Here the plural and dual are represented_Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. Etc. During the Years 1846-1850. — Volume 2 Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, Etc. to Which Is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. By John Macgillivray, F.R.G.S. Naturalist to the Expedition.

singular but by a new word; as different from nga as nos is from ego. The

tu, of course, is non-radical, the Gudang form being ngai.

Nga, expressive of the first person, is as common as ngi, equivalent to

the second. Thus, nga-nya, nga-toa, nga-i, nga-pe = I, me, in the Western

Australian, New South Wales, Parnkalla, and Encounter Bay dialects.

Now, the difference between the first and second persons being expressed

by different modifications (nga, ngi) of the same root (ng), rather than

by separate words, suggests the inquiry as to the original power of that

root. It has already been said that, in many languages, the pronoun of

the third person is, in origin, a demonstrative. In the Kowrarega it

seems as if even the basis of the first and second was the root of the

demonstrative also; since, by looking lower down in the list, we find

that i-na = this, che-na = that, and nga-du (nga in Gudang) = who. Ina

and chena also means here and there, respectively.

The dual form albei reappears in the Yak-kumban dialect of the River

Darling where allewa = we two. Arri = us, is also the first syllable in

the Western Australian form ar-lingul = we; or, rather it is ar-lingul in

a simpler and less compounded form. In a short specimen of Mr.

Eyre's from the head of the Great Australian Bight, the form in a appears

in the singular number, ajjo = I and me. The root tana = they, is not

illustrated without going as far as the Western Australian of Mr. Eyre.

Here, however, we find it in the compound word par-tanna = many. Its

original power is probably others; and it is most likely a widely

diffused Australian root.

The pronouns in question are compound rather than simple; i.e. instead of

nga = me, and ngi = thee, we have nga-tu and ngi-du. What is the import

and explanation of this? It may safely be said, that the termination in

the Australian is NOT a termination like the Latin met in ego- met,

inasmuch as this last is constant throughout the three persons (ego-met,

tute-met, se-met), whereas, the former varies with the pronoun to which

it is appended (nga-tu, and ngi-du). I hazard the conjecture that the two

forms correspond with the adverbs here and there; so that nga-tu = I

here, and ngi-du = thou there, and nu-du = he there. In respect to the

juxtaposition of the simple forms (ngai, ngi, and nue) of the Gudang with

the compound ones (nga-tu, ngi-du, and nu-du) of the Kowrarega, it can be

shown that the same occurs in the Parnkalla of Port Lincoln; where Mr.

Eyre gives the double form ngai and nga-ppo each = I or me.

Now, this analysis of the Kowrarega personals has exhibited the evolution

of one sort of pronoun out of another, with the addition of certain words

expressive of number, the result being no true inflexion but an

agglutination or combination of separate words. It has also shown how the

separate elements of such combinations may appear in different forms and

with different powers in different dialects of the same language, and

different languages of the same class, even where, in the primary and

normal signification, they may be wanting in others. The first of these

facts is a contribution to the laws of language in general; the second

shows that a great amount of apparent difference may be exhibited on the

surface of a language which disappears as the analysis proceeds.

In rude languages the Numerals vary with the dialect more than most other

words. We can understand this by imagining what the case would be in

English if one of our dialects counted things by the brace, another by

the pair, and a third by the couple. Nevertheless, if we bear in mind the

Greek forms Thalassa and Thalatta, we may fairly suppose that the

Kowrarega word for two, or quassur, is the same word with the Head of

Australian Bight kootera, the Parnkalla kuttara, and the Western

Australian kardura, having the same meaning.

The difference, then, between the numerals of the Australian

languages--and it is undoubtedly great--is no proof of any fundamental

difference of structure or origin. It is just what occurs in the

languages of Africa, and, in a still greater degree, in those of America.

The extent to which the numeration is carried, is a matter of more

importance. Possibly a numeration limited to the first three, four, or

five numbers is the effect of intellectual inferiority. It is certainly a

cause that continues it. As a measure of ethnological affinity it is

unimportant. In America we have, within a limited range of languages,

vigesimal systems like the Mexican, and systems limited to the three

first units like the Caribb. The difference between a vigesimal and

decimal system arises simply from the practice of counting by the fingers

and toes collectively, or the fingers alone, being prevalent; whereas the

decimal system as opposed to the quinary is referrible to the numeration

being extended to both hands, instead of limited to one. Numerations not

extending as far as five are generally independent of the fingers in

toto. Then as to the names of particular numbers. Two nations may each

take the name of the number two from some natural dualism; but they may

not take it from the name. For instance, one American Indian may take it

from a pair of skates, another from a pair of shoes. If so, the word for

two will differ in the two languages, even when the names for skate and

shoe agree. All this is supported by real facts, and is no hypothetical

illustration; so that the inference from it is, that, in languages where

a numeral system is in the process of formation, difference in the names

of the numbers is comparatively unimportant.

The extent to which the numerals vary, the extent to which they agree,

and the extent to which this variation and agreement are anything but

coincident with geographical proximity or distance, may be seen in the

following table:

English : one two three.

Moreton Bay : kamarah bulla mudyan.

Moreton Island : karawo poonlah madan.

Bijenelumbo : warat ngargark 2 + 1.

Limbakarajia : erat ngargark 2 + 1.

Terrutong : roka oryalk 2 + 1.

Limbapyu : immuta lawidperra 2 + 1.

Kowrarega : warapune quassur 2 + 1.

Gudang : epiamana elabaio 2 + 1.

Darnley Island : netat nes 2 + 1.

Raffles Bay : loca orica orongarie.

Lake Macquarie : wakol buloara ngoro.

Peel River : peer pular purla.

Wellington : ngungbai bula bula-ngungbai.

Corio : koimoil.

Jhongworong : kap.

Pinegorine : youa.

Gnurellean : lua.

King George Sound : keyen cuetrel murben.

Karaula : mal bular culeba.

Lachlan, Regent Lake : nyoonbi bulia bulongonbi.

Wollondilly River : medung pulla colluerr.

The Verb now requires notice. In languages in the same stage of

development with the Australian the usual analysis, as shown by the late

Mr. Garnett in his masterly papers on the structure of the verb, is as

follows: 1. The root. 2. The possessive pronoun. 3. A particle of

time--often originally one of place.

A rough illustration of this is the statement that such a word as dormur

== sleep-my-then (or there). To apply this doctrine to the Kowrarega with

our present data, is unsafe. Still, I am inclined (notwithstanding some

difficulties) to identify the pa of the Present tense with the bu in

kai-bu = now, and the n of the preterite with the n of che-na = there.

The double forms of the Past tense (one in n, and another in m) are at

present inexplicable. So are the double forms of the Imperative, namely

the one in r, and the one in e. It may, however, be remarked, that

wherever the Imperative ends in e, the Preterite has the form in m; thus,

pid-e = dig, pid-ema = dug. The only exception is the anomalous form

peneingodgi = dived. This prepares the future grammarian for a division

of the Kowrarega Verbs into Conjugations.

The last class of words that supply the materials of comment are the

Substantives. Herein, the formation of the plural by the addition of le,

probably occurs in several of the Australian tongues. I infer this from

many of those words which we find in the vocabularies of languages

whereof the grammar is unknown, and which are expressive of naturally

plural objects ending in li, la, or l.

1. Star (stars)--pur-le, pi-lle, poo-lle, in Parnkalla, Aiawong, and

Yak-kumban.

2. Fire (flames)--ka-lla, gad-la, in Western Australian and Parnkalla.

3. Head (hair)--kur-le, Encounter Bay. Here we learn from the forms

kar-ga, from the Head of the Great Australian Bight, and ma-kar-ta, from

Adelaide, that the l is foreign to the root.

4. Hands--marrow-la in the Molonglo dialect; as contrasted with marra in

the Adelaide.

This, however, is merely a conjecture, a conjecture, however, which has a

practical bearing. It suggests caution in the comparison of vocabularies;

since, by mistaking an inflexion or an affix for a part of the root, we

may overlook really existing similarities.

Father Anjello's very brief grammatical sketch of the Limbakarajia

language of Port Essington* exhibits, as far as it goes, precisely the

same principles as Mr. Macgillivray's Kowrarega; indeed, some of the

details coincide.

(*Footnote. Given to Mr. Macgillivray by Mr. James Macarthur, and

prefixed to the manuscript Port Essington Vocabulary, alluded to in

Volume 1.)

Thus, the Limbakarajia personal pronouns are:

I = nga-pi.

We = ngari.

Thou = noie.

We two = arguri.

He, she, it = gianat.

Ye = noie.

They = ngalmo.

Here the pi in nga-pi is the po in the Aiawong nga-ppo; the gian in

gian-at being, probably, the in in the Kowrarega ina = that, this.

Ngalmo, also, is expressly stated to mean many as well as they, a fact

which confirms the view taken of tana.

As for the tenses of the verbs, they are evidently no true tenses at all,

but merely combinations of the verbal root, and an adverb of time. In

Limbakarajia, however, the adverbial element precedes the verbal one. In

Kowrarega, however, the equivalent to this adverbial element (probably a

simple adverb modified in form so as to amalgamate with its verb, and

take the appearance of an inflexion) follows it--a difference of order,

sequence, or position, upon which some philologists will, perhaps, lay

considerable stress. On the contrary, however, languages exceedingly

similar in other respects, may differ in the order of the parts of a

term; e.g. the German dialects, throughout, place the article before the

noun, and keep it separate: whereas the Scandinavian tongues not only

make it follow, but incorporate it with the substantive with which it

agrees. Hence, a term which, if modelled on the German fashion, should be

hin sol, becomes, in Scandinavian, solen = the sun. And this is but one

instance out of many. Finally, I may add that the prefix apa, in the

present tense of the verb = cut, is, perhaps, the same affix eipa in the

present tense of the Kowrarega verbs.

Another point connected with the comparative philology of Australia is

the peculiarity of its phonetic system. The sounds of f and s are

frequently wanting. Hence, the presence of either of them in one dialect

has been considered as evidence of a wide ethnological difference. Upon

this point--in the case of s--the remarks on the sound systems of the

Kowrarega and Gudang are important. The statement is, the s of the one

dialect becomes ty or tsh (and ch) in the other. Thus the English word

breast = susu, Kowrarega; tyu-tyu, Gudang, and the English outrigger

float = sarima, Kowrarega; charima, Gudang, which of these two forms is

the older? Probably the Gudang, or the form in ty. If so, the series of

changes is remarkable, and by attending to it we may see how sounds

previously non-existent may become evolved.

Thus--let the original form for breast be tutu. The first change which

takes place is the insertion of the sound of y, making tyu-tyu; upon the

same principle which makes certain Englishmen say gyarden, kyind, and

skyey, for garden, kind, and sky. The next change is for ty to become

tsh. This we find also in English, where picture or pictyoor is

pronounced pictshur, etc. This being the change exhibited in the Gudang

form tyutyu (pr. choochoo, or nearly so) we have a remarkable phonetic

phenomenon, namely the existence of a compound sound (tsh) wherein s is

an element, in a language where s, otherwise than as the element of a

compound, is wanting. In other words, we have a sound formed out of s,

but not s itself; or (changing the expression still further) we have s in

certain combinations, but not uncombined. Let, however, the change

proceed, and the initial sound of t be lost. In this case tsh becomes sh.

A further change reduces sh to s.

When all this has taken place--and there are many languages wherein the

whole process is exhibited--the sound of a hitherto unknown articulation

becomes evolved or developed by a natural process of growth, and that in

a language where it was previously wanting. The phenomenon, then, of the

evolution of new simple sounds should caution us against over-valuing

phonetic differences. So should such facts as that of the closely allied

dialects of the Gudang and Kowrarega differing from each other by the

absence or presence of so important a sound as that of s.

