Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska;
winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico;
rare east of Alleghanies.
=583a. Forbush Sparrow= (_M. l. striata_). Similar to No. 583, but
browner above, crown-stripe and line over eye more brown than gray.
Range.--Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding
range unknown.
[Illustration: 554.]
=554. White-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia leucophrys_). L. 6.9. No
yellow before eye. _Ads._ White stripe over eye _not_ reaching to
bill; lores black; breast gray, throat but little paler; back _gray_
streaked with brown, rump browner, _Yng._ Black crown-stripes replaced
by chestnut, the white ones by buff; back much browner, no gray.
_Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a plaintive, musical whistle
usually of five or six notes, the first two longest.
Range.--North America; breeds from northern New England and (in the
higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California north
to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern United States
into Mexico.
[Illustration: 554a.]
=554a. Intermediate Sparrow= (_Z. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 544,
but the lores wholly gray or whitish, the white line over the eye
reaching the bill.
Range.--Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern Oregon
northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern Alaska:
winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual in migrations
east to Mississippi River States.
=554b. Nuttall Sparrow= (_Z. l. nuttalli_). Similar to No. 554a, but
smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of back browner, underparts
browner, bend of wing yellow.
Range.--"Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California,
to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro Martir
Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 557.]
=557. Golden-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia coronata_). L. 7.2. _Ad._
[Male]. Center of crown yellow, its sides black; below grayish white,
sides brownish; back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars;
bend of wing yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown like back; its front tinged
with yellow; breast washed with brownish.
Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon south to
northern Lower California.
[Illustration: 558.]
=558. White-throated Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia albicollis_). L. 6.7.
A yellow mark before the eye and on bend of wing. _Ads._ Crown black,
a narrow white stripe through its center and bounded by white _behind_
the eye; throat white sharply defined from _gray_ breast; back
_reddish brown_ streaked with black. _Yng._ Less yellow before eye,
crown browner, its stripe gray; throat grayer, sometimes like breast.
_Notes._ Call, a low _tseep_, and sharp _chink_; song, a musical,
clearly whistled _sow-wheat peverly_, _peverly_, _peverly_; or
_peabody_, _peabody_, _peabody_.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the
Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally); northern New York,
northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West
Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois
south to the Gulf.
[Illustration: 561.]
=561. Clay-colored Sparrow= (_Spizella pallida_). L. 5.4. No reddish
brown. _Ads._ Above grayish _brown_ streaked with black; sides of
crown _largely-black_, a grayish line through its center; sides of
head _brownish_; below white. _Notes._ Song, three notes, and a slight
trill. (Coues.)
Range.--Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies;
breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to
Saskatchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico.
[Illustration: 562.]
=562. Brewer Sparrow= (_Spizella breweri_). L. 5.4. _No_ reddish
brown. _Ads._ Back and _crown_ brownish _gray_, uniformly and narrowly
streaked with black; sides of head _grayish_; below white. Grayer
than No. 561, the sides of the crown _not_ largely black. _Notes._
Call, _chip_; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone that of a
Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Range.--Western United States, from the Rockies to central California;
breeds from Mexican border States north to British Columbia; winters
from southern California south into Mexico.
[Illustration: 574.]
=574. Bell Sparrow= (_Amphispiza belli_). L. 6.1; W. 2.7. _Ads._ Sides
of throat with black streaks; center of breast with black spots; above
grayish _brown_, usually _without_ distinct streaks, no white in tail.
Range.--Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of
Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.
=574a. Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. nevadensis_). Similar to No. 574, but
larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray, usually finely but distinctly
streaked with black; less black at sides of throat, usually a white
stripe _over_ the eye. _Notes._ Call, a chipping twitter; song,
feeble, but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)
Range.--Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and
southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters
south to western Texas and southern California.
=574b. Gray Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. cinerea_). Similar to No. 574, but
paler above, throat-stripes narrower, more interrupted, breast-spot
smaller, both stripes and spot dull grayish instead of blackish.
(Ridgw.)
Range.--Lower California.
[Illustration: 564.]
=564. Worthen Sparrow= (_Spizella wortheni_). Resembles No. 563a,
but sides of head plain gray, no brownish streak behind eye; tail
shorter, 2.5.
