northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to South
Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba. (Ridgw.)
=536a. Alaskan Longspur= (_C. l. alascensis_). Similar to No. 536, but
margins to back feathers much paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in
winter more buffy. _Notes._ Song, uttered on wing as bird with
up-stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tinkling, of same
general character as that of Bobolink, but shorter, less powerful.
(Nelson.)
Range.--Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort
Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western
Kansas. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 553.]
=553. Harris Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia querula_). L. 7.5. _Ads. summer._
Throat and crown black; nape chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white
wing-bars. _Ads. winter._ Throat mottled with white, crown tipped with
grayish. _Notes._ A queer, chuckling note; song of pleasing, plaintive
whistling notes in musical tone like those of No. 558, but delivered
in a different song. (Cooke.)
Range.--Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas;
in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range
unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?); accidental in
British Columbia, Oregon and California.
[Illustration: 565.]
=565. Black-chinned Sparrow= (_Spizella atrogularis_). L. 5.7. Below
slaty gray. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and front of face _black_; rest of
head and underparts slaty gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown
narrowly streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female], Throat with little or no
black; crown washed with brownish. _Yng._ Similar to Ad. [Female], but
never with black on throat; crown more heavily washed with brownish.
_Notes._ Song said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)
Range.--Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from southern
New Mexico and southern California southward; winters south into
Mexico and southern Lower California.
[Illustration: English Sparrow.]
=--English Sparrow= (_Passer domesticus_). L. 6.3. _Ad._ [Male].
Throat and upper breast black; crown _slate_; band behind eye and on
nape chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy
grayish brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a buffy
stripe behind eye. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. but throat and head
tipped with brownish gray. _Notes._ Harsh and discordant.
Range.--Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later dates;
now distributed throughout the greater part of the United States.
[Illustration: 537.]
[Illustration: 537 Winter.]
=537. Smith Longspur= (_Calcarius pictus_). L. 6.6. Hind toe-nail as
long as toe; _two_ outer tail-feathers mostly white. _Ad._ [Male].
_Throat_, _breast_ and belly buff; nape buff; crown and cheeks black;
ear-coverts and line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black
margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish black margined
with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff, sides of breast and flanks
streaked with brown. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but lesser
wing-coverts black and white. _Notes._ Call constantly _chirrup_ as
they fly. (Goss.)
Range.--Middle western United States; breeds in northern British.
America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to
Illinois.
[Illustration: 579.]
=579. Rufous-winged Sparrow= (_Aimophila carpalis_). L. 5.7. Outer
tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish
brown; crown reddish brown or chestnut margined with gray; back
streaked with black and margined with _grayish brown_; below whitish;
_two_ black streaks from either side of the base of the lower
mandible. _Notes._ Call, _zib_, _zib_, _zib_. (Bendire.)
Range.--Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and south
through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 580.]
=580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow= (_Aimophila ruficeps_). L. 4; T. 2.6. No
yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above
reddish brown margined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below,
including middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with black lines.
_Notes._ Song, very sweet, resembling that of Lazuli Bunting, but
distinguishable. (C. A. Allen.)
Range.--Northern Lower California north to Marin County and Sacramento
Valley, California; local.
[Illustration: 580a.]
=580a. Scott Sparrow= (_A. r. scottii_). Similar to No. 580, but above
brighter reddish brown, the margins to the feathers grayer, the
underparts much paler, the breast grayish, the throat and middle of
the belly whitish.
Range.--Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent portions
of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.) (Ridgw.)
=580b. Rook Sparrow= (_A. r. eremA"ca_). L. 6. _Ads._ Crown reddish
chestnut, back olive-brown margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a,
but back of a different color from crown, the grayish margins wider.
Range.--Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and
Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County and
westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico.
(Ridgw.)
=580c. Laguna Sparrow= (_A. r. sororia_). Similar to No. 580a, but
bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown above averaging brighter and
wider.
Range.--Southern Lower California.
[Illustration: 540.]
=540. Vesper Sparrow= (_PoA"cetes gramineus_). L. 6.1. Outer
tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail not longer than toe; _lesser_
wing-coverts reddish brown. _Ads._ Above grayish brown streaked with
black and chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with
black and chestnut. _Notes._ Call, _chip_. Song, loud and musical
_Look-look_, _see-see_, _me-me-me-me-me-me-sing_, followed by a
confusion of notes.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and
Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia
and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.
