ENGLISH-BISAYA GRAMMAR
In Twenty Eight Lessons.
Abridged from the Grammars
Of the Recoleto
Fathers, Guillen, Nicolas and Zueco
And translated into English for the use of the American people
By
R. P. Fr. Pedro Jimenez
Recoleto.
Cebú--1904
Imprenta de «El Pais»
NOS DON SEVERINO PICZON Y QUINTO,
PRESBITERO PROVISOR VICARIO GENERAL Y
GOBERNADOR ECLESIASTICO DEL
OBISPADO DE CEBU S.V.
Por el tenor de las presentes y por lo que á nos toca, damos licencia
para que pueda imprimirse y publicarse la Gramática Anglo-Visaya
escrita por el R.P.Fr. Pedro Gimenez, Recoleto, atento á que según
lo manifestado por el M.R. Vicario Provincial de la órden, ha sido
censurada por dos Religiosos de la misma, que la han juzgado digna de
que se dé á la estampa, no conteniendo cosa alguna contraria á la fé
y buenas costumbres, y mandamos que se inserte este nuestro permiso
al principio de cada ejemplar.
Dadas en Cebú, firmadas de nuestra mano, selladas con el de nuestro
oficio y refrendadas por el infrascrito Secretario de Gobierno á
treinta de Enero de mil novecientos cuatro.
SEVERINO PICZON.
(Hay un sello) (Hay una rúbrica)
Por mandado de SS. el Sr. Gobernador Eclesiástico.
JUAN P. GORORDO
(Hay una rúbrica.)
PREFACE
In presenting this English-Bisaya Grammar I do not pretend to
be considered an author, my only aspiration is to be useful to my
American brethren in the priesthood, in order that they in turn, may
be so to the Bisaya people. The priest for the Bisaya people must
be one who will devote all his attention to them, live among them,
study their ways, their character, their tendencies, and therefore,
the study of their dialect is absolutely necessary to him, since
they, for the most part, do not know how to speak either Spanish or
English. In preparing this compilation I have used every effort to do
it as well as possible, but I am only a pupil in both the English and
Bisaya languages, and I believe, the work is not as perfect as would
be desired, but I indulge a hope that the kindness of my readers will
excuse my faults.
BISAYA ALPHABET.
The letters made use of in the Bisaya alphabet, are twenty in number
as follows:
A. Ah. N. Ai-nay.
B. Bay. Ng. Ai-ngay.
C. Thay. Ñ Ai-nyay.
D. Day. O. Oh.
E. A or ay. P. Pay.
G. Hay. Q. Coo.
H. Atchay. S. Es say.
I. EE. T. Tay.
L. Ai-lay. U. OO.
M. Ai-may. Y. EE (griega).
The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, and Y at the end of a word. The vowels
are never silent, except U in the syllables que, qui, the sound of
which corresponds to that heard in the English words Kedge, Keep, Key.
A sounds always like A in alam.
B sounds like B in back
C before a, o, u, sounds like K in English, as--caadlaoon--The
dawn of the day--Coco--Nail of the fingers.
D at the beginning of a word or in the middle, if preceded by a
consonant, is pronounced like in English. At the end of a word
or between two vowels has a sound between D and R, which may be
obtained by placing the tip of the tongue against the higher
teeth turning the thick part towards the roof of the mouth.
G has always a very smooth sound like in English before a, o, u,
as--ginicanan, forefathers--gintoon-an, scholar.
H has a slight aspirated sound like a very faintly aspirated h in
English in the words horse, hog--as--hocom, judge--habagat, a
strong wind--hilanat, fever.
E, I these vowels although sound like in English, nevertheless,
natives confound them very often: the same shall be said of the
vowels O and U; and this is the reason why the P. John Felix's
Dictionary employs but I and O, instead E, I--O, U.
L sounds like in English, as--lamdag, brightness--libac,
backbiting.
M sounds like in English: as--mata, eye--motó-top.
N sounds like in English; as--nipis, fine, thin.
Ng this letter has no equivalent in English, and it must be heard
from the natives.
Ñ this letter has a strong nasal sound resembling that of n in the
English word "poniard" out of Bohol province, where it is
pronounced as in the English word--manger and written ny: as,
caninyo, bonyag, instead of caniño, boñag.
O sounds like in English; as--olan, rain--úhao, thirst.
P sounds as in English:--pito, seven--ponó, fill.
Q is always followed by u, and pronounced like K; as, quinabuhi,
life, quilay, eyebrow, quilquil, scratching.
S has always a harsh, hissing sound like ss in English. There is
not a word in Bisaya beginning with s followed by a consonant.
T sounds as in English, as--tabang, help, tiao, joke.
U sounds like in English in the words "proof, goose" but it is
frequently confounded with O. (See I and E on the preceding
page).
Y sounds like ee in English at the end of a word; but before a
vowel, or between two vowels, sounds like in the English words
"joke, jolt" as--yabó, pour.--This letter when after a noun or
pronoun, if the same noun or pronoun, is employed instead of the
particle ang, being as it does, an article of appellative nouns.
Examples: I did that--acó ang nagbuhat niana, or, acoy nagbuhat
niana--What is the reason of that.--¿Onsa ba ang hingtungdan
niana? or ¿Onsay hingtungdan niana?
FIRST LESSON.
OF THE ARTICLE.
1.a The article in the Bisaya dialect is divided into determinate
and indeterminate and of the proper names.
2.a The determinate article is ang for singular, and ang mga or sa
mga according to the cases for plural.
3.a The indeterminate article is usa, one for the singular; and uban,
pila or mapila, some for the plural.
4.a The article of the proper names is si for both masculine and
feminine.
Declension of the Articles.
DEFINITE ARTICLE.
SINGULAR.
N. The dog. Ang iro.
G. Of the dog. Sa iro.
D. To the dog. Sa iro.
Ac. The dog. Sa iro.
Vc. Oh dog. Sa iro.
Abl. With the dog. Sa iro.
PLURAL.
N. The dogs. Ang mga iro.
G. Of the dogs. Sa mga iro.
D. To the dogs. Sa mga iro.
Ac. The dogs. Sa mga iro.
Vc. Oh dogs. Sa mga iro.
Abl. With the dogs. Sa mga iro.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE.
SINGULAR
A letter. Usa ca sulat.
A dog. Usa ca iro.
One and another Ang usa ug ang usa
PLURAL.
