At nine A.M., I left in the whaleboat fo_Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. Etc. During the Years 1846-1850. — Volume 2 Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, Etc. to Which Is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. By John Macgillivray, F.R.G.S. Naturalist to the Expedition.

employed watering. At half past eleven A.M. I boarded the Coquette;

Captain Elliott had heard by the Sea Nymph, from Hobart Town, the fate of

the expedition, and was about leaving for Sydney. She reported the ship

Lord Auckland, from Hobart Town, with horses, having been aground on the

X reef for several days; she subsequently got off, and had proceeded on

her voyage, not having sustained any very material damage; she had lost

four anchors, and the Coquette was going to try to pick them up. Having

explained to Captain Elliott my intention of proceeding up the Escape

River in the morning, he volunteered to accompany me, and to supply two

hands, which enabled me to man my two boats, thus making a most

formidable party.

At daylight made preparations for starting. I took the five-oared

whaleboat, and the second officer, accompanied by Captain Elliott, went

in the small boat, both well armed and manned. At half-past six A.M. we

left and ran before a strong breeze from the South-East, and stood in for

the entrance of Escape River. At half-past seven hauled in round the

south head (Point Shadwell): in crossing the bar, least water three

fathoms, the tide being about first quarter spring flood.

After entering the river perceived a bay, with small sandy beaches, one

of which Jackey pointed out as the place where Mr. Kennedy first met the

hostile natives; from this place we observed some of them launching a

canoe for the purpose of speaking us, but as we could not afford to lose

either the time or the tide I deferred communicating with them until our

return. After steering west about five or six miles, the river began

gradually to wind to the northward, and afterwards South-South-East; the

river six or seven miles from the entrance was upwards of a mile in

width, both banks were covered by a dense impenetrable mangrove swamp;

after the river trended to the southward we had to lower our sail and

pull; after pulling some four or five miles the river became gradually

narrower. I observed several branches of it trending to the northward and

westward; we remained on the southernmost branch, the principal one; as

we proceeded on the left hand side of the river we came to a clear place

free of mangroves, the only one we had seen; here we landed, and Jackey

pointed it out as the place where Mr. Kennedy had come down on the

morning of the day when he was killed; it was here Jackey advised him to

abandon the horses and swim the river, about thirty yards wide. Jackey

pointed out the tree where he made the horses fast whilst they went down

to the river and searched in vain for oysters, they having had nothing to

eat all that day.

We again proceeded, the river becoming gradually narrower as we advanced,

and the water perfectly fresh. After going about two or three miles, the

river became so narrow that our oars could not be used. We were compelled

to haul the boats along, against a strong stream, by the overhanging

branches of the trees, frequently coming across fallen trees, over which

we had to launch our boats, running the risk of staving them; and again

obliged to force them under others. A better spot could not have been

selected by the natives for cutting us off, had they been so disposed--a

narrow creek, and a dense scrub on either side. We still proceeded till

the boats could get no further. We had traced the Escape River to its

source--a small freshwater creek. As we advanced the belt of mangroves

became thinner. We landed on a clear place, on the right of the creek. We

went a short distance inland; saw an extensive plain, with numerous large

ant-hills on it, which Jackey knew as the place he had crossed the day

Mr. Kennedy was killed. Jackey went a short distance further to

reconnoitre, and presently returned, having perfectly satisfied himself

as to our locality.

After making a hasty meal we proceeded, leaving four hands in charge of

the boats; we walked some distance across a swamp, still following the

course of the creek. In the swamp I saw a great many of the Nepenthes

distillatoria, or pitcher-plant; they were not exactly of the same

description I have seen on the Pellew Islands, and other places; nearly

all of them wanted the graceful turn in the stem, for which those elegant

plants are so justly celebrated. We traced the creek for nearly a mile,

looking out for a crossing-place, when Jackey pointed out on the other

side the place where he had secreted the saddlebags. At length we came to

a tree which had fallen and formed a kind of bridge, over which we passed

with difficulty, and returned to the place where Jackey said the

saddlebags were planted. Jackey then showed us the place where "horse

tumble down creek" after being speared. Some horse-dung was found on the

top of the bank close to this place, which confirmed Jackey's statement;

he then took us a few yards into the scrub to look for the saddlebags,

and told us to look about for a broken twig, growing over a thick bush;

the place was found, but the saddlebags were gone; on searching under the

bush among the leaves, the horizon glass of a sextant was found, a strong

proof that Jackey had found the right place.

Jackey then took us through a dense scrub for some distance, when we came

on open swampy ground about half a mile wide; on the opposite side there

was more scrub, close to which there were three large ant-hills; Jackey

took us up to the centre one, five yards from which poor Kennedy fell;

against this ant-hill Jackey placed him when he went after the

saddlebags. Jackey told us to look about for broken spears; some pieces

were found; he then took us to a place about sixty yards from the

ant-hill, where he put Mr. Kennedy, who then told him not to carry him

far. About a quarter of a mile from this place, towards the creek, Jackey

pointed out a clear space of ground, near an angle of a very small

running stream of fresh water, close to three young pandanus trees, as

the place where the unfortunate gentleman died. Jackey had taken him here

to wash his wounds and stop the blood. It was here, when poor Kennedy

found he was dying, that he gave Jackey instructions about the papers,

when Jackey said, "Why do you talk so: you are not going to leave me?"

Jackey then led the way to a dense tea-tree scrub, distant about three or

four hundred yards, where he had carried the body and buried it. When we

came to the edge of the scrub, Jackey was at a loss where to enter, as he

said when he was carrying the corpse he did not look behind--all the

objects in front being nearly alike he did not get a good mark. Into the

midst of this scrub we went, divided ourselves and searched in every

direction, but could not find the place: Jackey had not made the spot too

conspicuous, fearing the blacks might find it, he had only bent down two

twigs across each other; the scrub was not very extensive but exceedingly

thick.

Jackey led the way to a creek, and pointed out the place where he had

crossed. Jackey said "I threw him down one fellow compass somewhere

here." It was immediately found, it was one of Kater's prismatic

compasses, the name Chislett, London, engraved on the back. Jackey then

went to a place where he "plant him sextant," but the flood had been over

the spot and washed it away. When returning I found the trough for an

artificial horizon washed upon the banks of the creek, this had been left

with the sextant. Jackey crossed the creek, and found a small wooden

bottle of quicksilver in the same place where he had left it.

We returned to the scrub where Mr. Kennedy was buried, when we came to it

I placed the party (eleven in number) five yards asunder, and traversed

it this way in all directions, but without success. I then took Jackey to

the plain where the poor gentleman died, and told him to go towards the

scrub in the same manner he did when he was carrying the corpse, and not

to look back, which he did, telling me the manner in which he carried it,

and where he shifted it from one shoulder to the other. In this manner he

entered the scrub, and I have no doubt he took us very near the exact

place where the body was buried; we sounded the ground all round with our

ramrods, but without success. After taking another good look we

reluctantly gave up the search, as the night was rapidly approaching, and

returned to the boats.

My opinion is, that the remains of the unfortunate gentleman have not

been exhumed; if they had, we should have seen some indication of them;

the natives would not have taken the trouble to fill the grave, or take

away the bones. The soil where he was buried was of a light sandy nature,

and the small mound Jackey rose over the grave had been washed down by

the heavy rains. The only clue that gave rise to the supposition that the

natives had found the body, was the fact that part of Mr. Kennedy's

trousers was found in the canoe taken by the schooner Ariel. Jackey said

there were other trousers in the saddlebag, exactly like those he had on

at the time of his death. The saddlebags, there is not the slightest

doubt, have been found by the natives. Poor Jackey was very quiet, but

felt, and felt deeply, during the day. When pointing out the spot where

Mr. Kennedy died, I saw tears in his eyes, and no one could be more

indefatigable in searching for the remains. His feelings against the

natives were bitter, and had any of them made their appearance at the

time, I could hardly have prevented him from shooting them.

When we got back to the boats, we immediately proceeded down the creek,

being anxious to get clear of the intricate navigation before dark. We

succeeded in getting into the open river with difficulty, the numerous

snags and branches of trees in the creek, together with the strong

current, requiring great precaution to prevent our boats being stove.

A few yards above the place pointed out by Jackey in the morning, where

Mr. Kennedy came down to the river for the purpose of crossing, we found

the water very shallow, not ankle deep, right across, and had they waited

until low-water they might have crossed without difficulty; as we pulled

down the river we found numerous shoals, our boat constantly grounding;

in fact Escape River is not a river, but an estuary, terminating in

swamps.

At eleven we arrived at the entrance of the river, where I camped for the

night, on a sandy beach not far from Point Shadwell, having determined to

examine the native camp at daybreak. Set a watch, but made no fire, as I

wanted to take the natives by surprise.

Wednesday, May 9th, 1849.

Blowing very hard all night from South-East; passed a miserable

night--the mosquitoes devouring us. At break of day launched our boats

and pulled towards the camp where we had seen natives the day before.

Some of the party went along the beach. On arriving at the camp found it

had very recently been abandoned; one of Jackey's companions saw one

native, who ran into the bush and was seen no more.

I went with Jackey some distance into the bush, he showed me the place

where a native threw a spear at him the day before Mr. Kennedy's death;

Jackey fired, but missed him. I forgot to mention that the master of the

Coquette had seen a native at Port Albany, who had, apparently, been

wounded in the face with large shot, and as he answered the exact

description given by Jackey, there is little doubt that he was the same

individual mentioned in his statement as shot by him.

We searched the camp, found a small piece of red cloth, which Jackey

recognised as part of the lining of Mr. Kennedy's cloak, also a piece of

painted canvas; a canoe on the beach we destroyed. Finding nothing more

could be done, we pulled out of the river, and got on board about ten

A.M., after a very hard pull against both a head wind and tide.

Found the brig riding very uneasy in consequence of the heavy sea, and as

Jackey said the other papers, called by him the small ones, and which I

conceive to be the most important, as he was particularly instructed to

take them to the Governor, were secreted at the head of another river,

about eight miles further to the northward, and finding the vessel could

not ride any longer here with safety, I determined, when the tide ceased,

to weigh and seek some more secure anchorage.

At half-past twelve P.M. weighed, the Coquette in company, and stood to

the northward. At half-past four hard squalls and heavy rain; rounded the

Tree Island Reef and anchored in five fathoms, about one and a half miles

from the north end of Albany Island.

I do not intend going into Port Albany, as the tides run very strong

there; outside is quite as safe at this season. In the evening went on

shore on Albany Island. Saw four or five natives, who knew Captain

Elliott; they were very anxious to get biscuit and tobacco. They seem to

be the same class of men as those at Port Essington, but the language is,

I think, different.

Thursday, May 10.

All night blowing hard, and squally. At daylight same weather; no chance

of the boat getting to the southward today. At ten went on shore, for the

purpose of selecting a spot to inter the remains of Messrs. Wall and

Niblet. Saw the horse left by the Ariel; he seemed in good condition, but

rather shy; no chance, I fear, of catching him. Took some corn and meal

in a bucket for him.

At three P.M. the weather rather more moderate. Both vessels got

underweigh, and worked close inshore. At 4.30 anchored in three and

three-quarters fathoms, mud: Tree Island North-East by East half East;

Pile Island West half South; north extreme of Albany Island South by East

half East; within a short half mile of the shore.

Got all ready for a start in the morning, should the weather be moderate.

Should the weather continue bad, I proposed to Jackey to try the overland

route. He said the distance was too great, and the country very bad to

travel through; that it would take several days.

Friday, May 11th, 1849.

All night fresh breeze and squally, at daylight rather more moderate, at

half-past six despatched the whaleboat, fully manned and armed and

provisioned for two days, and Jackey and his two companions. I gave

charge of the boat to Macnate, my chief officer. I did not think there

was any necessity to go myself, as Jackey said they were not likely to

fall in with any natives. Captain Elliot volunteered his services and

accompanied the party. Employed watering ship, found water very abundant

all over Albany Island.

