includes a lunular spot of a different colour.--Ex. _Under
side_ of _Wings_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _m._
26. FENESTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus fenestratus_). When an ocellus has
a transparent spot.--Ex. _Attacus Paphia_ and _Cytherea_.
27. DIOPTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus dioptratus_). A fenestrate ocellus
divided by a transverse line.--Ex. _Attacus Polyphemus_.
28. DOUBLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus geminatus_). When two ocelli are
included in the same circle or spot.--Ex. _Under side_ of
_Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _r, v._
29. TWIN OCELLUS (_Ocellus didymus_). When such ocelli join each
other.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Hipparchia
Hyperanthus_.
30. SESQUIALTEROUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus sesquialterus_). An ocellus
with a smaller near it, called also _Sesquiocellus_.--Ex.
_Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Colias Edusa_. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. _q._
31. SUPERCILIUM (_Supercilium_). An arched line resembling an
eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.--Ex. _Under side_
of _Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Achilles_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
_i._
32. NEBULOSE (_Nebulosus_). Painted with colour irregularly
darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of
_clouds_.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_, _nebulosus_; _Catocala
nupta_.
33. TESTUDINARIOUS (_Testudinarius_). Painted with red, black
and yellow, like tortoise-shell.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius
testudinarius_.
34. CONSPERSE (_Conspersus_). Thickly sprinkled with minute
irregular dots often confluent.--Ex. _Biston Betularia_.
35. ACHATINE (_Achatinus_). Painted with various concentric,
curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an
agate.--Ex. _Cossus labyrinthicus_. _Cerura vinula_.
36. USTULATE (_Ustulata_). So marked with brown as to have the
appearance of being _scorched_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Ennomos
dolabraria_.
37. MARMORATE (_Marmorata_). So painted with streaks, veins, and
clouds, as to resemble _marble_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the
_Wings_ of _Vanessa Io_. _Marmarina marmorata_.
38. TESSELLATE (_Tessellata_). Painted in checquerwork.--Ex.
_Abdomen_ of _Sarcophaga carnaria_ and _Musca maculata_.
39. FASCIA (_Fascia_). A broad transverse band.
a. PYRAMIDATE FASCIA (_Fascia pyramidata_). A band which juts out
into an angle on one side.--Ex. _Wing_ of _Apatura Iris_.
_Argynnis Paphia._ PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _h_.
b. MACULAR FASCIA (_Fascia macularis_). A band consisting of
distinct spots.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Abraxas grossulariata_. PLATE
XIV. FIG. 1. _b._
c. ARTICULATE FASCIA (_Fascia articulata_). A band consisting of
contiguous spots.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Melitæa
Dictynna_. _Upper side_ of _Primary Wing_ of _Morpho
Menelaus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _a._
d. DIMIDIATE FASCIA (_Fascia dimidiata_). A band traversing only
_half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio Turnus_. PLATE
XIV. FIG. 1. _f._
e. ABBREVIATE FASCIA (_Fascia abbreviata_). A band traversing
_less_ than _half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio
Podalirius_, _Ajax_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _g._
f. SESQUIALTEROUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquialtera_). When both wings
are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or
secondary by another.--Ex. _Endromis versicolor_. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. _d, c._
g. SESQUITERTIOUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquitertia_). When both wings
are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of
either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or
elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.--Ex. _Tortrix
Avellana_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _d, e._
40. STRIGA (_Striga_). A narrow transverse streak.
41. STRIGOSE (_Strigosa_). Painted with several such streaks.--Ex.
_Ennomos prunaria_.
42. LINE (_Linea_). A narrow _longitudinal_ stripe.
43. LINEATE (_Lineata_). Painted with several such stripes. N.B.
If with two, we say _bilineata_, with three, _trilineata_,
&c.--Ex. _Elater lineatus_.
44. VITTA (_Vitta_). A broad longitudinal stripe.
45. VITTATE (_Vittata_). Painted with several such stripes.--Ex.
_Chrysomela fastuosa_, _cerealis_, &c.
46. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve
into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.
47. SINUATO-UNDULATE (_Sinuato-Undulata_). When the sinuses are
obtuse.--Ex. _Boarmia repandaria_.
48. ANGULOSO-UNDULATE (_Anguloso-Undulata_). When they go in
a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.--Ex.
_Acidalia undulata_.
49. RADIATE (_Radiata_). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth
rays.--Ex. The large blue _area_ common to all the _Wings_ of
_Papilio Ulysses_.
50. VENOSE (_Venosa_). Painted with lines that branch like
veins.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Napi_.
51. CANCELLATE (_Cancellata_). Painted with transverse lines
crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.--Ex. _Macaria
clathrata_.
52. AREOLATE (_Areolata_). Painted with lines which intersect each
other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of
net-work.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Tetanocera marginata_ and _Cossus
ligniperda_.
53. LIMBATE (_Limbata_). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of
a different colour.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.
54. ARMILLATE (_Armillata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded
by a _broad_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Posterior Tibia_
of _Prosopis annulata_ (_Melitta_ * b. K.).
55. ANNULATE (_Annulata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded
by a _narrow_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of
many _Ichneumons_.
56. CINGULATE (_Cingulata_). When the abdomen or the trunk is
wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different
colour.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of many _Nomadæ_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.).
57. DECOLORATE (_Decolor_). When the colour appears to be
discharged from any part.--Ex. _Margin_ of the _Abdominal_
segments in _Stelis punctulatissima_ Latr. (_Apis_ ** _c._ 1.
β. K.).
58. UNICOLORATE (_Unicolor_). When a surface is of one colour.
59. CONCOLORATE (_Concolor_). Of the same colour with another part.
If speaking of _Lepidoptera_, when the upper and under sides
of the wings are of the same colour.--Ex. _Hesperia Linea_,
_Paniscus_.
60. DISCOLORATE (_Discolor_). Of a different colour from another
part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of
_Lepidoptera_ are of a different colour.--Ex. _Polyommatus
Corydon_, _Argiolus_, &c.
61. VERSICOLORATE (_Versicolor_). When a surface changes its colour
as the light varies.--Ex. _Apatura Iris_ ♂.
62. IRIDESCENT (_Iricolor_). When a surface reflects the colours of
the rainbow.--Ex. _Mesothorax_ of _Xylocopa iricolor_. _Wings_
of _Hymenoptera_, &c.
63. INFUSCATE (_Infuscata_). When a colour is darkened by the
superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.--Ex. _Apex_ of the
_Upper Wings_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.
ix. DISTINCTION.
1. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When spots, puncta, granules, &c.
do not touch or run into each other, but are completely
separate.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Lycæna Hippothoe_.
2. ORDINATE (_Ordinata_). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in
_rows_. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate,
&c.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Abdomen_ of _Spilosoma lubricipeda_,
_erminea_, &c.
3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contigua_). When spots, &c. are so near that they
almost or altogether touch each other.--Ex. _Spots_ in the
_margin_ of the _Wings_ of _Argynnis Aglaia_.
4. CONFLUENT (_Confluens_). When spots, &c. run into each
other.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _Primary Wings_ and _Under side_ of
the _Secondary_ in _Pontia Daplidice_.
5. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). When the borders of spots fade into
the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions,
&c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface,
as to be almost erased.--Ex. _Streak_ in the _Wings_ of
_Hipparchus papilionarius_, &c. _Striæ_ in the _Elytra_ of
_Sphodrus leucophthalmus_.
6. OBSOLETE (_Obsoleta_). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is
scarcely discoverable. Ex. _Lycæna Hippothoe_ ♂ and ♀.--N.B.
_This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or
genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous
in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are
most closely allied._
7. GEMINOUS (_Gemina_). When there is a pair of spots,
tubercles, puncta, &c.--Ex. _Head_ of one sex of _Dorcus
parallelopipedus_. _Upper Wings_ of _Odenestis potatoria_.
8. DIDYMOUS (_Didyma_). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or
are confluent.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Elytra_ of _Tylostagmus
quadrimaculatus_.
9. CONNIVENT (_Connivens_). The meeting of two lines so as to form
an angle.--Ex. _Streaks_ on the _Under side_ of _Secondary
Wings_ of _Thecla Pruni_.
10. COMMON (_Communis_). Common to two. When a spot for instance is
partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.--Ex. _Coccinella
septempunctata_.
VIII. MARGIN.
1. CRISP (_Crispa_). When the _Limb_ is disproportionably larger
than the _Disk_, so as to render the margin uneven with
irregular rises and falls.
2. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When the surface rises and falls
obtusely, not in angles.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Wings_ of
_Hipparchia Semele_.
3. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When the surface rises and falls
acutely in angles.--Ex. _Acidalia luteata_, &c.
4. PLICATE (_Plicata_). Longitudinally or transversely folded;
or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.--Ex.
_Abdomen_ of _Staphylinus_.
5. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Dilated disproportionably with respect
to the Disk.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Necrophorus_.
6. FILATE (_Filata_). When the _edge_ is separated by a channel,
often producing a very slender threadlike margin.--Ex. _Elytra_
of _Choleva_.
7. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). When the margin is disproportionably
thick.--Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of _Chrysomela_ "thorace
utrinque incrassato."
8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When the margin has neither teeth,
serratures, nor other incisions.
9. CHANNEL (_Canalis_). An impressed line more or less wide,
which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its
reflexion.
10. EDGE (_Acies_). The extreme termination of the margin.
IX. TERMINATION.
1. SUMMIT (_Fastigium_). The tip or extreme termination of the
upper part.
2. APEX (_Apex_). The top or upper termination of any part.
3. BOTTOM (_Fundus_). The extreme termination of the lower part.
4. BASE (_Basis_). The lower termination of any part.
5. ACUTE (_Acuta_). Terminating in an acute angle. PLATE XV. FIG.
17.
6. OBTUSE (_Obtusa_). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment
of a circle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.
7. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Terminating in the segment of a
circle.--PLATE VI. FIG. 1. e.
8. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). Terminating in a transverse line. PLATE
XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.
9. PREMORSE (_Præmorsa_). Terminating in an irregular truncate
apex, as if bitten off.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lebia_, _Dromia_,
_Lomechusa_, &c.
10. RETUSE (_Retusa_). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.--Ex. _Back_
part of the _Head_ in _Cimbex_.
11. EMARGINATE (_Emarginata_). When the end has an obtuse notch
taken out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Pedinus arenosus_.
12. EXSCINDED (_Excisa_). When the end has an angular notch taken
out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Opatrum sabulosum_.
13. PRODUCTED (_Producta_). Disproportionably long.
14. MUCRONATE (_Mucronata_). Terminating suddenly in a strong
point.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_. _Abdomen_ of
_Sirex Gigas_ ♀.
15. ACUMINATE (_Acuminata_). Terminating gradually in a sharp
point.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Sirex Juvencus_ ♀.
16. APICULATE (_Apiculata_). Terminating suddenly in a small
filiform truncate apex.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Thelyphonus_.
17. CUSPIDATE (_Cuspidata_). Terminating in a long setiform
point.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_.
X. INCISION.
1. INCISED (_Incisa_). Cut into equal marginal segments.
2. CLEFT (_Fissa_). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not
reaching the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. _a._
a. BIFID (_Bifida_). Cut into _two_ segments.
b. TRIFID (_Trifida_). Cut into _three_.
c. QUADRIFID (_Quadrifida_). Cut into _four_.
d. MULTIFID (_Multifida_). Cut into _more_ than _four_.
3. LACINIATE (_Laciniata_). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep
segments.
4. SQUARROSE (_Squarrosa_). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated
above the plane of the surface.
5. PARTITE (_Partita_). Divided to the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.
_b._
a. BIPARTITE (_Bipartita_). Divided thus into _two_ parts.
b. TRIPARTITE (_Tripartita_). Divided into _three_ parts.
c. QUADRIPARTITE (_Quadripartita_). Divided into _four_ parts.
d. MULTIPARTITE (_Multipartita_). Divided into _more_ than _four_
parts.
6. LOBATE (_Lobata_). Divided to the middle into parts with
convex margins, which recede from each other.--Ex. _Acanthia
paradoxa_. _Bilobate_, with _two_ lobes. _Trilobate_, with
_three_ lobes, &c.
7. CRUCIATE (_Cruciata_). Divided to the middle into four opposite
arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse
and two acute.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of many _Locustæ_.
8. SINUATE (_Sinuata_). Having large curved breaks in the margin
resembling bays. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
9. EROSE (_Erosa_). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller
irregular notches as if gnawed.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Vanessa C.
album_.
10. CRENATE (_Crenata_). Cut into segments of small circles.
11. SERRATE (_Serrata_). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth
whose sides are unequal.--Ex. _External margin_ near the _Apex_
of the _Elytra_ of many species of _Buprestis_.
12. DENTATE (_Dentata_). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are
equal or nearly so.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Butterflies_.
13. REPAND (_Repanda_). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to
run in a serpentine direction. PLATE XXII. FIG. 11. _s._
XI. RAMIFICATION.
1. DICHOTOMOUS (_Dichotoma_). Dividing regularly in pairs.
2. FURCATE (_Furcata_). Dividing into two. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.
3. RAMOSE (_Ramosa_). Furnished with lateral branches. PLATE XI.
FIG. 18.
4. DECUSSATE (_Decussata_). Sending forth lateral branches which
alternately cross each other.
5. DIVARICATE (_Divaricata_). Standing out very wide.
XII. DIVISION.
1. SEGMENT (_Segmentum_). The great inosculating joints of the
body.