Some wish, while others do not--ang uban bu-ut, ang uban dili--Some
of the trees, which are there--Pipila sa mga cahuy dihá.
The Article of the Proper Names
SINGULAR.
N. Peter. Si Pedro.
G. Of Peter. Ni Pedro.
D. To Peter. Can Pedro.
Ac. Peter. Can Pedro.
Vc. Peter. Oy Pedro.
Abl. With Peter. Can Pedro.
Remark l.a The article of the proper names is used also to point out
a person and his companions, as:
N. Joseph and his friends. Sila si José.
G. Of Joseph and of his friends. ila ni José.
2.a This article serves also to express kindness or love: as.--My
Mother, Si nanay.--My father, Si tatay.--The female child, Si
inday--The parish Priest, Si amoy--My eldest sister, Si manang.
3.a The English compounded words, wooden, golden etc. change the
affix en into nga, as:--The wooden cross, Ang cruz nga cahoy--The
golden ring, Ang singsing nga bulauan.
4.a When we point out the destination of a thing, it is employed the
article sa--Thus: The water vat, Ang tadyao sa tubig.--The bottle of
wine, Ang botella sa vino.
5.a When it refers to the property of any one, it is as
follows.--John's hat, Ang calo ni Juan.
6.a The article sa is employed, when the thing it refers to is
determinate, but when it is indeterminate, the article ug must be used,
as: Bring the money, Magdala ca sa sapi. Give me money, Taga-an mo
acó ug salapi.
PLURAL.
1.a The plural is formed in Bisaya by placing mga after the article
ang or sa.
Declension.
N. The cats Ang mga iring
G. Of the cats Sa mga iring
D. To the cats Sa mga iring
Ac. The cats Sa mga iring
Vc. Oh cats Mga iring
Abl. With the cats Sa mga iring
2.a When the possessive case is placed before the name, it must
be placed between ang and mga, thus--My friends, ang acong mga
higala--Your shoes, ang imong mga sapin.
3.a Rem. The Bisaya article like the English, does not distinguish
the gender, but there are two ways of distinguishing the masculine and
feminine in this dialect: 1. By using different words: Ex, ang bana,
the husband; ang asaua, the wife; ang amahan, the father: ang inahan,
the mother. 2. By the suffixes lalaqui and babaye; Ex. ang iro nga
lalaqui, the dog, ang iro nga babaye, she dog; ang bata nga lalaqui,
the boy; ang bata nga babaye, the girl.
Examples of the article.
Joseph's soul, ang calag ni José--John's ground. ang yuta ni Juan,
or ang can Juan nga yuta--Who is at Peter's house, ang sa can Pedro
nga balay, or ang sa balay ni Pedro--Bring the rice: Magdala ca
ug bugas--My mother and sister are at John's cottage, Si nanay ug
si inday tua sa camalig ni Juan--My brothers are rich, Ang acong
mga igso-on salapia-non man--Are you Peter's father?, Icao ba ang
amahan ni Pedro?--I am, Acó man--Who is the owner? ¿Quinsa ba ang
tagia?--Where is your son?, Hain ba ang imong anac?--He is at the
cockfight, Tua sia sa bulangan--Has he much money?, Daghan ba ang iang
salapi?--He has but a few coins, Pipila lamang ca dacó--Let us go. Tala
na quitá--Good by. Ari na came--That man is a drunkard. Palahubóg
man canang tao--He is a drinker, but not a drunkard. Palainom man
sia, apan dili palahubóg--Where is my father?, ¿Hain ba ang acong
amahan?--Here he is; Ania dinhi--Who are those men?, ¿Quinsa ba canang
mga tao?--They are my friends. Mao ang acong mga higala.
Exercise I.
Have you the bread?--Yes, sir, I have the bread: Have you your
bread?--I have my bread.--Have you the salt?--I have the salt--Have you
my salt?--I have your salt.--Have you the soap?--I have the soap--Which
(onsa nga) soap have you?--I have your soap--Which shirt have you?--I
have my shirt, (ang acong sinina)?--Have you much money?--I have much
money--Where is your sister?--She is at the garden (tanaman sa mga
bulac)--Where is your father?--He is here.
SECOND LESSON.
OF THE NOUNS.
Supposing the pupil knows the classification of the nouns into
proper, common or appellative &., we shall occupy ourselves with
their formation, being as it is, so much diverse and usual.
A great number of nouns and verbs are compounded in Bisaya by means
of roots and particles.
The root is the word which contains in itself the signification of
the thing, but can not express it without any other word, which we
call a particle, to which the root must be united.
1.a With the particle ca at the beginning of the root, and an
after, are formed collective nouns, and nouns of place, as:--Grove,
cacahoyan--Banana plantation, casagingan.
2.a With the particle ca before, are formed the nouns of quality,
as:--Whiteness,--Ang caputi.
3.a By placing the particle pagca before the roots, are formed the
abstract nouns, and those pointing out the essence of the things, as:
Sweetness. Ang catam-is.
Mercy. Ang calo-oy.
Kindness. Ang caayo.
Divinity. Ang pagca Dios.
Humanity. Ang pagca taoo.
Hardness. Ang pagca guhi.
4.a With the particle isigca before the root, are formed correlative
nouns, placing the possessive pronoun in genitive case, as:
My like. Ang isigcataoo co.
5.a With the particles mag and man are formed substantive and adjective
nouns, duplicating the first syllable of the roots, thus:
The writer. Ang magsusulat.
The tailor. Ang magtatahi.
The maker. Ang magbubuhat.
The surgeon. Ang mananambal.
The almsgiver. Ang manlilimos.
6. With the particle pala before, are formed several substantives, as:
The drunk. Ang palahubóg.
The tippler Ang palainom.
The writer. Ang palasulat.
7.a With tag before the root, are formed nouns expressing the owner
of a thing, as:
The owner of the house. Ang tagbalay.
The master of the vessel. Ang tagsacayan.
The owner of the world. Ang tagcalibutan.
8.a Putting this same particle before the words signifying the seasons
of the year or the atmospherical changes, points out the time of these
changes: and placing it before words signifying the farming-works,
it shows the time of those operations. In some provinces are used
also in this same sense, the particles tig and tin, thus:
Rain time. tagolan.
Warm time. tiginit.
Harvest time. tagani--tinani, or tig-ani.
9.a The particle taga before the nouns of countries or nations,
serves to ask some one about his town, as:
Where are you from? Taga di-in ca ba?
