Guipa, before the root; the future and imperative by putting Pa before
the root, and On after; and the infinitive mood with Pagpa, before.
PRESENT.
I make it known. Guipahibalo co.
PAST.
I made it known. Guipahibalo co.
FUTURE.
You will make it known. Pahibaloon mo.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Make it known. Pahibaloon mo, pahibaloa.
5.a The sentences of this passive are formed by putting the object
upon which the action falls in nominative case: the verb, in passive
voice; in genitive, the errand person; and in accusative that who
performs the thing, if there be. Ex:
I ordered the servant to call the Guipa-anhi co sa bata ang
tailor. magtatahi.
Did you order to buy the hemp I Guipapalit mo ba ang lanot nga
recommended you? guitogon co canimo?
Order your sister to sew the Patahion mo sa sinina ang imong
shirt, because the Easter is igso-on, cay hadool na ang Pasco.
approaching.
6.a The present and past tenses of passive the third, are formed
by putting Guipa, before the root and An after: the future and the
imperative with Pa before, and An after; and the infinitive mood by
placing Pagpa, before the root.
I order or I ordered to sweep. Guipasilhigan co.
You will order to sweep. Pasilhigan mo, pasilhigi.
Order to sweep. Pasilhigan mo.
Try to carry me to your house, for Ipadangat mo acó unta sa imong
I do not feel very well. balay, cay masáquitsáquit acó.
When God be pleased to take us Cun padangaton quitá sa Dios sa
into heaven, we shall enjoy with langit, pagahiagoman ta ang mga
everlasting pleasures. ca-ayohan nga langitnon.
Please accept the present I send Dauata ang regalo nga guipadalá co
you, as a proof of your presence canimo, sa tima-an sa acong
in my thoughts. paghinumdum canimo.
7.a The sentences of this passive are formed by placing the spot,
person or thing in nominative case; the verb in the third passive;
the orderer in genitive; in dative the errand-boy, and in accusative
the errand. Examples:
I have told you, to pay the Guipasoholan co canimo ang mga
workmen three mex a day. magbubuhat tagotlo capisos ang
adlao.
Would to God, that the Judge Agad pa unta, nga pabayran acó
compel them to restore me the one canila sa hocom sa usá ca gatús ca
hundred dollars they have stolen pisos nga guicauat nila canaco.
from me.
Have the kindness to tell your Ug ma-arang sa imong buut,
cousin to help me to load the patabangan mo acó sa imong ig-agao
cocoa-nuts into the vessel. sa paglulan sa mga lubi sa sacayan.
8.a The negative sentences are formed in Bisaya by means of the
adverbs Dili, uala and ayao.
Dili is employed in the future sentences, and is formed with the
particles of imperative mood, and sometimes of indicative.
Uala, is made use of, when the sentence is of past time, and is formed
like Dili.
Ayao, is employed to forbid any thing, and its sentences are formed
with the particle pag, and sometimes with mag. Examples:
Think about the four last things, Maghunahuna ca sa mga caolahian mo
and you will not sin. ug dili icao macasalá.
You did not hear mass this Caniha sa buntag uala icao
morning. sumingba.
Compel me not to eat because I am Ayao icao maglugus canaco sa
not fond of that. pagcaon, cay dili acó mahagugma
niana.
Exercise XVII.
How far are we going?--We are going as far as the Church--Are you
going as far as the river?--No: I am going as far as Dauis--Have you
ever stolen any thing?--I have never stolen any thing--Do you dye any
thing?--I dye my hat--What color do you dye it?--I dye it black--Do
you get your hat dyed?--I get it dyed green--What hat has the boy?--He
has two hats, a white one and a black one--How far does this road
lead?--It leads as far as Baclayon--Where does your friend live?--He
lives on this side of the road--Is the garden of your sister on this
or that side of the wood?--It is on that side--Would you be sorry if
your mother were to arrived to day?--I should rather be gladded for
it--Are you angry with me?--No: I am angry with Miss. Valeriane who
went to the ball without telling me a word of it.