Saturday, May 12th, 1849.

At half-past one P.M. the whaleboat returned, having got the papers,

etc., secreted by Jackey in a hollow tree. A rat or some animal had

pulled them out of the tree, and they were saturated with water, and I

fear nearly destroyed; they consisted of a roll of charts and some

memorandum books. The charts with care may be deciphered. The following

is Mr. Macnate's statement:

May 11.

At eight A.M. we rounded Fly Point, set sail and steered South by West,

the boat going about five knots, just laying along the shore. At ten A.M.

crossed a bank with only nine feet of water on it, passed a reef about

three miles from Fly Point, and half a mile from the shore; from former

shoal had three and four fathoms to the entrance of the river. At

half-past eleven A.M. entered the mouth of a river, near the centre of

Newcastle Bay; here we lost sight of Albany Island, making the distance

from it about fourteen miles; the entrance of this river is about one

mile and a half wide; on the northern half of the entrance the water is

deep, three fathoms; on the southern side there is a sandbank, nearly dry

at low-water.

From the entrance we went South-South-West five miles, when the river

narrowed to about the third of a mile, we had from six to two and a half

fathoms all the way in. From here we went into the branch of the river

that ran about south, the main river going west. The entrance to the

branch is about two cables' lengths wide, we went in a southerly

direction about six miles, when the river narrowed to forty feet; here we

landed at half-past three P.M. Leaving two hands in charge of the boat,

walked about two and a half miles, where Jackey found the papers, they

had been pulled out of the hollow trunk where he had placed them, and

were much damaged, being saturated with water. We then went half a mile

to where Jackey had camped, to look for a pair of compasses he had left;

could not find them, but found a notebook that Jackey had been drawing

sketches in; from here we went to another camp to look for the compasses,

but did not find them. At half-past five came back to the boat and camped

for the night, none of us could sleep on account of the mosquitoes and

flies, etc.

At six A.M. started down the river; at eight calm, got into the main

river, had breakfast. At half-past eight, a light breeze from the

eastward. At eleven passed within half a mile of two native canoes with

seven men in each, stood towards them, they immediately paddled away. At

one rounded Fly Point, and at half-past one got alongside the brig.

Sunday, May 13, 1849.

Fresh breeze from South-East and fine all day. At eight A.M. both vessels

hoisted the ensign half-mast. At three P.M. having put the remains of

Messrs. Wall and Niblet in a coffin, left the ship in the two boats with

nearly all the ship's crew cleaned, and pulled to the southern end of

Albany Island, landed and went up to the highest hill on that part of the

island, and on the top, a clear open place, we dug a grave and interred

the remains of the unfortunate individuals Thomas Wall and Charles

Niblet, reading the funeral service over them; about ten or twelve of the

natives were present, and we fully explained to them what we were doing,

they conducted themselves with propriety when the funeral service was

being read. Poor Jackey was much affected, and could not refrain from

tears.

The spot I selected is the most conspicuous on the island, and would be

an excellent site for the erection of a monument to the memory of the

unfortunate men who perished on the late ill-fated expedition.* At each

end of the grave I planted two large bushes, and on the top were placed

several large stones. A bottle was suspended over the grave, with a paper

in it, stating who was interred, with the date, etc.; and at sunset we

returned on board.

(*Footnote. A tombstone with suitable inscription was afterwards erected

by Captain Stanley, and two young coconut trees were planted near the

grave.)

I cannot close my extracts without mentioning the exemplary conduct of

Jackey-Jackey. Since he came on board I have always found him quiet,

obliging, and very respectful; when on shore he was very attentive,

nothing could abstract him from his object; the sagacity and knowledge he

displayed in traversing the trackless wilderness were astonishing; when

he found the places he went in search of, he was never flushed with

success, but invariably maintained his quiet, unobtrusive behaviour; he

was much concerned at not being able to find the remains of his late

unfortunate master, to whom he was sincerely attached; his two

companions* also conducted themselves well, and were very useful on

shore.

(*Footnote. Aboriginal blacks of his own tribe.)

...

APPENDIX 1.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF TWO OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF

CAPE YORK.

A few words procured at Cape York and Port Lihou are given in the Voyage

of the Fly, and most of those which I have been able to identify belong

to the language spoken by the Kowrarega tribe, inhabiting the Prince of

Wales Islands, and frequently visiting Cape York.

For the materials composing the present Kowrarega Vocabulary, I am almost

entirely indebted to Mrs. Thomson. Unfortunately, however, her total want

of education prevented her from acquiring any idea of the construction of

the language; nor could she always be made to understand the meaning of a

question--however simple in its form--framed to elicit information on

this point. Even by carefully sifting at leisure hours the mass of crude

materials obtained from her and written down at each interview, day by

day, I did not make sufficient progress in the grammar of the language to

enable me to pursue the subject further, until her value as an authority

had so far declined that it was prudent to reject it altogether. Nearly

all the words originally procured from Mrs. Thomson were subsequently

verified either by herself or by our Kowrarega visitors.

The Gudang Vocabulary was formed at Cape York, and the chief contributor

to it was the black named Paida, mentioned above, to whom I latterly was

able to make myself tolerably well understood upon most subjects, through

the medium of the Kowrarega language, which he knew thoroughly. As

several dialects are spoken at this place,* I took care to reject all

such words as were not given me expressly as Gudang.

(*Footnote. Two examples will suffice to show the differences in the five

languages which I have heard spoken at Cape York.

Dog = ing-godinya (Gudang and Yagulle), ngyomo (Kachialaiga), Inyomo

(Induyamo), umai (Kowrarega).

Smoke = ekura (Gudang and Induyamo), rong-gura (Yagulle and Kachialaiga),

tuo (Kowrarega).)

The following rules have been adopted in the Vocabularies:

[The vowels are sounded as follows:

a as in hard.

a as in hat.

e as in there.

e as in bet.

e as in French meme.

i as in eel.

i as in bit.

o as in hole.

o as in not.

u as in cool.

u as in cut.

ai as in eye.

ei not represented in English.]

G is always hard, as in get; ch soft, as in church.

The letters in italics are sometimes omitted.

The numbers appended to some words point out similarities and

derivations.

...

1. NATURAL OBJECTS.*

(*Footnote. To form the plural of a noun or adjective, the rule appears

to be to add le as a postfix, sometimes previously supplying a terminal

vowel if required: Example: geta = hand becomes getale in the plural:

kuku = foot, kukule: kutai = yam, kutaile: ipi = wife, ipile: kerne = lad

undergoing a certain ceremony, kernele: makaow = mat, makaowle: bom =

fruit of pandanus, bomale. There are exceptions however; mari = shell

ornament, makes marurre in the plural: gul = canoe, gulai: tawpei =

short, tawpeingh: all nouns ending in ra have the plural in re, as kowra

= ear, kowrare and all ending in kai gain jille in the plural, as ipikai

= woman, ipikaijille.

Regarding the allusion to a terminal vowel, it may be mentioned here that

as most Kowrarega words end in a vowel, its absence when a vowel

commences the following word is commonly owing to elision. Example: udzu

umai = my dog becomes udz'umai. When the last consonant in a word is the

same as the first in the following word, one of the letters is omitted.

Example: apa pirung = soft ground becomes ap'irung. There are numerous

other contractions, as ai for aidu = food: aiye for aiyewel = come here:

mue utsem = the fire has gone out, for mue utsimem etc.)

COLUMN 1: ITEM NUMBER.

COLUMN 2: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 3: KOWRAREGA.

COLUMN 4: GUDANG.

1 : Sky : je : -.

2 : Sun : gariga : inga.

3 : Cloud : dapar : otera.

4 : Cloud, heavy, cumulus : markei : -.

5 : Cloud, driving, scud : ras : -.

6 : Moon : kissuri : aikana.

7 : Moon, new : kainidung (634) : kichia.

8 : Moon, full : mullpal : ichara.

9 : Moonlight : kapi kissurri (612.6) : -.

10 : Star : titure : onbi, unbi.

11 : Star, falling : titure udzarizhe (10.745) : -.

12 : Star, morning : gariga titure (2.10) : -.

13 : Jupiter ? : dogei : -.

14 : Pleiades : kusali* : -.

(*Footnote. The frequency of words having different meanings may perhaps

lead some to suppose that they may have originated in error on my part.

Some have a figurative connexion as upu = a series of waterholes, also a

blister; kusali = the constellation of the Pleiades, also a plant with

bunches of seeds which become white and glittering by exposure to the

sun: others have no obvious community of meaning, as ari = rain, also a

louse; gi = laughter, also ripe, &tc.)

15 : Darkness, night : inur : yulpalga.

16 : Shadow, shade : yirada : moda.

17 : Wind : guba : alba.

18 : Rain : ari : apura.

19 : Rainbow : oripara : ung-gebanya.

20 : Dew : urma : -.

21 : Fog : wunu : -.

22 : Thunder : duyuma : wagel (526).

23 : Lightning : baguma : omba.

24 : Heat, steam : kaman : -.

25 : Sea : wur : -.

26 : Salt water : adabu : ung-onya.

27 : Saltwater creek : kassur : -.

28 : Saltwater swamp : gowada : gawata.

29 : Deep water : mal : -.

30 : Shoal water : gata : -.

31 : Wave : baow : -.

32 : Foam : tsika : -.

33 : High-water : wur pusakuradun (746) : -.

34 : Low-water : wur nuremizinghi : -.

35 : Tide, flood : wur kamizinghi : -.

36 : Tide, ebb : wur nurezinghi : -.

37 : Salt : - : ? bawa.

38 : Fresh water : nuki : epi.

39 : Spring : dana nuki (443) : -.

40 : Well, hole dug in ground : marama : akanya.

41 : Stream of fresh water : bubbu : epitaba (38).

42 : Stream, bed of : kassa : artaba.

43 : Chain of ponds : upu (529) : -.

44 : Land : laga (370) : -.

45 : Sand, sandy beach : butu : aigi.

46 : Island : kowra (455) : unbonya.

47 : Reef : madji : -.

48 : Flat, plain : bowa : -.

49 : Hill, wooded : pada : pada.

50 : Hill, stony : baradi (56) : -.

51 : Ground, soil : apa : ampa.

52 : Mud : barrudder : -.

53 : Mangrove swamp : tugga : -.

54 : Stone, rock : kula, kola : olpa.

55 : Cave, hole in rock : sakai : -.

56 : Any remarkable rock : adi : -.

57 : Cliff : thi : -.

58 : Sandstone : iba-eba : -.

59 : Quartz : us : elpowa.

60 : Pumice : maat : meta.

61 : Ochre, red : parma : anto.

62 : Ochre, yellow : daoma : -.

63 : Fire, wood : mue : yoko.

64 : Flame : buyeli : -.

65 : Smoke : tuo : ekora, ekura.

66 : Ashes : kunur : buro-buro.

67 : Charcoal : burker : onta.

68 : Path : yabu : alka.

69 : Summer, dry season : aibow : -.

70 : Winter, rainy season : kuki* : adara.

(*Footnote. Also applied to north-west wind then prevailing.)

71 : Spring and Autumn : malgui : -.

72 : Turtling season : sulangi : -.

a. MAMMALIA.

73 : Tail of quadruped : koba : opo.

74 : Bat, large : sapur : -.

75 : Bat, young of : kugi : -.

76 : Bat, harpy : - : tumidumi.

77 : Bat, small : ararapa : mali.

78 : Native cat : - : kute.

79 : Dog : umai : ing-godinya.

80 : Bandicoot : - : walkundunya.

81 : Kangaroo : usur* : epama.

(*Footnote. The sounds of s and z are wanting in Gudang, and when

occurring in a foreign language are represented by ch or ty. Example: The

Kowrarega words usur = kangaroo, makutz = mouse, surka = megapodius, susu

= breasts, if pronounced by a Gudang black are rendered by uchur,

makutcha, tyurka, tyu-tyu.)