The comparative absence, however, of the sound of s, in Australian, may

be further refined on in another way; and it may be urged that it is

absent, not because it has never been developed, or called into

existence, but because it has ceased to exist. In the Latin of the

Augustan age as compared with that of the early Republic, we find the s

of words like arbos changed into r (arbor). The old High German, also,

and the Icelandic, as compared with the Meso-Gothic, does the same. Still

the change only affects certain inflectional sy1lables, so that the

original s being only partially displaced, retains its place in the

language, although it occurs in fewer words. In Australian, where it is

wanting at all, it is wanting in toto: and this is a reason for believing

that its absence is referrible to non-development rather than to

displacement. For reasons too lengthy to exhibit, I believe that this

latter view is NOT applicable to Australian; the s, when wanting, being

undeveloped. In either case, however, the phonetic differences between

particular dialects are the measures of but slight differences.

Now--with these preliminary cautions against the over-valuation of

apparent differences--we may compare the new data for the structure of

the Kowrarega and Limbakarajia with the reccived opinions respecting the

Australian grammars in general.

These refer them to the class of agglutinate tongues, i.e. tongues

wherein the inflections can be shown to consist of separate words more or

legs incorporated or amalgamated with the roots which they modify. It may

be said that this view is confirmed rather than impugned.

Now, what applies to the Australian grammars applies also to Polynesian

and the more highly-developed Malay languages, such as the Tagala of the

Philippines, for instance; and, if such being the case, no difference of

principle in respect to tkeir structure separates the Australian from the

languages of those two great classes. But the details, it may be said,

differ undoubtedly; and this is what we expect. Plural numbers, signs of

tense, and other grammatical elements, are evolved by means of the

juxtaposition of similar but not identical elements, e.g. one plural may

be formed by the affix signifying many; another, by the affix signifying

with or conjointly; one preterite may be the root plus a word meaning

then; another the root plus a word meaning there. Futures, too, may be

equally evolved by the incorporation or juxtaposition of the word meaning

after, or the word meaning to-morrow. All this makes the exact

coincidence of the details of inflection the exception rather than the

rule.

This doctrine goes farther than the mere breaking-down of the lines of

demarcation which separate classes of languages like the Australian from

classes of languages like the Malayo-Polynesian. It shows how both may be

evolved from monosyllabic tongues like the Chinese or Siamese. The proof

that such is really the case lies in the similarity of individual words,

and consists in comparative tables. It is too lengthy for the present

paper, the chief object of which is to bring down the inferences from the

undoubtedly great superficial differences between the languages of the

parts in question to their proper level.

In respect to the vocabularies, the extent to which the analysis which

applies to the grammar applies to the vocables also may be seen in the

following instance. The word hand in Bijenelumbo and Limbapyu is birgalk.

There is also in each language a second form--anbirgalk--wherein the an

is non-radical. Neither is the alk; since we find that armpit =

ingamb-alk, shoulder = mundy-alk, and fingers = mong-alk. This brings the

root = hand to birg. Now this we can find elsewhere by looking for. In

the Liverpool dialect, bir-il = hand, and at King George Sound, peer =

nails. The commonest root, = hand in the Australian dialects, is m-r,

e.g.:

Moreton Bay : murrah.

Corio : far-onggnetok.

Karaula : marra.

Jhongworong : far-okgnata.

Sydney : da-mora.

Murrumbidje : mur-rugan.

Mudje : mara.

Molonglo : mar-rowla.

Wellington : murra.

Head of Bight : merrer.

Liverpool : ta-mura.

Parnkalla : marra.

All this differs from the Port Essington terms. Elbow, however, in the

dialects there spoken, = waare; and forearm = am-ma-woor; wier, tao, =

palm in Kowrarega.

To complete the evidence for this latter word being the same as the m-r

of the other dialects and languages, it would be necessary to show, by

examples, how the sounds of m and w interchange; and also to show (by

example also) how the ideas of elbow, forearm, and hand do so. But as the

present remarks are made for the sake of illustrating a method, rather

than establishing any particular point, this is not necessary here; a few

instances taken from the names of the parts of the human body being

sufficient to show the general distribution of some of the commoner

Australian roots; and the more special fact of their existence in the

northern dialects:

English : hand.

Peel River : ma.

Terrutong : manawiye.

Raffles Bay : maneiya.

...

English : foot.

Moreton Bay : chidna.

Moreton Island : tenang.

Karaula : tinna.

Lake Macquarie : tina.

Peel River : tina.

Jhongworong : gnen-ong-gnat-a.

Mudje : dina.

Wellington : dinnung.

Corio : gen-ong-gnet-ok.

Liverpool : dana.

Bathurst : dina.

Colack : ken-ong-gnet-ok.

Boraipar : tchin-nang-y

Lake Hindmarsh : jin-nerr.

Bight Head : jinna.

Parnkalla : idna.

Murrumbidje : tjin-nuk.

Aiawong : dtun.

King George Sound : tian.

Molonglo : jin-y-gy.

Pinegorine : gena.

Goold Island : pinyun and pinkan.

Gnurellean : gen-ong-be-gnen-a.

...

English : hair, beard.

Goold Island : kiaram.

Moreton Island : yerreng.

Wellington : uran.

Karaula : yerry.

Bijenelumbo : yirka.

Sydney : yaren.

Regent's Lake : ooran.

Peel River : ierai.

Lake Macquarie : wurung.

Mudje : yarai.

...

English : eye.

Jhongworong : mer-ing-gna-ta.

Moreton Island : mel.

Pinegorine : ma.

Moreton Bay : mill.

Gnurellean : mer-e-gnen-a.

Gudang : emeri = eyebrow.

Boraipar : mer-ring-y.

Lake Hindmarsh : mer.

Bijenelumbo : merde = eyelid.

Regent's Lake : mil.

Lake Mundy : meer-rang.

Karaula : mil.

Murrumbidje : mil.

Mudje : mir.

Corio : mer-gnet-ok.

Bight Head : mail.

Colack : mer-gnen-ok.

King George Sound : mial.

Dautgart : mer-gna-nen.

...

English : tooth.

Sydney : yera.

Moreton Island : tiya.

Wellington : irang.

Murrumbidje : yeeran.

Moreton Bay : deer.

Lake Macquarie : tina.

Goold Island : eera.

...

English : tongue.

Lake Macquarie : talan.

Moreton Bay : dalan.

Regent's Lake : talleng.

Sydney : dalan.

Karaula : talley.

Peel River : tale.

Goold Island : talit.

King George Sound : talien.

...

English : ear.

Moreton Bay : bidna.

Kowrarega : kowra.

Karaula : binna.

Sydney : kure.

Peel River : bine.

Liverpool : kure.

Bathurst : benang-arei.

Lake Macquarie : ngureong.

Goold Island : pinna.

The Miriam Vocabulary belongs to a different class, namely the Papuan. It

is a dialect of language first made known to us through the Voyage of the

Fly, as spoken in the islands Erroob, Maer, and Massied. Admitting this,

we collate it with the North Australian tongues, and that, for the sake

of contrast rather than comparison. Here, the philologist, from the

extent to which the Australian tongues differ from each other,

notwithstanding their real affinity, is prepared to find greater

differences between an Australian and a Papuan language than, at the

first glance, exists. Let us verify this by reference to some words which

relate to the human body, and its parts.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: ERROOB.

COLUMN 3: MASSIED.

COLUMN 4: KOWRAREGA.

COLUMN 5: GUDANG.

Nose : pit : pichi : piti : -.

Lips : - : anka : - : angka.

Cheek : baag : - : baga : baga.

Chin, jaw : iba : ibu : ibu : ebu.

Navel : kopor, kupor : kupor : kupar : kopurra.

Eye : - : dana : dana : dana.

Skin : egur : - : - : equora.

Vein : kerer : kirer : kerur : kerur.

Bone : lid : - : rida : -.

Sore : bada : - : bada : -.

Few Australian vocabularies are thus similar--a fact which may be said to

prove too much; since it may lead to inference that the so-called Papuan

tongue of Torres Strait is really Australian. Nevertheless, although I do

not absolutely deny that such is the case, the evidence of the whole body

of ethnological fact--e.g. those connected with the moral, intellectual,

and physical conformation of the two populations--is against it.

And so is the philology itself, if we go further. The Erroob pronouns

are:

Me = ka.

You = ma.

His = eta.

Mine = ka-ra.

Your = ma-ra.

All of which are un-Australian.

Are we then to say that all the words of the table just given are

borrowed from the Australian by the Papuans, or vice versa? No. Some

belong to the common source of the two tongues, pit = nose being,

probably, such a word; whilst others are the result of subsequent

intercourse.

Still, it cannot absolutely be said that the Erroob or Miriam iongue is

not Australian also, or vice versa. Still less, is it absolutely certain

that the former is not transitional between the New Guinea language and

the Australian. I believe, however, that it is not so.

The doubts as to the philological position of the Miriam are by no means

diminished by reference to the nearest unequivocally Papuan vocabulary,

namely that of Redscar Bay. Here the difference exceeds rather than falls

short of our expectations. The most important of the few words which

coincide are:

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: REDSCAR BAY.

COLUMN 3: ERROOB.

Head : quara : kerem.

Mouth : mao : mit = lips.

Testicles : abu : eba = penis.

Shoulder : paga : pagas = upper arm.

On the other hand, the Redscar Bay word for throat, kato, coincides with

the Australian karta of the Gudang of Cape York. Again, a complication is

introduced by the word buni-mata = eyebrow. Here mata = eye, and,

consequently, buni = brow. This root re-appears in the Erroob; but there

it means the eyeball, as shown by the following words from Jukes'

Vocabulary:

Eye : irkeep

Eyebrow : irkeep-moos = eye-hair.

Eyeball : poni.

Eyelid : poni-pow = eyeball-hair.

Probably the truer meaning of the Redscar Bay word is eyeball.

No inference is safer than that which brings the population of the

Louisiade Archipelago, so far, at least, as it is represented by the

Vocabularies of Brierly Island and Duchateau Island, from the eastern

coast of New Guinea. What points beyond were peopled from Louisiade is

another question.

For the islands between New Ireland and New Caledonia our data are

lamentably scanty; the list consisting of:

1. A short vocabulary from the Solomon Isles.

2. Short ones from Mallicollo.

3. The same from Tanna.

4. Shorter ones still from Erromanga and

5. Annatom.

6. Cook's New Caledonian Vocabulary.

7. La Billardiere's ditto.

The collation of these with the Louisiade has led me to a fact which I

little expected. As far as the very scanty data go, they supply the

closest resemblance to the Louisiade dialects, from the two New

Caledonian vocabularies. Now New Caledonia was noticed in the Appendix to

the Voyage of the Fly (volume 2 page 318) as apparently having closer

philological affinities with Van Diemen's Land, than that country had

with Australia; an apparent fact which induced me to write as follows: "A

proposition concerning the Tasmanian language exhibits an impression,

rather than a deliberate opinion. Should it, however, be confirmed by

future researches, it will at once explain the points of physical

contrast between the Tasmanian tribes and those of Australia that have so

often been insisted on. It is this--that the affinities of language

between the Tasmanian and the New Caledonian are stronger than those

between the Australian and Tasmanian. This indicates that the stream of

population for Van Diemen's Land ran ROUND Australia, rather than across

it." Be this as it may, the remark, with our present scanty matcrials,

is, at best, but a suggestion--a suggestion, however, which would account

for the physical appearance of the Tasmanian being more New Caledonian

than Australian.

The chief point of resemblance between the Louisiade and the New

Caledonian is taken from the numerals. In each system there is a prefix,

and in each that prefix begins with a labial letter--indeed the wa of New

Caledonia and the pahi of Louisiade seem to be the same roots.

Brierly Island : paihe-tia.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-geeaing.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-nait.

Brierly Island : pahi-wo.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-roo.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-dou.

Brierly Island : paihe-tuan.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-teen.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-tguien.

Brierly Island : paihe-pak.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-mbaeek.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-tbait.

Brierly Island : paihe-lima.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-nnaim.

Brierly Island : paihe-wona.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-geeek.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-naim-guik.

Brierly Island : pahe-pik.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-noo.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-naim-dou.

Brierly Island : paihe-wan.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-gain.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : ou-naim-guein.

Brierly Island : paihe-siwo.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-baeek.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-naim-bait.

10.