Range.--Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern
border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from Tamaulipas
northward. (Ridgw.)
EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
[Illustration: 581.]
=581. Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea melodia_). L. 6.2. _Ads._
Above reddish brown and gray with black streaks; tail with a decided
rufous tinge; black streaks below conspicuously margined with reddish
brown, those of center of breast forming a patch. _Notes._ Call, a
characteristic _chimp_ or _trink_; song, too variable in form to admit
of brief description but unmistakable in tone throughout the whole
group.
Range.--Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia
and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from
southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.
=581b. Mountain Song Sparrow= (_M. c. montana_). Similar to No. 581,
but grayer; reddish brown not so bright; bill smaller.
Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and
including Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon,
southern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas
and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)
=581k. Merrill Song Sparrow= (_M. c. merrilli_). Similar to No. 581b,
but slightly darker and more uniform above, with grayish edgings to
interscapulars and scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker
mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown than black.
(Ridgw.)
Range.--Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in mountains
and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade Mountains, to
northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico. (Ridgw.)
=581j. Dakota Song Sparrow= (_M. c. juddi_). Similar to No. 581, but
above paler, especially line over eye and sides of neck; white below
clearer; interscapulars with black center broader, reddish brown
portions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and more sharply
defined. (Bishop.)
Range.--"Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A.O.U.)
DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
[Illustration: 581a.]
=581a. Desert Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea fallax_). W. 2.5.
Above reddish brown and gray; below white with _reddish brown_
streaks; usually _no black_ in plumage.
Range.--Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada,
southeast California and northwest Lower California and Sonora.
(Ridgw.)
=581g. Brown Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rivularis_). Similar to No. 581a,
but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more slender and more compressed
bill; still less strongly contrasted markings, and duller, less
rufescent colors. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)
CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
[Illustration: 581c.]
=581c. Heermann Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea heermanni_). L. 6.5;
W. 2.5. _Ads._ Above _chestnut_ olive-gray with usually distinct black
streaks; tail _without_ a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below
not conspicuously bordered by rufous.
Range.--Central valleys of California including lower levels of
Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 581f.]
CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
=581m. San Diego Sparrow= (_M. c. cooperi_). Similar to No. 581c, but
slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much lighter and grayer.
Range.--Southern coast district of California north to Monterey Bay,
east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast
district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)
=581d. Samuels Song Sparrow= (_M. c. samuelis_). Similar to No. 581c,
but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more slender.
Range.--Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of San
Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, north, at
least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.)
=581l. Alameda Song Sparrow= (_M. c. pusillula_). Similar to No. 581a,
but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, underparts more heavily streaked,
usually more or less suffused with _yellowish_.
Range.--Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)
=581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow= (_M. c. clementA|_). Similar to
No. 581m, but larger and grayer.
Range.--San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa
Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California.
(Ridgw.)
=581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow= (_M. c. graminea_). Similar to No.
581i, but much smaller, W. 2.4.
Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.
NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.
=581e. Rusty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. morphna_). W. 2.7. _Ads._ Above
without clear gray and _not_ distinctly streaked; prevailing color
dark reddish brown; below _heavily_ streaked with same.
Range.--Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia; south in
winter to southern California.
=581f. Sooty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rufina_). Similar to No. 581e,
but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above and below, underparts more
heavily streaked.
Range.--Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern
Alaska.
=581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow= (_M. c. caurina_). Similar to No. 581f,
bill longer and more slender, color grayer.
Range.--Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat Bay
to Lituya Bay.
=581o. Kenai Song Sparrow= (_M. c. kenaiensis_). Similar to No. 582,
but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker, more sooty, less rufous.
Range.--Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook Inlet
to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)
=581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow= (_M. c. insignis_). Similar to
No. 581o, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer, color grayer.
Range.--Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 582.]
=582. Aleutian Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea_). Similar to No.
581.1, but larger and grayer; largest and grayest bird of group;
L. 8; W. 3.4.
Range.--"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, opposite
Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from
Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 585.]
=585. Fox Sparrow= (_Passerella iliaca_). L. 7.2. Back _streaked_,
gray and reddish brown; tail and spots below bright reddish brown.
_Notes._ Call, a weak _tseep_; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and
joyous.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and
Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf
States.