82 : Opossum : barit : -.

83 : Mouse : makutz : makutcha.

84 : Whale : bidu : -.

85 : Dugong : dung-ula : wattei.

86 : Dugong, tail of : sun-na (149) : -.

b. BIRDS.

87 : Bird, insect, shell, etc. : ure : wuroi.

88 : Wing : buta : ngaga.

89 : Tail : kupa-luba (478) : kopagoba.

90 : Quill : kai-kai : aikunya, eikunya.

91 : Down : palissa : -.

92 : Nest : padama : untinya (242).

93 : Egg (or of reptile) : kakuru (499) : achina (499).

94 : Eagle : agaleg : -.

95 : Eagle, quill of : baba* (418) : -.

(*Footnote. Literally the father (of feathers); it is much prized as an

ornament both for the persan and to deck graves with.)

96 : Hawk : - : kartam.

97 : Owl : - : tuitru.

98 : Goatsucker : biya : ngoko.

99 : Laughing jackass : kowru : unbunya.

100 : Kingfisher, long-tailed : - : quatawur.

101 : Kingfisher, yellow-billed : - : poditti.

102 : Swamp pheasant : - : pura-pura.

103 : Swift : - : ebundyara.

104 : Parson-bird, thrush : - : weya.

105 : Bower-bird : - : yewinya.

106 : Dragoon-bird : - : eipura.

107 : Fork-tailed flycatcher : - : trokaru.

108 : Small thrush : - : chechurri.

109 : Rifle-bird : - : yagunya.

110 : Starling : - : muter.

111 : Wood swallow : - : kartaquiko.

112 : Small flycatcher : - : kopota.

113 : Sun-bird : - : teredirri.

114 : Many small birds : - : inchanya.

115 : Leather-head : quako : kakua.

116 : Black macaw : - : peuntu.

117 : Cockatoo : weama : aira.

118 : Cockatoo, crest of : yelai (493) : -.

119 : Parrot, blue mountain : kerissa : inbere.

120 : Parrot, rosella : - : wong-inya.

121 : Pigeon, white : gainowa : gainowa.

122 : Pigeon, green : waranis : belbucku.

123 : Dove, ground : ku-u-rug : kudrogo.

124 : Dove, green : - : waraba (257).

125 : Cassowary of New Guinea : sam (597) : -.

126 : Emu : - : nichulka.

127 : Brush turkey : raon : araunya.

128 : Megapodius : surka : utema.

129 : Megapodius, mound of : surka pada (49) : -.

130 : Quail : - : gururu.

131 : Native companion : aporega : aporega.

132 : Heron, night : - : wang-go.

133 : Heron, blue : karbai : -.

134 : Heron, white : krem : -.

135 : Godwit : - : ku-urri.

136 : Sandpiper : - : tyuri.

137 : Frigate-bird : - : owmer.

138 : Gull : keki : keake.

139 : Tern : - : chara.

140 : Teal : - : ropagama.

141 : White duck : diggi-diggi : -.

c. REPTILES.

142 : Turtle (general) : waru : waru.

143 : Turtle, soft eggs : oebada : -.

144 : Turtle, hawksbill : unao : -.

145 : Turtle, green : sulur : -.

146 : Turtle, logger-head : urza : -.

147 : Turtle, small kind : kidu : waru.

148 : Turtle, fore fin : puye : -.

149 : Turtle, hind fin : suna suro (86).

150 : Turtle, : belly atta : -.

151 : Turtle, back : agu : -.

152 : Tortoiseshell : todi : wanawa.

153 : Frog : kang-gu : kartakutta.

154 : Crocodile : ibara : -.

155 : Lizard, large : gang-ura : murunya.

156 : Lizard, middle-sized : - : rauntinya.

157 : Lizard, small : indyura : dudyuroko.

158 : Snake, brown : karomat : kanurra.

159 : Snake, black : piroan : -.

160 : Snake, green : - : wachi.

d. FISHES.

161 : Fish : wawpi : wawpi.

162 : Fin : - : merta.

163 : Tail : mabi : chana.

164 : Breast : pel : -.

165 : Gills : - : ananaji.

166 : Shark : beidum : wandi.

167 : Sting-ray : aona : waki.

168 : Pelates : dzaram : -.

169 : Diacope 8 lineata : tanigi : -.

170 : Scatophagus multifasciatus : karmoi : tora.

171 : Lethrinus : djaga, dyaga : -.

172 : Parrot-fish : bila : uburu.

173 : Mullet : piwer : -.

174 : Whiting (Silago) : kopuru (475 ?) : -.

175 : Flathead : - : tobu.

176 : Freshwater herring : wila : anburo.

177 : Toad-fish : badar (530): -.

178 : Sucking-fish : gapu : -.

e. INSECTS, ETC.

179 : Crab, blue : kowturri : paka.

180 : Crab, small : gurba : -.

181 : Crab, large : getalli : getalla.

182 : Crayfish : kayer : lang-gunya.

183 : Beetle, small : - : orona.

184 : Beetle, water : - : neke.

185 : Humble bee : - : boro.

186 : Honey* : utu : untere.

(*Footnote. This and the next are made by a small stingless bee which

builds its nest in hollow trees.)

187 : Wax : yerka : alpanya.

188 : Small wasp : garur : elpiri.

189 : Ant-hill and ant : mugu : mong-go.

190 : Ant, bronzed : dupu (532) : -.

191 : Ant, small black : tumi : -.

192 : Ant, green : musu : eipunya.

193 : Ant, large red : kaguda.

194 : Ant, small, white, wood : - : benje.

195 : Cicada : edyena : intere.

196 : Fly : buli : wampa.

197 : Fly, horse (Haematopoda) : burugo : burogo.

198 : Mosquito : iwi : uma, oma.

199 : Butterfly : - : tewinya, tawinya.

200 : Grub in dead wood : oka : etimunya.

201 : Grub in living wood : tolo.

202 : Louse : ari (18) : ako.

203 : Scorpion : idi-idi, diwi : -.

204 : Spider : enti : tamburra.

205 : Worm : kurtur : -.

f. SHELLS, ETC.

206 : Cuttlefish : sug-gu : -.

207 : Barnacle on turtle : yetu : yetu.

208 : Clamshell (Tridacna) : miya : miya.

209 : Cyrena : akula : onti.

210 : Oyster : ita : umpeda.

211 : Sanguinolaria : tiki : teki.

212 : Fusus proboscidiferus : boa : mabur.

213 : Melon-shell : alopa : ang-kowa.

214 : Murex : - : weloro.

215 : Egg-cowrie : buboam : -.

216 : Olive : - : waraji.

217 : Ear-shell : - : tepur.

218 : Periwinkle, small : budi : budi.

219 : Periwinkle, large : - : yarawura.

220 : Natica : - : modul.

221 : Auricula judae : - : ngaanbamedi.

222 : Snail, large : - : tetuka.

223 : Snail, small : - : keno.

224 : Coral : yammar (branched) : wardyo-orge (massive).

g. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS.

225 : Tree (general term) : prue : pure.

226 : Log : watur : -.

227 : Driftwood : bete : -.

228 : Touchwood* and its charcoal : kubi : -.

(*Footnote. The charcoal used for painting the body is made from this.)

229 : Small stick : saragi : cheragi.

230 : Bark : purur : rang-a.

231 : Branch : mang : -.

232 : Leaf : nissa : etrara.

233 : Flower : kowsur : erora.

234 : Seed : kawp : -.

235 : Root : quiku (433) : -.

236 : Root, of grass : - : nontya.

237 : Root, of a tree : - : yalida (493 ?).

238 : Seaweed : - : tawar.

239 : Seaweed (food of dugong) : - : purada.

240 : Mushroom : - : achari.

241 : Fern : - : ganda.

242 : Grass : burda : untinya (92).

243 : Grass, coarse : - : bagudda.

244 : Sugarcane : garu : -.

245 : Bamboo : marapi ? : marapi.

246 : Calladium esculentum : bua : -.

247 : Pandanus spiralis : gara : burwa.

248 : Pandanus, cluster of fruit : bom : -.

249 : Pandanus, fruit, singly : abul, abal : -.

250 : Pandanus, kernel : abul dan' (443) : -.

251 : Pandanus pedunculata : kowsar : quatyerra.

252 : Seaforthia palm, large : lulko : akarinya.

253 : Seaforthia palm, small : utu : -.

254 : Caryota palm : - : damaraba.

255 : Rattan : kuchi : -.

256 : Cabbage palm (Corypha) : muru, moro : watu (251 ?).

257 : Coconut : uraba : waraba.

258 : Sago palm of New Guinea : bisi : -.

259 : White lily (Crinum) : ? gurabi : korobo.

260 : Banana : - : katamurra.

261 : Hellenia coerulea* : - : kera-kera.

(*Footnote. The root of this is eaten raw.)

262 : Flag (Philydrum) : tagur : dyaimura.

263 : Rush : - : akomba.

264 : Rush, ? (with edible roots) : - : rewino.

265 : Sedge : - : opolga.

266 : Sedge : - : gwanda.

267 : Yam, wild (Dioscorea) : derabu : worng-ura.

268 : Yam, fibrous, (Dioscorea) : kutai : perut.

269 : Yam, (do.) : dawb : -.

270 : Yam, (do.) : sowar : -.

271 : Yam, purple (Convolvulus ?) : bizar : -.

272 : Yam, : sagu : -.

273 : Yam, (Convolvulus ?) : tapan : -.

274 : Sweet-potato : rugabu : -.

275 : Cane (Flagellaria) : buji : budya, bodya.

276 : Dracontium : - : epuanoma.

277 : Fig : - : atara.

278 : Fig, (with large edible fruit) : uguru.

279 : Fig : - : awida.

280 : She-oak (Casuarina) : gaibur : burbura.

281 : Cotton-tree (Cochlospermum) : - : paotu.

282 : Cotton-tree (Bombax) : wapada, goguta : wapada.

283 : Cotton-tree, cotton of : - : maye.

284 : Waterlily (Nymphaea) : ? rumbadi : rumbadi, rombadi.

285 : Wormia alata : - : maartitta.

286 : Cashew nut : dua : leara, liara.

287 : Grevillea : - : yuwurra.

288 : Parinarium : wibu : elari.

289 : Acacia : - : garragurra.

290 : Large bean* : kalapi, kulapi : umpira, umbera.

(*Footnote. Eaten with Biyu--the produce of a vine-like climber with

legumes a foot in length.)

291 : Coral-tree (Erythrina) : - : pinura, penura.

292 : Abrus precatorius : timikapul : -.

293 : Blue pea-flower : - : waalkuda.

294 : Mimusops kaukii : ubur : wobar.

295 : Convolvulus (with edible roots) : chawur : atiar.

296 : Vitex macrophylla : - : oroida.

297 : Avicennia tomentosa ? : - : dyang-a.

298 : Scaevola koenigii : dela : dyara.

299 : Mangrove : taga : teang-gunya.

300 : Mangrove : - : korad-da.

301 : Mangrove : kuiyur : inchencheiya.

302 : Mangrove : biyu : biyu.

303 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : agura.

304 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : ubu, wobu : unera.

305 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : elembi.

306 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : adoya, aduya.

307 : Gumtree (Eucalyptus) : - : keru.

308 : Apple, red (Eugenia) : kuai : apiga, apega.

309 : Apple, white (Eugenia) : kupa : bang-gadi.

310 : Cherry (Eugenia) : - : arondyi.

311 : Sciadophyllum : - : lang-gula.

312 : Cedar (Cedrela) : - : kerum.

313 : Vine (Cissus) : - : mangko.

314 : Creeper* : wali : -.

(*Footnote. Used in making one kind of fishing line.)

315 : Heritiera* : meker : -.

(*Footnote. The leaf of this rolled up into a cylinder is used to distend

the hole in the lobe of the ear.)