Brierly Island : paihe-awata.

Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnoon-aiuk.

La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-doun-hic.

The Redscar Bay numerals are equally instructive. They take two forms:

one with, one without, the prefix in ow, as recorded by Mr. Macgillivray.

This system of prefix is not peculiar. The Tanna and Mallicollo numerals

of Cook are:

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: TANNA.

COLUMN 3: MALLICOLLO.

One : r-eedee : tsee-kaee

Two : ka-roo : e-ry.

Three : ka-har : e-rei

Four : kai-phar : e-bats

Five : k-reerum : e-reeum

Six : ma-r-eedee : tsookaeee

Seven : ma-ka-roo : gooy

Eight : ma-ka-har : hoo-rey

Nine : ma-kai-phar : good-bats.

Ten : ma-k-reerum : senearn.

Here, although the formations are not exactly regular, the prefixion of

an initial syllable is evident. So is the quinary character of the

numeration. The prefix itself, however, in the Tanna and Mallicollo is no

labial, as in the Louisiade and New Caledonian, but either k or a

vowel.

The next fact connected with the Louisiade vocabularies is one of greater

interest. Most of the names of the different parts of the body end in da.

In the list in question they were marked in italics; so that the

proportion they bear to the words not so ending was easily seen. Now it

is only the words belonging to this class that thus terminate. Elsewhere

the ending da is no commoner than any other.

What does this mean? If we look to such words as mata-da = eyes, sopa-da

= lips, maka-da = teeth, and some other naturally plural names, we should

infer that it was a sign of number. That this, however, is not the case

is shown by the equivalents to tongue, nose, and other single members

where the affix is equally common. What then is its import? The American

tongues help us here:

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: MBAYA.

COLUMN 3: ABIPONI.

COLUMN 4: MOKOBI.

Head : na-guilo : ne-maiat : -.

Eye : ni-gecoge : na-toele : ni-cote.

Ear : na-pagate : - : -.

Nose : ni-onige : - : -.

Tongue : no-gueligi : - : -.

Hair : na-modi : ne-etiguic : na-ccuta.

Mand : ni-baagadi : na-pakeni : na-poguena.

Foot : no-gonagi : - : -.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: MOXA (1).*

COLUMN 3: MOXA (2).

COLUMN 4: MOXA (3).

(*Footnote. These are three different dialects.)

Head : nu-ciuti : nu-chuti : nu-chiuti

Eye : nu-chi : - : nu-ki

Ear : nu-cioca : - : -.

Nose : nu-siri : nu-siri : -.

Tongue : nu-nene : nu-nene : nu-nene.

Hand : nu-bore : nu-boupe : nu-bore.

Foot : ni-bope : - : ni-bope.

Now in these, and in numerous other American tongues, the prefix is the

possessive pronoun; in other words, there is a great number of American

languages where the capacity for abstracting the thing possessed from the

possessor is so slight as to make it almost impossible to disconnect the

noun from its pronoun. I believe, then, the affixes in question have a

possessive power; and am not aware that possessive adjuncts thus

incorporated have been recognised in any of the languages for these

parts; indeed, they are generally considered as American characteristics.

How far does their presence extend? In the New Caledonian vocabulary of

La Billardiere we find it. The names of the parts of the body all take an

affix, which no other class of words does. This is gha, guai, or ghai, or

other similar combination of g with a vowel. In Van Diemen's Land, an

important locality, we find the following series of words, which are

submitted to the judgment of the reader.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: WESTERN TASMANIAN.

Foot : lula.

Leg : peea = piya = posteriors, Brumer I.

Thigh : tula = turi = knee, Brumer I.

Belly : cawara-ny.

Neck : denia.

Ears : lewli-na.

Nose : me-na.

Eyes : pollatoola = matara-pulupulura = eyelashes, Brierly I.

Hair : pareata.

Hair : palani-na.

Face : manrable.

Mouth : ca-nia.

Teeth : yannalople = yinge-da, Brierly I.

Tongue : tulla-na.

Arm : alree.

Fist : reannema-na.

Head : pulbea-ny.

Here the termination na appears elsewhere, as in mema-na = fight,

nabagee-na = sun; but by no means so frequently, nor yet with such an

approach to regularity.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: CIRCULAR HEAD.

Hair : parba.

Hand : rabal-ga.

Foot : rabuc-ka.

Head : ewuc-ka.

Eyc : mameric-ca.

Nose : rowari-ga.

Tongue : mamana = mimena, Brumer I.

Teeth : cawna.

Ear : cowanrig-ga.

Here, however, it must not be concealed that the termination ka, or ga,

occurs in other words, such as tenal-ga = laugh, tar-ga = cry, teiri-ga =

walk, lamuni-ka = see. These, however, are verbs; and it is possible

(indeed probable) that the k or g is the same as in the preceding

substantives, just as the m in su-m, and ei-mi (Greek) is the m in meus,

me, and eme (Greek). Still, this will not apply throughout; e.g. the

words like lalli-ga = kangaroo, para-ka = flower, and others.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: EASTERN TASMANIAN.

Eye : lepe-na

Ear : pelverata.

Elbow : rowella

Foot : langa-na

Fist : trew

Head : pathe-na-naddi

Hair : cetha-na

Hand : anama-na = nema-da, Brumer I.

Knee : nannabena-na.

Leg : lathana-ma

Teeth : yan-na = yinge-da, Brierly I.

Tongue : me-na = mime-na, Brumer I.

Chin : came-na.

Neck : lepera.

Breast : wagley.

Here, the number of other words ending in na is very considerable; so

considerable that, if it were not for the cumulative evidence derived

from other quarters, it would be doubtful whether the na could

legitimately be considered as a possessive affix at all. It MAY, however,

be so even in the present instance.

To these we may add two lists from the Lobo and Utanata dialects of the

south-western coast of New Guinea.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH.

COLUMN 2: UTANATA.

COLUMN 3: LOBO.

Arms : too : nima-ngo.

Back : urimi : rusuko-ngo.

Beard : - : minooro.

Belly : imauw : kanboro-ngo.

Breast, female : auw : gingo-ngo.

Breast, male : paiety : gingo-ngo

Cheeks : awamu : wafiwirio-ngo.

Ears : ianie : -.

Eyebrows : - : matato-ngo-wuru.

Eyes : mame : matatoto-ngo.

Fingers : - : nima-ngo-sori.

Foot : mouw : kai-ngo.

Hands : toe-mare : nima-ngo-uta.

Hair : oeirie : mono-ng-furu.

Head : oepauw : mono-ngo or umum.

Knee : iripu : kai-ngo-woko.

Mouth : irie : orie-ngo.

Nose : birimboe : sikaio-ngo.

Neck : ema : gara-ng.

Tongue : mare : kario-ngo.

Thigh : ai : willanima.

Teeth : titi : riwoto-ngo.

Toes : - : nisora.

Finally, we have the long, and evidently compound forms of p** in the

Corio, Colack, and other Australian dialects; long and evidently compound

forms which no hypothesis so readily explains as that of the possessive

adjunct; a phenomenon which future investigation many show to be equally

Oceanic and American.

...

APPENDIX 4.

CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF THE NORTH-EAST COAST OF AUSTRALIA AND TORRES

STRAIT.

Lists exhibiting the occurrence of Australian Birds in particular

districts are instructive, as showing the range of species over the

various parts of an extensive district, and as bearing upon, and to my

mind confirming, to a certain extent, the views of those geologists who

consider Australia to have formerly appeared as a cluster of three or

four islands, subsequently connected since the tertiary epoch so as to

form what may now be considered as a continent. With the kind assistance

in determining the species of Mr. Gould, who has elsewhere published

similar lists* of the birds of other parts of Australia, the annexed

Catalogue has been made out. All the species contained therein have

passed under my own observation, and I have distributed them in three

columns; the first includes that portion of the north-east coast of

Australia and its islands included between the Tropic of Capricorn and

latitude 17 degrees 45 minutes south, or the parallel of the bottom of

the Gulf of Carpentaria; the second comprises the remainder of the

north-east coast as far to the northward as Cape York; and the third is

devoted to the islands of Torres Strait, from Raine Islet to Bramble Cay.

The species marked with an ? (query) are those which are probably local

varieties, representatives of southern birds, showing slight differences

in size, etc., yet not decided enough to be of specific value.

(*Footnote. In the works of Strzelecki and Eyre, and Introduction to the

Birds of Australia. )

Ichthyaetus leucogaster 1 2 3.

Haliastur leucosternmus 1 2 3.

Pandion leucocephalus 1 2 3.

Falco frontatus 3.

Ieracidea berigora 2.

Astur novae hollandiae 1 3.

Astur approximans 1 2.

Accipiter torquatus 1 2 3.

Milvus affinis 1 2.

Circus jardinii 3.

Strix delicatula 1 2 3.

Athene boobook 1.

Athene maculata 1 2.

Podargus humeralis 1.

Podargus papuensis 2.

Podargus marmoratus 2.

Eurystopodus albogularis 2 3.

Eurystopodus guttatus 1 2 3.

Acanthylis caudacuta 2.

Cypselus australis 2 3.

Collocalia 1.

Chelidon arborea 1 3.

Merops ornatus 1 2 3.

Dacelo leachii 1 2.

Halcyon torotoro 2.

Halcyon sancta 1 2 3.

Halcyon sordida 1 2 3.

Halcyon macleayii 1 2 3.

Tanysiptera sylvia 2.

Alcyone azurea 2.

Alcyone pusilla 1 2.

Artamus leucopygialis 1 2 3.

Dicaeum hirundinaceum 1 2 3.

Cracticus nigrogularis 1 2.

Cracticus quoyii 1 2.

Grallina australis 2.

Grauculus melanops 1 2 3.

Grauculus hypoleucus 2.

Grauculus swainsonii 2.

Campephaga karu 1 2 3.

Pachycephala melanura 2 3.

Colluricincla brunnea 1 2 3.

Colluricincla harmonica 2.

Dicrurus bracteatus 1 2 3.

Rhipidura rufifrons 2.

Seisura inquieta 1 2 3.

Piezorhynchus nitidus 1 2 3.

Myiagra concinna 1 2 3.

Myiagra latirostris 1 2.

Monarcha trivirgata 1 2 3.

Monarcha leucotis 1 2.

Arses kaupii 2.

Petroica bicolor ? 2 3.

Machaerirhynchus flaviventris 2.

Drymodes superciliosa 2.

Malurus amabilis 2.

Malurus brownii 1.

Sphenoeacus galactotes 2 3.

Cysticola lineocapilla 1 2 3.

Sericornis maculata ? 2.

Anthus australis 1 2.

Estrelda bichenovii 1.

Donacola castaneothorax 2 3.

Pitta strepitans 1 2 3.

Chlamydera nuchalis 1.

Chlamydera cerviniventris 2 3.

Oriolus assimilis 2.

Oriolus flavocinctus 2.

Sphecotheres flaviventris 2.

Aplonis metallica 2.

Chalybaeus cornutus 2.

Corvus coronoides 1 2 3.

Ptilotis chrysotis 1 2 3.

Ptilotis filigera 2.

Ptilotis 2.

Entomophila 1.

Tropidorhynchus argenticeps 2.

Tropidorhynchus 2.

Myzomela erythrocephala 2 3.

Myzomela obscura 1 2 3.

Nectarinia australis 1 2 3.

Zosterops luteus 1 2 3.

Cuculus cineraceus 1.

Cuculus insperatus 1.

Chrysococcyx lucidus 1 2.

Endynamys flindersii 1 2 3.

Centropus phasianus 1 2 3.

Ptiloris victoriae 1.

Ptiloris magnifica 2.

Cacatua galerita 1 2 3.

Microglossus aterrimus 2.

Calyptorhynchus banksii 1.

Aprosmictus erythropterus ? 1 2.

Platycercus palliceps ? 2.

Melopsittacus undulatus 1.

Trichoglossus swainsonii 1 3.

Trichoglossus rubritorquis 2.

Ptilonopus ewingii 1 2.

Ptilonopus superbus 2 3.