I am from Spain. Taga España man acó.
Of which town? Taga di-in ca nga longsod?
From Cornago. Taga Cornago.
10.a Taga signifies also until, and points out the end of the action,
as:
To the knee. Taga tohod.
To the neck. Taga liug.
As far as the floor. Taga salug.
11.a By means of the articles pag and pagca are formed the verbal
substantives. Ex:
Making or to make. Ang pagbuhat.
Walking or to walk. Ang paglacao.
Reading or to read. Ang pagbasa.
Resuscitating or to resuscitate. Ang pagcabanhao.
Dying or to die. Ang pagcamatay.
12.a Placing the particle tagi before the root it points out permanency
on a place, as:
Inhabitant of a place. Tagilongsod.
Countryman. Tagibanua.
Declension of the common nouns.
SINGULAR.
N. The cotton. ang gapas.
G. Of the cotton. sa gapas.
D. To the cotton. sa gapas.
PLURAL
N. The cottons. ang mga gapas.
G. Of the cottons. sa mga gapas.
D. To the cottons. sa mga gapas.
Practical examples
Don't approach the intoxicated Ayao icao dumo-ol sa palahubóg.
man.
Hardness is the molave merit. Ang caayo sa tugás ana-a sa cagahi
nia.
Love your neighbour, for that is Mahagugma ca sa imong isigcataoo,
a commandment of God. cay gisugo sa Dios.
Don't sow nor plant in warm time. Sa tigadlao ayo pagtanom ug
pagpugás.
God is the Maker of all things. Ang Dios mao ang Magbubuhat sa
ngatanan.
The river water reaches as far as Ang tubig sa subá miabut tagahaoac.
the waist.
Who has my book? ¿Hain ba ang acong libro?
Where is my book? ¿Hain ba ang libro co?
I have it. Ania man canaco.
Where is the horse? ¿Hain ba ang cabayo?
I do not know. Ambut lamang.
How does that concern you? ¿Onsay imo dihá?
Every oneself. Iyahay lang quitá.
So must it be. Mao man cana unta.
Exercise II.
Good morning, how are you?--Very well, I thank you--Where are you
from?--I am from Spain--Of which town?--From Conago--Who (quinsa) has
my book?--I have it--Who is that young Lady?--She is Miss Kate--Where
is my trunk (caban)?--The servant has it--Have you my fine glasses?--I
have them--Have you the fine horses of my neighbours?--I have not
them--Who are you?--I am John--Are you Peter's father?--I am.
THIRD LESSON.
OF THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.
The father Encina divides the numbers into primitives, ordinals,
distributives and vicenales.
The primitive numerals are those which serve to count, and are the
followings:
1 One. Usá.
2 Two. Duha.
3 Three. Tolo.
4 Four. Upat.
5 Five. Lima.
6 Six. Unum.
7 Seven. Pito.
8 Eight. Ualo.
9 Nine. Siam.
10 Ten. Napolo.
11 Eleven. Napolo ug usá.
12 Twelve. Napolo ug duha.
13 Thirteen. Napolo ug tolo.
14 Fourteen. Napolo ug upat.
15 Fifteen. Napolo ug lima.
16 Sixteen. Napolo ug unum.
17 Seventeen. Napolo ug pito.
18 Eighteen. Napolo ug ualo.
19 Nineteen. Napolo ug siam.
20 Twenty. Caluha-an.
30 Thirty. Catlo-an.
40 Forty. Capat-an.
50 Fifty. Calim-an.
60 Sixty. Canum-an.
70 Seventy. Capito-an.
80 Eighty. Caualo-an.
90 Ninety. Casiam-an.
100 One hundred. Usa ca gatus.
101 One hundred and one Usa ca gatus ug usá.
200 Two hundred. Duha ca gatus.
300 Three hundred. Tolo ca gatus.
1000 One thousand. Usa ca libo.
1001 One thousand and one. Usa ca libo ug usá.
2000 Two thousand. Duha ca libo.
Ten children. Napolo ca bata.
Twenty horses. Caluha-an ca cabayo.
Two hundred and twenty guns. Duha ca gatus caluha an ug duha ca
fusil.
Five hundred and ninety one Lima ca gatus casiam-an ug usa ca
soldiers. soldalo.
One thousand men. Usa ca libo ca taoo.
Remarks:
1.a The English forms "a hundred, a thousand", are rendered into
Bisaya by usa ca gatus, usa ca libo. Expressions like "eighteen
hundred" must be translated as:--one thousand eight hundred, ex:
The year 1898.--Usa ca libo ualo ca gatus casiaman ug usa.
2.a The unity begins by a consonant duplicates, the first syllable,
when points out any quantity. The denaries are formed by putting before
unity the particle ca and an after, as we have seen. Ca serves also
to join the numbers to the nouns, thus: Usa cataoo.--Napolo ca pisos,
upat ca adlao.
Ordinal Numbers.
1st. Ang nahaona.
2d. Ang icaduha.
3d. Ang icatolo-tlo.
4th. Ang icaupat-pat.
5th. Ang icalima.
6th. Ang icaunum.
7th. Ang icapito.
8th. Ang icaualo.
9th. Ang icasiam.
10th. Ang icapolo.
11th. Ang icapolo ug usa.
12th. Ang icapolo ug duha.
13th. Ang icapolo ug tolo.
14th. Ang icapolo ug upat
15th. Ang icapolo ug lima.
20th. Ang icacaluhaan.
21th. Ang icacaluhaan ug usa.
30th. Ang icacatloan.
40th. Ang icacaupatan
50th. Ang icacalim-an
100th. Ang icausa ca gatus.
The month.--Ang bulan.
The day.--Ang adlao.
The week.--Ang semana.
What is the date to day.--¿Icapila quita caron?--To-day is the sixth
of March of the year 1901.--Sa icaunum ca adlao sa bulan sa Marzo sa
usa ca libo siam ca gatus ng usa ca tuig.
Days of the week
Monday. Lunes.
Tuesday. Martes.
Wednesday. Miercoles.
Thursday. Jueves.
Friday. Viernes.
Saturday. Sabado.
Sunday. Domingo.
Months of the year.
(The months and the days of the week are taken from the Spanish
language).
January. Enero.
February. Febrero.
March. Marzo.
April. Abril.
May. Mayo.
June. Junio.
July. Julio.
August. Agosto.