316 : Tree : passei* : -.

(*Footnote. Large tree with very light wood used for making outrigger

floats and paddles.)

317 : Tree : - : ung-kunya.

318 : Tree : sira-sira* : -.

(*Footnote. The bark of this is made into large fishing lines.)

319 : Tree : koper : baguntinya.

320 : Resin : yirka* : -.

(*Footnote. Used in fixing the heads and joints of spears and

throwing-sticks.)

321 : Bark of which daje is made : mae : -.

322 : Xerotes banksii : walchi : noyo, noyu.

323 : Tobacco : suguba : choka.

324 : Wood, hard, used for spears : - : era.

325 : Wood, soft, used for spears : - : mang-ga.

2. ARTICLES OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

326 : Iron : turika : gere.

327 : Glass, bottle : talpura : talpura.

328 : Gun : tarika : tida.

329 : Axe : aga : aga.

330 : Clothes : dumawk : dumawk.

331 : Hat : - : walapa.

332 : Knife : gi, gi-turik : -.

3. UTENSILS, ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, etc.

333 : Canoe : gul : ang-ganya.

334 : Bow : bua, buai : oimpa.

335 : Stern : menir : kona.

336 : Stern, ornaments of* : - : koikochupa.

(*Footnote. One central and two lateral poles ornamented with streamers

and feathers.)

337 : Raised gunwale : bada (530) : bada.

338 : Platform : tamu : tamo.

339 : Netting : sari : chari.

340 : Outrigger poles : togo : togo.

341 : Outrigger float : sarima : charima.

342 : Outrigger float, pegs of : sarim' pati : -.

343 : Paddle : karaba : karaba.

344 : Mast : raba : mulgoburra.

345 : Poles of sails, etc. : suru : malela.

346 : Backstays : buzu : -.

347 : Backstays, grommets on : queada : -.

348 : Sail, mat of any kind : rab'waku (344) waku : abara.

349 : Rope, cable : uro : chichaluro.

350 : Stone for anchor : yadi : -.

351 : Women's covering : awash : -.

352 : Petticoat : daje : -.

353 : Petticoat, band of : wakaow : -.

354 : Petticoat, small : mue-daje : -.

355 : Petticoat, long : urge-daje, tabom : -.

356 : Nose-stick : guba : taiko.

357 : Round shell ornament* : mari : meri.

(*Footnote. Of the mother-of-pearl shell--worn by a string round the

neck.)

358 : Small* : dibi-dibi : -.

(*Footnote. The top of a cone ground flat.)

359 : Necklace of cordage : soger : -.

360 : Necklace of reeds : - : anchi.

361 : Fillet (general term) : quik'uro (438, 349) : -.

362 : Fillet of mother-of-pearl : - : karakopo.

363 : Armlet, bracelet (general) : musuri : petu.

364 : Armlet, narrow : - : ungkinya.

365 : Armlet, broad : - : maiagu.

366 : Leg ornaments* : maka : puara.

(*Footnote. Circular, narrow and twisted--worn round the leg above the

calf, from 5 to 30 together.

367 : Anklet : dana-kuk'uro (443, 438, 349) : -.

368 : Any painting on the body : menara : -.

369 : Camp, camping-place : mudu : -.

370 : Hut : laga (44) : eikuwa.

371 : Windbreak of bushes, etc. : maak : baalkulka.

372 : Basket : li, le : akomi.

373 : Basket, water : lulko (252) : rolko.

374 : Sticks for producing fire : salgai : -.

375 : Oven : ammai : yarte.

376 : Needle (of bone) : saka : -.

377 : Thread : ketal : -.

378 : Tobacco-pipe : suguba-marapi (323, 245) : marapi (245).

379 : Fishing line : ariga : -.

380 : Fish-hook : tudi, todi (152) : neang-gunya.

381 : Stick for digging : pottur : -.

382 : Spear (general) : kalaka : alka (68).

383 : Spear, plain (for fishing) : rada : ainti.

384 : Spear, large, barbed : tuna : tona.

385 : Spear, 3 or 4-headed : taku : tako.

386 : Throwing-stick : kobai : ekara.

387 : Shell handle : - : atara.

388 : Peg at top : kobai piti (386, 446) : ekar' eye (386, 446).

389 : Dugong peg : kuyur : -.

390 : Dugong shaft : wapu : -.

391 : Dugong line : amu : -.

392 : Bow : gugure : -.

393 : Arrow : terig : -.

394 : Gauntlet : kadik : kadik.

395 : Bamboo knife, large : upi : -.

396 : Bamboo knife, small : hupi : -.

397 : Cane loop : sringi : -.

398 : Stone-headed club : bagabogub : -.

399 : Drum : warup : warupa.

400 : Grave : kaga : -.

401 : Cairn of stones : agu : -.

4. MAN, RELATIONSHIP, ETC.

402 : Man, white, ghost : markai : umboypu.

403 : Man, black : garkai* : amma.

(*Footnote. From this is derived garkaije = a tribe, or collection of

men, women, and children.)

404 : Man, a : turkekai : unbamo.

405 : Man, old : ke'turkekai (625, 405) : -.

406 : Man, young (until married) : kaowquiku (438) : -.

407 : Boy, male child : turkekai kaje (405, 412) : -.

408 : Woman : ipikai (431) : undamo. : -

409 : Woman, old : ke'ipikai (625, 408) : -.

410 : Woman, young (until married) : nerawkai : -.

411 : Girl, female child : ipikai kaje (408, 412) : -.

412 : Child : kaje : ang-gora, ung-kura.

413 : Infant : muggi' kaje (647, 412) : -.

414 : Son : netur kaje (412) : -.

415 : Grandchild : nep : -.

416 : Grandfather : bobata : bobata.

417 : Grandmother : kaieda : kaieda.

418 : Father (or his brother) : baba (addressing him) : epada.

419 : Father : tati* (speaking of him) : -.

(*Footnote. A father and his brothers are equally represented by this

word: distinctive appellations according to age are indicated by

prefixing the adjectives ke' = great and muggi' = small to tati.)

420 : Father's sister : rebata : -.

421 : Mother (or her sister) : amma (addressing her) : atinya.

422 : Mother (or her sister) : apu (speaking of her) : -.

423 : Mother brother : adoama : -.

424 : Brother, sister : barabata (if of one sex) : aigodinya elpowa,

intyara.

425 : Brother, sister, addressing them : tukeap (if of different sexes) :

426 : Brother, sister, eldest : kukule.

427 : Brother, sister, second : quiquig.

428 : Brother, sister, third : dadaig.

429 : Brother, sister, fourth, or youngest : kutaig* : -.

(*Footnote. There may be several of this name at one time, distinguished

by ke' and muggi.)

430 : Husband : allai : anba.

431 : Wife : ipi : onda.

432 : Father- or mother-in-law : ira : -.

433 : Namesake : nattam : -.

434 : Sweetheart : rugeiga : -.

435 : Friend, associate : keimagi : -.

436 : Term expressing affection : kawki (if male to female) : -.

437 : Term expressing affection : kami (if female to male) : -.

5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY, etc.

438 : Head : quiku : pada.

439 : Head, fore : paru : epunya.

440 : Head, top of : ? quai : -.

441 : Head, back of : quateya : -.

442 : Temples : daka : aintra.

443 : Eye : dana : dana.

444 : Eyelashes : samudana : chamudana.

445 : Eyebrow : beibassam : emeri.

446 : Nose, bill of bird : piti : eye.

447 : Nostrils : ngursaka, karabu (55) : eye'pandya (446, 817).

448 : Hole in septum : piti-tarte (446, 817) : -.

449 : Mouth : guda : angka.

450 : Lips : ira-guda : angka.

451 : Tongue : nai, nei : untara.

452 : Teeth : danga : ampo, ampu.

453 : Cheek : baga : baga.

454 : Chin, lower jaws : ibu : ebu.

455 : Ear : kowra (46) : ewunya, ewonya.

456 : Ear, holes in margin* : kowra tarte (46, 817) : ewunya' pandya

(455, 817).

(*Footnote. Minute holes all round the margin of the ear, into which

short pieces of stick, grass, etc. are stuck.)

457 : Ear, pendulous portion : muti : -.

458 : Throat : karta : nanu.

459 : Neck : mudul : yuro.

460 : Shoulder : dzogo : wondo, wontu.

461 : Armpit : narang-i : amunya, amonya.

462 : Upper arm : ? udu : enta, enda.

463 : Elbow : kudulo : yurtu.

464 : Forearm, wrist : udu : terapi.

465 : Hand, finger : geta : arta.

466 : Hand, back : kal : art'onto (465, 476).

467 : Hand, palm : wier : art'apa (465, 477).

468 : Thumb : kaba-geta : -.

469 : Nails (of fingers or toes) and claws of bird : tara : tetur.

470 : Chest : - : rondura.

471 : Breasts : susu : yong-o.

472 : Nipple : susu nur (471) : yong' ampo (471, 452).

473 : Milk : ikai : -.

474 : Belly : maita : -.

475 : Navel : kupar : kopurra.

476 : Back, upper part : kibu : onto.

477 : Back, lower part : kibu : apa.

478 : Hip : kupa : openya.

479 : Thigh : kapi : etena.

480 : Popliteal space : - : ilkanya.

481 : Knee : kulu, kolu : eng-go.

482 : Leg, ankle : tirra, ngar : utronya.

483 : Leg, calf : bru-madu (508) : -.

484 : Shinbone : bru-rida (507) : -.

485 : Foot, toes : kuku : oquarra.

486 : Foot, upper part : - : oquar' onto (485, 476).

487 : Foot, sole : saan : oquar' apa (485, 477).

488 : Heel : pokoko : omo.

489 : Toes : - : dyuro.

490 : Great toe : kei' kuku (625, 485) : -.

491 : Beard : yeta : yeta.

492 : Moustache : guda mageda (449) : yeta.

493 : Hair of head : yal : odye.

494 : Hair of body : - : ang-a.

495 : Hair of groin : mageda : nadula.

496 : Anus : - : opinya.

497 : Penis : ini : achanya.

498 : Scrotum : - : untonya, ngtonya.

499 : Testicles : kakuru : achina.

500 : Pudendum : mada : mon-na.

501 : Skin : purra : equora.

502 : Cicatrices : us : guri.

503 : Cicatrices on shoulder : - : kaimai.

504 : Cicatrices, horned, on breast : sadeo : chedow.

505 : Cicatrices, straight, on breast : - : rondro guri (470, 502).

506 : Cicatrices on belly : - : kopur guri (475, 502).

507 : Bone : rida : atira.

508 : Flesh : madu : egondi.

509 : Fat : idi-idi : bujer.

510 : Vein : kerer : kerur.

511 : Blood : kulka : etyunya.

512 : Heart : nganakapo : epa.

513 : Liver : sibu : -.

514 : Stomach : wera : -.

515 : Intestines : akur : elpe.

516 : Brain : - : urua.

517 : Skull : - : pad' atira (438, 507).

518 : Spine : garu rida (244, 507) : -.

519 : Collarbone : kalum rida (507) : kanulu.

520 : Lungs : saaka (55) : chaka.

521 : Saliva : mawcha : agai.

522 : Tears : nudi : -.

523 : Perspiration : murrag : -.

524 : Dung : - : on-na.

525 : Urine : - : ombo.

526 : Abscess, boil : gaima : oro.

527 : Pus : bagur : -.

528 : Snot, white of an egg : nurse : -.

529 : Blister : upu (43) : kodje.

530 : Sore : bada (337) : unti, anti.

531 : Bunions in old people : kowruta : -.

532 : Ague : dupu (190) : -.

533 : Toothache : dangakikire (452, 635) : -.

6. PRONOUNS.

534 : I, me : ngatu* ngai : eipana, yoba.