2. JOINT (_Articulus_). The joints of a limb or member.
3. INCISURE (_Incisura_). A deep incision between the segments,
when they recede from each other.
4. SUTURE (_Sutura_). The line of separation of any two parts of a
crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do
not inosculate.
a. SPURIOUS SUTURE (_Sutura spuria_). An impressed line in any
part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really
divide the crust.
XIII. DIRECTION.
1. LONGITUDINAL (_Longitudinalis_). Running lengthwise.
2. TRANSVERSE (_Transversa_). Running across: when the
longitudinal line is cut through at _right_ angles.
3. OBLIQUE (_Obliqua_). Running sideways. When the longitudinal
line is cut through at _acute_ angles.
4. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). Parallel with the horizon.
5. ERECT (_Erecta_). Nearly perpendicular.
6. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). Perpendicular.
7. SLOPING (_Declivis_). A gentle descent.
8. DESCENDING (_Descendens_). A steeper descent.
9. ACCLIVOUS (_Acclivis_). A gentle ascent.
10. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). A steeper ascent.
11. RECLINED (_Reclinata_). Leaning towards any thing as if to
repose upon it.
12. RECUMBENT (_Recumbens_). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.
13. REFLEXED (_Reflexa_). Bent back or upwards.
14. INFLEXED (_Inflexa_). Bent inwards.
15. RECURVED (_Recurva_). Curving outwards.
16. INCURVED (_Incurva_). Curving inwards.
17. REVOLUTE (_Revoluta_). Rolled outwards.
18. INVOLUTE (_Involuta_). Rolled inwards.
19. FORWARDS (_Antrorsum_).
20. BACKWARDS (_Retrorsum_).
21. UPWARDS (_Sursum_).
22. DOWNWARDS (_Deorsum_).
23. OUTWARDS (_Extrorsum_).
24. INWARDS (_Introrsum_).
25. STRAIGHT (_Recta_).
26. PORRECT (_Porrecta_). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet
something advancing.
27. BROKEN (_Fracta_). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.
28. CONVERGING (_Convergens_). Tending to one point from different
parts.
29. DIVERGING (_Divergens_). Tending to different parts from one
point.
XIV. SITUATION.
1. OBVERSE (_Obversa_). When an object is viewed with its _head_
towards you.
2. REVERSE (_Reversa_). When an object is viewed with its _anus_
towards you.
3. RESUPINE (_Resupina_). When an object lies upon its back.
4. PRONE (_Prona_). When an object lies upon its belly.
XV. CONNEXION.
1. COLLIGATE (_Colligata_). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as
to have no separate motion of its own.
2. FREE (_Libera_). Having a motion independent of that of the
part to which it is affixed.
3. CONNATE (_Connata_). When parts that are usually separated,
are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a
suture.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Gibbium_.
4. COALITE (_Coalita_). When parts usually separate are
distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.--Ex.
_Trunk_ in _Mutilla_.
5. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When parts are separated from each
other by a _suture_.--Ex. Parts of the _Trunk_ in _Coleoptera_,
&c.
6. DISTANT (_Distans_). When they are separated by an
_incisure_.--Ex. _Head_, _Trunk_, and _Abdomen_, in
_Hymenoptera_.
7. INOSCULATING (_Inosculans_). When one part is inserted into the
cavity of another.--Ex. _Head_ in _Buprestis_.
8. SUSPENDED (_Suspensa_). When one part is joined to another
by a ligature, without being inserted in it.--Ex. _Legs_ of
_Orthoptera_. #/
XVI. ARMS.
1. TOOTH (_Dens_). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a
_tooth_.
2. HORN (_Cornu_). A longer process, resembling a _horn_.
a. LAMINATE HORN (_Cornu laminatum_). A horn dilated at its base
into a flat plate.--Ex. _Onthophagus nutans_.
b. NODDING HORN (_Cornu nutans_). When a horn bends forwards.--Ex.
_Onthophagus nutans_.
3. SPINE (_Spina_). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.--Ex.
Those on _Elytra_ of many _Hispæ_, and the _Posterior Tibiæ_ of
_Locusta_.
4. MUCRO (_Mucro_). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_.
5. SPUR (_Calcar_). A spine that is not a process of the crust,
but is implanted in it.--Ex. Those on the lower side of the
_Tibiæ_ of _Acrida_.
XVII. APPENDAGES.
1. AURICLE (_Auricula_). An appendage resembling an ear.--Ex.
_Thorax_ of _Ledra aurita_.
2. CARUNCLE (_Caruncula_). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat
resembling the caruncles of birds.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of
_Malachius_.
XVIII. MOTION.
1. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). When it is up and down.
2. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). When it is from side to side.
3. COMPOUND (_Composita_). When a part is capable of both vertical
and horizontal motion.
4. VERSATILE (_Versatilis_). When it moves partly round as if upon
a pivot.--Ex. Head of _Hymenoptera_ and _Diptera_.
5. VIBRATILE (_Vibratilis_). When there is a constant oscillation
of any part.--Ex. Antennæ of the _Chalcidites_. Legs of
_Tipula_ when reposing.
6. ROTATORY (_Rotatoria_). When a body or a part of it turns
wholly round, or describes a circle.--Ex. _Ants_ and _Moths_ in
a certain _disease_[1093].
XIX. SCENT.
1. ACID (_Acidus_). A pungent acid scent.--Ex. Many _Formicæ_.
2. MOSCHATE (_Moschatus_). A scent of _musk_.
3. ALLIACEOUS (_Alliaceus_). A scent of _garlic_.--Ex. Some
_Andrenæ_.
4. CIMICINE (_Cimicinus_). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.--Ex.
_Cimex_.
5. ROSACEOUS (_Rosaceus_). A scent of _roses_.--Ex. _Cerambyx
moschatus_.
6. AROMATIC (_Aromaticus_). A pungent scent of spices.--Ex.
_Oxytelus rugosus_.
7. BALM-SCENTED (_Melissæus_).--Ex. The species of _Prosopis_
(_Apis_ *. b. K.).
8. SWEET-SCENTED (_Odoratus_). An undefined sweet scent.--Ex.
_Philonthus suaveolens_.
9. FETID (_Fœtidus_). A disagreeable scent.--Ex. _Goerius olens_.
_Chrysopa Perla_. #/
_GENERAL RULES._
In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and
similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay
down only some general rules which may include the whole.
RULE I.
Terms in English ending in _cle_, _ule_, or _let_, and which in Latin
add _lus_, _la_, or _lum_, to a word, _diminish_ its sense. As,
Denti_cle_, a little tooth; Set_ule_, a little bristle; Eye_let_, a
small eye: Denticu_lus_, a little dens; Guttu_la_, a little gutta;
Punctu_lum_, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are
concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of
the predicate. As, Lineo_la_, Lineo_let_, a short line; Strio_la_,
Strio_let_, a short stria; Fascio_la_, Fascio_let_, a short fascia.
RULE II.
The preposition _sub_ prefixed to any word _reduces_ the sense of
it. As, _Sub_punctate, not fully punctate; _Sub_hirsute, not fully
hirsute, &c.
RULE III.
The termination _culus_ in Latin words added to a comparative implies
the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexius_culus_, rather
convex than not; Majus_culus_, rather large than not. This is usually
denoted in English by the termination _ish_, or the adverb _rather_;
as, larg_ish_, _rather_ large, &c.
RULE IV.
The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a
_tendency_ to the quality expressed by it. As, _Cinerascens_,
cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.
RULE V.
The preposition _ob_ prefixed to a term reverses it. As, _Ob_conical,
_Ob_cordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest
part is the base.
RULE VI.
In compound terms the _last_ member indicates the _preponderating_
character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is
_nigro-æneous_, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if,
_vice versâ_, it is termed _æneo-nigrous_, the black tint is
predominant.--N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or
punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta
in them.
_Exception_ 1.
Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one
subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we
mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.
_Exception_ 2.
Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict
the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when
we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body
is cinereous.
RULE VII.
When the term ordinary (_ordinarius_) is added either to terms
expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that
such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in
any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of
_Scarabæidæ_; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground
beetles (_Eutrech_in_a_), and the spots in the primary wings of
_Xylina Polyodon_ and affinities[1094].
_SYMBOLS._
Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⫯. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △.
Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].
B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. BODY (_CORPUS_).
1. DISJUNCT (_Disjunctum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are
separated by a _deep_ incisure.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.
PLATE IV. FIG. 2, 3, 5.
2. COMPACT (_Compactum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are
_not_ separated by a _deep_ incisure, but inosculate in each
other.--Ex. _Buprestis_, _Elater_, and many other _Coleoptera_,
_Orthoptera_, and _Hemiptera_.
3. BISECT (_Bisectum_). When the head and trunk are not separated
by a suture, so that the insect consists only of _two_
pieces.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE V. FIG. 4.
4. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen
are separated by any incisure or suture.--Ex. Many _Acari_ L.,
_Phalangium_, &c.
5. MULTISECT (_Multisectum_). When an insect appears to have no
distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous
segments.--Ex. _Scolopendra_; _Iulus_, &c. PLATE V. FIG. 6.