[Illustration: 585a.]
=585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. unalaschensis_). Back _not_
distinctly streaked, much paler than No. 585; spots below grayish
brown; palest of present group.
Range.--Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook Inlet.
=--Kadiak Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. insularis_). Similar to No. 585a, but
browner above and below; tail nearly same as back; breast spots
larger.
Range.--"Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along the
coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)
=--Sooty Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. fuliginosa_). _Ads._ Above, including
wings and tail, uniform brownish umber, _unstreaked_; below heavily
spotted with same.
Range.--Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington;
south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.)
=--Townsend Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. townsendi_). Similar to _fuliginosa_
but more rufous.
Range.--Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to
northern California. (Ridgw.)
=--Yakutat Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. annectens_). Similar to _townsendi_
but less rufous; very near _fuliginosa_, but not quite so deeply
colored.
Range.--Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound
(to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)
=585b. Thick-billed Sparrow= (_P. i. megarhyncha_). L. 7.3; W. 3.3;
depth of B. at base, .4. _Ads._ Above and spots below _gray_; wings
and tail light brown; bill large. _Notes._ Song, resembles that of
No. 585, but is recognizably different.
Range.--Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. Shasta
southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles County,
California. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 585c.]
=585c. Slate-colored Sparrow= (_P. i. schistacea_). Similar to No.
585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2; depth of B. at base, .35.
Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia;
breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White Mountains in
southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern California and
eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in migrations,
New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada, western Kansas.
(Ridgw.)
=585d. Stephens Sparrow= (_P. i. stephensi_). Similar in coloration to
No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicuously so; W. 3.4; depth of
B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; southern
California. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 674.]
=674. Oven-bird= (_Seiurus aurocapillus_). L. 6.1. _Ads._ No
wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish olive-green; crown
orange-brown bordered by black; below white streaked with black.
_Notes._ Call, a weak _cheep_; song, a crescendo _teacher_ repeated
about five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska;
winters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said
to breed in Bahamas.)
[Illustration: 675.]
=675. Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus noveboracensis_). L. 6; W. 3. A whitish
line over eye; above olive; below pale _sulphur yellow_ heavily
streaked with blackish; _throat spotted_; no wing-bars or
tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chink_; song, a high-pitched,
liquid whistle, _sweet_, _sweet_, _sweet_, _chu-chu-wee chu_. (Jones.)
Also a flight song.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and
northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, and south
along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Florida to
northern South America.
=675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush= (_S. n. notabilis_). Similar to No. 675,
but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts darker, less olive; underparts less
yellow.
Range.--Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western
Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of United
States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United States
southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to Atlantic
States from New Jersey southward.
[Illustration: 676.]
=676. Louisiana Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus motacilla_). L. 6.2. _Ads._
A _white_ line over eye; above grayish olive; below _buffy_ white;
breast and sides streaked; _no_ spots on throat; no wing-bars or
tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, metallic _chink_; song, a sudden
outburst of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to Connecticut,
lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics.
[Illustration: 697.]
=697. American Pipit: Titlark= (_Anthus pensilvanicus_). L. 6.4. Hind
toe-nail much the longest. _Ads._ Outer tail-feather largely white;
next one only tipped with white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly
streaked; underparts rich buff, breast and _sides_ streaked with
blackish. _Yng. and Ads. in Winter._ Less gray above, paler below.
_Notes._ Call, a soft _dee-dee_ usually uttered in flight; a flight
song.
Range.--North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher
parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. Shasta?);
winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States south through
Mexico to Central America.
[Illustration: 700.]
=700. Sprague Pipit= (_Anthus spraguei_). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail much
lengthened; two outer tail-feathers _largely_ white. _Ads._ Above
streaked with buff and blackish brown; below white tinged with buff;
breast streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above, less buff
below. _Notes._ Song, uttered on the wing when several hundred feet
above the earth, sweet and far reaching, resembling at beginning song
of Skylark.
Range.--"Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of the
Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red River
westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter on the
tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."
[Illustration: 702.]
=702. Sage Thrasher= (_Oroscoptes montanus_). L. 8.7. _Ads._ Above
brownish gray; below whitish heavily streaked with blackish; outer
tail-feathers _tipped_ with white. _Notes._ Call, a low chuck; song,
deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity and variety;
resembling song of Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Ridgway.)