September. Setiembre.
October. Octubre.
November. Noviembre.
December. Diciembre.
A century. Usa ca siglo.
A year. Usa ca tuig.
A month. Usa ca bulan.
A week. Usa ca semana.
A day. Usa ca adlao.
An hour. Usa ca horas.
A minute. Usa ca minuto.
To day. Caron adlao.
Yesterday. Cahapon.
To-morrow. Ugma.
Next year. Tuig nga muabut.
Last year. Tuig nga miagui.
Day before yesterday. Cahapon sa usa ca adlao.
Day after to-morrow. Ugma damlag.
Three days ago. Canianhi.
Last week. Semana nga miagui.
At half past one. Sa á la una y media.
At a quarter past one. Sa á la una y cuarto.
At a quarter to one. Cuarto sa la una.
Partitive Numbers
The partitive numbers are formed by adding to the cardinals--ca
bahin--thus:
One part. Usa ca bahin.
The half. Ang ca tunga.
One third. Ang ica tlo.
One fourth. Ang ica upat.
Ex:
The half of the heirdom belongs to Ang catunga sa cabilin nahatungud
me. canaco.
Divide among them the half of the Bahinan mo sila sa catunga sa
cocoa-nut. lubi.
Distributive numbers
The distributive numbers are formed by putting tag or tinag before
the cardinal numbers, thus:
One after one. Tagsa or tinagsa.
Two after two. Tagurha or tinagurha.
Twenty after twenty. Tagcaluhaan.
Put the children in a row one by Ipalumbay mo ang mga bata sa
one. tinagsa.
What wages did you pay them? ¿Sa tagpila guisoholan mo sila?
Seven shillings to each one. Sa tagpito ca sicapat.
Each man shall be judged by God. Ang tagsa ca taoo pagahocman sa
Dios.
Vicenal Numbers
The vicenal or proportional numbers, so called for explaining the
proportion between two unities, one of which is contained in the other,
are formed in Bisaya by putting the particle naca or maca before the
cardinal numbers. Naca for past tense, and maca for the future: Thus:
Once. Naca or macausa.
Twice. Naca or macaduha.
Three times. Naca or macatolo.
Four times. Naca or macaupat.
One hundred times. Naca or maca usa ca gatus.
How many times have you read the Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa
letter? sulat?
Many times. Sa nacadaghan.
How many times have you weeped? Sa nacapila ba icao naghilac?
Five times. Sa nacalima.
How many times have you visited Sa nacapila ba icao nagduao sa
church? Singbahan?
Seven times Sa nacapito.
Are there some fish in the Duna bay isda sa Longsod?
village?
There are a good plenty of fish. Duna man ug daghan isda.
How old are you? Pila ca tuig ang edad mo?
I am twenty seven years old. Caluhaan ug pito ca tuig ang acong
edad.
You are a young man yet. Bata pa icao.
How much is your daily wage? Tagpila ang imong sohol sa usa ca
adlao?
Two dimes. Duha ca sevillana (peseta)
What have you at home? Onsa ba ang ana-a sa iño?
We have rice and fish. Ania sa amo bugás ug isda.
Where is your shirt? Hain ba ang sinina mo?
Exercise III.
Where is my book!--Under the chair--Where is my hat?--It is on the
table--Is it on the table?--No; it is upon the bed--Did you read the
book?--I did not--How many books have you written?--I have written
one--How many times have you read the letter?--Many times--How many
times have you weeped?--Five times--How much is your daily wage?--Two
dimes--How old are you?--I am twenty seven years old--How old is
she?--She is not yet twenty years old--Have you burnt yourself?--Each
man has his taste--Have you a mind to sleep?--No: I have a mind to
speak--Do you fear this man?--I don't fear him--At what o'clock do
you go to bed?--I go to bed at sunset, and I get up at sunrise.
FOURTH LESSON
OF THE PRONOUNS.
The Bisaya pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative,
possessive and relative. The personal pronouns are:
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
I. Acó We. Quitá, Camé
Thou, you. Icao, ca. You. Camó.
He, she. Sia. They. Sila.
Declension of the personal pronouns
First Person
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. I. Acó. We. Camé, quitá. (1)
G. Of me. Acó, co, naco, ta. Of us. Amo, namo, ato, ta.
D. To me. Canaco. To us. Canamo, canato.
(1) Quitá is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is
speaking, and camé when he does.
2d. Person
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. Thou or you. Icao, ca. You. Camó.
G. Of thee or you. Imo, nimo. Of you. Iñó, niñó
D. To thee, you. Canimo. To you. Caniñó.
3d. Person
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. He, she. Sia. They. Sila.
G. Of him, her. Iya, nia. Of them. Ila, nila.
D. To him, her. Cania. To them. Canila.
The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the
verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the
negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them.
You will carry. Icao magadala.
You will weep. Icao magahilac.
Don't lie. Dili ca magbacac.
To make known to you. Aron ca mahibalo.
We the Christians. Quitá (when all Christians.) ang mga
cristianos.
Lord, forgive us sinners. Guino-o pasayloa camé nga mga macasasala.
Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and
third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs,
and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:
My shoes. Ang acong mga sapin.
Your money. Ang salapi mo.
Our country. Ang atong yuta.
His vessel. Ang sacayan nia.
Your net. Ang imong sahid.
You are my beloved. Hinigugma co icao.
Demonstrative pronouns.
Declension.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. This. Quini. These. Quining mga.
G. Of this. Niini. Of these. Niining mga.
D. To this. Niini. To these. Niining mga.
The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the
substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives
exposed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for
pointing out clearly the distinction between them.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. That. Cana; (far from the Those. Canang mga (far....)
speaker) cadto. Cadtong mga.
G. Of that. Niana; (far....) Of those. Nianang mga
niadto. (far....) Niadtong
mga.
This near. Cari.
Of this near. Niari
Those near. Caring mga.
Of those near. Niaring mga.
Now. Caron.
Of now. Niaron.
Remark
Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana,
to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is
used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker
and from the person spoken to. It is also employed this pronoun,
but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past,
as: In those days.--Niadtong mga tiempo.
The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus:
This morning. Caron buntag.
Noon. Odto.
Afternoon. Hapon.
This night. Caron gabi-i
This woman. Quining babaye.
These women. Quining mga babaye.
Have you this pen or that? Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun
cadto ba?
I have neither this nor that, but Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan
I have this other. ani-a canaco cari.