(*Footnote. These two sets of personal pronouns are not used

indiscriminately, but the examples of their use which I collected are too

few to generalize upon. However, ngatu and the three next under it,

appear to be used only with a certain class of verbs of which an example

is afforded by the sentence ngatu nudu matumina = I struck him; and the

use of the second set of these pronouns is illustrated by ngai nue (not

ngatu nudu) mulem', etc. = I told him, etc.)

535 : Thou, thee : ngidu ngi : untoba, doba.

536 : He, him : nudu nue : -.

537 : She, her : nadu na : -.

538 : We two, us two : albei : -.

539 : We, us : arri : aku.

540 : You two : ngipel (593) : -.

541 : You : ngi-tana : -.

542 : They two : pale : -.

543 : They : tana : inyaba.

544 : Me, my : ana* : -.

(*Footnote. I do not understand the EXACT meaning of this and the two

next, so give an example of each; ana gamu lupeipa = my body is shaking

(or I have the ague): aikeka mule = tell me: nu'abepa chena wir = give

that to him.)

545 : For myself : ngai-aikeka : -.

546 : For himself : nu'abepa : -.

547 : For ourselves : albi nipa, arri nipa : -.

548 : For themselves : pale nipa, tane nipa : -.

549 : Who? : ngadu, nga : -.

550 : Whose? : nganu : -.

551 : What? : eimi : -.

552 : What? which? : mida : -.

553 : This : ina : -.

554 : This, these : nabing : -.

555 : That, those : chena : noba.

556 : Let us two, shall we two? : aba* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: aba nudu gasumeipa = let us two seize him.)

557 : Let us, shall we? : alpa* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: alpa pongeipa? = shall we sail?)

558 : Mine : ngow (if a male) udzu (if a female) : -.

559 : Thine : yinu : -.

560 : His : nunue : -.

561 : Her : nanue : -.

562 : Our (dual) : abane (566)* : -.

(*Footnote. Includes the person addressed: the mother speaking to the

father of their child would say abane kaje = our child.)

563 : Our (dual) : albeine (538)* : -.

(*Footnote. Excludes the person addressed: in answer to kaje chena

ngipeine? = is that your child? the father or mother, BOTH BEING PRESENT,

and one pointing to the other, would say to a third person, albeine kaje

= the child is ours. These forms are Polynesian also as I have since

found recorded.)

564 : Our (plural) : arrien : -.

565 : Your (dual) : ngipeine (540) : -.

566 : Your (plural) : ngitanaman (541) (568) : -.

567 : Their (dual) : palaman (542) : -.

568 : Their (plural) : tanaman (543) : -.

7. NUMERALS.

569 : One : warapune (580) : epiamana.

570 : Two : quassur : elabaiu.

571 : Three : uquassur-warapune : dama*.

(*Footnote. After careful investigation I am inclined to think that the

Gudang blacks have no words to express definite numbers beyond three.

Dama is generally used for higher numbers, and occasionally unora.)

572 : Four : uquassur-uquassur : -.

573 : Five : uquassur-uquassur-warapune : -.

574 : Six : uquassur-warapune-uquassur-warapune : -.

575 : Seven : uquassur-warapune-uquassur-warapune-warapune : -.

576 : Eight : uquassur or ipel uquassur repeated 4 times : -.

8. ADJECTIVES.*

(*Footnote. The formation of many adjectives can be clearly traced: in

fact, one of the most obvious features of the language--imperfectly as it

is understood--is the facility with which many nouns may be converted

into either adjectives or verbs. Thus, mapei = a bite, becomes mapeile =

capable of biting, and is the root of the verb mapeipa = to bite. The

positive adjunct leg, and its negative aige (802, 803), are also used to

convert nouns into adjectives: the former follows the same rules as those

before given for forming the plural: gizu = sharpness, becomes either

gizule = sharp, or gizuge = blunt, literally: sharpness-possessing, or,

possessing not : from nuki = water, we get the form nukile maram = the

well contains water, or, nukegi maram = the well is dry: danagi = blind,

literally means, eye-possessing not : as a further example, I may give,

ipikai ajirge wap' ina badale mapeip = the shameless woman eats this

sore-producing fish.)

577 : Afraid : akan : -.

578 : Alive : danaleg (443, 804) : anading.

579 : All, the whole : muro : -.

580 : Another : wara (569) : inyana.

581 : Ashamed : ajiran (823) : -.

582 : Bad, ugly : wate : -.

583 : Bad-smelling : wate ganule(826) : -.

584 : Bad-tasted : wate mitale (827) : -.

585 : Bald : guele : -.

586 : Bent : balbai : -.

587 : Bitter : tera : -.

588 : Black : kubi-kubi thung (228, 629) : -.

589 : Blind : danagi (443, 804) beagi (when addressing one blind) : -.

590 : Bloody : kulkale (511) : -.

591 : Blunt : dugung, gizuge (824) : -.

592 : Boiling : zurana : -.

593 : Both : ipal, ipel : -.

594 : Blue : mal-tha gamule (29) : -.

595 : Cold : sumai : -.

596 : Cooked : giung (641, 629) : -.

597 : Cylindrical : sam (125) : -.

598 : Dead : uma : etora, etolma.

599 : Deaf : wate kowrare (582, 455) : -.

600 : Dirty : tumitalle (812) : -.

601 : Drowned : sarupa : -.

602 : Dry, dried up : watang : -.

603 : Dumb : keigalein : -.

604 : Faced, pretty : kape parure (612, 439) : -.

605 : Faced, ugly : wate parure (582, 439) : -.

606 : Female : madale (500) : -.

607 : First : kul : -.

608 : Flat : attang : -.

609 : Flooded : budaman : ankgera.

610 : Forbidden, as food : adzar : -.

611 : Forious, vindictive : kerketale (806) : -.

612 : Good, pretty : kape : -.

613 : Good, perfect : min-na : -.

614 : Gorged : kekedi : murko.

615 : Greedy : ubile (816) : -.

616 : Green* : nis-thung (232, 629) : -.

(*Footnote. There are two forms of each adjective denoting colour, except

grey and white. Thus, black is rendered either kubi-kubi thung, or,

kubi-kubi tha gamule, both meaning like, or, the colour of the charcoal

procured from kubi-kubi = touchwood. Blue, green, and red, are denoted by

compounds signifying resemblance to deep water, a leaf, and blood,

respectively.)

617 : Grey, any light tint : miakula : -.

618 : Half, part of : tapi : -.

619 : Heavy : mapule (828) : -.

620 : Hollow : muile (685) : -.

621 : How many? : mida kubi (694) : -.

622 : Hungry : weragi (514) : awora, awura.

623 : Itchy : gamuji (807 ?) : -.

624 : Lame : wate ngarare (582, 482) : -.

625 : Large, very : keinga* : intonya.

(*Footnote. Generally used in its contracted form, as ke or kei : it is

also employed as a prefix to denote the superlative degree: thus, ke'

kamanale = very warm.)

626 : Last : wagel (22) : -.

627 : Left : kida : etamuna.

628 : Light : turong : -.

629 : Like, the same as : thung* : -.

(*Footnote. As an example of one of the modes of using this, I find,

gariga thung = like the sun, or, as bright as if daylight.

630 : Long, high, tall : kulalle, kotalle : -.

631 : Male : inile (497) : -.

632 : Many, plenty : putage, kubi : -.

633 : Noisy : nurile (822) : -.

634 : New, little used : kaining : -.

635 : Painful : kikire : -.

636 : Pregnant : maitaleg (474) : netari.

637 : Putrid : utzai : -.

638 : Quiet : nurage (822, 804) : -.

639 : Red : kulk-thung (511, 629) : -.

640 : Right : mina : metagoma.

641 : Ripe : gi : -.

642 : Rotten, full of holes : - : opera.

643 : Sharp : gizule (824, 802) : ung-garung-gare.

644 : Short, low : tawpei : -.

645 : Sick : soka, sali* : -.

(*Footnote. These two words appear to have the same meaning, but are used

differently: sok' atchin = sali mizzi, and both express having been

sick.)

646 : Silent : arage* : -.

(*Footnote. Arage atzir = become silent, hold your tongue.)

647 : Small, a few, a portion of : muggingh : embowa.

648 : Soft, spongy, swampy : pirung : -.

649 : Sore-producing : badalle (530, 802) : -.

650 : Sorry : watekum : -.

651 : Sour : terari : -.

652 : Stony : kulalle (54, 802) : -.

653 : Sweet-smelling : kape ganule (612, 826) : -.

654 : Sweet-tasted : g'ru tha mitalle (244, 827) : -.

655 : Thirsty : nuk' enei (38) : -.

656 : Unable : karaweg : -.

657 : Unripe, uncooked : kobaris : -.

658 : Wanton : danule : -.

659 : Warm : kamanalle : imandinya.

660 : Wet : uleig, urge : -.

661 : White : uru : -.

662 : Withered : raji : -.

663 : Worn, old from use : kulbang : -.

9. ADVERBS, ETC.

664 : Now, immediately : kaibu : -.

665 : Presently, by-and-bye : tuma-tuma : -.

666 : To-morrow : batteingh : achunya.

667 : Two or three days hence : bang-al : ayere.

668 : A week (or so) hence : mata bang-al (675) : -.

669 : Yesterday : ngul : -.

670 : Two or three days ago : kul : narama.

671 : A week (or so) ago : mata kul (675) : -.

672 : A long time ago : korrekida* : -.

(*Footnote. Also denotes duration of time, and is = for a long time; it

may also be used as an adjective, as, korrekida gul ina = this is a very

old canoe.)

673 : Quickly : tari : -.

674 : Slowly : taregi (674, 804) : -.

675 : Constantly, always, only, still : mata* : -

(*Footnote. Expresses a continuance of the action: gul mata pongeipa =

the canoe is still under sail.)

676 : Morning : muggi' batteingh : -.

677 : About noon : kei gariga (625, 2) : -.

678 : Afternoon : kut : -.

679 : Hereabouts : kareki : -.

680 : Here : ina* : -.

681 : There : chena* : -.

(*Footnote. Both are also pronouns: perhaps, when translated as adverbs,

the term equivalent to place is omitted, rendering ina = (in) this

(place) and chena = (in) that (place.))

682 : Above, upwards : nakareipa : -.

683 : Below, downwards : malupa (29) : -.

684 : Below, (a very long way) : kara malupa : -.

685 : Inside : muye : -.

686 : Thus, in this manner : keda : keda.

687 : A long way off : kapi taig : -.

688 : Near, close to : logi : -.

689 : Again : laka : -.

690 : Completely, into pieces, etc. : palge : -.

691 : Well, much, etc. : purke : -.

692 : Where? : anaga : -.

693 : Why? : mipa : -.

694 : How, in what manner? : mida : -.

695 : Yes : wa, ua : ia.

696 : No : long-a, giure : untamo.

697 : Don't : wan-nur,* maige (804) : -.

(*Footnote. I suspect, from the termination, that this is the present

tense of the imperative mood of some verb = to do, to perform, etc.)

698 : Stop! enough! : china : -.

699 : Exclamation of surprise : ka! ka! ka! : -.

700 : Exclamation to arrest attention : qualli! qualli! (= I say!) : -.

701 : Exclamation of pity : igur (= poor thing!) : -.

702 : And* : ia.

(*Footnote. Example: uleip' Aburdia, Salallaia, Wagelia, Mania = Aburde

and Salalle and Wagel and Manu are approaching.)

10. VERBS.*

(*Footnote. After tabulating 100 Kowrarega verbs in all the different

forms in which they had occurred to me, I yet failed in arriving at a

knowledge of their mode of formation, owing to the deficiency of data on

one hand, and the presence of some apparently defective and irregular

verbs on the other. Still some of the results are worth recording.

Leaving out the consideration of the irregular verbs, I can speak with

certainty of only two Moods, the Indicative and the Subjunctive, of the

Present and the Past (probably really further divisible) Tenses of the

former, and the Present of the latter. As an example I may give the verb

to strike, of which the root is assumed to be matum = a stroke.

Indicative Present : nudu ngatu : matumeipa = I am striking him.

Indicative Perfect : nudu ngatu : matnmina = I struck him.

Indicative Future : nudu ngatu : matumeipakai = I shall strike him.

Imperative Present : nudu ngidu : matumur = strike him.

Assuming a root to each, I find 94 of the verbs under examination to

agree in having the present tense of the indicative terminating in pa: of

these 70 end in aipa, 14 in ipa, 6 in epa, and 1 in aipa.

The perfect tense (setting aside some inexplicable irregularities)

exhibits a great variety of terminations for the formation of which no

rule can yet be given: these are an, ana, ani; in, ina, ima: em, ema;

eima, eiun; and un.

The future tense alone is perfectly regular; it is simply formed by

adding kai to the present.

The present tense of the imperative mood in those verbs having the

present of the indicative ending in ipa terminates (with one exception in

i) in ir: in the others the terminations of this tense are ur (the most

frequent); ar (the next in order of frequency), ara, ari; ada, eada; e,

eio, eir, erur; and o.

After all I am inclined to suppose that the Kowrarega verb, although

apparently complicated, is of simple construction; and that its various

modifications are caused by the mere addition to its root of various

particles, the exact meaning of which (with one exception) is yet

unknown. That exception is the particle aige or ge (804) the mode of

employment of which is shown by the following examples :

Wawp' yinu ngai purteipaige = I am not eating your fish.

Wawp' yinu ngai purteiunaige = I did not eat your fish.

Wawp' yinu ngai purteipakaige = I shall not eat your fish.

Wawp' nanu ngi purtaige = Don't eat his fish.

A few examples may be given in illustration of the preceding remarks.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: PRESENT.

COLUMN 3: PAST.

COLUMN 4: FUTURE.

COLUMN 5: IMPERATIVE.

Eat : purteipa : purteiun : purteipakai : purtar.

Bite : mapeipa : mapana : mapeipakai : mapur.

Take away : meipa : mani : meipakai : mari.

Tell : mulepa : mulem : mulepakai : muleada.

Lie down : yuneipa : yunum : yuneipakai : yunur.

Leave behind : yuneipa : yunem : yuneipakai : yunur.

Shoot : uteipa : utun : uteipakai : utur.

Enter : uteipa : utema : uteipakai : uterur.)

703 : Word implying motion : ngapa* : -.

(*Footnote. This is a word which from the variety of its modes of

application long puzzled me. Careful examination of sentences in which it

occurred led to the following results. 1. It may be used as an

independent word to denote motion towards the speaker, the pronoun which

would otherwise be required being omitted. Example: adur = go out, but

ngap' adur = come out (towards the speaker), lak' ngapa = to come again,

to return. 2. It is also used as a postfix to denote motion towards the

object to which it is joined. Example: laga' p'(ngapa) aiyewel = come to

the hut, mue' pa teir = throw it into the fire. 3. It is used in a third

sense. Example: wawpi 'pa = to go fishing, kaba 'pa = to go to a dance.

4. It is often used as an equivalent to give me, the hand being held out

at the same time, Example: ngapa = let it come to me.)

704 : Bail : salpumeipa : -.

705 : Be affected with : ameipa* : -.

(*Footnote. Apparently a contraction of ana and meipa. Example: ana

kobaki ameipa = (literally) me cough affects, or I have a cough. The word

mizzi, the exact meaning of which is unknown to me, is also used to

express the same thing. Example: quiku kikire ana mizzi = I have a sick

head, or a headache.)

706 : Become : atzipa : -.

707 : Bite : mapeipa : -.

708 : Bore a hole : tartepaleipa (817, 722) : -.

709 : Break (as a stick) : tideipa aterumbanya.

710 : Break wind backwards : - : penyaka.

711 : Build (as a hut) : mideipa (369 ?) : -.

712 : Bury, plant, sow : maramateipa (40, 791) : -.

713 : Call for : tureipa : untandurra.

714 : Carry, hold : ang-eipa : -.

715 : Choose, select : yapepa : -.

716 : Climb : waleipa : oquagamurra.

717 : Come here : pateipa, aiyewel : -.

718 : Come, approach : uleipa : impebino.

719 : Cook : gia paleipa (641 ?) : -.

720 : Copulate : lameipa : erorunya.

721 : Cover over : abeipa : -.

722 : Crush, pound with a stone : paleipa : akelgurra.

723 : Cry, howl like a dog : maierchipa : rong-gung-ga-murra.

724 : Cut : labaipa : utedung-gurra.

725 : Dance : kaba mineipa (811) : unchigulkamurra.

726 : Die : dadeipa : -.

727 : Dig : pideipa : -.

728 : Dive : penneipa : -.

729 : Dream : piki lalkeipa* (813, 755) : -.

(*Footnote. The pronoun ana is always used with this. Example: ana piki

lalkar = I had a dream.)

730 : Drink : wanipa : ung-gen-ga.

731 : Drown : delupeipa : -.

732 : Dry up : wata' pateipa (602) : -.

733 : Eat : purteipa, pratipa : atedurra.

734 : Enter (going out of sight) : uteipa : -.

735 : Fall down : pudeipa : -.

736 : Fill (with solids) : wangepa : -.

737 : Fill (with fluids) : maleipa (29) : -.

738 : Find : imeipa : angkanya.

739 : Finish (men's work) : min' atzipa (613, 706) : -.

740 : Finish (women's work) : palpagipa : -.

741 : Feces, to void : - : anabichung-ar.

742 : Forget : kekochipa : -.

743 : Get up : winipa : amamung-i.

744 : Give : pibeipa, wiepa* : utera.

(*Footnote. Ana is used with pibeipa only; the exact meaning of both is

to bestow, or cause the transfer of ownership; the actual HANDING OVER of

anything would be asked for by ngapa = let it come here, holding out the

hand at the same time, but this last may presume merely inspection or

temporary use of the article.)

745 : Go away : udzaripa : einpira.

746 : Go out, perforate : adeipa : -.

747 : Go out (as a fire) : utsimeipa : -.

748 : Hear, understand : krangipa : -.

749 : Hide, conceal : muye teipa (685, 791) : -.

750 : Jump, leap : katapulgipa : ralkagamurra.

751 : Kick : kukuna mapeipa (485, 707) : -.

752 : Kill : dadeima matameipa (598, 786) : -.

753 : Laugh : gi waleipa (819) : ung-garung-gari.

754 : Leave behind : yuneipa : -.

755 : Lie : lalkeipa (820) : -.

756 : Lie down : yuneipa : -.

757 : Make (men's work) : tatureipa : -.

758 : Make (women's work) : umeipa : -.

759 : Make a fire : muekemeipa : -.

760 : Paddle : karaba tapeipa (343, 787) : untyendyurra : -.

761 : Pull, drag : yuteipa : -.

762 : Rain : ari pudeipa (18, 735) : -.

763 : Return : mang-epa : -.

764 : Rise (as the sun) daneipa : -.

765 : Run* : - : ringa.

(*Footnote. In Kowrarega, the action of running is expressed by the

adverb tari = quickly, and the verb uleipa = to approach: Example: ngapa

tari uleipa expresses quick motion TOWARDS the speaker, and tari uleipa

quick motion FROM the speaker.)

766 : Sail : pong-eipa : reng-gamurra.

767 : Scold : ideipa : inyamung-urra.

768 : Scrape hands* : getapudeipa (465, 735) : -.

(*Footnote. A mode of salutation practised throughout Torres Strait, and

occasionally at Cape York.)

769 : Scratch, pinch : musiteipa : -.

770 : See, look after, watch : yaweipa : -.

771 : Sew : tarpeipa : belkagur.

772 : Shake : lupeipa : -.

773 : Sharpen : gizu paleipa (824, 722) : -.

774 : Shave : piniteipa : angkarung-gurra (449, 450).

775 : Shoot (with gun or bow) : uteipa : -.

776 : Seize, press, squeeze : gasumeipa : gipaburra.

777 : Sing : sagul piyepa (818) : -.

778 : Sleep : ute-ipa (825) : eremadin.

779 : Smoke : suguba wanipa (323, 730) : -.

780 : Sit down : tanureipa : engka.

781 : Speak, tell : mulepa : ekalkamurra.

782 : Spear, sting : pageipa : -.

783 : Stand : kadi (irregular) : -.

784 : Stand up : kadi tanure (783) : -.

785 : Steal : krameipa : -.

786 : Strike : matumeipa : untondunya.

787 : Swim : tapeipa : rolma, rulma.

788 : Take away : meipa : -.

789 : Tear : ladeipa : -.

790 : Thirst : nukineipa (655) : -.

791 : Throw into : teipa : umpanya.

792 : Tie : kunumeipa : -.

793 : Touch : tareipa : abeang-gang-urra.

794 : Turn over : tarteipa : -.

795 : Unloose, untie : ideipa : -.

796 : Waken : welmeipa : -.

797 : Wash : garwulgeipa : -.

798 : Water, make : ing-uje (irregular) : -.

799 : Wound : umaliza matumeipa (598, 786) : -.

800 : Wrap round, coil, twist : nureipa : -.

11. MISCELLANEOUS.

801 : Affix expressing article spoken of : dza* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: Nabi'dza = this thing.)

802 : Affix expressing possession : leg* : -.

(*Footnote. Leg or le, is to be possessed of, and, when used

independently, is placed after the noun which it refers to: ngai 'quassur

daje leg = I have two petticoats; ngi kutai leg? = have you (any) yams?)

803 : ---- : ki* : -.

(*Footnote. The meaning of this is to a certain extent doubtful; however

it enforces an affirmation: Example: ina muggi' ki = this is VERY little

: it is frequently used after pronouns: Example: arri ki kabspakai = we

SHALL go to the dance.)

804 : Affix of negation : aige* : -.

(*Footnote. Being the negative of leg, or le, as formerly stated, aige,

or ge = to have not: Example: ngai kalak' aige = I have no spears; nga

ajir'ge = she has no shame.)

805 : Any small article : zapu (fish-hook, etc.) : -.

806 : Anger, rage : kerket : -.

807 : Body of any creature : gamu : -.

808 : Cold : sumein : ekanba (? to shiver).

809 : Cough : kobaki : ulgene.

810 : Crack : pis : -.

811 : Dance : kaba : -.

812 : Dirt : tumit : -.

813 : Dream : piki : -.

814 : Dust in the eye : - : lopicha.

815 : Food : aidu* : -.

(*Footnote. As examples of various forms of this word, I may give, ana

pibur aidu = give me (some) food: ina aio? = is this eatable? ai = it is

eatable.)

816 : Greediness : ubi : -.

817 : Hole : tarte : apandya.

818 : Joke : sagul : -.

819 : Laughter : gi (641) : -.

820 : Lie : lalkai : -.

821 : Name : nel : -.

822 : Noise : nur : -.

823 : Shame : ajir : -.

824 : Sharpness : gizu : -.

825 : Sleep : ute : -.

826 : Smell : ganu : -.

827 : Taste : mita : -.

828 : Weight : mapu : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Piaquai : Paida.

Males, Number 2 : Manu : Tumagugu.

Males, Number 3 : Wagel (626) : Waga.

Males, Number 4 : Salalle : Kuri.

Males, Number 5 : Boruto : Chamida (444).

Males, Number 6 : Gabua : Puroma.

Females, Number 1 : Aburde : Mamulla.

Females, Number 2 : Seibai : Ganulle.

Females, Number 3 : Yeza : Baki.

...

NATIVE NAMES OF PLACES IN TORRES STRAIT AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CAPE YORK.

Mount Adolphus Island : Morilaga.

Mount Adolphus Hill : Begunkutche.

Small island to northward : Quiquichaga.

Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, larger : Wagilwane.

Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, smaller : Budye.

Rock South-East from ditto : Akoine.

Rock a : Kolapitchum.

The Brothers : Kurobi.

North Brother : Tarakar.