EIGHTEENTH LESSON
OF THE PARTICLE NAGAPACA.
NAGAPACA.
l.a This particle is composed of Naga and Pa and its active tenses
are formed according to the rules above mentioned for Naga adding
paca invariably.
The passive voice is formed with Guipaca or Pinaca, for the present
and past tenses; and the future and imperative, with Paca, before,
and on after the root. This particle admits but the second and third
passives and signifies to feign what the root signifies. But when
added to abstracts nouns or to neuter verbs, signifies to do heartily
what the root signifies. Ex:
Saint Joseph was considered as the Si San José guipaca-amahan sa
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. atong Guino-ong Jesucristo.
Do not pretend to be mad, less we Ayao camé pacabu-angbu-angan,
esteem you as such a one. tingali oña pacabu-angbu-angon
icao namo.
Our Lord Jesus Christ became man Ang atong Guino-ong Jesucristo
in the chaste womb of the Virgin nagpacatao sa ulay nga tian ni
Mary. Maria Virgen.
I will consider you as a father to Paca-amahanon co icao.
me.
2.a Before nouns of time signifies to do till the root points out,
and then is rendered into Bisaya by Guica, as:
He spent the night in praying. Guicabuntagan sia sa pagampo.
3.a This particle is employed also when we make use of a thing out
of its natural employment. Thus:
My broad hat serves me for an Guipacapayong co ang calo co nga
umbrella. halapad.
A bottle serves me for a Pinacacandelero co ang usá ca
candlestick. boteya.
4.a When in the sentence there is an expression pointing out doubt
or incertitude, it is translated into Bisaya by Cahá, Examples:
How much can that horse be worth? ¿Pilay bale cahá nianang cabayo?
It is worth twenty dollars. Caluha-an ca pisos (bulaoan).
Better. Ma-ayo cay, ma-ayo sa.
Your servant is better than mine. Ma-ayo ang imong sologoon cay sa
aco.
Not yet. Dili pa, ualá pa.
Does the child return you your Guiuli ba sa batang diutay canimo
book? ang libro mo?
He does. Guiuli na.
Where are you coming from? ¿Di-in ca guican?
From what place? ¿Di-in?, ¿Dis-a?
I am coming from Tagbilaran. Guican acó sa Tagbilaran.
Whose? ¿Quinsa?
Whose hat is this? Quinsa ba ang tag-iya ni-ining
calo?
The afternoon. Ang hapon.
Noon. Odto.
The dinner. Ang paníodto.
The breakfast. Ang pamahao.
The supper. Ang panihapon.
After me. Sa human na acó.
Exercise XVIII.
Is it right to laugh thus at every body?- I laugh at your clothes, I
do not laugh at every body-- Does your daughter resemble any one?--She
resembles no one--Can you not get rid of that man?--I can not get
rid of him, for he will absolutely follow me--Has he not lost his
wits?--It may be--What does he ask you for?--I do not know--Whose
gun is that?--It is my uncle's--Who are those men? --The one who is
dressed in white is my neighbour, and who is dressed with black it
is the son of the physician, who has given my neighbour a blow with
a stick--Are there many learned in Roma; are there not?--Milton asked
a Roman "Not so many as when you were there" answered the Roman.
NINETEENTH LESSON
OF THE PARTICLE NACA.
NACA.
3.a This particle is divided into potential and causal. The potential
naca, signifies to do in fact, what the root to which precedes points
out, containing in itself the faculty of doing.
This is the reason why the English verbs to can, to be able, are
not translated into Bisaya. In the active voice the present and
past tenses are formed with the particle naca, and the future and
imperative with maca. When speaking in passive voice, the present and
past are formed with na, and the future and imperative by means of
ma. Instead of naca and maca, are used nacag and macag respectively,
when the signification of the root is often done.