He arrived yesterday about this Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron.
time.
Possessive pronouns.
Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always
joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when
by a consonant, Ex:
My hat. Ang acong calo.
Your shirt. Ang sinina mo.
Your shoes. Ang iñong mga sapin.
Your religion. Ang religion niñó.
Our house. Ang atong balay.
His parishioners. Ang mga sacup nia.
Relative pronouns.--Interrogative.
The relative--interrogative pronouns, are:
Who? ¿Quinsa?
What? ¿Onsa?
Which? ¿Hain?
Who is that man? Quinsa ba canang taoo?
Who is there? Quinsa ba dihá?
Which of you? Quinsa ba caniño?
What is that? Onsa ba cana?
Where is the money? Hain ba ang salapi?
Remark
The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the
interrogative and dubitative sentences.
The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as:
I saw him bathing himself. Naquita co sia nga naligo.
Dreadful shall be the punishment Daco man ang castigo nga
you shall have into hell ipahamtang canimo sa infierno.
The man whom I saw yesterday has Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon
fallen from the cocoa-tree. naholog sa lubí.
Exercise IV.
Where are you going?--I am going into the church--Have you this pen
or that?--I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.
When did he arrive?--He arrived yesterday about this time--Where is
she? She is at home--Do you speak Bisaya?--Not yet--I have bought
the horse of which you spoke to me.
When did you buy it?--Yesterday--Where do you intend to take me
to?--What is the date to day?--To day is the twenty first--I speak
to those to whom you have spoken.
Where did you speak to them?--I spoke to them at the street.
FIFTH LESSON.
OF THE ADJECTIVE.
Remark: 1.a The Bisaya adjectives are formed by putting before the
root the particle Ma as:
Wiser. Maalam.
Good. Maayo.
Pretty. Maanindut.
Ugly. Mangil-ad.
2.a Putting after these adjectives the syllables on, hon, an, han
are formed the followings:
Sick-ill Masaquit-on.
Envious. Masinahon.
Pale. Maluspad-on.
Sad. Mamingao-on.
3.a By putting the particles on, hon, an, han, after the root, are
formed adjectives signifying qualities both moral and physical: ex.
Talker. Tabian.
Pock marked. Butihon.
Fat. Tambocon.
Rich. Adunahan.
4.a With the particle ha before are formed adjectives of distance:
by means of the particle hi are formed those pointing out frequency
in the action: thus:
Short. Hamobo.
Often feeder. Hingaon.
Far. Halayo.
Often drinker. Hinginom.
5.a Inserting la, li, lo, between the first two syllables of the root,
and placing on, after the last are formed adjectives of quality, as:
Worthy. Talahoron.
Worshipful. Silingbahon.
6.a Are also formed adjectives of quality by putting mangi before
the root, and an after, as:
Merciful. Mangilooyan.
Wise. Mangialaman.
7.a With the particle Maca, and duplicating the first syllable of
the root are formed adjectives, as:
Poisonous. Macahihilo.
Dreadful. Macalilisang.
8.a With the particle ma before the root and inserting in between the
first two syllables, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives
of quality, thus:
Respectful. Matinahoron.
Obedient. Masinugtanon.
9.a Inserting pa between ma and the first syllable of the root, and
adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality; and also by
means of pa, before the root, as:
Humble. Mapaubsanon.
Haughty. Palabilabihon.
Ex:
The wise men understand the Ang mga maquinaadmanon nacatuquib sa
high explanations. mga hata-as nga mga casayodan.
I saw an awful snake. Naquita co ug usá ca halas nga
macalilisang.
The merciful man helps to his Ang taoo nga mangilooyan nacatabang sa
neighbour. isig-catao nia.
Exercise V.
I see the children to whom you have given the books, and I have met
also with the men to whom you have spoken. The wise men understand
the high explanations. The merciful man helps to his neighbour--What
have you to do?--I have to speak to the men--When have you to speak
to them?--This evening--At what o'clock?--At half past eight--Have
you my shirt or my sister's?--I have both--Have you the golden ribbons
of my mother?--I have not them--Who has them?--My sister has them--Do
you wish to go out?--I wish not to go out--Why?--Because I am sick.
SIXTH LESSON
DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES.
l.a The diminutive adjectives not only express diminution, but also
an accessory idea of either tenderness, love or contempt.
The diminutives are formed in Bisaya by means of the adjective
diutay. When they have but two syllables, are formed by duplicating
the root, and also, by placing the syllables la, li, lo, after the
first letter of the root, Ex:
Small horse. Diutay nga cabayo.
Small eyes. Mata mata.
Small house. Balay balay.
Slight fault. Sayop nga diutay.
2.a The adjectives of ma, become diminutives by putting before,
the particle malo, as:
Somewhat valiant. Malomaisug.
Somewhat fat. Matolotambuc.
3.a The same adjectives become diminutives by duplicating the root, as:
Somewhat sweet. Matam-istam-is.
Somewhat bitter. Mapait-pait.
4.a Adding a, to the nouns, are formed diminutives expressing contempt
or disregard, as:
Worthless woman. Babayeha.
Nag. Cabayoa.
5.a When this letter a is added, but not in contemptible sense,
serves to point out that the subject or object is unknown to us, as:
What kind of medicine is that? ¿Onsa nga tambala cana?
What kind of tree is that? ¿Onsa ba ang calainan nianang cahuya?
Degrees of Comparison
The degrees of comparison are formed in Bisaya by adding to the
superiority Lapi pa, to the equality ingon, and to the inferiority,
as we have seen, Diutay pa.
Ex.
Large. Dacó.
Larger. Labi pa nga dacó.
Largest. Ang labing dacó.
Small. Diutay.
Smaller. Labi pa nga diutay.
Smallest. Ang labing diutay.
Well, Good. Maayo.
Better. Labi pang maayo.
Best. Ang labing maayo.
Bad. Dautan.
Worse. Labi pang dautan.
Worst. Ang labi nga dautan.
More. Labi pa.
Less. Diutay pa.
More, than. Labi pa; daghan pa, sa.
Less, than. Diriot pa; culang pa, sa.
Very much. Caayo or uyamut.
As much, as. Magsama sa cadaghan, ug.
Not as much. Dili ingon.
Ex:
Have you as many friends as I? ¿Magsama ba sa cadaghan sa mga higala
mo ug ang aco?