Carpophaga luctuosa 1 2 3.

Carpophaga puella 2.

Lopholaimus antarcticus 2.

Chalcophaps chrysochlora 1 2.

Phaps elegans 1.

Geopelia humeralis 1 2 3.

Geopelia tranquilla 1 2 3.

Macropygia phasianella ? 1.

Talegalla lathami 1 2.

Megapodius tumulus 1 2 3.

Turnix melanota 1 2 3.

Coturnix pectoralis 2.

Synoicus australis 1 2 3.

Synoicus sinensis 3.

Dromaius novae hollandiae 1 2.

Otis australasiana 1.

Esacus magnirostris 1 2 3.

Oedicnemus grallarius 1.

Hoematopus longirostris 1 2 3.

Hoematopus fuliginosus 1 2 3.

Sarciophorus pectoralis 1.

Charadrius xanthocheilus 1 2 3.

Hiaticula bicincta 1.

Hiaticula ruficapilla 1 2 3.

Hiaticula inornata 2 3.

Limosa uropygialis 1 2 3.

Schoeniclus australis 1 2 3.

Schoeniclus albescens 1 2 3.

Actitis empusa 1 2.

Glottis glottoides 1 2 3.

Strepsilas interpres 1 2 3.

Numenius australis 1 2 3.

Numenius uropygialis 1 2 3.

Numenius minutus 2.

Threskiornis strictipennis 2.

Grus australasianus 1 2.

Mycteria australis 2.

Ardea Pacifica 2.

Ardea novae hollandiae 1.

Herodias jugularis 1 2 3.

Herodias greyii 1 2 3.

Herodias plumifera 2 3.

Herodias syrmatophora 3.

Nycticorax caledonicus 1 2 3.

Ardetta flavicollis 1 2.

Ardetta stagnatilis 2 3.

Porphyrio melanota 3.

Rallus pectoralis 1 2 3.

Porzana leucophrys 3.

Tadorna radjah 1 2.

Anas superciliosa 1.

Anas punctata 1 2.

Xema jamesonii ? 1 2 3.

Sylochelidon strennuus 1 2.

Thalasseus pelecanoides 1 2 3.

Sterna gracilis 2.

Sterna melanauchen 1 2 3.

Sternula nereis 2 3.

Hydrochelidon fluviatilis 2.

Onychoprion fuliginosus 1 2 3.

Onychoprion panaya 1 2 3.

Anous stolidus 1 2 3.

Anous leucocapillus 1 2 3.

Puffinus sphenurus 1 3.

Phalacrocorax carboides 1.

Phalacrocorax melanoleucus 1 2 3.

Attagen ariel 1 2 3.

Phaeton phoenicurus 3.

Pelecanus conspicillatus 1 2 3.

Sula personata.

Sula fusca 1 2 3.

Sula piscator 1 2 3.

...

APPENDIX 5.

ON THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED BY MR. MACGILLIVRAY DURING THE VOYAGE OF THE

RATTLESNAKE, BY PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S.

1. ON THE BATHYMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE TESTACEA ON THE EASTERN

COAST OF AUSTRALIA.

As in every instance the exact locality, depth and character of habitat

of species of Mollusc taken were carefully noted of at the time of

capture, much more valuable information elucidating the distribution of

shellfish in the Australian seas has been collected during this

expedition than was ever before obtained. Whilst new species are usually

sought after by collectors with eagerness, the habits and range of the

commoner or less conspicuous forms are passed over without observation.*

Hence every note on the habitat and mode of life of marine creatures from

the southern hemisphere becomes of no small value. Indeed, there is no

information more desirable at this time for the illustration of

geological phenomena, than such as may throw light on the distribution in

range and depth of the creatures inhabiting the sea of the Tropics, and

those living around the coasts of Australia and New Zealand. The

following notes will serve to record the more prominent facts bearing

upon the Bathymetrical distribution of the Testacea collected on the

northern coast of Australia, at Port Essington, and on the eastern coast

from Cape York to Bass Strait, including the northern ports of Van

Diemen's Land.

(*Footnote. An extensive collection of landshells was made at Madeira.

They proved on examination to be all known species, including several of

the rarer forms, and not a few of those discovered by the Reverend Mr.

Lowe. They were compared with Madeiran specimens by Mr. Vernon Wollaston.

When the Rattlesnake touched at the Azores on the return voyage, a few

landshells were collected at Fayal. Among them was the Helix barbula, an

Asturian species, Helix pauperata, and Bulimus variatus, Madeiran or

Canarian forms. A considerable number of marine and terrestrial Testacea

were procured at Rio de Janeiro, not a few of them new and of great

interest. Terebratula rosea was dredged off Rio in thirteen fathoms

water, on a coarse sandy bottom. Collections were also made at the Cape

of Good Hope, at Mauritius and in the Falkland Isles. The radiata were

gathered with as much care and their habitats recorded with as much

attention as the Mollusca.)

It may here be remarked that the Molluscan fauna of the seas of North

Australia and of the north-east coast from Cape York southwards to Sandy

Cape, belongs to the great Indo-Pacific province, a zoological region

extending from the east coast of Africa (from Port Natal or a little

above, northwards to Suez) to Easter Island in the Pacific. But south of

Sandy Cape and onwards to Van Diemen's Land (and apparently including New

Zealand) we have a distinct (East)Australian province, marked by a

peculiar fauna in many respects, representative of the Senegal, and

perhaps also Lusitanian regions of the North Atlantic.

Proceeding in descending order we may first remark on the:

SHELLS OF SALT MARSHES.

As in the Northern hemisphere, Melampus or Convolvulus is the genus

represented in such localities. Thus Auricula australis prevails in salt

marshes at Brisbane Water, and an allied species in similar places in New

Zealand. In both instances we find this form accompanied by members of a

curious genus characteristic of the Australian province--Ampullacera, the

Ampullacera quoyana being the Brisbane Water species, and A. avellana,

that of New Zealand. In the latter case an Assiminea is its companion. A

very curious fact noted during the expedition was the presence of a Unio

living within the influence of salt water, in the River Brisbane.

SHELLS INHABIT MUD, ETC. AMONG MANGROVES.

These belong to the Indo-Pacific province. Some are found on the

mangroves themselves. Such are the Littorina scabra, on the trunks and

branches of mangroves among islets in Trinity Bay; a Phasianella

inhabiting the trunks and branches of Rhizophora at the Percy Isles; a

Littorina on the leaves of Aigaeceras fragrans at Port Curtis, Auricula

angulata, and rugulata on the trunks of mangroves at Port Essington, and

Monodonta viridis on their roots at Night Island; a new and very

beautiful Ostrea was found on the roots of mangroves among Low Islets in

Trinity Bay. In the last-named locality a Cytherea inhabited the mud

around their roots. At the Three Islets several new species of Melampus,

a Nerita and a Cyrena lived in a like habitat, and at Port Essington

Cerithium kieneri, was found in the same situation. The fine Cyrena

cyrenoides lives among the roots of mangroves in the Louisiade

Archipelago.

LITTORAL ZONE.

Of the many living Gasteropoda taken in this region, very few are new

species. Of Patelloid forms we have a new Fissurella and Parmophorus

convexus at Port Dalrymple, accompanied by Haliotis naevosa, and species

of Patella and Siphonaria. In the more tropical regions, Haliotis asinina

and varia, another and distinct Patella, two Fissurellae and a Scutella

were collected. Of convolute shells the littoral species gathered were

all Indo-Pacific and inhabitants of mostly the coral-reef region, such as

Cypraea arabica, annulus, isabella, errones and oryza, Conus magus,

arenatus, achatinus, etc., Oliva cruentata, tremulina and ericinus, those

of the last-named genus often living in sand. Bulla cylindrica occurred

in sandy pools on the reef at Claremont Isles. Of Volutes, V. turneri

lives on coral blocks at Port Essington, and V. undulata partially buried

in sandbanks at Port Dalrymple. Conus maculosus is an inhabitant of the

last-named locality. The Mitras found in the Littoral zone were all on

the north-east coast, and well-known Indo-Pacific forms. A new Murex was

taken on mud at Port Curtis. Fasciolaria coronata, Fusus alveolatus, and

Triton verrucosus were found on the reefs at Port Dalrymple. Many species

of Nassa, all known forms, were collected, mostly on mud in the Littoral

zone, chiefly in the north-eastern province. Phos cyanostoma lives on

muddy sand in the Trinity Bay islets, where also in similar situations is

Terebra maculata and Pyramidella maculosa. Pyramidella auriscati is a

littoral shell among the reefs of the Claremont Isles. Several Purpurae

were taken on reefs and rocks at low-water; among them was P. textiliosa,

a Port Dalrymple species. A Quoya lives on rocks being high-water mark in

Lizard Island. Several Terebrae, including T. crenulata dimidiata and

affinis, inhabit muddy sand among Pipon's Islets. The well-known Strombus

luhuanus lives on sand among the reefs at Eagle Island. A Cerithium

inhabits mud-flats at Port Molle and Pipon's Islets. Of the holostomatous

gasteropods inhabiting the Littoral zone, the Naticae, mostly well-known

species, were taken in sandy localities on the north-east coast, and the

Neritae in the same province, mostly on rocks or reefs. Littorina

pyramidalis and mauritiana are inhabitants of the rocky headlands of

Broken Bay; other forms were collected at Port Curtis and at Port

Dalrymple. At the last-named locality, Turbo undulatus, a new Risella,

Monodonta constricta and buccata, and Trochus reticularis were taken on

reefs. Littoral species of the same genera occurred on the north-east

coast. A New Rissoa was found under stones at Night Island. Turbo

squamosus and Trochus lentiginosus are inhabitants of the shore at Port

Essington. In Broken Bay species of Bankivia and Scalaria were collected,

cast dead on the shore.

The Acephala found living in the Littoral zone of the south-east

Australian province were Cleidotherus chamoides, under rocks at low-water

in Port Jackson; Mytilus erosus on the mud of zostera flats at Port

Dalrymple, several species of Venus, Tapes, Cytherea in similar

localities; Arca globata in the same habitat at Brisbane; Arca fuscata in

reefs at Port Dalrymple; a new Tellina on mud at Port Phillip; another

with Donax epidermia in sand at Broken Bay, and Clavagella australis on

rocks at low-water, Port Jackson. Species of Pectunculus, Nucula,

Pandora, Anatinella, Venus, Tellina (decussata and deltoidalis) and

Mesodesma are thrown dead on the shores.

In the north and north-east Australian province the living littoral

Acephala are Solens of which two new species were taken at Port

Essington, Anomia australis, Anatina olerina, and another, new, in the

same locality; species of Mytilus, Meleagrina and Pinna, Ostrea and

Pecten (pyxidatus) Lima fragilis and squamosa, Hippopus and Tridacna, the

former detached on coral reefs, the latter embedded in the coral, Corbis

fimbriatus in sand among coral reefs; species of Venus, Cytherea, Circe,

and Tapes in mud, Artemis sculpta at Port Essington on sand, Lucinae on

sand or reefs, Crassatella on mudflats at Port Curtis, where Cypricardia

vellicata occupies the fissures of rocks with Carditae; several species

of Cardium in mud or sand, including C. fragum, C. subrugosum, and C.

unedo; Sanguinolaria rugosa at Dunk Island; species of Mesodesma in sand,

and Mactrae and Tellinae in mud; a new Psammobia at Port Essington as

also a new Pholas that bores into coral. Other species, members of the

same genera, are cast on shore dead.

REGION OF WEEDS EQUIVALENT TO THE LAMINARIAN REGION OF THE EUROPEAN SEAS.