These rules will be more easily understood by the following examples:
The wounded horse can already walk Ang cabayong guisamad-an
a little. nacalacao-lacao na.
The sick man is already able to get Ang masaquiton nacatindug na.
up.
I can not eat. Dili acó macagcaon.
I have murmured against you very Nacaglibác acó canimo sa
often. masubsub.
They will be not able to overtake Dili na sia cahá maapas, cay tua
him, for he is, I think, far na sa halayo.
distant.
I can not sleep. Dili acó macatolog.
When my Father died, my Mother was Sa pagcamatay ni Tatay, ang acong
not able to weep. Inahán ualá macahilac.
2.a Besides the particle naca, the Bisaya dialect has some other words
compensatory of the English verbs, to can, to be able, such as arang,
gahúm and himo employed sometimes alone, and some times in composition
with naca.
Arang, signifies to possess power of doing any thing, but subordinated
to another. Examples:
If I could afford, I would buy a Ug ma-arang pa acó, mu-palit acó
fine horse. unta ug usa ca ma-ayong cabayo.
If you please, give me some Ug ma-arang sa imong bu-ut, tagai,
medicine. acó ug tambal.
Can you afford to buy that ¿Macapalit ca ba nianang cabayo?
horse?
I can afford it. Arang co paliton.
How is the sick? ¿Comusta ang masaquit?
He is so so. Arang-arang na sia.
Gahúm, signifies vigour, strength, courage, and it is employed in
both material and moral acceptations, as:
I am an old man. Tigulang na acó, or uala na acoy gahúm.
Did you dare to rob your ¿Ngano nacagahúm ca sa pagpangauat sa
master? imong agalon?
Himo, signifies to possess the power of doing any thing, as:
Can you make it? Macahimo ca ba niana?
I could make it, but I have not Macahimo acó unta, apan uala acoy
tools. hilimoan.
What is impossible with men, God Ang dili mahimo sa mga taoo, mahimo
can do. sa Dios.
Is it possible? Mahimo ba?
It is possible. Mahimo man.
The authority. Cagamhanan.
Our Lord Jesus Christ left to his Ang mga ilis ni Jesucristo
ministers the power of forgiving guitaga-an nia sa cagamhanan sa
sins. pagpa-saylo sa mga salá.
Exercise XIX.
Why do you associate with those people?--I associate with them because
they are useful to me--If you continue to associate with them you
will get into bad scrapes, for they have many enemies--Do you know
a good place to swim in?--I know one--Where is it?--On the side of
the river behind the wood, near the high road--When shall we go to
swim?--This evening if you please--Will you wait for me before the
city gate?--I shall wait for you there, but I beg you not to forget
it--You know that I never forget my promises--Is this man angry with
you?--I think he is angry with me, because I do not go to see him;
but I do not like to go to his house, for when I go there, instead
of receiving me with pleasure, he looks displeased--Why do you look
so sad?--I have experienced great misfortunes--You must not afflict
yourself so much, for you know that we must yield to necessity--But,
bless me, why do you cry so?
TWENTIETH LESSON
OF THE PARTICLE NACA-CAUSAL.
NACA-Causal.
This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the
accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative
of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The
active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca
potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle
in order to use it properly in its two acceptations.
The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs,
and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns.
The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting
guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with
ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or
ca, before.
Remark. At Cebú and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead
of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:
Of what illness did John die? ¿Onsay namatyan or guicamatyan ni Juan?
He was struck with fever. Ang hilanat maoy namatyan nia.
2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the
subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with
more energy and precision the causality idea.
Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says,
that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active
and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus:
ACTIVE.
The medicine did well with the Ang tambal maoy naca-ayo sa
sick. masaquit.
PASSIVE.
The medicine &. Ang tambal maoy guica-ayohan sa masaquit.
3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the
subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only
the verb. Examples:
What did your brother die of? ¿Onsa ba ang guicamatyan sa igso-on
mo?
He died of fever. Ang hilanat maoy guica-matyan nia.
Our Lord Jesus Christ died Ang usa ca macaulao nga Cruz maoy
nailed to a shameful cross. guicamatyan sa atong Guino-ong J.C.
The just man, pities his Giucasaquitan sa taong matarung ang
neighbours sufferings. mga saquit sa iyang isigcataoo.
Why? ¿Ngano?, ¿Mano?.
Because. Cay.
For what reason? ¿Onsay hinungdan cay?
Why did you become sick? ¿Onsay hinungdan cay guisaquit ca?
Will you give me the cocoa you ¿Bu-ut ca ba muhatag canaco sa cacao
have? nga na-a canimo?
I will give it to you. Bu-ut acó muhatag canimo sa acong
cacao.
Can you drink as much wine as Macainom ba camó sa vino ug sa gatas
milk? nga magsama sa cadaghan?
We can drink as much of the one Macainom camé sa usa ug sa usa nga
as of the other. magsama sa cadaghan.
Can our neighbours children ¿Macabuhat ba ang mga anac sa mga
work? silingan ta?
They can, but are not willing Macabuhat sila, apan dili sila bu-ut.
to work.
Whom do you wish to answer? ¿Quinsa ba ang bu-ut nimo baslan?
I wish to answer my good Bu-ut acó magbalus sa acong mga
friends. higalang ma-ayo.
Where is your son? ¿Hain ba ang anac mo?
He is at the street Tua sa dalan.
Why do you laugh? ¿Onsa ba ang guicatao-an niñó?
I am coming to work to-morrow. Muanhi acó ugma cay aron magbuhat
acó.
The Almighty God. Ang Macagagahúm sa ngatanan.
Exercise XX.
What is the price of this cloth?--I sell it at six reals (tolo
ca cahate) the rod--It seems to me very dear--Will you have the
kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?--I am ready
to serve you--Does this red cloth suit you?--It does not suit me--Why
so?--Because it is too dear--Are you learning Bisaya?--Yes, I am
learning it--Who is your teacher?--A Recoleto Father--Does he teach
also English?--Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish
to his American friends--I wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore,
I beg of you to introduce me to him--I should like to know, why I do
not know to speak as well as you?--I will tell you: you would speak as
well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your
lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak
well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural
that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid,
if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid.
TWENTY FIRST LESSON
OF THE PARTICLES MI AND NA.
MI.
The particle mi, signifies to do what the root points out, and is
ordinarily compounded with verbs denoting motion. It is formed by
putting mi, before the root for present tense, min for past, and mu
for the future. The imperative mood is formed with um before the root,
when begins with a vowel; but when with a consonant, um must be placed
between the first and the second radical letters. Ex:
When will the steamer arrive? ¿Anus-a ba muabut ang vapor?
My father arrived yesterday. Cahapon minabut si Tatay.
Who has arrived at the town? ¿Quinsa ba ang minabut sa longsod?
I wish to enter, in order to speak Musulud unta acó, sa pagsulti sa
with the Captain. Capitan.
Make haste, it is my master Dumali ca, cay guipa-abut ca man
waiting you. sa agalon co.
Do you wish to dine? ¿Bu-ut ba camó cumaon?
We wish to eat, but we do not wish Bu-ut camé cumaon, apan dili camé
to drink. bu-ut uminom.
Do you wish to drink any thing? ¿Bu-ut ba camó uminom bisan onsa?
I do not wish to drink any thing. Dili acó bu-ut muinom bisan onsa.
NA
l.a The particle na, is joined to the neuter verbs and signifies what
the root points out. In active voice is made use of na for present
and past tenses, and of ma, for the future.
In passive voice the tenses are formed by placing na, before the root
and an after, for present and past; and ma, before the root and an
after, for the future tense.