I have less money than he. Diriot pa ang acong salapi sa iya.
This book is small, that is Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi
smaller, and that is the pang diutay, ug cari mao ang lab ng
smallest of all. diutay sa ngatanan.
This hat is large, but that is Quining calo dacó man, apan cadto
larger. labi pang dacó.
Is your hat as large as mine? ¿Ang imong calo dacó ba ingon sa aco?
It is not so large as your. Diutay pa sa imo?
Do your children write as much Ang Pagsulat sa imong mga anac
as we? tagingon ba
sa pagsulat namo?
Do you read as often as I? ¿Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon
canaco?
As early as you. Masayo ingon canimo.
God is the best Father. Ang Dios mao ang lobing maayo nga
Amahan.
Remarks l.a The comparative of inferiority is formed by translating
the adverbs less by diutay, diriut pa, ingon nga, culang, and than,
into sa.
Ex.
I have less rice than coffee. Diriut pa ang acong bugás sa capé.
Your father is less wise tan Ang amahan mo culang sa quinaadman
mine. sa aco.
Your ring is not so nice as my Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga
mother's. maanindut sa can nanay.
2.a The comparative of equality is formed by translating the adverbs
as or so into magsama, and the second adverb as into ug, and both
terms of comparison in nominative case, as:
Ex:
Have you as many friends as ¿Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga higala
I? mo ug ang aco?
3.a The comparative of superiority is formed by translating more
by labi pa, and than into sa; and also into dili, but in this case,
both terms of comparison must be placed in nominative case, like in
the comparatives of majority and of inferiority: Ex.
Honor is more precious that Labi pang tacus higugmaon ang catahod-an
riches. sa pagcadaghan sa catigayonan
4.a The relation of majority more, may be also rendered by daghan pa,
and than, by sa or dili.
Ex:
I have more silver than Daghan pa ang acong salapi sa bulaoan
gold. co, or (dili ang bulaoan co).
I have less shoes than hats. Diutay pa ang mga sapin co, dili ang
acong mga calo.
Exercise VI
I have as much money as you--Have you as many friends as I?--We have
less money than they--This book is small, that is smaller, and that
is the smallest of all--This hat is large, but that is larger--Is your
hat as large as mine? It is larger than yours--Do your children write
as much as we?--They write more than you--My father has more silver
than gold--Your ring is not so nice as my mother's--Your father
is less wise than mine--I have less rice than coffee--Do you read
as often as I?--Do you listen to what your brother tell you?--Yes,
I listen to it--God is the best Father.
SEVENTH LESSON
UNITIVE PARTICLES.
Before coming to the end of this part of the nouns, we shall have a
short speech about some ligaments, called unitive particles, which
serve for uniting elegantly the nouns, pronouns and adjectives, and
for joining together the sentences, and to give them a particular
energy. These particles are the followings:
Nga.
l.a This particle (when it is not used as relative) serves to link
the pronouns with the nouns and the adjectives.
When the preceding word ends by a vowel the letter a of nga, must be
suppressed, joining ng to the vowel, as:
Pretty house. Maanindut nga balay.
Good horse. Maayong cabayo.
2.a Serves also for joining both the sentences and verbs with the
adverbs, ex:
Come back early. Bumalic cang masayó.
I doubt very much I may forgive Malisud cahá nga pasaylo-an co sia
him. (V. Pag 8), 3.a Remark.
Ug.
It is employed instead of the article in the objective cases of
indefinite objects, and in compounded sentences when are employed
instead of objective case. It serves also to link the cardinal
numbers: Ex:
Buy rice. Pumalit ca ug bugás.
The work weakens me Naluya acó ug pagbuhat.
All my neighbour's children Ang mga anac sa acong silingan
died of plague. nahurut ug camatay sa salot.
Seventeen. Napolo ug pito.
Ca.
This particle links the cardinal numbers with the nouns: Ex.
Ten thousand. Napolo ca libo.
My three horses were removed out Nauala ang mga totolo ca cabayo
of sight. naco.
Ing.
Serves for joining the sentences and the objective cases, when it is
spoken in indeterminate sense.
There is not now who may seek. Uala na ing macapatigayon.
Have I a knife? ¿Duna ba acó ing usá ca cuchillo?
Exercise VII.
You speak as much as I--They have not so many toys as books--Have you
as many books as I?--I have fewer than you--Has our friend as many
birds as chickens?--He has more of the former than of the latter--Are
we right in speaking?--You are not wrong in speaking, but you are
wrong in cutting my trees--Have you time to work?--1 have time, but
not mind to work--Have you still a mind to buy any thing?--Yes, I have
a mind to buy one more horse--Have you as much good as bad paper?--I
have as much of the one as of the other--Have our neighbours as much
honey as sugar?--They have more honey than sugar--Have your sons as
many slippers as shirts?--They have more of the latter than of the
former--I have a favour to beg of you.
EIGHTH LESSON
THE VERB.
The verb is the most important part of all languages, and also the
most difficult. By this reason, to speak with somewhat perfection the
Bisaya dialect, it is necessary a perfect acquaintance with it. The
Bisaya dialect has not verbs, and they must be formed by adding to
the roots particles, which shall be placed either before of after,
as we shall explain.
In Bisaya the verbs is divided into substantive, adjective, passive,
neuter, reciprocal and reflexive.
Of the substantive verb TO BE--MAO, MAN.
The verb TO BE and its like TO HAVE, are irregulars in their
conjugation, and to form their sentences, it is necessary to use a
very new form. They are expressed by means of particles, adverbs,
conjunctions, and sometimes by means of the employment of both
nominative and genitive cases.
Conjugation of the verb TO BE--Mao, Man.
Indicative mood--Present Tense.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
I am. Acó mao, man. We are. Camé, quitá mao, man.
Thou art. Icao mao, man. You are. Camó mao, man.
He is. Sia mao, man. They are. Sila mao, man.
Rem. The particle man, is euphonic, when the sentences are not of
the verb TO BE, ex;
Did you go to Spain? Nacaadto ca ba sa España?
I did not. Uala man acó umadto.
PAST TENSE.
I was good when I was younger. Maayo man acó sa bata pa acó.
I was rich the last year. Salapian man acó sa tuig nga miagui.
FUTURE
I shall or will be serious. Buutan man acó.
IMPERATIVE.
Be serious. Magbuutan ca.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
It is necessary you be saint. Quinahanglan nga masantos ca.