=540a. Western Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. confinis_). Similar to No. 540,
but paler, less black above; bill somewhat more slender.
Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; breeds
from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and British
Columbia; winters south into Mexico.
=540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. affinis_). Similar to No. 540a,
but smaller, W. 3; bill still more slender; plumage browner, more
buffy; browner even than No. 540, the underparts, including belly,
suffused with buff.
Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?); winters
southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.
[Illustration: 575.]
=575. Pine-woods Sparrow= (_PeucA|a A|stivalis_). L. 5.8; T. 2.5. Bend
of the wing yellow; outer tail-feathers much shorter than the middle
pair. _Ads._ Above reddish chestnut, _head_ and back streaked with
black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast faintly tinged
with buff. _Notes._ Song, exceedingly sweet and plaintive.
Range.--Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida.
=575a. Bachman Sparrow= (_T. A|. bachmanii_). Similar to No. 575, but
above brighter reddish chestnut, black speaks fewer and usually
confined to back; breast and sides deeper buff.
Range.--Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and
southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in
Atlantic States, to southern Florida.
[Illustration: 576.]
=576. Botteri Sparrow= (_PeucA|a botteri_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing
yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads_. Above bright rusty brown
(about the color of a Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with
black and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the belly
whitish. _Notes._ Song, begins with a faint trill followed by a
succession of disjointed syllables, _cha_, _cheewee_, _wee_, _wee_,
_wee_, _wir_. (Henshaw.)
Range.--Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley in
Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 578.]
=578. Cassin Sparrow= (_PeucA|a cassini_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing
yellow, outer tail-feathers shortest, their ends with distinct
_grayish_ patches. _Ads._ Above _gray_ streaked with _dull_ reddish
brown and _spotted_ or _barred_ with black; below grayish white.
_Notes._ Song, lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.
Range.--Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and Arizona
south into Mexico.
[Illustration: 559.]
=559. Tree Sparrow= (_Spizella monticola_). L. 6.3. A black spot in
the center of the breast. _Ads._ Cap reddish brown, no black on head;
two white wing-bars, back streaked black, reddish brown and buff;
below whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish. _Notes._ Call,
a musical, tinkling, _too-lay-it_, song, "a loud, clear and powerful
chant."
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in Labrador
and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina,
Tennessee and Indian Territory.
=559a. Western Tree Sparrow= (_S. m. ochracea_). Similar to No. 559,
but back with much less reddish brown, largely brownish buff streaked
with black.
Range.--Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in Alaska;
winters south to Mexican border.
[Illustration: 560.]
=560. Chipping Sparrow= (_Spizella socialis_). L. 5.3. _Ads._ Crown
reddish chestnut, forehead _blackish_; a black line from eye to nape;
back streaked with black, _reddish brown_ and grayish brown; wing-bars
not conspicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. _Yng._ Crown
like back; cheeks brownish. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical
_chippy_, _chippy_, _chippy_, repeated.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf
States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the Gulf
States and Mexico.
=560a. Western Chipping Sparrow= (_S. s. arizonA|_). Similar to
No. 560, but much grayer above; back with little or no reddish brown.
Range.--Western North America; breeds from Mexican border states to
Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states to southern
Mexico.
[Illustration: 563.]
=563. Field Sparrow= (_Spizella pusilla_). L. 5.6; T. 2.5. Bill
entirely pinkish brown. _Ads._ Crown _reddish_ brown, a gray line over
the eye, a reddish brown stripe from behind it to nape; back _reddish_
brown streaked with black; below whitish, _no_ streaks, breast washed
with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, a
musical whistle, _cher-weA(C)_, _cher-weA(C)-cher-weA(C)_, _cheA(C)-o_,
_dee-e-e-e-e_; with many variations but usually ending in a trill.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, Alabama and
central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and
Illinois to Gulf States.
=563a. Western Field Sparrow= (_S. p. arenacea_). Similar to No. 563,
but much paler above; crown largely grayish; back with but little
reddish brown, breast with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.
Range.--Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South
Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico;
casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 584.]