This particle serves also to point out the place or cuasi-place of
the action. These passive particle sentences are formed by putting
in subjective case the place or cuasi-place, and the verb in its
correspondent tense. Ex:
Going through the forest a branch Sa pag-agui co didto sa
came upon me. cacahuyan nahologan acó sa usá
ca sangá.
My house was destroyed by the fire. Nasunug ang acong balay.
He fell from the cocoa-tree, and Naholog sa lubí ug namatay.
died.
He was struck with asthma, and died Guihangus sia ug nalumus.
of asphyxia.
Take care, that you do not fall. Maholog ca bayá.
2.a The neuter verbs of action, are formed by means of the particles
of active verbs maga or mi, as:
I did go up. Minsacá acó.
The bird flew away. Ang langgam minlupad.
Where are you taking me to? As-a guidalá acó nimó?
I will take you to my father's Dad-on ta icao sa camalig sa amahan
yard. co.
To walk. Soroy-soroy, Lacat-lacat,
Lacao-lacao.
Are you walking? ¿Nagasoroy-soroy ca ba?
I am walking. Nagasoroy-soroy acó.
When does your father walk? ¿Anus-a magasoroy-soroy ang imong
amahan?
He walks as early as you. Nagalacao-lacao sia sa masayó ingon
canimo.
Early. Masayó, Sa masayó.
It is early. Buntag pa man.
It is too late. Hata-as na ang adlao.
Enough, Too. Igo, Hinlabihan.
Do you speak more than enough. ¿Hinlabihan ba ang imong pagsulti?
No; I speak moderately. Dili: casarangan ang acong pagsulti.
Already. Na.
Yet. Pa.
Not yet. Dili pa, Uala pa.
Do you speak Bisaya yet? ¿Nagasulti ca na ba ug Binsaya?
Not yet. Dili pa.
I do not speak yet. Dili pa acó magasulti.
Never. (future.) Dili sa guihapon.
No; never (past.) Uala, Sugud.
Seldom. Tagsa ra, Talagsa ra.
How many times? ¿Nacapila?, ¿Macapila?
One, Twice. Nacausa, Nacaduha.
Many times. Nacadaghan.
Heretofore, formerly. Canhi pa, Sa canhi pa.
Exercise XXI.
Of what illness did your brother die?--He died of fever--How is your
brother?--My brother is not longer living, he died last week--He was
very well last year, when I was in Tagbilaran--Of what illness did he
die?--He died of small-pox--How is the mother of your friend?--She
is not well, she had an attack of ague the day before yesterday,
and this morning the fever has returned--Do your pupils learn their
exercises by heart?--They will rather tear them than learn them by
heart--Why does the mother of our servant shed tears?--She sheds tears
because the Father, our friend, who used to give her alms, died four
days ago--Of what illness did he die?--He died oppressed by his old
age--Will you help me to work when we go to Panglao?--I will help you
to work, if you help me now to get a livelihood--How does your sister
like those oranges?--She likes them very well, but she says that they
are a little too sweet--Do you wish to dine here?--I will dine here,
provided that you had prepared a good meal.
TWENTY SECOND LESSON
OF THE PARTICLES NANAG AND NAN.
NANAG.
The particle nanag, is employed when the agent is more than one. The
present and past tenses are formed by means of nanag; and the
future and imperative with manag. When speaking in passive voice,
the present and past are formed by putting guipanag, before the root,
and the future and imperative, with panag, before and on after, as:
The children are waiting for their Ang mga bata nanaghulat sa ilang
teacher. magtoto-on.
The children will read. Ang mga bata managbasa.
The carabaos have destroyed the Ang mga calabao nanagpanggubá sa
circle. siclat.
Our Lord Jesus Christ redeemed us Quitáng tanan gnipanglucat sa
all, from the power of the devil. atong J.C. sa cabihagan sa yaoa.
Forgive them, for they know not Pasaylo-a sila, cay ualá sila
what they do. mahibaló sa guipanagbuhat nila.