Range.--"Western United States from western South Dakota, western
Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the Cascades
and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower California."
(A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 705.]
=705. Brown Thrasher= (_Toxostoma rufum_). L. 11.5; W. 4.1; B. .95.
_Ads._ Above, wings and tail rufous or rusty brown; below white
heavily streaked with blackish; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, a
sharp kissing note and a clearly whistled _wheA(C)u_; song, loud,
musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to
Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi
Valley southward.
=706. Sennett Thrasher= (_Toxostoma longirostre sennetti_). L. 11.5;
W. 4; B. 1.1. _Ads._ Similar to No. 705, but wing shorter, bill
longer, upperparts less bright, streaks below blacker. _Notes._
Resemble those of No. 705, but song even finer.
Range.--Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into
northeastern Mexico.
[Illustration: 713.]
=713? Texan Cactus Wren= (_Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi_).
L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. _Ads._ Above brown, head darker,
back streaked with white; below, _including chin_, heavily marked
with black. _Notes._ A loud, harsh _cack-cack-cack-cack_.
Range.--"Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican states,
west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican tableland."
(Mearns.)
=713a. Bryant Cactus Wren= (_H. b. bryanti_). Differs from No. 713b,
in heavier spotting below, and in perfectly barred tail and slight
wash of rufous on belly and flanks. (Anthony.)
Range.--"Northern Lower California and southern California, west of
the Coast Range." (Mearns.)
=713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren= (_H. b. affinis_). Resembling No. 713c,
but all the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for
their whole length; flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded
or tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Southern Lower California.
=713c? Desert Cactus Wren= (_H. b. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 713, but
paler above; chin _without_ spots.
Range.--Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south into
Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)
[Illustration: 755.]
=755. Wood Thrush= (_Hylocichla mustelina_). L. 8.2. _Ads._ Above
bright cinnamon, _brightest on head_; below white with _large_,
_rounded_ black spots. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp _pit-pit_, a liquid
_quirt_, and a soft _tut-tut-tut_; song, both flute-like and
bell-like; sung with frequent pauses and low notes.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas to
Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.
[Illustration: 715.]
=715. Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes obsoletus_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Rump rusty;
tail tipped and _outer_ feathers barred with pale rusty; above grayish
brown lightly speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish;
breast obscurely streaked with brownish. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like;
song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-like.
Range.--"Western United States, from the western border of the Plains
to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; south
on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador; breeds
throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern, border
of the United States southward." (A.O.U.)
=716. Guadalupe Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes guadeloupensis_). Resembling
No. 715, but darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly
speckled; wings and tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T.
2.2. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
[Illustration: 717.]
=717. White-throated Wren= (_Catherpes mexicanus albifrons_). L. 6;
W. 2.7. _Ads._ _Belly_, rump, and _all_ tail-feathers rusty; tail
barred with black; throat white; back rusty brown.
Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into
northeastern Mexico.
=717a. Canon Wren= (_C. m. conspersus_). Similar to No. 717, but
smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower. _Notes._ Call, a "ringing
_dink_;" song, a series of about seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered
in a regularly descending scale.
Range.--"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra Nevada
and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and western
Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas Calientes; breeds
nearly throughout its range; resident in southern parts of its United
States distribution." (A.O.U.)
=717b. Dotted Canon Wren= (_C. m. punctulatus_). Similar to No. 717a,
but darker; more nearly resembling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in
size.
Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident.
[Illustration: 718.]
=718. Carolina Wren= (_Thryothorus ludovicianus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.3;
B. .6. _Ads._ Above bright rust-brown; below washed with same, throat
and line over eye white. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; song, a great
variety of loud, musical whistles, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_
or _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, etc.
Range--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north to the
lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern Illinois,
and southern Iowa; resident.
=718a. Florida Wren= (_T. l. miamensis_). Similar to No. 718, but
darker above, more deeply colored below; larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.
Range.--Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.
=718b. Lomita Wren= (_T. l. lomitensis_). Similar to No. 718, but
browner, less rufous above, rump with more white spots; below paler,
the flanks usually barred.