CONDITIONAL FUTURE.
If I were humble, I should be Cun mapaubsanon acó unta, masantos
saint. unta.
INDEFINITE FUTURE.
I would be saint, if I Santos man acó unta cun macatuman
fulfilled God's law. unta acó sa mga sugo sa Dios.
Rem. l.a It will be observed by the preceding conjugation, that the
particle Mao--To be, is used but in the present tense of indicative
mood.
2.a The particle Man--To be, does not point out by itself the tense,
but it does the determining, may it be a noun or a whole sentence.
3.a To point out the subjunctive mood is used unta, when the sentences
are obtative, in another cases are employed cun, ug, or pa.
4.a As auxiliaries of the verb Man, are employed the article ang
before or after the noun, or the particle Y after the subjective case.
5.a The same must be said of the particle Nay. Are formed also
sentences of the verb Man, by placing the attribute, before the
subject it refers to.
6.a With pagca or mag, before the adjective are formed also these
kind of sentences.
A few examples may elucidate these remarks:
The priest is God's succeeder, Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios, ug
and also the Father of the souls. mao man usab, ang amahan sa mga
calág.
The flowers are pretty. Manindut man ang mga bulac.
I will make it. Acoy magabuhat.
Who will be my comforter? ¿Quinsa nay macalipay canaco?
What a beautiful effigy! ¡Pagca maanindut nga laraoan!
What does concern you, about my ¿Onsay labut mo, cun maayo ba acó,
good or bad behaviour? cun dili ba?
Behave well at teacher's house. Magbuutan ca bayá sa balay sa
magtoto-on.
How? is ill my behave? Diay? ¿dautan ba acó?
God is the Almighty. Ang Dios maoy macagagahum sa
ngatanan.
I am who shall go. Acoy moadto didto.
Good should be. Maayo unta.
A moment. Cariot da.
Are you a chattering fellow? ¿Hinultihon ca ba?
What countryman is he? ¿Tagadi-in ba sia?
God is every where. Ang Dios ana-a sa bisan di-in.
Exercise VIII.
Who is the Priest?,--The Priest is God's succeeder, and the father of
the souls--Are pretty the flowers?--Yes; all the flowers are pretty;
but the lily is the most beautiful, then it is the symbol of purity,
chastity, virginity, innocence and candour--Where are you from?--I
am from Aloran, my parents are from Cornago, my eldest brother from
Oroquieta, and my younger from Tagbilaran--Do you wish to send one
more horse to our friends?--I wish to send many more to them--Are
you going for any thing?--I am going for some thing--What are you
going for?--I am going for some wine--Does your father send for any
thing?--Yes, sir: he sends for some wine--Whom does your neighbour
send for?--He sends for the physician--Does your servant take off
his shirt to make the fire?--He takes it off to make it.
NINTH LESSON
TO BE--ANI-A, NA-A OR ANA-A, TUA.
When the verb TO BE points out TO BE IN A PLACE, is translated into
Bisaya by ani-a, to be here: na-a or ana-a, to be there: and tua,
to be far from the speaker.
Instead of the English adverbs HERE, THERE, are used in Bisaya dinhi,
here: diha, there: didto, there (further).
The indicative present does not need adverbs of place.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
I am here. Ania man acó. (dinhi)
Thou art there. Naa ca man. (dihá)
He is there. (further) Tua man sia. (didto)
We are here. Ania man quitá or camé (dinhi)
You are there. Naa man camó. (dihá)
They are there (further) Tua man silá. (didto)
PAST TENSE.
I was here, when you was there. Dinhi man acó sa didto ca pa.
(further)
I was there yesterday. Didto man acó cahapon.
FUTURE.
I will be there to-morrow. Didto man acó ngma.
CONDITIONAL FUTURE.
I would be there, if you were Didto unta acó, cun buut ca pa
pleased. unta.
Subjunctive Mood
FUTURE.
It is necessary you be there. Quinahanglan nga didto ca.
ABSOLUTE INDEFINITE.
That I might be here. Dinhi unta acó.
CONDITIONATE INDEFINITE.
If I were there. Cun didto pa unta acó.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Be there (ye, you). Diha camó.
GERUND.
Being there, I saw him. Sa didto acó, naquita co sia.
Rem. When the verb TO BE, points out the actual conditions of persons
or things, the root pointing out such a condition, becomes verb by
means of the particle ma of the neuter verbs.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
I am sick. Masaquit man acó.
PAST TENSE.
He was sick, when I was well or Masaquit sia, sa pagca maayo co ug
strong. laoas.
ABSOLUTE FUTURE.
He will or shall be ill to-morrow. Masaquit sia ugma.
CONDITIONAL FUTURE.
If I were sick, you would care Cun masaquit acó unta, icao magalima
of me. unta canaco.
GERUND.
Being he sick, was not willing to Sa iyang pagcasaquit uala sia buut
take the medicines. uminom sa mga tambal.
Conjugation of the Verb TO HAVE.
The verb TO HAVE in a determinate sense is translated into Bisaya by
ania, for first persons; na-a or ana-a, for the seconds; and tua,
for the thirds.
INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.
I have the shirt. Ania canaco ang sinina.
They have the hat. Tua canila ang calo.
PAST TENSE.
When you were looking after the Sa pagpangita mo sa sinina, dinhi
shirt it was with me. man canaco.
Rem. The others tenses of this conjugation, are formed by means of
the adverbs Dinhi, Dihá. and Didto, according to the persons, placing
the person in ablative case immediately after the adverb or particle.
I had the hat yesterday. Cahapon dinhi canaco ang calo.
I shall or will have the hat Ugma dinhi na canaco ang calo.
to-morrow.
I would have the fan, if I Dinhi unta canaco ang paypay, cun
bought it. paliton co unta.
If I had the ring, I would give Cun dinhi pa unta canaco ang
it to you. singsing, ihatag co unta canimo.
TO HAVE--(In Partitive Sense.)
l.a The verb TO HAVE in partitive sense, is translated into Bisaya
by May, Duna or Aduna, with the person in nominative or genitive case.
INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.
Have you money? ¿May salapi ca ba?
I have some money. Dunay acong salapi
PAST TENSE.
I had money yesterday, and you Cahapon duna ma acong salapi, ug
had not. icao ualá.
ABSOLUTE FUTURE.
I shall have money tomorrow. Ugma duna may acong salapi.
CONDITIONAL FUTURE.