Some seventeen or eighteen localities in this Bathymetrical province were

explored by means of the dredge, varying in depth from one to seventeen

fathoms. In the south-east Australian province the principal Gasteropoda

procured were Bulla brevis, at Port Jackson, in 6 fathoms; Cyprea oryza,

at Port Phillip, in 5 fathoms; Calyptraea connata, in 6 fathoms, Port

Jackson, with Nassa suturalis, and another, a new Terebra, Monotigma

casta, Mitra sordida, a Marginella, a Columbella, and Struthiolaria

oblita. A Phasianella was dredged in from 3 to 5 fathoms on sandy mud, at

Port Phillip, with Elenchus rutilus, Marginella fornicata, and Cerithium

granarium. In the North-east Australian province, a different set of

shells was dredged in similar depths, such as a Sigaretus, possibly new,

Fissurella calyculata, Mitra obeliscus, a Turritella, a Murex, Columbella

versicolor, and a new species off Cape York, Ranella pulchella, new,

several Nassae, Phos senticosa and blainvillei, and sculptilis, in 3 and

5 fathoms, off Cape York; Strombus campbelli, in mud off Cape Upstart;

Cerithium obeliscus, and a new species of the genus Obeliscus. In the

deeper localities Cypraea fimbriata occurred, dead, off Cape Capricorn;

and two species of Ranella, one being R. pusilla, in 17 fathoms, off the

Percy Isles. The univalves dredged among the Louisiade Islands in this

region of depth were mostly known forms, such as Conus betulinus, Oliva

sanguinolenta, Mitra exasperata, Terebra maculata, consors and labiata;

these were all taken in less than six fathoms water.

The bivalves of this region were but few. In the South Australian

province species of Mactra, Psammobia, Venus, Tapes and Pecten, all

peculiar, were taken. This is the region of the peculiar genus Myadora,

of which five species were dredged on sand in 6 fathoms at Port Jackson,

along with Myochama anomioides, Trigonia margaritacea, Lima bullata, and

Cardium radiatum. In the North-east Australian province we have species

of Donax, Mactra and Corbula, all apparently new, from the shallower

localities; Corbula tunicata, Pectunculus tenuicostatus, and another,

from 8 to 11 fathoms, off Cumberland Islands; species of Arca,

Pectunculus, Avicula, Pecten, Venus, Circe, Cardium, Cardita, and

Erycina, mostly new, from 15 to 17 fathoms in a sandy and shelly bottom

off Cape Capricorn.

CORALLINE ZONE.

Some dredgings in both North and South-eastern provinces, in depths

between twenty-seven and forty-five fathoms, give a slight idea of the

fauna of this important region. In the South-eastern province we find in

forty and forty-five fathoms on a muddy bottom in Bass Strait, Turritella

sinuata, Trochus nebulosus, a Pleurotoma, an Emarginula, a Dentalium, two

species of Cardita, a Cypricardia, a Venus, a Nucula, and Pectunculus

holosericeus. In the North-eastern province we find off Cumberland Island

in 27 fathoms, also on a muddy bottom, species of Murex, Nassa,

Turritella, Ranella pusilla, a Fusus, Cancellaria antiquata, a Terebra,

two Dentalia, a Natica, a Terebellum, a Scalaria, a Cardium, a Venus, a

Nucula, a Pecten, and a Spondylus.

It is evident from the comparative paucity of undescribed species

procured in the Littoral zone and the large proportion of new or doubtful

forms among those taken by the dredge, that a rich harvest has yet to be

reaped in the deeper regions of the southern seas. In the lower zones,

however, just as much as in the upper, the distinctions of province are

maintained. The explanation of this complete separation of the

South-eastern marine fauna of Australia from that of the North-eastern or

Indo-Pacific portion, may be explained by reference to the distribution

of currents along the Australian shores. In both, as in the Bathymetrical

regions of the South Atlantic, the Testacea of the depths are generally

smaller and less brightly coloured than those inhabiting the shallows.

During this voyage notes of the habitats of considerably more than a

thousand species of Mollusca and Echinodermata were carefully registered.

2. ENUMERATION OF TERRESTRIAL PULMONIFEROUS MOLLUSCA AS YET NOTICED IN

AUSTRALIA.

The following Catalogue is founded on the monograph of Helicidae by Dr.

Pfeiffer. To the species therein described are added certain new ones,

announced by Pfeiffer since the publication of his work, and others,

recorded for the first time in this volume. It will be seen that a great

part of the Australian land-shells is as yet unfigured. The exact

localities of not a few have to be determined; a precise record was kept

of the place and circumstances under with each was found during the

voyage of the Rattlesnake. From all we yet know the genus Helix is fairly

represented in New Holland, and presents some very remarkable and

peculiar forms; Bulimus has but few, and those (with the sole exception

of B. atomatus) not remarkable Australian members; a single Pupa, closely

resembling one of our commonest European species, is the only recorded

Australian one; and a very remarkable addition to the terrestrial

conchology of the southern hemisphere has been made in a Balea of a type

unlike any other member of the genus.

HELIX.

1. H. falconari, Reeve. (Conch. Syst. t. 163, f. 4).

Locality: Bellingen River, in the brushes (Macgillivray).

2. H. irradiata, Gould.

Locality: New South Wales.

3. H. australis, Menke.

Locality: Swan River.

4. H. georgiana, Quoy and Gaimard.

Locality: King George's Sound.

5. H. novae hollandiae, Gray.

Locality: Macquarie River.

6. H. jervisensis, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage Astr. 2 t. 10, f 26-30).

Locality: Jervis Bay (Quoy and Gaimard). Brisbane Water, under logs in

dry, stony, and scrubby ground (Macgillivray).

7. H. subgranosa, Le Guillou.

Locality: North Australia.

8. H. capillacea, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 82, f. 5).

Locality: Port Jackson (Ferussac).

9. H. jacksoniensis, Gray.

Locality: Port Jackson. May not this be H. nitida introduced ?

10. H. walkeri, Gray.

Locality: New Holland.

11. H. gilberti, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Darling Downs, East Australia (Gilbert). Brisbane Water, under

logs in the brushes (Macgillivray).

12. H. splendidula, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, ed. 2nd, t. 85, f. 1-3.)

Locality: Eastern Australia, near Torres Strait (Ince). Blackwood Bay,

and Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)

13. H. ziczac, Gould.

Locality: New South Wales.

14. H. grayi, Pfeiffer.

Locality: East Australia.

15. H. macrodon, Menke. (Fer. as M. duclosiana. Hist. t. 51 A, f. 6).

Locality: New Holland.

16. H. vitracea, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 64, f. 5).

Locality: New Holland ? (Beck).

17. H. lessoni, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Under bark of Eucalypti, coming out after rain, at Port Curtis

(Macgillivray).

18. H. tortulus, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 27, f. 3, 4).

Locality: New Holland. Port Essington and North-West coast of Australia

(Brit. Mus.)

19. H. Dringi, Pfeiffer.

Locality: East Coast of Australia, near Torres Strait (Dring).

20. H. sinclairi, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Van Diemen's Land (Sinclair).

21. H. semicastanea, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, t. 56, f. 3-5).

Locality: "Unknown, probably New Holland," Pfeiffer.

22. H. bipartita, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 75 A, f. 1).

Locality: At the roots of trees and bushes in Lizard Island, and at Cape

York (Macgillivray). Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)

23. H. pomum, Pfeiffer. (Phil. Icon. Helix, t. 2. f. 8).

Locality: Port Essington, about roots of trees (Macgillivray). This

appears to be H. sphaeroidea, Le Guillou (H. urvillei, Homb. et Jacq.

Voyage au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 3, f. 1-3) of which Pfeiffer remarks, "an

varietas praecedentis?"

24. H. janellei, Le Guillou.

Locality: North Australia.

25. H. leptogramma, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Cygnet Bay, in North Australia (Ince).

26. H. incei, Pfeiffer. (Phil. Icon. Helix, t. 7, f. 3).

Locality: Percy Isles, under bark; Port Molle, and Keppel's Isles, in

hollow trees (Macgillivray).

27. H. prunum, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 26, f. 7, 8).

Locality: Australia ?

28. H. pelodes, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, t. 58, f. 6, 7).

Locality: Port Essington, on trunks of melaleuca trees (Macgillivray).

29. H. pedestris, Gould.

Locality: New South Wales.

30. H. similaris, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 25 B, f. 1-4).

Locality: Under decaying logs in the Frankland Isles, chiefly dead

(Macgillivruy). This species appears to be most widely diffused. It is

recorded from the West lndies and Brazil, Java, the Seychelles and

Mauritius, and Bengal and China! This is the first announcement of it as

an Australian shell. Does it make its way about on floating timber?

31. H. delessertiana, Le Guillou (H. torresii, Homb. et Jacq. Voyage au

Pole Sud. Moll. t. 4, f. 24-27).

Locality: Warrior Island, Torres Strait (Le Guillou, etc.) Nogo Island,

Endeavour Strait, at roots of grass (Macgillivray).

32. H. gulosa, Gould.

Locality: New South Wales.

33. H. tuckeri, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, Helix, t. 79, f. 10-12).

Locality: Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday Island

(Macgillivray). The original recorded habitat was Sir Charles Hardy's

Islands, where also Mr. Macgillivray round it in 1844. As Pfeiffer

suspects, H. cyclostomata of Le Guillou (H. strangulata, Homb. et Jacq.

Voyage au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 6, f. 1-4), is this species; from Warrior

Island, Torres Strait.

34. H. cunninghami, Gray. (Griffith, An. Kingd. t. 36, f. 4).

Locality: Darling Downs, New South Wales (Macgillivray); brushes near

Wide Bay (Strange).

35. H. taranaki, Gray. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2, t. 75, f. 4, 5).

Locality: Possession Island, Torres Strait (Ince).

The following are not enumerated as Australian in the first edition of

Pfeiffer's Monograph:

36. H. strangei, Pfeiffer.

Locality: At Brisbane Water, New South Wales, under logs in the brushes

(Macgillivray).

37. H. dupuyana, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, Helix, t. 124, f. 15, 16).

Locality: Bellingen River, in the brushes (Macgillivray).

38. H. pachystyla, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Facing Island, Port Curtis; Dunk Island; Cape Upstart, at roots

of bushes; Wide Bay, under bark of Eucalyptus resinifera (Macgillivray).

This fine species was originally recorded as a native of New Zealand; was

not the supposed habitat a mistake?

39. H. yulei, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 6).

Locality: Port Molle (Macgillivray).

40. H. iuloidea, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 4).

Locality: Port Molle (Macgillivray).

41. H. ptycomphala, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Roots of trees among dead leaves at Cape Upstart

(Macgillivray).

42. H. dunkiensis, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 7.)

Locality: Dunk Island (Macgillivray).

43. H. macgillivrayi, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 3, f. 1).

Locality: Frankland Isles (Macgillivray).

44. H. franklandiensis, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 2).

Locality: Frankland Isles and Lizard Island (Macgillivray).

45. H. inconspicua, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 3).

Locality: Islet in Trinity Bay (Macgillivray).

46. H. brevipila, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2, Helix t. 124, f. 28-30).

Locality: Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday Island

(Macgillivray).

47. H. fraseri, Gray. (Beechey's Voyage Zool. t. 38, f. 6).

Locality: Wide Bay and Clarence River, New South Wales, in the scrubs

(Macgillivray). The true locality of this species--first given by

Beck--is thus verified.

48. H. gaertneriana, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Night Island, on trunks and branches of a Bombax

(Macgillivray).

49. H. sericatula, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Port Jackson (Strange).

BULIMUS.

1. B. faba, Martyn. (Reeve Conch. Syst. t. 175, f. 13, 14).

Locality: Australian Isles ? A Polynesian species.

2. B. tuckeri, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Inhabits most of the islands on the North-East coast of

Australia. Among dead leaves at the roots of trees and bushes in Fitzroy,

Sunday, and Lizard Islands, and at roots of grass in Sir Charles Hardy's

Islands (Macgillivray).

3. B. dufresnii, Leach. (Fer. Hist, t. 3. f. 1-3).

Locality: Van Diemen's Land. Under logs and stones (Macgillivray).

4. B. atomatus, Gray. (Reeve Conch. Icon. Bulimus, t. 30, f. 184).

Locality: New South Wales (Macgillivray). Western Australia (Brit. Mus.)

5. B. kingii, Gray. (Wood, Suppl. t. 7, f. 27).

Locality: Bald Head, King George Sound (King).

