Near the Areopagus is shewn the ship that is made for the procession
at the Panathenæa. And this perhaps has been outdone. But the ship at
Delos is the finest I have ever heard of, having nine banks of rowers
from the decks.
And the Athenians in the townships, and on the roads outside the
city, have temples of the gods, and tombs of men and heroes. And not
far distant is the Academy, once belonging to a private man, now a
gymnasium. And as you go down to it are the precincts of Artemis, and
statues of her as _Best_ and _Beautifullest_: I suppose these titles
have the same reference as the lines of Sappho, another account about
them I know but shall pass over. And there is a small temple, to
which they carry every year on appointed days the statue of Dionysus
Eleuthereusis. So many temples to the gods are there here. There are
also tombs, first of Thrasybulus the son of Lycus, in all respects one
of the most famous of the Athenians either since his day or before
him. Most of his exploits I shall pass by, but one thing will be
enough to prove my statement. Starting from Thebes with only sixty
men he put down the _Thirty Tyrants_, and persuaded the Athenians who
were in factions to be reconciled to one another and live on friendly
terms. His is the first tomb, and near it are the tombs of Pericles
and Chabrias and Phormio. And all the Athenians have monuments here
that died in battle either on land or sea, except those that fought
at Marathon. For those have tombs on the spot for their valour. But
the others lie on the road to the Academy, and slabs are on their
tombs recording the name and township of each. First come those whom
the Edoni unexpectedly fell upon and slew in Thrace, when they had
made themselves masters of all the country up to Drabescus: and it
is said also that hailstones fell on them. And among generals are
Leagrus, who had the greatest amount of power committed to him, and
Sophanes of Decelea, who slew the Argive Eurybates, (who was helping
the Æginetans), the victor in five contests at Nemea. And this is the
third army the Athenians sent out of Greece. For all the Greeks by
mutual consent fought against Priam and the Trojans: but the Athenians
alone sent an army into Sardinia with Iolaus, and again to Ionia, and
the third time to Thrace. And before the monument is a pillar with
a representation of two cavalry officers fighting, whose names are
Melanopus and Macartatus, who met their death contending against the
Lacedæmonians and Bœotians, at the border of the Eleonian and Tanagræan
territory. And there is the tomb of the Thessalian cavalry who
remembered their ancient friendship to Athens, when the Peloponnesians
under Archidamas first invaded Attica: they are near the Cretan
archers. And again there are tombs of the Athenians, as of Clisthenes,
(who made the regulations for the tribes which are observed even
now,) and the cavalry who were slain on that day of danger, when the
Thessalians brought aid. Here too are the Cleonæi, who came with the
Argives into Attica: why they came I shall tell when I come to Argos.
Here too is the tomb of the Athenians who fought with the Æginetans
before the Persian War. And that was I ween a just decree of the people
that, if the Athenians gave a public burial to the slaves, their names
should be written on a pillar. And this proves that they behaved well
to their masters in the wars. And there are also monuments of other
valiant men, who fell fighting in various places: the most illustrious
of those that fought at Olynthus, and Melesander (who sailed in his
ships up the Mæander in Upper Caria), and those who fell in the war
with Cassander, and those Argives who were formerly the allies of the
Athenians. This alliance came about (they say) in the following manner.
There was an earthquake at Lacedæmon, and the Helots revolted and went
to Ithome: and when they revolted the Lacedæmonians sent for aid to
the Athenians and others: and they despatched to them picked men under
Cimon the son of Miltiades. These the Lacedæmonians sent back moved by
suspicion. And the Athenians thought such an outrage insufferable, and,
on their return home again, made an offensive and defensive alliance
with the Argives, who had always been the enemies of the Lacedæmonians.
And afterwards, when a battle between the Athenians and Bœotians and
Lacedæmonians was on the eve of taking place at Tanagra, the Argives
came to the aid of the Athenians. And when the Argives were having the
better of it, night came on and took away the certainty of victory,
and the next day the Lacedæmonians won the victory, the Thessalians
having betrayed the Athenians. I ought also to mention Apollodorus the
leader of the mercenaries, who was an Athenian, but had been sent by
Arsites, the satrap of Phrygia near the Hellespont, and had relieved
Perinthia, when Philip attacked it with an army. He is buried here,
with Eubulus the son of Spintharus, and other men who although they
deserved it did not meet with good fortune; some fell conspiring
against the tyrant Lachares, and others counselled the seizure of the
Piræus when the Macedonians guarded it, but before they could carry
out their plan they were informed against by their fellow-conspirators
and put to death. Here too are the tombs of those who fell at Corinth:
and it was palpably shewn here (and afterwards at Leuctra) by the
Deity, that those whom the Greeks call brave were nothing without
good fortune, since the Lacedæmonians who had formerly conquered the
Corinthians and Athenians, and moreover the Argives and Bœotians, were
afterwards so completely routed at Leuctra by the Bœotians alone. And
next to the tombs of those that fell at Corinth, some elegiac lines
testify that the pillar was erected not only to them, but also to
those that died at Eubœa and Chios, as also to some whom it declares
were slain in the remote parts of the continent of Asia Minor, and in
Sicily. And all the Generals are inscribed on it except Nicias, and the
Platæan soldiers and citizens together. Nicias was passed over for the
following reason: I give the same account as Philistus, who said that
Demosthenes made conditions of surrender for everybody but himself,
and when he was taken attempted suicide, whereas Nicias surrendered
voluntarily. And so his name was not written on the pillar, as he was
shewn to be a willing captive and not a man fit for war. On another
pillar are the names of those who fought in Thrace, and at Megara,
and when Alcibiades persuaded the Mantinæans and Eleans to revolt
from the Lacedæmonians, and those who conquered the Syracusans before
Demosthenes came to Sicily. Those also are buried here who fought the
naval engagement at the Hellespont, and those who fought against the
Macedonians at Chæronea, and those who served with Cleon at Amphipolis,
and those who fell at Delium in the territory of the Tanagræans, and
those whom Leosthenes led to Thessaly, and those who sailed to Cyprus
with Cimon, and those, thirteen only, who with Olympiodorus drove out
the Macedonian garrison. And the Athenians say that, when the Romans
were fighting against one of their neighbours, they sent a small force
to their aid, and certainly afterwards there were five Attic triremes
present at the sea-fight between the Romans and Carthaginians. These
also have their tomb here. The exploits of Tolmides and his men, and
the manner of their death, I have already described: but let any one
to whom their memory is dear know that they too lie buried on this
road. They too lie here who on the same day won under Cimon a glorious
victory both by land and sea. Here too lie Conon and Timotheus,
father and son, second only to Miltiades and Cimon in their brilliant
feats. Here too lie Zeno the son of Mnaseas, and Chrysippus of Soli,
and Nicias the son of Nicomedes, (the best painter of animals in his
day,) and Harmodius and Aristogiton who murdered Hipparchus the son of
Pisistratus, and the orators Ephialtes, (who did his best to discredit
the legislation of the Areopagus,) and Lycurgus the son of Lycophron.
This Lycurgus put into the public treasury 6,500 talents more than
Pericles the son of Xanthippus got together, and furnished elaborate
apparatus for the processions of Athene, and golden Victories, and
dresses for 100 maidens, and for war arms and darts, and 400 triremes
for naval engagements. And as for buildings he finished the theatre
though others began it, and during his term of office built docks at
the Piræus, and a gymnasium at the Lyceum. All his silver and gold work
Lachares plundered when he was in power: but the buildings remain to
this day.