You might have money, if you Icao duna unta ug salapi, cun
worked. magtrabajo ca unta.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
I if had money, I would give it Cun dunay unta acó ug salapi, ihatag
to you. co unta canimo.
GERUND.
Having money, all is easy. Sa pagca dunay salapi, ang ngatanan
mahimo.
2.a When speaking of immaterials things, the root becomes verb with
the particle Na of neuter verbs; thus.
I am cold. Natugnao man acó.
I was cold yesterday, and you Cahapon guitugnao acó ug icao
warm. gui-initan.
3.a The root Tugnao admits gui instead of Ma and the root Init admits
also gui with the passive of an.
I was warm yesterday. Cahapon nainitan acó.
You will or shall be warm. Mainitan ca.
The impersonal expression--There--To be.
Duna
INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.
Is there a man in the street? ¿Duna bay usá ca taoo sa dalan?
There are twenty. Duna man caluha-an.
There is no body in the street. Ualay taoo sa dalan.
There was rice yesterday at the Cahapon dunay bugás sa longsod,
town, but there was not money. apan ualay salapi.
The last month there was rice. Sa bulan nga miagui, dunay bugás.
If there were rice, there would be Cun dunay bugás unta, uala unta
not hunger at the province. ug gutum sa provincia.
Exercise IX.
When does your father intend to depart?--He intends to depart to
day--At what o'clock?--At four o'clock--Where is he going?--He goes
to Madrid--Does the butcher kill oxen?--He kills sheep instead of
killing oxen--Do you always take off your hat, when you speak to my
father?--I always take it off--What do you take in the morning, tea
or coffee?--I take coffee--Do you take coffee every morning?--I take
coffee every morning and every evening--What does your father take?--He
drinks chocolate--How far did the children go this morning?--As far
as their cousin's--Has any one stolen any thing from you?--Some one
has stolen a fine horse from me.
TENTH LESSON
THE ADJECTIVE VERBS.
The verbs, as we have said, are formed by means of roots and particles
equivalents to the four tenses, Present, Past, Future and Imperative of
the Bisaya conjugation. The other tenses are formed with the particles
of the four primitives, as we shall see in the conjugation.
The particles we refer to, are Naga and its compounds: Nagaca, Nagapa,
Nagapaca, Naca, mi, and many others we shall use at their place.
In order to aid the scholars in the knowledge and formation of the
tenses, we shall conjugate here a verb in active voice, by means of
the particle Naga, which is the most common.
The pupils shall not lose of sight, that, in this dialect all the
last syllables are like, being only changed the persons.
To Choose--PAGPILI.
Infinitive. To choose. Pagpili.
Gerund. Choosing. Sa pagpili.
Past participle. Chosen. Pinili.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
I choose. Acó nagapili.
Thou choosest. Icao nagapili.
He (she) chooses. Sia nagapili.
We choose. Camé (or quitá) nagapili.
You choose. Camó nagapili.
They choose. Sila nagapili.
IMPERFECT PRETERIT.
I chose. (when) Nagapili acó, (sa)
Thou chosest, &. Nagapili ca, (sa)
PAST PERFECT.
I have chosen. Nagpili acó.
Thou hast chosen. Nagpili ca
PLUPERFECT.
I had chosen. Nagpili na acó.
Thou hadst chosen. Human na icao nagpili.
He had chosen. Ubus na sia nagpili.
IMPERFECT FUTURE.
I shall or will choose. Acó magapili.
Thou shalt or wilt choose. Icao magapili.
PERFECT FUTURE.
I shall have chosen. Nagpili na cahá acó.
Thou shalt have chosen. Nagpili ca na cahá
IMPERATIVE.
Choose. Magpili ca.
Let him choose. Magpili sia.
Choose. Magpili camó.
Let them choose. Magpili sila.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--PRESENT.
That I may choose or not. Magpili acó unta, ug dili.
That thou mayest choose. Nga magpili ca.
That he may choose. Apat sia magpili.
That we may choose. Nga quitá magpili.
That you may choose. Nga camó unta magpili.
That they may choose. Nga sila unta magpili.
IMPERFECT PRETERIT,
That I might choose. Ug acó pay magapili.
That thou mightest choose. Ug icao unta magapili.
That he might choose. Ug magapili pa lamang sia.
That we might choose. Ug magpili pa quitá.
That you might choose. Ug camó untay magapili.
That they might choose. Ug sila pa lamang magpili.
PERFECT PRETERIT.
That I may have chosen, or not Nga nagpili acó unta, cun ualá.
That thou mayest have chosen. Nga nagpili ca na unta.
That he may have chosen. Nga siay nagpili.
That we may have chosen. Nagpili quitá (or camé) unta.
That you may have chosen. Nga nagpili camó.
That they may have chosen. Nga nagpili sila.
PLUPERFECT.
If I might have chosen. Cun acó pay nacagpili.
If thou mightest have chosen. Cun icao diay nacagpili.
If he might have chosen. Cun nacagpili pa unta sia.
If we might have chosen. Cun nacagpili unta quitá.
If you might hare chosen. Cun nacagpili unta camó.
If they might have chosen. Cun sila diay nacagpili.
IMPERFECT FUTURE.
If I shall or will choose. Ug dao acó ang magapili.
If thou shalt choose. Ug dao magapili ca.
If he shall choose. Ug dao sia magapili.
If we shall choose. Ug dao magapili quitá.
If you shall choose. Ug dao camó magapili.
If they shall choose. Ug dao sila ang magapili.
PERFECT FUTURE.
If I shall or will have chosen. Cun dao nagpili acó ogaling.
If thou shalt &. Cun icao ogaling nagpili na.
If he shall &. Cun sia ogaling nagpili na.
If we shall &. Cun camé ogaling nagpili na.
If you shall &. Cun camó na ogaling nagpili.
If they shall & have chosen. Cun dao sila na ogaling nagpili.
Rem. It must be observed that the adverbs and conjunctions we have
made use of in subjunctive mood, are not characteristic signs of this
mood, and very often we speak in subjunctive without them.
Although the passive voice is the most usual in the Bisaya Dialect,
the active sentences have however a very important place at the
conversation, and therefore it is necessary to know, that when the
speech begins by a nominative agent, express or tácite, the sentence
is active. The same must be said when the sentence is about an
indeterminate thing, when exclamatory, interrogative or emphatical,
and when points out a part of a whole, Ex: