=469.1. Gray Flycatcher= (_Empidonax griseus_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above
gray with a _slight_ brownish tinge; below grayish white with little
or no yellow. Grayest of our _Empidonaces_.
Range.--Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern
California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)
[Illustration: 463.]
=463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher= (_Empidonax flaviventris_). L. 5.6.
_Ads._ Below distinctly greenish yellow, belly brighter; above
_bright_ olive-green. _Yng._ Brighter, wing-bars buffy. _Notes._
_PsAe•-Ae•k'_ in one harsh explosive syllable; a plaintive
_chA"-Ae"-A(C)-p_. (Dwight.)
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), northern
New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest Territories;
winters in Central America.
[Illustration: 464.]
=464. Western Flycatcher= (_Empidonax difficilis_). Similar to
No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast washed with brownish
instead of greenish; above yellower. _Notes._ A soft low note, and
a wailing _pee-eu_. (C. A. Allen.)
Range.--Western North America; east to about Long. 100A deg.; breeds from
Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central
America.
=464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher= (_Empidonax cineritius_). Most like
No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of green above; no decided
yellow below except on throat and abdomen. (Brewster.)
Range.--Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to southern
California.
=464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher= (_Empidonax insulicola_). Similar to
No. 464, but above darker and browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)
Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.
[Illustration: 465.]
=465. Green-crested Flycatcher= (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. _Ads._
Throat and belly _white_, breast grayish; sides, breast and sometimes
belly, washed with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in
No. 463; lower mandible _whitish_; wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ _Spee_ or
_peet_ and _pee-e-yuk'_.
Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the
Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central
America.
[Illustration: 646.]
=646. Orange-crowned Warbler= (_Helminthophila celata_). L. 5.
No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above olive-green more or
less washed with grayish; a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch;
below dusky yellowish green. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but grayer,
crown-patch smaller or wanting. _Yng._ Like [Female], but no
crown-patch. _Notes._ Song full and strong, not very high pitched and
ending abruptly on a rising scale, _chee_, _chee_, _chee_, _chw'_,
_chw'_. (Jones.)
Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and
mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and
southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.
=646a. Lutescent Warbler= (_H. c. lutescens_). Similar to No. 646,
but greener above, yellower below; underparts distinctly yellow with
a dusky wash.
Range.--Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California
to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south into Mexico;
east to Colorado in migrations.
=646b. Dusky Warbler= (_H. c. sordida_). Similar to No. 646a, but
decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, wing shorter and tail longer.
(Ridgw.)
Range.--Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs
on adjoining mainland.
[Illustration: 472.]
=472. Beardless Flycatcher= (_Ornithion imberbe_). L. 4.5; W. 2.10.
_Ads._ Bill small, narrow, upper mandible decidedly curved; above gray
tinged with olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.
Range.--Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande Texas.
=472a. Ridgway Flycatcher= (_O. i. ridgwayi_). Similar to No. 472,
but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any sulphur tinge on underparts.
(Ridgw.) _Notes._ Call, a shrill _piA(C)r_ repeated; song, from the
tree-tops, _yoop_, _yoop_, _yoopeA(C)deedledee_. (Stephens.)
Range.--Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to
southern Arizona.
[Illustration: 616.]
=616. Bank Swallow= (_Riparia riparia_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Below white,
a broad grayish brown band across the breast; above grayish brown.
_Yng._ Similar, but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.
Range.--Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern New
Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and
Alaska; winters south to Brazil.
[Illustration: 617.]
=617. Rough-winged Swallow= (_Stelgidopteryx serripennis_). L. 5.5.
_Ads._ Above grayish brown; below grayish white, whiter on belly;
barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved. _Yng._ Plumage more or
less tipped with rusty.
Range.--United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts,
Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.
[Illustration: 623.]
=623. Black-whiskered Vireo= (_Vireo calidris barbatulus_). L. 6.
_Ads._ _A dusky streak on either side of the throat_, crown slate
_without_ a black border; back olive-green; below white, lower belly,
under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._
Resemble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and hesitating.
Range.--Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters in
Central America.
[Illustration: 624.]
=624. Red-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo olivaceus_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Crown slate,
on either side a narrow black border; a white line over eye; above
olive-green; below white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; no
dusky streaks on throat. _Notes._ Call, a petulant, complaining
_whang_; song, a broken, rambling recitative "you see it--you know
it--do you hear me?--do you believe it?"
Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British
Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador,
Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America.
[Illustration: 632.]
=632. Hutton Vireo= (_Vireo huttoni_). L. 4.6. _Ads._ Underparts dusky
grayish white with a faint yellow tinge; above dusky olive-green;
lores and eye-ring grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars.
_Notes._ A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, _peA(C)-yer_,
_peA(C)-yer_; and a hoarse whistle _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_.
Range.--California, west of Sierra; resident.
=632a. Stephen Vireo= (_V. h. stephensi_). Similar to No. 622, but
grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars broader.
Range.--Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern
California.
=632c. Anthony Vireo= (_V. h. obscurus_). Similar to No. 632,
but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.
Range.--"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia;
south in winter to California." (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 647.]
=647. Tennessee Warbler= (_Helminthophila peregrina_). L. 5.
No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Head bluish
gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; below grayish white.
_Ad._ [Female]. Gray of head with more or less olive-green; stripe
over eye and underparts yellower. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but
entirely bright olive-green above; yellower below. _Notes._ Song
scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but first
two syllables _twip_ instead of _chip_. (Jones.)
Range:--Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky
Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern
New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in
Central and northern South America.
[Illustration: 747.]
=747. Kennicott Willow Warbler= (_Phyllopseustes borealis_). L. 5.
_Ads._ Above olive-green; below white tinged with yellowish, sides
greenish; a whitish line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white
in tail. _Notes._ Call, a monotonous _dzit_; song, resembles trill of
Redpoll. (Seebohm.)
Range.--Asia, east to western Alaska.
[Illustration: 625.]
=625. Yellow-green Vireo= (_Vireo flavoviridis_). L. 6.4. Resembling
No. 624, but greener above, the sides heavily washed with greenish
yellow.
Range.--Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.
[Illustration: 626.]
_626. Philadelphia Vireo_ (_Vireo philadelphicus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ No
distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; below yellowish; a whitish line
over eye; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo
but generally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled
utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at
irregular intervals. (Brewster.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire and
Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.
[Illustration: 627.]
=627. Warbling Vireo= (_Vireo gilvus_). L. 5.4; W. 2.8. _Ads._ Above
grayish olive-green, crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as
in No. 624; a whitish line over eye but no black line above it; below
white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Call,
resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; song; a rich, firm, unbroken
warble with an alto undertone.
Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf
States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.
=627a. Western Warbling Vireo= (_V. g. swainsoni_). Similar to
No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the bill more slender;
upperparts, particularly crown, grayer.
Range.--Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from
Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico.
[Illustration: 631.]
=631. White-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo noveboracensis_). L. 5; W. 2.4.;
B. .4. _Ads._ Eye-ring and lores yellow; iris white; above
olive-green more or less washed with grayish; Below white, sides
yellowish; two whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, varied, often harsh
and scolding; song, an emphatic whistle _who are you, eh_? or _what's
that you say?_, and a low medley often including imitations of the notes
of other birds.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas north to
New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central America.
=631a. Key West Vireo= (_V. n. maynardi_). Similar to No. 631, but
bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow.
Range.--Southern Florida; resident.
=621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. bermudianus_). Similar to
No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no yellow on sides. (Bangs and
Bradlee.)
Range.--Resident in Bermudas.
=631c. Small White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. micrus_). Smaller than No. 631,
W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; sides with less yellow.
Range.--Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.
[Illustration: 629.]
=629. Blue-headed Vireo= (_Vireo solitarius_). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4.
_Ads._ Lores and eye-ring white; crown and cheeks bluish slate-color;
back olive-green; below white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two
whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Resembling in form those of Red-eyed or
Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes a continuous warble;
a musical chatter, like that of the Yellow-throated and a trilled
whistle. (Torrey.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and south
along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from
Florida to Central America.
=629a. Cassin Vireo= (_V. s. cassini_). Like No. 629, but back washed
with the color of the head; white on breast and throat less pure.
Range.--"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific
coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, New
Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)
=629b. Plumbeous Vireo= (_V. s. plumbeus_). Above wholly
plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge, below white, the
sides gray _faintly_ tinged with greenish yellow; size of No. 629c.
Range.--Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico north to
southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern Mexico.
=629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. alticola_). Larger than
No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its color extending over most
of the back.
Range.--Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; winters
in Florida.
=629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. lucasanus_). Smaller than
No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter, sides and flanks much yellower;
young without brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.
Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.
[Illustration: 633.]
=633. Bell Vireo= (_Vireo bellii_). L. 5. Above olive-green, crown
grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars;
below white, sides tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back
greener, no white line _back_ of eye. _Notes._ Resemble those of the
White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song less emphatic. (Goss.)
Range.--Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from
Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.
=633.1. Least Vireo= (_Vireo pusillus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ Above gray,
slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; below white, sides with
little if any greenish tinge; one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar;
lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish.
Range.--Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; breeds
north to Arizona and middle California.
[Illustration: 634.]
=634. Gray Vireo= (_Vireo vicinior_). L. 5.5. Above slaty gray; below
white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous wing-bar; lores and
eye-ring gray; bill short. _Notes._ Song may be compared with the
finest efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm and
mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. (Henshaw.)
Range.--Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern
California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.
[Illustration: 749.]
=749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus calendula_). L. 4.4. A
conspicuous whitish eye-ring. _Ad._ [Male]. A more or less concealed
crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less
tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._
(Here figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.
Range.--North America; breeds from the northern border of the United
States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in
the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Carolina and
Oregon southward to Central America.
=749a. Sitkan Kinglet= (_R. c. grinnelli_). Similar to No. 749,
but more olive-green above; more buffy below.
Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward
to California.
[Illustration: 470a.]
=470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher= (_Empidonax fulvifrons pygmA|us_).
L. 4.7. _Ads._ Below rusty buff; above grayish brown.
Range.--Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico
and Arizona.
[Illustration: 586.]
=586. Texas Sparrow= (_Arremonops rufivirgata_). L. 6.5. _Ads._ Above
olive-green, sides of crown brownish, its center grayish; below
whitish; bend of wing _yellow_. _Notes._ Song resembles that of the
Chipping Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of
that of the Yellow Warbler.
Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to
Louisiana.
[Illustration: 638.]
=638. Swainson Warbler= (_Helinaia swainsonii_). L. 5. Bill large;
no white in wings or tail. _Ads._ Crown brown, back, wings and tail
olive-brown; a whitish line over eye; below whitish tinged with
yellow. _Notes._ Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first
four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, the remaining five or
six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)
Range.--Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to
southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri.
[Illustration: 639.]
=639. Worm-eating Warbler= (_Helmitheros vermivorus_). L. 5.5. Bill
large; no white in wings or tail _Ads._ Crown black with three buff
stripes; back, wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on
breast. _Yng._ Buff everywhere richer. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_;
song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow but is somewhat weaker.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut,
southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of United
States.
[Illustration: 742.]
=742. Pallid Wren-tit= (_ChamA|a fasciata_). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. Outer
tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below buffy
obscurely streaked with gray. _Notes._ Song wooden and unmusical,
beginning deliberately and ending in a roll, _chick_: _chick_;
_chick_, _chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick_.
Range.--"Interior of California, including the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to
northern Lower California." (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 742a.]
=742a. Coast Wren-tit= (_C. f. phA|a_). Similar to No. 742, but much
browner above and deeper more pink below; sides as dark as back.
Range.--Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to
southern Oregon.
=707. Curve-billed Thrasher= (_Toxostoma curvirostre_). L. 11.2.
_Ads._ Above brownish gray; below mottled with brownish gray; lower
belly buffy; four outer pairs of tail-feathers _tipped with white_;
two narrow white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, _whit-whit_; one
of the most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably
melodious and attractive. (Couch.)
Range.--Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south over
the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.
[Illustration: 707a.]
=707a. Palmer Thrasher= (_T. c. palmeri_). Similar to No. 707, but
wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers _without_ white tips.
Range.--"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of
Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 708.]
=708. Bendire Thrasher= (_Toxostoma bendirei_). L. 10.2. _Ads._ Above
brownish ashy; below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly
spotted with dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly
tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, _tirup_, _tirup_, _tirup_.
(Brown.)
Range.--Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, Mexico;
west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at extreme
northern limit of its range.
[Illustration: 709.]
=709. St. Lucas Thrasher= (_Toxostoma cinereum_). L. 10. _Ads._ Above
grayish brown; below white with numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer
tail-feathers tipped with white.