6. B. trilineatus, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage Astr. 2, t. 9, f. 1-3).

Locality: Bald Head, King George Sound (Quoy and Gaimard). "Varietas

praecedentis esse videtur." Pfeiffer.

7. B. rhodostomus, Gray.

Locality: New Holland ?

8. B. indutus, Menke.

Locality: Darling Range and Mount Eliza, Swan River (Priess).

9. B. melo, Quoy and Gaimard. Voyage Astr. 2 t. 9, f. 4-7.)

Locality: Bald Head, King George's Sound (Quoy and Gaimard).

10. B. bulla, Menke.

Locality: Darling Range, Western Australia (Priess.)

11. B. inflatus, Lamarck. (Delessert Recueil. t. 28, f. 1).

Locality: New Holland (Lamarck.) New Zealand (Beck).

12. B. obtusus, Reeve. (Conch. Icon. t. 79, f. 583).

Locality: Australia.

PUPA.

1. P. pacifica, Pfeiffer.

Locality: "Sir Charles Hardy's Islands (Tucker)," Pfeiffer--where Mr.

Macgillivray also found it about roots of grass and bushes in 1844. Under

dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday Island, and Lizard Island

(Macgillivray).

BALEA.

1. B. australis, Forbes. (Voyage Ratt1esnake, t. 2, f. 9).

Locality: Port Molle (Macgillivray).

VITRINA.

1. V. cuvieri, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 9, f. 8, and t. 9 A, f. 1, 2).

Locality: Australia.

2. V. freycineti, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 9 A, f. 3, 4, 9, and t. 9 B, f. 2).

Locality: Port Jackson.

3. V. robusta, Gould.

Locality: East coast of New Holland.

4. V. nigra, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage Astr. 2 t. 11, f. 8, 9).

Locality: Port Western and King George Sound (Quoy and Gaimard).

5. V. strangei, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Under logs in the brushes at Brisbane Water, New South Wales

(Macgillivray).

6. V. verreauxii, Pfeiffer.

Locality: Australia (Verreaux).

SUCCINEA.

1. S. australis, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 11, f. 11).

Locality: Australian Isles. Van Diemen's Land (Quoy and Gaimard). Mount

Eliza, Swan River (Priess, apud Menke).

HELICINA.

1. H. gouldiana, Forbes. (Voyage Ratt1esnake, t. 3, f. 3).

Locality: In the Two Isles on the North-East coast of Australia

(Macgillivray).

1. P. bilinguis, Pfeiffer.

Locality: About roots of trees among leaves at Cape York (Macgillivray).

Blackwood Bay, and Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)

2. P. thomsoni, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 3, f. 2).

Locality: Fitzroy Island (Macgillivray).

CYCLOSTOMA.

1. C. australe, Gray.

Locality: New Holland.

2. C. vitreum, Less. (Sowerby, Thes. Conch. t. 30, f. 252).

Locality: Dunk Island, Frankland Isles, Green Island, on leaves and

trunks of trees (Macgillivray). New Ireland (Hinds).

3. C. bilabre, Menke.

Locality: East coast of New Holland (Lehmann).

4. C. fimbriatum, Lamarck. (Delessert Receuil. t. 29, f. 12).

Locality: New Holland.

5. C. multilabris, Lamarck. (Delessert Receuil. t. 29, f. 14).

Locality: New Holland. Sowerby considers this to be a monstrosity (of

what?)

...

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF S0ME NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS, DISCOVERED DURING THE

VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE.

Relu brumeriensis. Tab. 2 fig. 1. a, b.

Testa imperforata, globosa-conoidea, crassa, laevigata (sub lente

granulato-striata) alba, ad aperturam nigra; spira obtusa, conoidea;

anfractus 4, convexiusculi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus basi

subcompressus; apertura per-obliqua, oblonga, intus alba; peristoma late

reflexum, nigrum. Diam. maj. 28, min. 23, alt. 23, millem. (Mus. Brit.)

This remarkable shell resembles a dwarf H. haemastoma in shape; it is of

a porcelain white except at the aperture, which has a broad reflexed lip

of a deep brown-black hue, both within and without. It is a very

interesting species, indicative of the Indian affinities of the New

Guinea fauna. A single specimen was taken in August 1849, on a breadfruit

tree in Brumer Island, South-East coast of New Guinea.

Helix divisa. Tab. 2 fig. 5. a, b.

Testa obtecte perforata, lenticulari-depressa, orbicularis, carinata,

crassiuscula, superne fulva, radiato-striata, minutissime granulata,

carina acuta, superne subcrenulata, basi convexa, nitidissima,

griseo-albida, radiatim substriata ad umbilicum declivens; spira

convexiuscula; anfractus 5, planulati; apertura angulato-lunaris, intus

margaritacea; peristoma simplex, basi incrassatum, ad columellam

expansiusculum. Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 11, mill. (Mus. Brit.)

A Helix of the Caracolla section, allied to the C. panayensis of

Broderip. Found on the ground at the roots of trees, in the South-East

Island of the Louisiade Archipelago.

Helix louisiadensis. Tab. i. fig. 8. a, b.

Testa imperforata, globoso-turbinata, solidiuscula, sub lente rugosa,

albida, fasciis variis purpureo-fuscis ornata; spira conoidea, rubescens;

anfrac. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus magnus, paululum deflexus; apertura

ovata, intus nitide livida, peristoma expansum, reflexum, sordide

violaceum, margine externo sinuato, columellari incrassato, dilatato,

subsulcato. Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt. 20, mill. (Mus. Brit.)

This remarkable snail has a tendency towards a trochi-form contour. The

ground colour appears as a white band on the body whorl marking its most

prominent portion just below the centre. The sinuation of the outer lip

and impression of the whorl behind the peristome, give a slightly ringent

aspect to the mouth. It is very distinct from any known species; its

affinities are more with Australian than with Philippine forms. It was

taken on a tree in the South-East Island of the Louisiade Archipelago.

Helix yulei. Tab. n. fig. 6. a, b.

Testa profunde umbilicata, depresso-globosa, solida, striata, sub

epidermide fulvo-alba, fasciis castaneis cingulata; spira sub-depressa,

obtusa; anfractus 6 convexiusculi; apertura subcircularis; peristoma

nigrum, expansum, margine basali reflexo, columellari dilatato, umbilicum

subtegente. Diam. maj. 37, min. 27, alt. 25, mill. (Mus. Brit.)

This handsome species is of a rich fulvous hue, with dark chestnut bands

and a deep chestnut umbilicus, partly covered by the reflexion of the

nearly black lip. It is allied to the H. incei, a well known north-east

Australian species. It was found in hollow trees, and under logs and

stones at Port Molle, in the same region.

Helix macgillivrayi. Tab. 3 fig. 1.

Testa imperforata, trochiformis, carinata, striis minutis spiralibus

ornata, pallide fusco-carnea, punctis nigris albo-occellatis sparsa;

spira conica; anfractus 6 planati, ultimus carinatus, basi subplanatus;

apertura oblique oblonga, intus brunnea, margine externo bisinuato;

peristoma album, incrassatum, infra reflexum; columella basi rufescens.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, alt. 21, mill. (Mus. Brit. and Geol.)

Of all Australian Helices, this is perhaps the most curious. Its outline

and aspect are singularly like those of a Trochus of the Ziziphinus

group. The colour is also very singular, being a yellowish flesh hue

deepening on the base to rich brownish-yellow, and speckled irregularly

with minute black dots which are areolated with white, the white ring

being largest on the side towards the mouth. The fine striae that

encircle the body are also very curious. The outer lip of the aperture

seems as if it had been dented in two places. Behind the white thickened

peristome, intemaily is a dark brown band, which is seen through the

shell as a dark blackish green stripe. The edge of the outer lip declines

to join the body whorl a little below the keel. It was found on trunks

and branches of trees in the Frankland Isles.

Helix dunkiensis. Tab. 2 fig. 7. a, b.

Testa umbilicata, depresso-globosa, subcarinata, solida, radiato striata

et subtilissime granulata, flavida; spira late depressa, convexiuscula,

apice obtusa; anfractus 6 convexiusculi, ultimo obsolete carinato;

apertura lunaris, intus alba; peristoma superne rectum, margine basali

margine columellarique sub-reflexis, umbilicus profundus, conspicuus, vix

obtectus. Diam. maj. 24, min. 21, alt. 16, mill. (Mus. Brit.)

This snail strikingly resembles some Illyrian forms. It has affinities

with H. coriaria, a species said to be from Ceylon. It was taken under

stones and about roots of trees in Dunk Island, on the North-East coast

of Australia.

Helix franklandiensis. Tab. 2 fig. 2. a, b.

Testa aperte-umbilicata, tumido-depressa, nitidissima, superne radiatim

striata, cornea, fasciis angustis transversis distantibus fulvis; spira

angusta; anfractus 5 planiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, antice vix

descendentes; apertura rotundata; peristoma simplex, vix acutum, rectum,

margine columellari non reflexo. Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt. 14 mill.

(Mus. Brit.)

This beautiful snail is of a brightly shining yellowish or greenish horn

colour. The whorls of its spire are small, but the body whorl, whilst

preserving a wide diameter throughout, gradually increases in

trumpet-like manner to the round mouth. It belongs to the same group with

H. olivetorum and H. nitida, and is allied to the Australian H.

ptycomphala. It occurs about the roots of trees in the Frankland and

Lizard Islands.

Helix iuloidea. Tab. 2 fig. 4. a, b, c, d.

Testa late et perspective umbilicata, orbicularis, superne depressa seu

subconcava, rufo-cornea, regulariter costulata; anfractus 4 1/2

convexiusculi, ultimus tumidus, rotundatus; apertura lunaris; peristoma

simplex, acutum. Diam. maj. 4 1/2, min. 4, alt. 3 mill. (Mus. Brit. &

Geol.)

This curious little snail, resembling a rolled-up Iulus, and reminding us

of our own H. rotundata and its allies, was found under a stone at Port

Molle.

Helix inconspicua. Tab. 2 fig. 3. a, b, c.

Testa perforata, depresso-convexa, laevigata, nitidiuscula, pallide

cornea, basi subcompressa; anfractus 6, planiusculi; spira obtusa;

apertura lunaris; peristoma rectum, simplex, margine columellari reflexo:

umbilicus minutus, subobtectus. Diam. maj. 8--min. 7--alt. 5 mill. (Mus.

Brit.)

A very inconspicuous ordinary-looking little shell, its upper surface

recalling the aspect of H. alliaria but with more convexity and no

lustre, and its base that of H. crystallina. It was found, apparently

gregarious, under dead leaves in an islet in Trinity Bay.

Balea australis. Tab. 2 fig. 9. a, b.

Testa dextrorsa, rimata, subcylindracea, turrita, decollata, dense

capillaceo-costulata, corneo-lutea, maculis obscuris flavidis; sutura

impressa; anfractus 11, convexiusculi; apertura pyriformis, columella

triplicata, plica inferior maxima, conspicua, elevata, acuta, spiralis;

peristoma continuum, solutum. Long. 18--Diam. 4--Apert 4 mill. (Mus.

Brit. & Geol.)

This very remarkable shell, the first of its genus discovered in

Australia, differs from all its congeners. It has exactly the aspect of a

Clausilia, but the mouth is not furnished with a clausium. It was found

under stones at Port Molle.

Pupina grandis. Tab. 2 fig. 10. a, b, c, d.

Testa ovato-subcylindrica, superne laevigata, inferne rugulosa,

sordide-rufa; spira obtusa; anfractus 6, secundus tumidus, obliquus,

ultimus super aperturam planatus; apertura rotundata; peristoma laete

aurantiacum, rimatum, crassum, dorsaliter canaliculatum, infra

columellari, profunde sinuatum et in canali contorto excavatum; canalis

alter minutus ad partem superiorem et externam aperturae; callus

columellaris expansus, appressus. Long. 30, Diam. 15, Apert. 7 mill.

(Mus. Brit. & Geol.).