To depart, to go out. Guican
At what time do you wish to leave? ¿Anus-a camó bu-ut muguican?
We wish to leave now. Bu-ut camé muguican caron.
To thank, (to God or the Saints) Pagpasalamat.
To thank, (to the men) Pagdios magbayad.
I thank you for the trouble you Nagadios magbayad acó canimo sa
have taken for me. cabudlay mo tungud canaco.
How high?, of what height? ¿Onsa ba ang cata-ason?
Of what height is your house? ¿Onsa ba ang cahitas-on sa imong
balay?
To save anybody's life. Pagbaui sa quinabuhi.
To dispute, to contend about some Paglalis, pagindig-indig.
thing.
About what are these people ¿Onsay guilalisan nianang mga tao?
disputing?
They are disputing about who shall Cun quinsa ba ang mu-ona, mao
go first. ilang guila-lisan.
They are contending about the Nanagindig-indig sila tungud sa
signification of the Bisaya word, polong binisaya, Lagui.
"Lagui".
Even, not even. Dili pa ngani.
He has not even money enough to Dili pa ngani igo ang salapi nia
buy some wine. sa pagpalit ug vino.
By no means. Dili gayud mahimo.
NAN.
The particle nan, is made use of to point out the continuance of an
action, to give particular energy to the object, and also when the
agent person is more than one. The active tenses present and past,
are formed with nan, and the future and imperative with man. In
passive voice is made use of guipa, for the former tenses, and of pa,
for the latter.
The use of the change of letters, very usual in this particle,
is explained about the end of the 15.a Lesson, Page 58, which the
learned is desired to consult.
Remark. The roots compounded with the particle nan, may be also
recompounded with the particle naca potential, according to its
active conjugation; but in such a case, says the P. Zueco, if the
first syllable of the root is a consonant, pang, must be inserted
between naca, and the root, as:
The sick talks nonsense. Nacapangyamyam ang masaquit.
The men are kneeling Ang mga lalaqui nacapanglohod.
The women will kneel Ang mga babaye nanlohod.
Kneel down. Manlohod camé.
Exercise XXII.
Are you a judge of horses?--I am a judge of horses--Will you buy
one for me?--If you will give me the money I will buy you two--Is
that man a judge of cloth?--He is not a good judge of it--How do
you manage to do that?--I will show you how I manage it--What must
I do for my lesson of to morrow?--You will make a fair copy of your
exercises, do three others, and study the next lesson--How does your
brother manage to learn Bisaya without a dictionary?--He manages it
very dexterously--Have you already seen my son?--I have not seen him
yet--How is he?--He is very well, you will not be able to recognize
him, for he has grown very tall in a short time--What kind of weather
is it?--It is very warm--Is it long time since we had any rain?--No;
and I believe we shall have to-day a storm--It may be--The wind
rises, it is thundering, do you hear it?--Yes, I hear it: but the
storm is still too far--Not so far as you think--Do you not see how
it lightens?--Bless me! what a shower!--If we go into some place,
we shall be sheltered from the storm.
TWENTY THIRD LESSON
OF THE PARTICLES NAQUIG AND NAQUI.
NAQUIG.
The particle naquig, signifies to stimulate to perform what the root
points out, and is employed with reciprocal verbs, and those implying
company in the action. The present and past tenses of active voice,
are formed by means of naquig, and the future and imperative with
maquig. It may be recomposed with the particle naga, but in this case
changes the letter n into p. The signification does not undergo any
change. Examples:
I invite you to go up to the tower. Naquigsacá acó canimo sa
latorre.
This man has been challenging me to Nagapaquigaoay quining tao
fight. canaco.
The horses excite themselves to Ang mga cabayo naquigaoay.
quarrel.
The children will excite themselves Ang mga bata maquigaoay.
to fight.
To excite, to exhort. Agdá
Excite your heart to the repentance Agdahon mo ang imong
of your sins. casingcasing sa paghinulsul sa
mga salá mo.
NAQUI.