Albany Island : Pabaju.

Albany Island, north point : Tarung-i.

Bush Island : Marte.

Tree Island : Moebamunne.

North-East Point of Albany Island : Tolodinya.

Albany Rock : Manurre.

Albany Rock, islet East by South : Takunya.

Albany Rock, South-East : Eikoa.

York Island (Cape York) : Wamilag.

Eborac Island : Dyara.

Mount Bremer : Charua.

Evans Point : Maodinya.

Sextant Rock : Delua.

Beach at Evans Bay : Podaga.

Bramble Hill : Duyemil-pada.

South-East point of Evans Bay : Chechuri.

Ida Island : Robumo.

Beach East from Mew River : Paiera.

Beach East from Mew River, hill behind : Pochinya.

Bishop Point : Qualulga.

Osnaburg Point : Kalalurri.

Beach West from Cape York : Eintrang-o.

Islet West by South : Purang-i.

Peak Point : Karubowra.

Possession Island : Bedanug.

Woody Island, larger : Kei' Yellubi.

Woody Island, smaller : Muggi' Yellubi.

Entrance Island : Juna.

Entrance Island, islet to North-West : Cheruko.

Entrance Island, islet to West-South-West : Pipa.

Islet on East side of Port Lihou : Tarilug.

Islet off Port Lihou : Dumaralug.

West Prince of Wales Island : Muralug.

Cape Cornwall and neighbourhood : Morurpure.

Beach on West side of Port Lihou : Daaka.

Creek opposite Pipa and vicinity : Yet.

Beach on North-East side of Muralug : Marin.

Thursday Island : Gealug.

Black Rock : Gi'omanalug.

Green Island : Piwer.

Goode Island : Peilalug.

Goode Island, rocks on reef near this : Ipile.

Hammond Island : Keiriri.

Hammond Island, Rock : Adi.

Friday Island : Weibene.

East Prince of Wales Island : Narupai.

Horned Hill : Dyugubai.

Wednesday Island : Mowrurra.

Strait Island, larger : Kei Kudulug.

Strait Island, smaller : Muggi Kudulug.

Travers Island : Mukunaba.

Double Island : Nellgi.

Mount Ernest : Nagir.

Mount Ernest, islet next this : Pinakar.

Pole Island : Getullai.

Burke Island : Suaraji.

Banks Island, high portion : Mua.

Banks Island, low : Ita.

Mulgrave Island : Badu.

Hawkesbury Island : Warara.

Tobin, or North Possession Island : Kulbi.

Sue Island : Waraber.

Murray Island, largest : Mer.

Murray Island, middle : Dowar.

Murray Island, smallest : Wayer.

Darnley Island : Errub.

Nepean Island : Eddugor.

Stephens Island : Ugar.

Campbell Island : Zapker.

Dalrymple Island : Dzamud.

Keats Island : Umagur.

York Island, larger : Massid.

York Island, smaller : Kudala.

Bourke Isles, westernmost : Owrid.

Bourke Isles, northernmost : Purem.

...

APPENDIX 2.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THREE OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH-EAST COAST

OF NEW GUINEA AND THE LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO.

The materials composing the following Vocabulary are arranged in three

columns, according to the localities where they were obtained.

1. Redscar Bay (on the South-East coast of New Guinea, in latitude 9

degrees 17 minutes South and longitude 146 degrees 53 minutes East) and

its neighbourhood.

2. Brumer Island (on the South-East coast of New Guinea, in latitude 10

degrees 45 minutes South and longitude 150 degrees 22 minutes East) and

its neighbourhood; also Dufaure Island (about 40 miles to the westward).

When the same word was given at both these places, I have indicated this

circumstance by the letter b placed after the word; those procured at

Dufaure Island only are marked by the letter D.

3. Brierly Island (Louisiade Archipelago, in latitude 11 degrees 20

minutes South and longitude 153 degrees 9 minutes East); also a few

words, distinguished by the letter D, procured at the Duchateau Isles

from natives of some neighbouring islands of the Calvados Group.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: REDSCAR BAY.

COLUMN 3: BRUMER ISLANDS.

COLUMN 4: LOUISIADE.

1. NATURAL OBJECTS.

Sky : - : garewa : buru-buru.

Sun : diina* : mahana (b) : parai, parei.

(*Footnote. Since reading Dr. Latham's remarks, I am inclined to suppose

that in this vocabulary the common termination na is often no part of the

word, but merely a contraction of the relative pronoun = this (is).)

Cloud : - : budi-budi : -.

Moon : - : nowarai : -.

Wind : - : - : wiego.

Salt water : dawara, davara : arita (b) : soga.

Surf : - : bagodu : -.

Fresh water : ranu : goila (b) : wawei (D).

Sand : - : gera-gera : kera-kera.

Earth : - : batan : -.

Stone, rock : nati : weu, veu (b) : pak.

Cliff : - : padi-padi : -.

Quartz : - : karitao : -.

Obsidian : - : nabuka (b) : -.

Fire : lahi, rahi : kaiwa (b) : hiwo.

a. Mammalia.

Tail (of a dog) : - : derena : -.

Dog : sisia : wanuhe, daiasi : geiwo.

Pig : buroma : tuana, bawa (D) : bobo.

Opossum (Cuscus) : mowra, bowra : - : -.

b. Birds.

Bird : - : - : maan.

Wing : - : mabena, pepena : -.

Bill : - : esuna, kawana : -.

Feather : iduar : daguri : sao-sa.

Hornbill : pawporo : - : -.

White cockatoo : karai : rorowa : -.

Nicobar pigeon : - : korauto : -.

Cassowary : - : tyuaburo : -.

Noddy : - : maga : -.

c. Reptiles.

Green turtle : matabudi : wawnu : -.

Eggs : momo : - : -.

Shell : nakeme : - : -.

Hind flipper : ai : - : -.

Tortoise-shell : kipore, gebore : koma-koma : -.

Large lizard : - : makara : -.

Water-snake : - : mata : -.

d. Fishes.

Fish : - : yama : yeimai.

Bone : - : - : bebai.

Fry of a Caranx : - : - : muwota.

Mailed-perch : - : beirawa : -.

e. Insects, etc.

Sand-crab (Ocypoda) : - : gagaruki : -.

Small crab (Grapsus etc.) : - : karagi : wallo-quallo.

Fly : - : wuro-uro : -.

Butterfly : - : bebi : bebi (= moth).

f. Shells, etc.

Cuttle-fish bone : - : - : weinaga.

Nautilus : - : were-werigwa : -.

Ear-shell : - : woka-woka : -.

Snail : - : nin-nu : -.

Scarabus : - : wadiwa : -.

Small cowrie : - : - : dinga-dinga.

Small cowrie, white : - : mawto : -.

Egg-cowrie : lokol : dunari (b), dunai : du-ong-a.

Cypraea mauritiana : - : guna : -.

Arca : - : - : emoyamo.

Cyrena : keva : kiwai : -.

Cockle : - : kasepin.

Donax : - : bogadob (D) : -.

Pearl-oyster : meili : kepo, immaro : kepo.

Barnacle : - : - : tuwaraga.

Coral : - : puduri, buduri : sangoken = branched.

g. Vegetable Productions.

Wood : au : kaiwa : hiwo.

Charcoal, black paint : uma : dum : -.

Leaf : - : - : taiyu = yam leaf.

Grass : - : yawa-yawada : wirmwir.

Sea-weed : - : - : baan.

Tree : - : madyu : -.

Scented-herb : mura-mura : mura (b), kamura : -.

Yellow-flowered plant : - : - : tao-ta.

Erythrina indica : - : yowra : -.

Casuarina : - : - : dai.

Mangrove : - : - : tu-onga.

Coconut and tree : niu : niu (b) : pogia, niu (D).

Pandanus : - : duya : elegeli.

Areca-nut : - : beda (b) : ereka.

Banana : ani : kassaig, betu and beta (D) : pai-pai (D).

Bread-fruit : kunune : -.

Calladium esculentum ? : - : abaiya : piya = plant, poya = tuber, pihia

(D).

Yam : - : quateya : daha.

Nodulated tuber : - : - : saiwe.

Small yam-like tuber : - : nare : -.

Betel pepper : - : gugu, rugu = fruit, peipai = leaf (D) : -.

Mango : waiwai : gishoa : -.

Yellow plum : - : baowyobi : -.

Fig : - : baware : -.

Sugar-cane : - : garu : mon-mon (D).

Ginger : - : monewa : -.

Amaranth : - : popori : -.

Flax : - : yimone, taoc (D).

2. ARTICLES OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

Iron : - : ropo-ropo (b) : kellumai.

Clothing : - : quama : -.

3. UTENSILs, ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, ETC.

Catamaran : - : daow, raow : -.

Catamaran, lashing : - : owisu : -.

Canoe : wanagi : waga (b) : waga.

Bow : kura-kuro : - : hebagi.

Figure-head : - : - : tabura.

End-board : - : - : baragai, baragaiwi (D).

Stern : tareiya : - : waga-pakena.

Sides : - : - : badai, badaha (D).

Outrigger float : darima : sarima (D) : sama.

Diagonal supports : - : tuturi (D) : patuma.

Outrigger poles : ilava : sai-ira, and saeya (D) : maga, hemaga (D).

Lashing of poles : - : mamadi (D) (twisted) : wari (plain).

Pole along gunwale : eiwara : - : -.

Platform : - : - : piri-piritele.

Mast : aiwar (= masts) : - : mamarang.

Poles supporting mast : - : - : tuowo, towa (D).

Sticks across sail : - : - : pokiwi.

Sail : geda : doro : badiara, tun (D).

Rope (of bark) : panaow : barrai, barawara (D) : baiawa.

Streamers of pandanus leaf : - : - : kevara.

Paddle : hawte, hawta : wosi, reha (D) : patoma and lewa (D).

Bailer, wooden : dihu : aruma : -.

Bailer, shell : - : heko = ? melon shell (D) : -.

Hut : mahuta : maia : yuma.

Posts : - : - : kawkola.

Shelves on posts : - : - : gaga-gila.

Wooden pillow : - : unua (D) : -.

Earthen pot : uro : gudawa : uya.

Earthen saucer : nau : - : -.

Netted bag : vaina : hiwa : -.

Basket, round : - : kira-kira (b) : -.

Basket, small : - : - : nabo.

Petticoat : erua : noge (b) : -.

Breech-cloth, mat : - : daam : -.

Cloth of bark : - : - : watu : -.

Girdle, common : siehi (of tapa cloth) : turi-turi, toru.

Girdle, rattan : barikue, ue (D) : -.

Comb : tuari : suari (b) : sugo.

Nose-stick : mukora : wanipa : bubusi-yana.

Earring : - : kuratana (b) : puritana.

Plug in lobe of ear : - : beya : batiwan.

Queue : - : doyo : -.

Armlet, woven : kaana : sia-sia, harimani (b) : -.

Armlet, shell, solid : - : akassi : hiwe = Trochus niloticus.

Armlet, shell, of 3 pieces : popo (b) : -.

Armlet, rattan : - : wewessi : -.

Breast ornament Number 1 : kawko : - : -.

Breast ornament Number 2 : koiyu : - : -.

Necklace of small seeds : - : digo-digota : -.

Necklace of black seeds : - : ganogar, gudu-gudu (b) : -.

Necklace of dog's teeth : - : gugadoi : -.

Necklace of teeth and seeds : - : moka-moka : -.

Paint, black : - : garoka, garoa : -.

Paint, red : pai-ira : sabe : -.

Lime for betel-chewing : - : harigyu (b) : hawi.

Spatula : - : gahi : giang.

Bamboo knife : katiwa : - : -.

Stone-headed axe : kiram (also kelam* green jade) : -.

(*Footnote. Also the stone which heads it--probably the origin of

kelumai, understood to mean iron, or any iron implement, as an axe.)

Fish-hook : - : aowri (b) : - : -.