This, the giant of its genus, is perhaps the most remarkable land-shell

discovered during the voyage. It differs from all other Pupinae in having

an unpolished surface. It was found in the South-East Island of the

Louisiade Archipelago, under dead leaves chiefly about the roots of

trees.

Pupina thomsoni. Tab. 3 fig. 2. a, b.

Testa ovata, polita, nitidissima, translucens, hyalina, solidiuscula;

spira obtusa; anfractus 5, duo ultimi majores; apertura orbicularis;

peristoma album, crassum, solutum, canalibus duobus interruptum; canalis

superior ad partem superiorem et externam aperturae, inferior major,

basalis, marginibus disjunctis et in dorsum anfractus prolongatis. Long.

7 1/2, diam. 4 1/2, apert. 2 mill. (Mus. Brit.)

This remarkable and beautiful little Pupina is most nearly allied to the

P. bilinguis of Cape York. From that species (which is larger) it

differs, however, very materially, most especially in the position of the

inferior or basal canal of the aperture which is here placed like the

canal of a whelk, but in P. bilinguis is very small and placed high up,

cutting as it were the columella. The curious manner in which the margins

of the canals are prolonged on the back of the body whorl like parallel

and somewhat diverging walls is also a singular feature of this species,

which is dedicated to Dr. Thomson, surgeon of the Rattlesnake, and an

excellent botanist. It was found among dead leaves at the roots of trees

in Fitzroy Island.

Helicina stanleyi. Tab. 3 fig. 4. a, b.

Testa lenticularis, superne inferneque convexa, orbicularis, acute

carinata, fusco-carnea, spiraliter striata; spira obtusa; anfractus 4 1/2

leviter convexiusculi; basis imperforata, centraliter laevigata, alba;

apertura oblique sublunata, angulata; peristoma simplex, tenue. Diam.

maj. 6 1/2, min. 6, alt. 5 mill. (Mus. Brit.)

Found on the leaves and trunks of trees and bushes (especially Scaevola

koenigii) in the Duchateau Isles, Louisiade Archipelago. Dedicated to the

late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N.

Helicina louisiadensis. Tab. 3 fig. 5. a, b.

Testa depresso-globosa, superne inferneque convexa, orbicularis, obsolete

sub-angulata, pallide aurantiaca, sub lente spiraliter striata; spira

obtusa; anfractus 4 1/2, vix convexiusculi; basis imperforata,

centraliter sub-impressa; apertura lunata, inferne subangulata; peristoma

incrassatum, aurantiacum, reflexum. Diam. maj. 4 1/2, min. 4, alt. 3

mill. (Mus. Brit.)

On Round Island in Coral Haven, Louisiade Archipelago, under stones. This

pretty little Helicina is nearly allied to some Philippine species.

Helicina gouldiana. Tab. 3 fig. 3. a, b.

Testa depresso-globosa, superne sub-conica, orbicularis, obsolete

subangulata, flava seu rufa, spiraliter striata; spira prominens;

anfractus 5, planati; basis imperforata; apertura sub-lunata, inferne

angulata; peristoma incrassatum, subreflexum, album. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5

1/4, alt. 4 1/2 mill. (Mus. Brit.)

Under the bark of Mimusops kaukii, in the Two Isles, on the North-East

coast of Australia. Dedicated to the indefatigable illustrator of

Australian ornithology.

Ranella pulchella. Tab. 3 fig. 6. a, b.

Testa turrita, utroque alata, acute-caudata, alba; anfractus tumidi,

spiraliter striati, longitudinaliter noduloso-costati, costis crebris,

lateraliter varicosi, varices compressi, aliformes, crenulati, striati,

ad margines crenati; apertura ovato-rotunda, inferne longe-caudata;

peristoma solutum. Long. 20, diam. 14, apert. 4 mill. (Mus. Brit.)

This beautiful shell was dredged in from 8 to 11 fathoms water, on a

bottom of sand and shells between Cumberland Island 1.i, and Point Slade

(Latitude 21 degrees South Longitude 149 degrees 20 minutes East).

The spiral striae that cross its whorls are grouped in pairs; their

interstices are raised, and more or less finely crenulated; as they pass

out on the expanded and wing-like varices they diverge, and the lobe-like

projections that scallop the margins of the wings are separated from each

other by each pair of diverging striae. The fine ribs that cross the

whorls are not present on the wings, nor on the back; they are nodulated

at their decussation with the raised striae. The wing-like varices of the

whorls overlap each other alternately on each side of the shell. The only

species to which it has affinity is the R. pulchra.

Scalaria jukesiana. Tab. 3 fig. 7.

Testa lanceolato-turrita, gracilis, alba, laevis, nitida,

longitudinaliter costata, costis lamellosis, reflexis, simplicibus,

nnmerosis (in ult. anfrac. 20); anfractus 11, tumidi; sutura profunde

impressa; varices nulli; apertura orbicularis, margine laevi. Long. 13,

Diam. max. 14, apert 3 mill. (Mus. Brit.)

This beautiful little Scalaria is deserving of particular notice on

account of the analogy and representation which it exhibits with the S.

clathratulus of the seas of the Northern Hemisphere. It is dedicated to

the author of the Voyage of the Fly.

New Genus--MACGILLIVRAYIA, Forbes.

Shell spiral, dextral, globular, thin, corneous, transparent (in the only

known species smooth or marked by obscure lines of growth) imperforate;

spire not produced (with a sinistral nucleus ?). Aperture oblong, entire,

angulated below; peristome incomplete, thin, even-edged.

Operculum semicircular, horny, thin, composed of concentric layers with

faint traces of a spiral structure at the centro-lateral nucleus, which

is on the columellar side; from it there runs a strait rib or process

continued nearly to the outer margin, and indicated externally by a

depression or groove.

Animal ample, provided with four very long and rather broad linear rugose

(or ciliated ?) tentacula; mantle produced into a long siphon; foot very

large, expanded, truncate in front, bearing the operculum near its

posterior extremity, but not accompanied by filamentous processes or

lobes. A float. (Mus. Brit. and Geol.)

This very remarkable mollusk was taken in the towing net off Cape Byron,

on the east coast of Australia, in latitude 28 degrees 40 minutes South,

fifteen miles from the shore. It was floating and was apparently

gregarious. Mr. Macgillivray states that it is furnished with a float in

the manner of Ianthina. The largest specimens measure rather less than

two lines in diameter. The shell is of a yellow horn colour (as is also

the operculum) thin and transparent. It bears a striking resemblance to

our much more minute Jeffreysia opalina. The four tentacula and the form

of the very peculiar operculum also seem to indicate considerable

affinity with the genus Jeffreysia of Alder, and an examination of the

remains of the tongue extracted from a dried specimen showed an

arrangement and form of the lingual denticles very closely resembling

that exhibited by Jeffreysia. On the other hand, the very distinct and

long siphonal tube delineated in Mr. Macgillivray's drawing, taken when

the animal was alive, would seem to refer this genus to some family

probably near to Cancellaridae. It is certainly entirely distinct in

every respect from any known Gasteropod. It is a form of very great

interest to the geologist, for in it we see the nearest representation of

certain palaeozoic (especially Lower Silurian) univalves hitherto

referred to Littorina, but which, judging from their associates and the

indications afforded by the strata in which they are found, were

assuredly either inhabitants of deep water or floaters in a great ocean

like the Pacific.

I have dedicated this most interesting creature to my friend Mr.

Macgillivray, its discoverer, whose researches have been productive of so

much new and valuable contributions to all departments of zoological

science.

I have named the species M. pelagica. Tab. 3 fig. 8. a, b, c, d. (Mus.

Brit. and Geol.)

New Genus--CHELETROPIS, Forbes.

Shell spiral, turbinate, dextral, imperforate, spirally ridged or

double-keeled and transversely wrinkled; spire prominent, its nucleus

sinistral; aperture ovate, canaliculated below, its outer margin

furnished with two claw-like lobes, the one central and formed by a

prolongation of the margin between the keels of the body whorl, the other

smaUer and nearer the canal; peristome thickened, reflexed, forming a

conspicuous margin.

Operculum none ?

Animal unknown, but certainly floating, and probably pteropodous. This I

infer from its habits, and from the analogy of the shell with Spirialis.

(Mus. Brit. & Geol.)

The only known species, C. huxleyi (dedicated to Mr. Huxley, Assistant

Surgeon of the Rattlesnake, and now eminent for the admirable anatomical

researches among marine invertebrata which he conducted during the

voyage) is very minute, being not more than the 1/24th of an inch in

diameter. It is translucent and of a brownish-white hue. Its aspect is

that of a Turbo in miniature. The whorls are tumid, the spire prominent;

the body whorl is belted by two prominent keels, one of which is

continued on the whorls of the spire: between, above, and below these

keels are transverse membranous raised ridges, which in the central

division of the body whorl are curved forwards. This curvature

corresponds with the projection of the curious incurved claw-like lobe

that proceeds from thc central portion of the lower lip. Towards the base

of the aperture is a second and similar but smaller lobe, below which is

the short but broad and well-marked canal. The entire lip is marginated

by the thickened and reflected peristome. I believe this curious floating

shell will throw some light on the true nature and habits of several

palaeozoic types. It was taken in the towing net, gregarious, in the sea

off Cape Howe, the south-east corner of Australia. Tab. 3 fig. 9. a, b.

CONTENTS OF PLATES OF NEW SHELLS.

Tab. 2.

Fig. 1. Helix brumeriensis.

Fig. 2. Helix franklandiensis.

Fig. 3. Helix inconspicua.

Fig. 4. Helix iuloides.

Fig. 5. Helix divisa.

Fig. 6. Helix yulei.

Fig. 7. Helix dunkiensis.

Fig. 8. Helix louisiadensis.

Fig. 9. Balea australis.

Fig. 10. Pupina grandis.

Tab. 3.

Fig. 1. Helix macgillivrayi.

Fig. 2. Pupina Thomsoni.

Fig. 3. Helicina gouldiana.

Fig. 4. Helicina stanleyi.

Fig. 5. Helicina louisiadensis.

Fig. 6. Ranella pulchra.

Fig. 7. Scalaria jukesiana.

Fig. 8. Macgillivrayia pelagica.

Fig. 9. Cheletropis huxleyi.

...

APPENDIX 6.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF ANNULOSA COLLECTED BY MR.

MACGILLIVRAY DURING THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. RATTLESNAKE, BY ADAM WHITE,

ESQUIRE, F.L.S., ASSISTANT ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH MUSEUM.

Among the very numerous Insects and Crustacea, collected by Mr.

Macgillivray during the voyage of the Rattlesnake, the following have

been selected for illustration; references to and descriptions of some of

the Diptera, Homoptera, and Hemiptera, collected by him, have appeared in

the Catalogues of the British Museum drawn up hy Messrs. Walker and

Dallas, while the names and descriptions of others will appear in

catalogues in preparation. A fine species of the class Crustacea,

discovered by him, has been described and figured in the Illustrated

Proceedings of the Zoological Society. (Cancer [Galene] dorsalis, White.)

INSECTS. COLEOPTERA.

Chrysodema pistor, Laporte and Gory. Buprestidae, t. 6, f. 33.

Habitat: Australia (Cape Upstart). Mr. Macgillivray informs me, that the

specimens of this species were observed by him coming out of a dead tree

(Casuarina).

Pachyrhynchus stanleyanus.* Tab. 4 fig. 1, 2.

(*Footnote. In memoriam Owen Stanley, in classe Britannica Navarchi,

species haec distincta et peculiaris nominatur.)

Pachyrhynchus nigerrimus, maculis parvis squamosis plurimis

viridiscenti-albidis.

Habitat: Pariwara Islands, New Guinea. Four specimens.

Head between the eyes somewhat rugose, some of the rugose punctures with

pale greenish white scales; an abbreviated longitudinal impressed line

down the front. Beak short and thick (somewhat as in Pachyrhynchus

cumingii, Waterhouse). Thorax irregularly and somewhat coarsely

punctured, the sides somewhat wrinkled in front, the punctures scaled, a

triangular depression on the posterior part of thorax, the bottom is

covered with scales, at least in some specimens, and there are three

spots similarly scaled and placed somewhat transversely: the Elytra with

eight to ten punctured lines, running somewhat irregularly, especially

towards the sides, each elytra with ten, twelve, or more spots of scales,

arranged longitudinally in spots on the sides, and largest towards the

end. Underside of the mesothorax and metathorax with many greenish

scales. Legs thick, polished, and with scattered grey hairs proceeding

from the punctures.