Range.--Southern Lower California.
=709a. Mearns Thrasher= (_T. c. mearnsi_). Differs from No. 709 in
much darker upperparts, more rusty flanks and crissum, much larger and
more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill.
(Anthony.)
Range.--Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30A deg. 30'.
[Illustration: 710.]
=710. Californian Thrasher= (_Toxostoma redivivum_). L. 12. _Ads._
Above grayish brown; belly distinctly buff; breast grayish, throat
whitish, washed with buff; no white in wings or tail. _Notes._ Song
suggesting both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.
Range.--California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. 35A deg.;
south into Lower California.
=710a. Pasadena Thrasher= (_T. r. pasadenense_). Similar to No. 710,
but grayer above; belly paler, throat whiter.
Range.--Southern California.
[Illustration: 711.]
=711. Leconte Thrasher= (_Toxostoma lecontei_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above
brownish ashy, below creamy white, under tail-coverts buff. _Notes._
Call, a sharply reiterated _whit_ or _quit_; song, remarkable for its
loud rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile.
(Mearns.) Call, low and musical, _hueA(C)-e_, whistled through the teeth.
(Stephens.)
Range.--"Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme
southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38A deg.), southeastward through
Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30A deg.). Local in San Joaquin Valley." (A.O.U.)
=711a. Desert Thrasher= (_T. l. arenicola_). Differing from No. 711 in
having upperparts darker and grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray.
(Anthony.)
Range.--Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)
[Illustration: 712.]
=712. Crissal Thrasher= (_Toxostoma crissalis_). L. 12. _Ads._ Under
tail-coverts reddish _chestnut_; upperparts brownish gray; underparts
ashy, chin white. _Notes._ No loud call note; song of remarkable scope
and sweetness. (Mearns.)
Range.--"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the
Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to
Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A.O.U.)
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
[Illustration: 538.]
[Illustration: 538. Winter.]
=538. Chestnut-collared Longspur= (_Calcarius ornatus_). L. 6.2. Hind
toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers (and
sometimes these) with white, _two_ outer pairs white _to the tip_.
_Ad._ [Male]. Throat and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown
black, nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with white.
_Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown streaked with black; below pale
buff. [Male] _in winter_. Like summer [Male] but black and chestnut
areas more or less tipped with grayish brown. _Notes._ Song, short,
shrill, but very sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen.)
Range.--Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern Colorado
north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Nebraska
south into Mexico.
[Illustration: 539.]
[Illustration: 539. Winter.]
=539. McCown Longspur= (_Rhynchophanes mccownii_). L. 6. Hind toe-nail
as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers with white, the
outer _one_ white _to the tip_, the others tipped with black; lesser
wing-coverts _chestnut_. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and belly white, breast
and crown black; back grayish brown streaked with black. _Ad._
[Female]. Below white washed with brownish; above grayish brown
streaked with black. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but a partly
concealed black breast patch; tail with more white. _Notes._ Call, a
_chip_ at each stroke of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing
notes. (Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of the Horned
Lark's performance, but terminating in decreasing power." (Silloway.)
Range.--Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana and
the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas south into
Mexico.
[Illustration: 552.]
=552. Lark Sparrow= (_Chondestes grammacus_). L. 6.2; _Ads._ Sides of
the crown and ear-coverts chestnut; all but middle tail-feathers
tipped with white; back broadly streaked with black; sides of throat
and spot on breast black. _Notes._ Song, loud and musical suggesting
both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.
Range.--Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois;
casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters south into Mexico.
=552a. Western Lark Sparrow= (_C. g. strigatus_). Similar to No. 552,
but streaks on upperparts generally narrower.
Range.--Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds from
Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to Central
America.
[Illustration: 536.]
[Illustration: 536. Winter.]
=536. Lapland Longspur= (_Calcarius lapponicus_). L. 6.2 Hind toe-nail
as long as or longer than toe; two outer tail-feathers with white _at
the end_. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat
and upper-breast black; back black margined with _rusty brown_. _Ad._
[Female], summer. Crown and back black margined with rusty; nape
brighter; below whitish; breast feathers dusky at base; sides streaked
with blackish. _Winter_, [Male]. Black areas and nape veiled with
whitish or buffy tips; [Female], like [Female] in summer.