Seine : - : nine, tine : puakan.

Floats : - : uyawa : kuoto.

Wooden sword : - : kerepa (b) : kirapa.

Snout of saw-fish : - : gari-gari : -.

Shield : - : rigoane : -.

Club, wooden : - : putu-putu : -.

Club, stone-headed : kahi : - : -.

Spear of any kind : iyu : - : -.

Spear, fishing : - : kari : -.

Spear, plain : - : - : hemera.

Spear, polished : - : wawmerri : wama, manutu.

Spear, sword-pointed : arahia : -.

Spear, bamboo : - : - : didib (? = bamboo).

Bow : pewa : - : -.

Arrow : diba : - : -.

Drum : - : baiatu, boyatu (D) : -.

Conch : - : wage (Cassis or Triton) : -.

Pandean pipes : - : wererri : -.

Musical reed : - : bogigi : -.

4. MAN, RELATIONSHIP, ETC.

Man : tau : tau : -.

Woman : ahine : sinadaow : daina, winakao.

Father : ? tama : sibawa : -.

Mother : - : ? bode : -.

Brother : - : boe, ? nigerra : -.

Sister : - : wadaiya : -.

Son : ? natu : ? yowboe : -.

Child, boy : mero : - : -.

Friend, adopted brother : - : damagai : -.

5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY, ETC.

Head : quara : - : -.

Forehead : bagu : debada (b) : debada.

Top of head : tubua : - : -.

Back of head : ketu : - : -.

Temples : abati : - : -.

Eye : mata : matada : matara.

Eyelashes : auna, mata-una : matasinowa : matara pulupulura.

Eyebrow : bunimata : baia : -.

Nose : udu : ishuda (b) : bubusi, bushuda (D).

Nostril : - : - : bushuda-goina.

Mouth : mao : - : -.

Lips : pipina : sopada (b) : sepada.

Tongue : mata : mimenada, manada (D) : mimiada.

Teeth : isi : makada, mokada (b) : yingeda, yingida, nenin and nini (D).

Cheek : meta : paparida : yamada.

Chin : ate : laiagaiada : sewelida.

Ear : taiya : beadawa, teinada (D) : batida.

Throat : kato : garagaroda : dumuada.

Back of neck : - : omda : -.

Shoulder : paga : debearuda, daharada (D) : nemada.

Armpit : - : - : chigirida.

Upper arm : howow : - : nemada.

Elbow : diu : mimassiuda, nimasiuda (D) : nemurrapupli, paokona.

Fore-arm : ima : monaga = arm : nemada.

Hand : ima : nimada : nemada.

Hand, back of : - : murina : -.

Hand, palm of : - : karokarona : -.

Finger : dodori, wakiri : nimada gigida : nemadagigina.

Finger : dodori, wakiri: nima garada (D) : nima gigina (D).

Finger, little : pakeriga : - : -.

Thumb : chinapata, sinabadu : - : -.

Nails : kau : gibuda, nima gibuda (D) : kapuruna.

Sides : - : - : diyuda = ? ribs.

Breasts : rata : - : pididida (in man).

Nipple : rata : susuga, tyutyuda : -.

Belly : - : bogada : kineida.

Navel : hudu : poasida : pusuana.

Back : - : dagearada : muida, muina.

Hip : piya : pampada, uripunana.

Thigh : mamu : gotuda : -.

Knee : tui : turida : paoko.

Leg and ankle : dok : - : -.

Leg, calf of : - : kaibira, haibira : -.

Foot : - : kaida, goguda (D) : gegeda.

Heel : - : - : ujuna.

Beard : - : garagarada (b), gagaeda : baas.

Hair of head : hui : kuruda (b) : huluda.

Penis : usi: - : -.

Scrotum : abu : - : -.

Pudendum : konu : - : -.

Tattooing : kerawera, kevareva : yatuya, kurikuri, and kurimani (D) : -.

Blood : - : - : madibana.

Collarbone : - : - : bongida.

Jawbone : - : - : sewe.

Saliva : kanudi : - : walahai.

Dung : nian : - : tai.

Boil : - : bonu : -.

Leprosy : - : warilya (D) : -.

6. PRONOUN.

This : ena : aena, aina : -.

7. NUMERALS.

One : owtamona, ta : teya (b) : paihetia*.

(*Footnote. The numerals procured at the Duchateau Isles in January,

1850, are very different: One = etega, Two = erua, Three = eton, Four =

epate, Five = nemara-panu, Ten = erute.)

Two : owrua, rua : labui (b) : pahiwo.

Three : owtoi, toi : haiyona (b) : paihetuan.

Four : owhani, hani : haasi (b) : paihepak.

Five : owima, ima : harigigi (b) : paihelima.

Six : owtaratoi, towratoi : harigigi-karimoga : paihewona.

Seven : owkuta, hitu : harigigi-labui : paikepik.

Eight : owtarahani, towrahani : harigigi-haiyona : paihewan.

Nine : owsa, taa : harigigi-haasi : paihesiwo.

Ten : adarata, wauta : saorudoi (b) : paiheawata.

Eleven : - : - : paiheawata-paihetia.

Twelve : - : - : paiheawata-pahiwo.

Fifteen : - : saorudoi-harigigi : -.

Nineteen : - : saorudoi-harigigi-haasi : paiheawata-paihesiwo.

Twenty : ---- ruahui : taoi-mate : -.

Twenty-five : - : talabushi-mate : -.

Thirty : ---- toyahui : towkarimoga-mate : -.

Thirty-one : - : towkarimoga-mate-karimoga : -.

8. ADJECTIVES.

Another : - : nessao (b) : -.

More : patana : sagu : -.

9. ADVERBS, ETC.

Yes : - : ewa : -.

No, I have not, will not : - : nige : -.

No, I won't, don't! : laasi : besi (b) : -.

Presently, by and bye : - : tabu (h) : tabu.

Exclamations of surprise and astonishment : - : ao-o-o : -.

Exclamations of surprise and astonishment : - : dim-dim : -.

10. VERBS.

Break (a stick) : udumuan : - : -.

Come away : - : kurhama (D) : -.

Cough : huwa : oso (D) : keli-keli.

Cry : tai : - : -.

Dive : hetai : - : -.

Eat, eat it : - : oquai : -.

Give, give me : mahi : ureama (b) : -.

Go away, go back : - : - : tadubi.

Laugh : kiri : tanuwaraha : -.

Paddle : oawde : ow-wassi (b) : -.

Rise up : - : kotoro : -.

Sing : - : pediri (D) : -.

Sit down : - : kumturi : -.

Sleep : mahuta : - : -.

Sneeze : - : tatino (D) : -.

Strike (with fist) : hela : - : -.

Swim : nahu : - : -.

Whistle : - : ino : -.

11. MlSCELLANEOUS.

Expressing friendship : - : magasugo (b) : -.

This is called : - : taina esana : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Woro : Ihara : Wadai.

Males, Number 2 : Iripa : Nubaida : Maho.

Males, Number 3 : Kari (father and son) : Tubuda : Hewawo.

Males, Number 4 : Baguya : Eratao : Mao.

Females, Number 1 : - : Lataoma, Konaia (D) : -.

Females, Number 2 : - : Narumai, Tatarai (D) : -.

Females, Number 3 : - : Haraobi, Bonarua (D) : -.

Females, Number 4 : - : Perodi : -.

Females, Number 5 : - : Gubetta : -.

...

APPENDIX 3.

REMARKS ON THE VOCABULARIES OF THE VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE, BY R.G.

LATHAM, M.D.

In the way of comparative philology the most important part of the

Grammar of the Australian languages is, generally, the Pronoun. That of

the Kowrarega language will, therefore, be the first point investigated.

In the tongues of the Indo-European class the personal pronouns are

pre-eminently constant, i.e., they agree in languages which, in many

other points, differ. How thoroughly the sound of m runs through the

Gothic, Slavonic, and Iranian tongues as the sign of the pronoun of the

first person singular, in the oblique cases; how regularly a modification

of t, s, or th, appears in such words as tu, su, thou, etc! Now this

constancy of the Pronoun exists in most languages; but not in an equally

palpable and manifest form. It is disguised in several ways. Sometimes,

as in the Indo-European tongues, there is one root for the nominative and

one for the oblique cases; sometimes the same form, as in the Finlandic,

runs through the whole declension; sometimes, as when we say you for thou

in English, one number is substituted for another; and sometimes, as when

the German says sie for thou, a change of the person is made as well.

When languages are known in detail, these complications can be guarded

against; but where the tongue is but imperfectly exhibited a special

analysis becomes requisite.

Generally, the first person is more constant than the second, and the

second than the third; indeed, the third is frequently no true personal

pronoun at all, but a demonstrative employed to express the person or

thing spoken of as the agent or object to a verb. Now, as there are

frequently more demonstratives than one which can be used in a personal

sense, two languages may be, in reality, very closely allied, though

their personal pronouns of the third person differ. Thus the Latin ego =

Greek ego; but the Latin hic and ille by no means correspond in form with

os, auto, and ekeinos. This must prepare us for not expecting a greater

amount of resemblance between the Australian personal pronouns than

really exists.

Beginning with the most inconstant of the three pronouns, namely, that of

the third person, we find in the Kowrarega the following forms:

Singular, masculine : nu-du = he, him.

Singular, feminine : na-du = she, her.

Dual, common : pale = they two, them two.

Plural, common : tana = they, them.

In the two first of these forms the du is no part of the root, but an

affix, since the Gudang gives us the simpler forms nue and na. Pale, the

dual form, occurs in the Western Australian, the New South Wales, the

South Australian, and the Parnkalla as foIlows: boola, bulo-ara, purl-a,

pudlanbi = they two.

Singular : ngi-du = thou, thee.

Dual : ngi-pel = ye two, you two.

Plural : ngi-tana = ye, you.

Here the root is limited to the syllable ngi, as shown not less by the

forms ngi-pel, and ngi-tana, than by the simple Gudang ngi = thou.

Ngi, expressive of the second person, is common in Australia: ngi-nnee,

ngi-ntoa, ni-nna, ngi-nte = thou, thee, in the Western Australian, New

South Wales, Parnkalla, and Encounter Bay dialects.

Ngi-pel is probably thou + pair; a priori this is a likely way of forming

a dual. As to the reasons a posteriori they are not to be drawn wholly

from the Kowrarega tongue itself. Here the word for two is not pel but

quassur. But let us look further. The root p-l, or a modification of it,

= two in the following dialects; as well as in the Parnkalla and others:

pur-laitye, poolette, par-koolo, bull-a, in the Adelaide, Boraipar,

Yak-kumban, and Murrumbidge. That it may stand too for the dual personal

pronoun is shown in the first of these tongues; since in the Adelaide

language purla = ye two. Finally, its appearance amongst the pronouns,

and its absence amongst the numerals, occurs in the Western Australian.

The numeral two is kardura; but the dual pronoun is boala. The same

phenomenon would occur in the present English if two circumstances had

taken place, namely, if the Anglo-Saxon dual wi-t = we two had been

retained up to the present time amongst the pronouns, and the word pair,

brace, or couple, had superseded two amongst the numerals.

Lastly, the Western Australian and the Kowrarega so closely agree in the

use of the numeral two for the dual pronoun, that each applies it in the

same manner. In the third person it stands alone, so that in Western

Australian boala, and in Kowrarega pale = they two, just as if in English

we said pair or both, instead of they both (he pair); whilst in the

second person, the pronoun precedes it, and a compound is formed; just as

if, in English, we translated the Greek sphoi by thou pair or thou both.

Singular : nga-tu = I, me.

Dual : albei = we two, us two.

Plural : arri = we, us.

Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. Etc. During the Years 1846-1850. — Volume 2 Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, Etc. to Which Is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. By John Macgillivray, F.R.G.S. Naturalist to the Expedition. · 第 8 / 9 章

At nine A.M., I left in the whaleboat for the schooner--the small boat