in the habit of speaking it--The man laughs and weeps by
turns--If I knew what you have done.... will you allow me to go to
the shore?--I do not permit you to go there--Do it in haste--Why does
Ferdinand complain of his wife?--Thomas complains of Fructuosa and
Fructuosa of Thomas --Who is right?--They are both wrong, for Thomas
wishes to take Fructuosa's toys and Fructuosa Thomas's.
SEVENTEENTH LESSON
OF THE PARTICLE NAGAPA
NAGAPA.
This particle is formed from the particles naga and pa; and signifies
to allow, to order, to have done what the root points out. The active
tenses are formed according to the rules laid down for naga adding
invariably pa.
ACTIVE VOICE--PRESENT.
I bespeak. Acó nagapabuhat
PAST TENSE.
I bespoke. Acó nagpabuhat.
FUTURE.
They will bespeak. Silá magapabuhat.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Order the tailor to sew. Magpatahi ca sa mananahi.
2.a This particle admits the three passives according to the above
mentioned rules for each of them.
The present and past tenses of the first passive are formed by placing
Guipa, before the root, the future and imperative with Ipa, before,
and the infinitive mood with Pagpa.
PRESENT TENSE.
I order to sew the shirt. Guipatahi co ang sinina.
PAST TENSE.
I have had the shirt sewed. Guipatahi co ang sinina.
FUTURE.
You will order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.
IMPERATIVE.
Order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.
3.a The sentences of this first passive are formed by placing in
nominative case the object of the commandment, the verb in passive
voice; in genitive the orderer, and in dative, the errand.
Tell the servant to bring the Ipasacá mo sa bata ang maleta nga
portmanteau, it is on the coach, up tua didto sa coche.
stairs.
Tell him to carry this letter to Ipadalá mo cania quining sulat sa
the post-office. correo.
Send them for grass for the horse. Ipahatud mo canila ug compay sa
cabayo.