=584. Swamp Sparrow= (_Melospiza georgiana_). L. 5.8. _Ads._ Forehead
black with a gray median line; crown bright chestnut; below grayish
white; _sides brownish_, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff.
Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line over the eye
sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts deeper in color. _Notes._
Call, a sharp _cheep_; song, a simple _tweet-tweet-tweet_, etc., all
on one note.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and
Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts to
Gulf States.
=542. Sandwich Sparrow= (_Passerculus sandwichensis_). L. 5.7; W. 2.9
A yellow line from the bill passing _over_ the eye; bend of wing
usually tinged with yellow. _Ads._ Above streaked with black, chestnut
and brownish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter), breast and
sides streaked with black, the streaks narrowly margined with
chestnut. _Notes._ Doubtless resemble those of No. 542a.
Range.--Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south
to northern California.
[Illustration: 542a.]
=542a. Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. savanna_). Similar to No. 542, but
smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye shorter and less pronounced;
bill smaller. _Notes._ Call a sharp _tsip_, frequently uttered; song,
a weak, musical little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction,
_tsip_, _tsip_, _tsip_, _sAe"-e-e-s'r-r-r_. (Dwight.)
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri north
to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia and southern
Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.
=542b. Western Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. alaudinus_). Similar to No.
542a, but bill more slender, color averaging paler, the yellow line
not passing _over_ the eye, less evident before it and often wholly
wanting.
Range.--Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra;
breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern
California southward.
=542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow= (_P. s. bryanti_). Similar to No. 542b,
but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much darker, streaks below heavier; yellow
over eye more pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but with
the bill slender as in No. 542b.
Range.--Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey Bay;
winters south to San Pedro (Grinnell); casually to Mexico City.
(Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 543.]
=543. Belding Sparrow= (_Passerculus beldingi_). L. 5; W. 2.5.
_Ads._ Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat smaller, above darker and
with a slight olive caste; underparts more heavily streaked.
Range.--Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, Lower
California, north to Santa Barbara.
[Illustration: 544.]
=544. Large-billed Sparrow= (_Passerculus rostratus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.6.
Bill stout, upper mandible _curved_; no yellow before eye or on bend
of wing. _Ads._ Above grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but
_without_ well-defined streaks; below white, breast and sides streaked
with grayish brown, the streaked feathers centrally blackish.
Range.--Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters
south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.
=544a. St. Lucas Sparrow= (_P. r. guttatus_). Similar to No. 544, but
smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender; upperparts brownish gray with an
_olive tint_ and streaked with darker; similar to No. 544c, but
smaller, upperparts more olive and more widely, but less sharply
streaked.
Range.--Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding range
unknown.
=544b. Lagoon Sparrow= (_P. r. halophilus_). Similar to No. 544a, but
larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on chest with little if any brown
edging; differing from No. 543, in more uniform coloration of
upperparts, in less narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest,
etc.
Range.--Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.
=544c. San Benito Sparrow= (_P. r. sanctorum_). Similar to No. 544,
but bill more slender; above grayer (brownish _gray_) distinctly
streaked with blackish, the streaks margined with brown; below
streaked with _black_, the streaks narrowly margined with brownish.
Range.--Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter to
Cape Region of Lower California.
[Illustration: 545.]
=545. Baird Sparrow= (_Coturniculus bairdii_). L. 5.7. Tail-feathers
pointed, middle ones shortest. _Ads._ Crown yellowish brown, streaked
with black; back black margined with chestnut and grayish; below
whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In fall and winter,
colors richer. _Notes._ Song, "_trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit_,
with a peculiar tinkling utterance."
Range.--Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North Dakota,
eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters south to
Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 546.]
=546. Grasshopper Sparrow= (_Coturniculus savannarum passerinus_).
L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers
pointed. _Ads._ Crown black with a buffy central stripe; nape
_chestnut and gray_; back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy,
unstreaked, belly whiter. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a weak,
insect-like _pit-tuck_, _zee-e-e-e-e-e-e_.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from the
Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters from
North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.
=546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. bimaculatus_). Similar to
No. 546, but paler below and with less black and more chestnut above.
Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds
from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia;
winters south into Mexico.
=546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. floridanus_). Similar to
No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker above, paler below; sides of crown
almost solid black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.
Range.--Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.
[Illustration: 547.]
=547. Henslow Sparrow= (_Ammodramus henslowii_). L. 5. Bend of wing
yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones much the shortest.
_Ads._ Crown and nape pale _olive-green_ streaked with blackish; back
bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray; below white; breast
and sides washed with buff and streaked with black. _Notes._ Call,
_tee-wick_; song, _sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit_. (Jouy.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and
Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota;
winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.
=547a. Western Henslow Sparrow= (_A. h. occidentalis_). Similar to
No. 547, but paler, in summer little or no buff below.
Range.--Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South
Dakota; in winter south to Texas.
[Illustration: 548.]
=548. Leconte Sparrow= (_Ammodramus lecontei_), L. 5. No yellow on
wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer ones much the shortest. _Ads._
Broad line over eye, throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut
and gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and, at the
sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast rarely with a few
streaks. _Notes._ Call, a thin, sharp, _tweet_, and a long-drawn
_bizz_; song, a tiny, husky, _reese_, _reese_. (Seton.)
Range.--"Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from Dakota,
Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in winter,
through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf
States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 533.]
=533. Pine Finch= (_Spinus pinus_). L. 5. Bill sharply pointed; a tuft
of bristly feathers over the nostril; tail slightly forked. _Ads._
Base of tail, of inner wing-feathers and outer edges of primaries
yellow; above brownish; below whitish streaked with black. _Notes._
Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often sung on the
wing as with No. 529, the song of which it resembles.
Range.--North America; breeds from northern boundary states to Alaska;
in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies and
Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to Gulf
states and Lower California.
[Illustration: 541.]
=541. Ipswich Sparrow= (_Passerculus princeps_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Above
_pale_ brownish gray streaked with brown; below white, breast and
sides streaked with _brownish_; spot above eye and bend of wing often
pale sulphur yellow. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 542a.
Range.--Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along
coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.
[Illustration: 549.]
=549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_Ammodramus caudacutus_). L. 5.8.
Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Below
white, breast and sides washed with buff and distinctly _streaked with
black_; nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray; crown
olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; back olive, buff, black
and gray. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical, short, "husky,"
"gasping" effort, uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above
the reeds.
Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire;
winters from North Carolina to Florida.
[Illustration: 549.1.]
=549.1. Nelson Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nelsoni_). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers
pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Similar to No. 549, but breast
and sides much deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks;
upperparts more richly colored. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 549.
Range.--Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and
South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South
Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.
=549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_A. n. subvirgatus_). Similar
to No. 549.1, but breast and sides paler, the former lightly but
distinctly streaked with grayish; upperparts less richly colored.
Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, southern
New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to South
Carolina.
[Illustration: 550.]
=550. Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus maritimus_). L. 6: W. 2.5.
Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones shortest; spot before eye and
bend of wing yellow. _Ads._ Above olive-green and gray (no black);
below white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage, streaked
with buff. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 549.
Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina to
southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.
=550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. peninsulA|_). Similar to No. 550,
but smaller, W. 2.3; above black margined by olive-brown and
olive-green; below whitish, breast and sides heavily streaked with
blackish.
Range.--Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina;
Gulf Coast of Florida.
=550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. sennetti_). Similar to No. 550,
but greener above; the feathers of head and back usually, those of
nape always, with black centres.
Range.--Coast of Texas.
[Illustration: 550c.]
=550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. fisheri_). Similar to No. 550a,
but darker above, the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty buff
and streaked with black.
Range.--Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as Corpus
Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida.
=550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. macgillivraii_). Similar
to No. 550c, but above grayer, less black, breast and flanks but
faintly washed with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer above
than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.
Range.--Local on coast of South Carolina.
[Illustration: 551.]
=551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nigrescens_). L. 5.9. Above
_black_ lightly margined with gray; below white heavily streaked with
black; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. _Notes._ Similar in
character to those of No. 550.
Range.--Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana River
to Haulover Canal.
[Illustration: 583.]
=583. Lincoln Sparrow= (_Melospiza lincolnii_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ _A
broad buff band across the breast_; center of crown with a _gray_
stripe, its sides striped chestnut and black; back grayish brown
streaked with black and chestnut, below streaked with black except on
middle of white belly. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chirp_; song, suggests
bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren combined with rippling music of
the Purple Finch. (Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P.
111.)