I have named this somewhat mourning Pachyrhynchus after Captain Owen

Stanley and his father, the late venerable Bishop of Norwich and

President of the Linnean Society. Both of these gentlemen were fond of

natural history, especially the father, who was a good observer of the

habits of birds. The son, Captain Owen Stanley, was an accurate, though

not very practised draughtsman; and I recollect with pleasure his

pointing out to me, at one of the soirees at Brook Street, a volume of

sketches (coloured) made by him on one of his voyages, in which objects

of natural history were ably introduced. He encouraged natural history

researches.

HYMENOPTERA.

Trigonalys compressus. Smith. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. n. ser. 1. p. ----

pl. 16. f. 2.

Sphex compressa. De Geer. Mem. 3.

Trigonalys bipustulatus. Smith (olim) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 7 1851.

Habitat: Nest of Polistes lanio. Brazil.

Among the Hymenoptera, few genera have created greater dispute than the

anomalous genus Trigonalys of Westwood. Mr. Macgillivray one day brought

to the British Museum the nest of a Brazilian Polistes. My friend, Mr.

Frederick Smith, is well known for his profound knowledge of the

Hymenoptera, Exotic and British, which, though he has studied them ONLY

fourteen years, are better known to him, perhaps, than to any other

living Entomologist; the instant that he looked at the nest, he

exclaimed, "Why, here is Trigonalys!" and certainly a large, black-headed

creature, not very like Polistes, protruded from one of the cells. Mr.

Smith, on the 7th April, 1851, communicated this piece of information to

the Entomological Society of London, and in their Transactions his brief

memoir was lately printed. I cannot do better than give it in Mr. Smith's

own words. Mr. Smith, subsequently to the reading of the paper,

ascertained that the species had been described in the great work of De

Geer, a book of which it would be well to have a condensed new edition.

Mr. Smith says:

"John Macgillivray, Esquire, Naturalist to Her Majesty's Ship

Rattlesnake, lately presented to the British Museum the nest of a South

American species of Polistes, which he says is very abundant at St.

Salvador, where even in the streets it attaches its nest under the eaves

of houses; the species is the Polistes lanio of Fabricius, and in all

probability the Vespa canadensis of Linnaeus; a specimen of the species

is preserved in the Banksian Cabinet. On examining the nest, I found it

consisted as usual of a single comb of cells, having in the centre at the

back a short footstalk, by which the nests are attached in their

position; the comb contained sixty-five cells, the outer ones being in an

unfinished state, whilst twenty-two of the central ones had remains of

exuviae in them, and one or two closed cells contained perfect insects

ready to emerge; about half a dozen of the wasps had the anterior portion

of their bodies buried in the cells, in the manner in which these insects

are said to repose. In one cell I observed the head of an insect

evidently of a different species, it being black and shining. On

extricating it, I discovered it to be a species of Trigonalys; I

subsequently carefully expanded the insect, and it proved to be the

Trigonalys bipustulatus, described by myself in the Ann. and Mag. of

Natural History, volume 7 2nd Series, 1851, from a specimen captured at

Para by Mr. Bates, now in the possession of William Wilson Saunders,

Esquire. The insect was not enveloped in any pellicle, nor had the cell

been closed in any way; the wings were crumpled up at its side, as is

usual in Hymenopterous insects which have not expanded them, proving

satisfactorily that it had never quitted the cell, and that Trigonalys is

the parasite of Polistes.

"This discovery is one of much interest, proving the relationship of the

insect to be amongst the pupivora, to which family it had been previously

assigned by Mr. Westwood, see Volume 3 Ent. Transactions page 270. The

specimen is seven lines in length, entirely black, the head shining, the

thorax and abdomen opaque, and having two white maculae touching the

apical margin of the basal segment above; the wings are smoky, the

antennae broken off. Of one of them I found subsequently seventeen

joints--the perfect insect in the possession of Mr. Saunders having

twenty joints."

LEPIDOPTERA.

Drusilla myloecha, Tab. 4 fig. 3, 4.

This fine butterfly* was found flying in considerable plenty in the woods

of one of the islands of the Louisiade Archipelago; it forms a very

interesting addition to a genus, of which but few species are known, and

is allied to the Drusilla catops of Dr. Boisduval, described and figured

in the Voyage de l'Astrolabe. The upper sides of the wings of the

Drusilla myloecha are of pure white with a silky lustre, the front edge

of the fore wings margined with deep brown both above and below; in the

male there is a slender white line on the upper side running close to the

edge, and extending beyond the middle of it; the two discoidal veins in

the male are brown on the upper side, and the edge of the upper side of

the lower wings is brown. The under side of the lower wings has a dark

brown band at the base, widest close to the attachment of the wing and

narrowing to a large ocellus which it surrounds in the form of a narrow

brown ring; the black ocellus has a very small white pupil with a slight

bluish crescent on the inside, and is surrounded by a fulvous ring; thcre

is a second black ocellus nearer the hind edge than the middle, with a

small white pupil and a wideish fulvous ring, separated from the white of

the wing by a narrow brown ring; head, antennae, legs, and thorax in

front brown; palpi fulvous.

The figures are of the size of nature, and carefully drawn by Mr. Wing.

(*Footnote. Described (but not figured) by Mr. Westwood, in the

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, New Series, Volume 1

page 175 1851, from Mr. M.'s specimens in the British Museum. Mr. W. felt

anxious to describe this striking Drusilla.)

Eusemia mariana, Tab. 4 fig. 5.

E. alis coerulescenti-nigris; anticis albo-fasciatis et maculatis,

posticis croceo-maculatis.*

(*Footnote. Filiae meae "Marian Frances White," speciem hanc pulchram

d.d. descriptor.)

Upper wings black, with a slight bluish tinge; a wide band extends across

the wing before the middle; it is white with a slight yellowish tint, at

the lower edge of the wing it is abruptly narrowed; behind the middle of

the wing, and between it and the tip, are from five to six pale yellowish

white spots, the four or five outermost the smallest, and one or two of

them sometimes obsolete; between the base and the band a narrow bluish

grey line extends across the wing, and behind the band, at an equal

distance, there is another short, waved, bluish grey line running down to

the inner margin. The margins of the band and spots are bluish grey. The

lower wing is narrowly black at the base, with a transverse band of a

king's yellow colour; this is the widest on the inner edge, near its

outer end there is an angular black spot; the apical half of the wing is

black, with numerous king's yellow spots arranged in two lines, two spots

about the middle connected and notched with black. Head, thorax, and base

of abdomen black, rest of abdomen of a king's yellow colour.

Mr. Macgillivray took two specimens of this fine species. One flew on

board when the ship was to the north of Cape Weymouth; the other was

taken at Cape York: the figure is of the natural size.

Cocytia durvillii, Boisd. Monog. des Zygenides, t. 1, fig. 1.

This is an abundant species in the Louisiade Archipelago, flying on shore

in the daytime among trees (as D'Urville remarked it did in New Guinea);

and it frequently came on board the Rattlesnake, even when distant from

the shore two or three miles. It flies heavily like a moth, and is easily

caught. This beautiful insect is one of the finest found by Mr.

Macgillivray. Only three specimens are recorded: those discovered by

Admiral d'Urville, and described by Dr. Boisduval; Mr. M. brought home

two, deposited with the rest of his collection in the British Museum.

CRUSTACEA. MALACOSTRACA: DECAPODA.

Ommatocarcinus macgillivrayi. Tab. 5 fig. 1.

Carapace more than twice as wide as long; the sides in front extended

into a long slightly bent spine. The frontal portion between the pedicles

of the eyes is narrow, much as in Macrophthalmus, it slopes down towards

the mouth, and is deeply notched at the sides for the reception of the

eyes; the fore-edge is doubly notched in the middle, there being a slight

tooth between the emarginations. The epistome not so prominent as the

lower margin of the orbit; the inner antennae, with the basal joint, long

(the others broken off). The eye-pedicles very long and cylindrical,

thickest at the base, slightly bent, somewhat thickened towards the end,

so long, that, when bent back, the eye extends a little beyond the end of

the spine. Mouth formed nearly as in Gonoplax, the third joint of the

jaw-feet wider than long. Abdomen seven-jointed, the first joint scarcely

visible, shaped much as in Gonoplax, but rather wider, the base of the

terminal joint longer than the sides. Anterior legs two and a half times

as long as the Carapace, measuring it from spine to spine, the arm long

and triangular, the upper portion more or less thickly covered with small

papillae, and having a nearly obliterated spine about the middle; the

wrist smooth, roundish, with a large blunt tooth on the inside; hands

somewhat flattened, widest at the base of the claws, with a broad ridge

on the inside, the edge of it rough with small papillae; the upper edge

of hand rough with small papillae; the claws lap over each other at the

tips, and are irregularly toothed on the inside; the fixed claw of the

right hand bent at the base, so as to leave a considerable space when the

other is closed upon it; upper part of arm, hand, and movable claw pretty

thickly spotted with red, epistome orbits and greater part of the upper

surface of carapace spotted with red, sides and hind part of carapace

white; upper edge of the orbit covered with small papillae; a tolerably

prominent ridge extends across the carapace before the middle. Four hind

pairs of legs long, slender, compressed, the upper edges of the second

and third pairs fringed with hairs, as well as the lower edge of the two

terminal joints, the claws long, thin, and somewhat bent.

Habitat: Port Curtis. Shoal water, mudbanks.

This fine Crustacean is allied to Gonoplax and Curtonotus; and being one

of the most prominent species sent home by Mr. Macgillivray, is selected

for description here; the figure is of the size of nature.

Porcellanella triloba. Tab. 5 fig. 2.

Carapace somewhat flattened, the front produced into three large teeth or

lobes; the intermediate the widest and most prominent; the sides of the

outer lobes rounded before the eye; carapace longer than wide, widest a

little behind the insertion of the antennae, the upper surface smooth,

polished, with some transverse scratched lines, which are slight and

irregular, they are most observable in front and on the sides, behind it

is somewhat notched in the middle. External antennae long, longer than

twice the breadth of the carapace, inserted in a sinus behind the eye,

the basal portion formed of three joints, the first projecting beyond the

sides of the carapace, the second wider and longer than the first, third

short and thick at the end; the terminal part of antennae long,

thread-like, and formed of very numerous articulations; the eyes large,

and with a short pedicel. Anterior legs long and smooth, the pincers

overlapping each other at the end, their inner edge rough, scarcely

toothed; from before the base of the inside of the movable claw a

thickish line of hairs extends about halfway down the hands, which bulge,

and are rounded on the inside, but on the outside are straightish or

slightly waved, and rather sharply keeled; the second, third, and fourth

pairs of legs are somewhat compressed, and terminate in claws with four

longish hooks on the inside; posterior pair of legs folded over the back,

narrow, with the second joint somewhat bent upwards.

This curious species was dredged by Mr. Macgillivray off Cape Capricorn,

in latitude 23 degrees 25 minutes South longitude 151 degrees 12 minutes

East in 15 fathoms, the bottom being muddy sand and shells. It is allied

to the species of the second section of the genus Porcellana, as detailed

by Professor Milne Edwards in the second volume of the Histoire Naturelle

des Crustaces, but has characters sufficient to constitute a new

subgenus, to which may be applied the name Porcellanella. The figure

represents it of twice its natural size.

P.S. The figures have been carefully drawn from the originals by Mr.

William Wing, so well known as a Zoological Draughtsman, and will at once

explain my imperfect descriptions.

THE END.

Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. Etc. During the Years 1846-1850. — Volume 2 Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, Etc. to Which Is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. By John Macgillivray, F.R.G.S. Naturalist to the Expedition. · 第 9 / 9 章

Here the plural and dual are represented not by a modification of the